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The title salt, C3H6N3S2 (+)·Cl(-)·H2O, crystallized with two organic cations, two chloride anions and two water mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The methyl C atoms deviate from their respective bound ring planes by 0.081 and 0.002 Å. In the crystal, the components are connected via N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming sheets lying parallel to (100). The sheets are linked into bilayers by O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds involving the chloride ions and water mol-ecules. Within the bilayers there are π-π inter-actions [inter-centroid distances = 3.4654 (4) and 3.4789 (4) Å] involving inversion-related cations.

In the title hydrated mol-ecular salt, 2C5H8N3O(+)·SO4 (2-)·H2O, the components are linked by N-H⋯Os and Ow-H⋯Os (s = sulphate, w = water) hydrogen bonds, generating a layer by a+b+c and 2a-b translations. The cations are arranged nearly in parallel and show displaced π-π stacking centroid-centroid distance = 4.661 (2) Å between adjacent layers.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [K3(C4H2N3O4)3(H2O)2] n , contains two potassium cations (one in general position, one located on a twofold rotation axis), one and a half oxonate anions (the other half generated by twofold symmetry) and one water mol-ecule. As a result of the twofold symmetry, one H atom of the symmetric anion is statistically occupied. Both potassium cations are surrounded by eight oxygen atoms in the form of distorted polyhedra. Adjacent cations are inter-connected by oxygen bridges, generating layers parallel to (100). The aromatic ring system of the oxonate anions link these layers into a network structure. The crystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, three of which are bifurcated. In addition, inter-molecular π-π stacking inter-actions exist between neighboring aromatic rings with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.241 (2) Å.

In the title compound, [Mg(C3H3N2)4(H2O)2]Cl2, the Mg(II) cation lies on a crystallographic inversion centre and is coordinated by two water mol-ecules and four N-atom donors from monodentate imidazole ligands, giving a slightly distorted octa-hedral stereochemistry. In the crystal, water O-H⋯Cl and imidazole N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds give rise to a three-dimensional structure.

In the title compound, C5H9N4 (+)·NO3 (-), the organic cations and the nitrate anions have both crystallographically imposed mirror symmetry and are linked via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming infinite chains running along the c-axis direction. The values of the N-O bond lengths [1.2256 (19)-1.2642 (18) Å] and O-N-O angles [118.39 (16)-121.64 (15)°] indicate that the nitrate anion exhibits a slightly distorted C3h geometry. The N atom of the NH2 group has sp (2) character.

In the title molecular salt, C6H10N2 (2+)·2ClO4 (-), the Cl-O bond lengths [anion 1: 1.369 (3)-1.415 (3); anion 2: 1.420 (2)-1.441 (2) Å] and the O-Cl-O angles [anion 1: 105.4 (2)-111.8 (4); anion 2: 107.8 (1)-110.3 (1)°] indicate a slight distortion of the perchlorate anions from regular tetra-hedral symmetry. In the crystal, the components are linked into columns along the a-axis direction via N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, with stacks of the organic mol-ecules being surrounded by stacks of perchlorate anions.

In the title mol-ecular salt, C6H10N2 (2+)·NO3 (-)·Cl(-), the complete cation is generated by a crystallographic mirror plane. The complete nitrate ion is also generated by reflection, with the N atom and one O atom lying on the mirror plane; the chloride ion also lies on the reflection plane. In the crystal, the components are linked by N-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯(N,O) hydrogen bonds, forming (001) layers with the benzene rings projecting into the inter-layer regions. The layers are linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network.

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C(6)H(9)ClN(2) (2+)·2H(2)PO(4) (-), contains two dihydrogenphosphate anions and one 2-chloro-benzene-1,4-diaminium dication. The H(2)PO(4) (-) anions are inter-connected through strong O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form two-dimensional infinite layers parallel to (001). The organic entities are anchored to the inorganic layers through N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and through weak C-Cl⋯O halogen bonds [3.159 (2) Å, 140.48 (7)°]. No π-π stacking inter-actions between neighboring aromatic rings or C-H⋯π inter-actions towards them are observed. Minor disorder is observed for the Cl atom and one hy-droxy group [minor-component occupancy = 3.29 (9)%].

