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The article presents the discussion on investors begin to accept high borrowing costs. Topics include predictable fluctuations should be identified, exploited and arbitraged away by traders; and downturn prompted by a marathon session of monetary-policy announcements beginning with America's Federal Reserve on September 20th.

The article offers information on the recessions which tend to dampen the velocity of money by increasing its attractiveness as a store of value relative to alternatives. It discusses that as Covid-19 pandemic spread earlier in the 2020, anxiety about the economy sent velocity tumbling further; and mentions that stimulus measures have pushed up the money supply, in order to prevent the economy, and inflation, falling off a cliff.

The article discusses how the U.S. Federal Reserve can deal with challenges in the stock repurchase market. It explains the importance of the interest rate when the market malfunctions. The causes of the cash shortage are identified, including the central bank's implementation of quantitative easing (QE) and the increasing demand for cash from financial firms and their clients.

In this article, the author mentions that low inflation underpins today's economic policies, wherein governments should prepare in case it doesn't last. It mentions that the short-term link between the money supply and inflation had broken down, but the COVID-19 pandemic has shown the value of preparing for rare but devastating events.

The article presents information on central banking policies designed to prevent economic deflation by increasing the money supply, and the question of whether such policies could lead to hyperinflation. It focuses on examples drawn from the British banking system, where the Bank of England's quantitative easing program caused reserves held at the central bank to rise at an annualized rate of 1,968% during three months in 2009.

The article focuses on the economic conditions in China as of August 2003 citing the undervaluation of yuan and its effects on the economy. Trends indicate an increasing money supply that may lead to higher inflation citing problems of deflation and consumer-price inflation. Analysts even predicted an increase in band loans, excessive investments and wasteful duplication in various industries.

The article reports on the tighter credit facing oil-producing countries such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) due to lower prices of oil, as of July 2016. Topics include the decline of UAE's oil revenue since the oil price began sliding in 2014, the slower growth in money supply due to the reliance of the dirham to the U.S. dollar, and the availability of fiscal and currency reserves to defend the UAE from the consequences the peg.

The article discusses Japan's monetary policy. An April 4, 2103 announcement by Haruhiko Kuroda, Governor of the Bank of Japan, that the central bank would engage in the policy of quantitative easing by purchasing government securities and increasing the money supply until the country's inflation rate reaches two percent a year is examined. Economic policies of the government of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe designed to increase economic activity are considered.

The article examines the central banking industry. Monetary policies of the central banks in the U.S., Great Britain and Japan which are intended to increase economic development by altering expectations of inflation by businesses and consumers by targeting a specific rate of inflation and specific goals for gross domestic product and unemployment rates for their countries are discussed.

The article examines ports in Venezuela and that country's economic policies. Delays in deliveries of goods shipped to Venezuela are considered and attributed to the 2009 nationalization of ports by President Hugo Chávez and an increase in imports. The import increase is attributed to government overvaluation of the national currency.

The article considers the monetary policy of quantitative easing (QE), in which central banks create a new supply of money to purchase financial assets in an effort to increase economic activity. Use of QE by the U.S. Federal Reserve and Bank of England is discussed. Research indicating that QE does achieve its goal is considered. A dilemma for central banks is examined in which to promote economic growth, QE must also create a higher rate of inflation.

The article reports on the money supply policy being followed by the U.S. Federal Reserve. At issue is the low short-term interest rate, and efforts on the part of the bank to keep long-term interest rates down as well. Arguing against the policy is Thomas Hoenig president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Missouri.

The article discusses the risk of deflation facing the U.S. as result of the U.S. government's policies related to the financial crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve has effectively reduced interest rates to zero and printed vast amounts of currency. Paul Krugman, a Nobel laureate in economics, warned on May 4, 2009, that deflation might occur.

The article focuses on the monetary policy of the Bank of England, Great Britain's central bank. The bank lowered its leading interest rate to a record low 0.5 percent on March 5, 2009 in reaction to the financial crisis and recession. In addition, the bank began so-called "quantitative easing" in which it is issuing more currency, then using the currency to purchase private assets and government securities to restore the flow of credit.