In the crystal structure of the title molecular salt, 3C2H5N4(+)·HPO4(2-)·H2PO4(-)·3H2O, the phosphate-based framework is built upon layers parallel to (010) made up from the H2PO4(-) and HPO4(2-) anions and water mol-ecules, which are inter-connected through O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The organic cations are located between the phosphate-water layers and are connected to them via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The bond-length features are consistent with an imino resonance form for the exocyclic amino group, as is commonly found for a C-N single bond involving sp(2)-hybridized C and N atoms.

The structure of the title compound, C(6)H(18)N(3)·HPO(4)·H(2)PO(4), is characterized by two kinds of inorganic chains running along the a-axis direction. The first one is composed of HPO(4) (2-) anions, while the second one is built up by H(2)PO(4) (-) anions. Both types of chains are held together by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The organic cations are attached to these chains through N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The piperazin-1,4-diium ring adopts a chair conformation.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C(10)H(18)N(+)·HPO(4) (2-)·1.5C(4)H(4)O(4), contains two adamantan-1-aminium cations, one hydrogen phosphate anion, and one and a half mol-ecules of fumaric acid, one of which exhibits crystallographic inversion symmetry. Each HPO(4) (2-) anion is hydrogen bonded, via all of its O atoms, to four NH(3) (+) groups of the adamantan-1-aminium cations, forming chains along [100]. These chains are, in turn, inter-connected via a set of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the fumaric acid solvent mol-ecules, forming layers parallel to (001). Weak C-H⋯O inter-actions lead to a consolidation of the three-dimensional set-up.

In the title hydrated salt, C(8)H(11)N(2)O(+)·NO(3) (-)·H(2)O, the N-C bond distances [1.349 (2) and 1.413 (2) Å] along with the sum of the angles (359.88°) around the acetamide N atom clearly indicate that the heteroatom has an sp(2) character. The ammonium group is involved in a total of three N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, two of these are with a water mol-ecule, which forms two O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. All these hydrogen bonds link the ionic units and the water mol-ecule into infinite planar layers parallel to (100). The remaining two N-H⋯O inter-actions in which the ammoniun group is involved link these layers into an infinite three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, {(C(5)H(14)N(2))[Cd(2)Cl(6)]·H(2)O}(n), the asymmetric unit contains one piperazinediium cation, one [Cd(2)Cl(6)](2-) anion and a water mol-ecule. The coordination geometries of the two Cd(2+) cations are distorted octa-hedral. Adjacent Cd(II) atoms are inter-connected alternately by paired chloride bridges, generating polymeric chains parallel to [010]. Neighbouring chains are connected by O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds involving the water mol-ecules, forming layers at z = n/2. The crystal packing is further stabilized by inter-molecular N-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, one of which is bifurcated.

In the title compound, C(5)H(8)N(3)O(+)·ClO(4) (-)·C(5)H(7)N(3)O·H(2)O, each perchlorate anion is paired with a protonated cationic 2-amino-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4(1H)-one and another non-protonated entity of the same organic pyrimidinone. The crystal structure is stabilized by N-H⋯O(org), N-H⋯O(water), N-H⋯O(ClO4), O-H⋯O(ClO4), N-H⋯N and C-H⋯O(ClO4) hydrogen bonds between the anions, organic entities and water mol-ecules. Inter-molecular π-π stacking inter-actions between neighbouring organic rings are observed with a face-to-face distance of 3.776 (2) Å, and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the perchlorate anions and the water mol-ecules into chains along the b-axis direction. The perchlorate anion and the inter-stitial water mol-ecule are disordered over two mutually incompatible positions with a common occupancy ratio of 0.678 (16):0.322 (16).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C(7)H(7)N(2)S)(2)[ZnCl(4)], contains a network of 2-amino-benzothia-zolium cations and tetra-hedral [ZnCl(4)](2-) anions. The crystal packing is influenced by cation-to-anion N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The [ZnCl(4)](2-) anions have a distorded tetra-hedral geometry. Inter-molecular π-π stacking inter-actions are present between neighboring benzene rings, thia-zole and benzene rings and neighboring thia-zole rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.711 (2), 3.554 (1), 3.536 (2) and 3.572 (1) Å].

In the title compound, (C(12)H(20)N(2))[ZnCl(4)]·H(2)O, the two piperazine N atoms are protonated and the [ZnCl(4)](2-) anions adopt a slightly distorted tetra-hedral configuration. In the crystal, O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the tetra-chloridozincate anions and the water mol-ecules into corrugated inorganic chains parallel to [010]. The crystal structure is stabilized by N-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O and O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, with the N-H hydrogen bond originating from one of the two N atoms being trifurcated.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C(5)H(6)ClN(2))(2)[ZnCl(4)], contains two 2-amino-5-chloro-pyridinium cations and one [ZnCl(4)](2-) dianion which are held together by N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The [ZnCl(4)](2-) anions have a distorted tetra-hedral geometry. Weak inter-molecular π-π stacking inter-actions exist between neighbouring aromatic rings of the cations with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.712 (7) Å.

In the crystal structure of the title salt, C(8)H(12)NO(+)·Cl(-), the methoxy group of the cation is co-planar with the phenylene moiety with an r.m.s. deviation from the mean plane of only 0.005 Å. The ammonium N atom deviates from this plane by 1.403 (1) Å. In the crystal, the (4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)methan-aminium cations and chloride anions are linked by N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in an open framework architecture with hydrogen-bonded ammonium groups and chloride anions located in layers parallel to (011), separated by more hydrophobic layers with interdigitating anisole groups.

In the title compound, (C(4)H(12)N(2))[CdCl(4)]·H(2)O, the [CdCl(4)](2-) anions adopt a slightly distorted tetra-hedral configuration. In the crystal, O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the anions and water mol-ecules into corrugated inorganic chains along the b axis which are inter-connected via piperazinediiumN-H⋯O and N-H⋯Cl inter-actions into a three-dimensional framework structure.

In the title compound, (C(7)H(11)N(2))(2)[ZnCl(4)], [ZnCl(4)](2-) anions and 4-(dimethyl-amino)-pyridinium cations are held together by various inter-molecular inter-actions including Coulombic attraction, hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking inter-actions. Three Cl atoms of the [ZnCl(4)](2-) tetra-hedron act as acceptors in N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds, both of which are bifurcated, lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network. Within the network, inter-molecular π-π stacking inter-actions with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.5911 (7) Å arrange the 4-(dimethyl-amino)-pyridinium cations into anti-parallel dimers.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(12)N(+)·H(2)PO(4) (-), the dihydrogen phosphate anions and the 2-phenyl-anilinium cations are associated via O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds so as to build inorganic layers around the x = 1/2 plane. The organic entities are anchored between these layers through C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional infinite network. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 44.7 (4)°.

In the title compound, [CdCl(2)(C(5)H(7)N(3)O)(2)], the Cd(II) atom is six-coordinated by two heterocyclic N atoms [Cd-N = 2.261 (2) and 2.286 (2) Å] and two O atoms [Cd-O = 2.624 (2) and 2.692 (2) Å] from two bidentate chelate 2-amino-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4(1H)-one ligands and two chloride ions [Cd-Cl = 2.4674 (6) and 2.4893 (7) Å]. The crystal packing is characterized by an open-framework architecture with the crystal packing stabilized by inter-molecular N-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

In the title compound, [Cu(ClO(4))(2)(C(12)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)(2)], the Cu(II) atom is coordinated in a square-planar fashion by the two N atoms of a chelating 1,10-phenanthroline ligand and by two water mol-ecules trans to the N atoms. The coordination sphere of the metal atom is augmented by O atoms of two weakly bonded perchlorate anions, thus yielding a strongly distorted CuN(2)O(4) octa-hedral environment. The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the water mol-ecules and the perchlorate anions. In addition, the organic mol-ecules are associated by π-π stacking inter-actions between symmetry-equivalent anti-parallel non-nitro-gen aromatic rings, with inter-planar distances of 3.543 (2) Å.