The author offers opinions on economic conditions in the U.S. and Great Britain. In each country, consumers are under increased financial pressure due to rising unemployment, falling housing prices, and inflation, especially rising energy costs. There is said to be little either government can do to provide significant relief. It is felt that while it may be better in the long run for the two countries' economies to be less dependent on consumer spending, there will be short term distress.

The article looks at economic and financial indicators in North America and Europe. As expected, America's central bank raised its key interest rate by one-quarter of a percentage point to 2.75%. The Federal Reserve repeated its view that it can raise rates at a "measured" pace in the future. However, the markets were unnerved by the warning that inflationary pressures had picked up and that the pricing power of firms had become more evident. America's Nasdaq index closed on March 22, 2005, at its lowest level since early November. In Canada, the value of retail sales rose by 2.0% in January compared with December, a much bigger increase than forecast. In Britain, consumer prices rose in the year to February by 1.6%. Robust growth, buoyant house prices and a yawning trade deficit--Spain's economy would be reminiscent of America's if it were not for the country's prudent fiscal policy and anemic productivity growth.

The article examines China's economy. If China's economy is overheating, that will be hugely important for economic prospects worldwide, because the country has accounted for a quarter of global GDP growth over the past five years. The People's Bank is desperate to slow growth in the money supply and in bank lending. Besides increasing banks' reserve requirements, the central bank and government have instructed banks to curb new lending to sectors which officials believe are growing too fast. The government line is that the economy is overheating only in this handful of sectors.Yet the figures suggest that it is an economy-wide problem. Tighter capital controls could allow the People's Bank to raise interest rates. But it is unlikely to be allowed to do so by the government unless inflation goes above five percent. If capital inflows continue to accelerate, economic newsletter "China Economic Quarterly" predicts that inflation could be double that by the end of 2004.

Presents economic and financial indicators of several countries. Fall in consumer prices in the United States by 0.3% in April 2003; Growth of M3 broad-money supply in the U.S. by 6.5%; Release of the Eurocoin indicator, a measure of euro-area economic growth; Rise in unemployment in the Netherlands by 5.1%.

Presents information about economic and financial indicators in developed markets, as of August 11, 2001. Growth of labor productivity in the United States; Decline in the manufacturing sector and rise in unemployment in Germany; Acceleration of broad money supply growth in Japan; Continued decline in Great Britain's manufacturing sector; Others.

The article focuses on the Greek referendum in July 2015 which could lead to Greece's exit from the euro and how Greece's ejection from the euro would harm the euro zone. It comments on the Greek Syriza government under prime minister Alexis Tsipras and suggests he cannot stay on as prime minister. It mentions Greece is running out of money and may start paying bills with informal debt which in time may become a parallel currency. It talks about the need for reforms in the euro zone.

Examines the economic indicators that the European Central Bank is watching to determine policy. Money supply; Consumer-price inflation; Gross domestic product; Exchange rate.

This section presents tables and graphs of global economic and financial indicators as of January 11, 1992 including industrial production, consumer-price inflation and money supply.

Discusses the growing concern over Japan's weak economy. Falling share prices; Money-supply growth; Falling property prices; Possible need for Bank of Japan to cut interest rates; Role of Kozo Watanabe, trade and industry minister; Reasons why monetary growth has not responded to previous easings; Details.

Discusses the reasons why Norman Lamont, chancellor of the exchequer, believes the British economy will rebound in 1992. Consumer spending; Disposable income; Household savings; Depressed housing market; Drop in money-supply growth; High level of consumer debt; Outlook.

Looks at the issues that arose from the Federal Reserve's decision to cut its discount rate for the third time since December. Questions about the Bush administration's medium-term economic policy; Recovery from the recession; Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady trying to get interest rates cut abroad; Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Fed; Involvement of the State Department; Influence of upcoming election; Debate on economic effects; Details.

Discusses the importance of the European monetary system. Influence of the European monetary system in allowing Europe's more slovenly countries to lock into Teutonic rectitude on inflation, which in time produces teutonic rewards in the form of lower interest rates; Consideration of the European monetary system as the better version of the pre-1914 gold standard, a regime that helped trade to flourish and capital to flow more internationally.

Blames the currency confiscation initiated by the government of Mikhail Gorbachev for the Soviet Union's market reform woes. Use of currency reform as a way of dealing with the Soviet Union's vast monetary overhang, the inflationary stock of money built up through reckless printing of rubles; Impact of currency confiscation on private enterprise.

Presents several charts and graphs used to illustrate current economic conditions in the world. Output, demand and jobs; Prices and wages; House prices; Commodity price index; Foreign trade; World bourses; Money and interest rates; Trade, exchange rates and reserves.

Analyzes various factors influencing the Chinese economy as of September 1994. Information on the government's austerity measures which seem to have hit their target; Impact of official interest rates on the supply of capital; Factors which indicate that the August inflation figure will be poor; Significance of the growth of money supply; Role of state-owned enterprises in the economy.

This article asserts that currently, Chinese economic policy seems to be running with the same degree of ineptness that characterized the cultural revolution of the 1960s. During the cultural revolution, zealous Red Guards in Beijing decided it was reactionary for a red traffic light to signify stop. Cars were instructed to stop at green. Economic policy is currently being run in a similar way. On the one hand, the government has this month introduced perhaps the biggest single swathe of market reforms in a decade. These latest reforms have made the government's task of trying to reconcile growth with monetary stability even harder in the short term. Meanwhile, the economic boom, which saw gross domestic product grow by 13% in 1992 and 1993, is fuelling import growth of close to 30% a year.

The section presents tables and graphs of global economic and financial indicators as of July 3, 1993 including industrial production, consumer-price inflation and money supply.

This article presents developments related to the European Monetary Union (EMU), as of June 19, 1993. As expected, the Maastricht treaty comes into force this year, phase two of its program for economic and monetary union (EMU) will begin in January1994. A European Monetary Institute will prepare the way for the final phase, in which some currencies and monetary policies are supposed to be united. Yet the European Community's members remain far apart on how phase two should actually work. That became clear at a conference in Rome on June 11, organized by the Association for the Monetary Union of Europe.

Several charts and graphical presentations of economic and financial indicators of selected countries from 1992 to 1993 are presented, including gross domestic product, consumer prices, exchange rates, and money supply.

Several charts and graphical representations of economic and financial indicators of selected countries from 1992 to 1993 are presented, including industrial production, gross domestic product, money supply, and interest rates.

This article presents information on trends in various economic indicators of several countries. Italy's gross domestic product fell by 0.3% in the year to the fourth quarter. The U.S.'s industrial production was flat in March 1993, but was 4.1% higher than a year earlier. French industrial output fell by 2.4% in the 12 months to February. In the same period, Australia's output rose by 3.7%. Copper prices, which held up during the worst of the world recession, have been hit by a surge of option-related selling by the Chinese. The three-months contract on the London Metal Exchange has plunged by 16% in dollar terms this month, to its lowest level for over five years.

This article reports that share prices soared in Japan on the day the government announced a fiscal package of 13.2 trillion yen to spur the economy, the Nikkei share average gained 858 points on April 14, 1993, to close at 20,740. Yet for all the official fanfare, many investors are reacting less to the supplementary budget than to signs that Japan's money supply is at last beginning to grow again. In February Japan's headline monetary indicator, M2 plus certificates of deposit, rose by 0.2% year-on-year, its first rise since August 1992. More important, perhaps, broad liquidity, which includes the 170 trillion deposited in the postal savings system, also rose, by 2.9%.

The article focuses on the Japanese stock market. There have been many false dawns in the past three years of unrelenting gloom for Japan's stock market. The Bank of Japan has already cut the official discount rate (ODR) six times in the past three years, to its present level of 2.5%. The stock market has discounted both the supplementary budget, but not perhaps an ODR cut. The foreign fund managers are convinced that the government has put a floor under the market. They are also encouraged by signs that the money supply has stopped falling. February saw the first year-on-year increase in M2-plus certificates of deposit since August.