In the title compound, [ZnCl(HPO(4))](C(5)H(8)NO), polymeric inorganic layers constructed from ZnO(3)Cl and PO(4) tetra-hedra are linked by O atoms: O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur within the layers. The organic cations occupy the interlayer regions and interact with the layers by way of N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl, and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C(11)H(18)N(2))(2)[CdCl(6)]·2H(2)O, consists of one 1-benzyl-piperazine-1,4-diium dication, one water mol-ecule and one-half of a [CdCl(6)](4-) anion, located on an inversion centre. The crystal packing is governed by an extensive three-dimensional network of inter-molecular O-H⋯Cl, C-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, two of them bifurcated.

In the title compound, C(11)H(18)N(2) (2+)·2ClO(4) (-)·H(2)O, one perchlor-ate anion is disordered over two orientations in a 0.66 (3):0.34 (3) ratio. Inter-molecular O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the cations, anions and water mol-ecules into ribbons extending along [100].

The title compound, (C(8)H(12)NO)(C(16)H(18)NO(2))[ZnCl(4)]·H(2)O, was obtained as a by-product of the Zn(2+) and HCl catalyzed condensation of (2-meth-oxy-phen-yl)methanamine in water. Both cations feature an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, the components are linked by an extensive three-dimensional network of N-H⋯O, O-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds (three of them bifurcated). Weak C-H⋯O intera-ctions also occur.

In the title compound, [Cd(NO(3))(2)(C(5)H(7)N(3)O)(2)], the Cd(II) atom is eight-coordinated by two amine N atoms and two O atoms from two zwitterionic, biodentate 2-amino-6-methyl-pyrimidin-1-ium-4-olate ligands and by four O atoms from two nitrate groups. Intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, two of which are bifurcated, between the nitrate anions and the organic groups.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(9)H(22)N(2) (2+)·2H(2)PO(4) (-)·H(2)O, the H(2)PO(4) (-) anions are hydrogen bonded to each other, forming a ribbon parallel to the b axis. The water mol-ecules connect these ribbons via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The organic cations are attached to the dihydrogen phosphate anions and water mol-ecules through N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an infinite three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, (C(7)H(18)N(2)O)[ZnCl(4)], the Zn(II) ion is coordinated by four Cl atoms in a close to tetra-hedral geometry. The crystal packing exhibits C-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

The title compound, C(6)H(10)N(2) (2+)·2Cl(-), contains a network of 4-(ammonio-meth-yl)pyridinium cations and chloride anions which are inter-connected by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The crystal packing is also influenced by inter-molecular π-π stacking inter-actions between identical anti-parallel organic cations with a face-to-face distance of ca 3.52 Å.

The title compound, C(12)H(19)N(2) (+)·Cl(-)·H(2)O, contains a network of 4-(2,3-dimethyl-phen-yl)piperazin-1-ium cations, water mol-ecules and chloride anions. The crystal packing is influenced by O-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, resulting in structure with an open-framework architecture.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, (C(10)H(15)ClN(2))[ZnCl(4)]·H(2)O, the Zn atom is coordinated by four Cl atoms in a tetrahedral geometry. The water mol-ecules and the 1-(4-chloro-phen-yl)piperazine-1,4-diium cations inter-act with the [ZnCl(4)](2-) anions through O-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds (five simple and one bifurcated). Inter-molecular π-π stacking inter-actions are present between adjacent aromatic rings of 1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperazine-1,4-diium cations (the centroid-centroid distance is 3.453 Å).