This article focuses on the insurance market in London, England with reference to Lloyd's of London. The collapse of the excess-of-loss reinsurance market has had knock-on effects. The market's capacity may shrink. Capacity can support more insurance than before. Solvency has also become less of a worry. The central fund, which meets losses that names do not, has been doubled after an emergency top-up levy. Over three-quarters of the 1989 losses have already been met by names. Some names who want to stay will fail their solvency test, there is tentative talk of a scheme to help them out.

The article focuses on the crypto-currency Bitcoin and obstacles to it becoming a mainstream currency. It states that while Bitcoins serve as a medium of exchange, the value of Bitcoins is prone to excessive volatility. It claims that the limited number of Bitcoins will result in deflation and suggests money-supply shocks like the bankruptcy of the Bitcoin exchange Mt. Gox could result in a systemic collapse. It talks about the benefits of central banks and the growth of money supply over time.

The article considers the conference of the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET), an international economics relations research organization, held April 4-6, 2013 in Hong Kong, China. A speech given at the conference by Adair Turner, Chairman of Great Britain's Financial Services Authority (FSA) in which he proposed that central banks could directly finance government budget deficits by printing money rather than purchasing government securities is considered.

The article focuses on economist Milton Friedman's economic views and speculates what he would have done during the economic crisis that started in 2008. It states he and co-writer Anna Jacobson Schwartz argued in "A Monetary History of the United States" that the Federal Reserve was an accomplice during the Great Depression due to its failure to reverse a fall in money supply. It talks about monetarism and suggests that he would have supported the current use of quantitative easing.

The article focuses on efforts by the Chinese government to put constraints on its money supply and the lending of its banks. It states China's broad money supply, including a variety of bank deposits and currency, grew by 15.7 percent in 2011 to February, which gives the People's Bank of China hope of remaining within its target of 16 percent for 2011. It mentions reported loans by Chinese banks were lower than expected and that Chinese businesses reported credit was as tight as in June 2008.

The article discusses the monetary policy of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board known as "quantitative easing," in which the central bank purchases long-term government securities with newly created money in an attempt to lower yields on those securities, causing investors to seek higher yields, thus stimulating economic activity by increasing asset prices. The risk of inflation as a result of quantitative easing is considered.

The author offers opinions on international finance, focusing on attempts by governments to lower the value of their currencies to boost exports. The tactic of so-called quantitative easing (QE), in which central banks purchase government securities to increase the money supply, is said to be responsible for the unusual situation where gold, stock and government bond prices are rising simultaneously.

The article examines alternative currencies. These are a form of money which exist alongside the official currency which depreciates in face value with time as a means to encourage consumers to spend rather than save. An alternative currency is widely used in Bavaria, Germany, but it is seen as a political protest against European federation rather than an effort at economic policy.

The article examines U.S. Federal Reserve Board monetary policy. On October 29, 2008, the board set its target rate for federal funds at 1 percent, but the rate at which those funds are traded has been 0.25 percent, which is close to the absolute limit of monetary policy effectiveness. The huge loans the board has made to distressed financial services firms account for the discrepancy between the target and actual rates.

The article focuses on the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was noted for the stringent economic policies it imposed on countries seeking loans, but this approach has been modified due to the financial crisis. The fund has created a new short-term lending facility for developing countries it deems reasonably sound. Hungary and Iceland are among the first borrowers.

The article focuses on global money supply and the roles of central banks. The author argues that the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) and European Central Bank (ECB) play less of a role in global monetary supply than the banks of developing economies. According to the author, over the course of a twelve month period, the developing economies, led by China, India, and Russia, have contributed over three-fifths of the world's money supply.

In this article the editors comment on the decision of the U.S. Federal Reserve to stop publishing its M3 money aggregate report, the broadest measure of the money supply. The editors do not support the decision. They maintain that monetary aggregates contain useful information. Reports of rapid growth in money supply, credit, and asset prices signal the build-up of economic and financial imbalances, which often cause financial stress.