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The article considers issues of researchers’ work assessment of sectoral research institutes in the Russian Federation. The authors investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the existing system of scientometric indicators with relation to the researchers’ publication activity increase. Practical solutions are proposed to harmonize the internal and external motivation of the researchers’ work of the sectoral research institute in order to ensure the effectiveness of their scientific activities, the implementation of key indicators of the effectiveness of scientific work and to promote the economic and innovative effect of the institute activities. The authors proposed a conceptual system for stimulating the work of researchers through authorship in scientific publications and evaluated its effectiveness. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a system of incentives for authorship in scientific publications to employees of the Railway Research Institute. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the incentive system in many sectors of the modern economy.

Introduction. The tasks of increasing energy saving in heating systems for passenger cars of diesel trains are currently relevant. As an alternative source of energy for these systems, the possibility of using the waste heat of the diesel locomotive engine is analysed.Materials and methods. The article provides an analysis of the engine waste heat sources, cooling water and exhaust gases. A schematic diagram of exhaust gas heat exchanger for its use in the heating system of passenger cars has been deve loped. As a possible heat-exchange surface of the waste heat exchanger, plate-ribbed, coiled and tube surfaces with longitudinal boundary layer turbulators are proposed. The required area of this surface for the maximum power of the heating system for a passenger train is determined.Results. The article shows the possibility of using engine exhaust heat in the heating system of a 15-car passenger train without involving third-party energy sources.Discussion and conclusion. The obtained results demonstrate a sufficient potential for increasing the efficiency of using the diesel engine fuel energy when utilising its waste heat for the heating system of passenger cars. The selection of a waste heat exchanger is justified based on a performance of 50 % of the peak load on the heating system at the middle position of the controller.

The article is devoted to the assessment of the effectiveness of tax regulation in the field of foreign economic activity of the Donetsk People’s Republic. The article reveals the essence of the taxation process in the field of foreign trade, its principles, methods and main tools.

Maintaining optimal parameters of the microclimate in the car along the route is the most important requirement for the passenger’s travel. In the 1st class passenger cars, maintaining optimal microclimate parameters is achieved through the operation of the air conditioning system, which provides individual regulation of the air temperature in each compartment. Individual air temperature control systems used in air conditioning systems are divided into two groups: active and passive.The article proposes for consideration a combined active-passive system with a separate air supply with a lower and higher temperature compared to the temperature maintained in the compartment and the installation of individual induction terminals, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of individual regulation of air parameters in the compartment.To assess the uniformity of temperature distribution and air flow rate over the car volume with the proposed control scheme, a three-dimensional modeling of the distribution of these parameters in the compartment was carried out on the basis of Autodesk CFD software.The given simulation results indicate the uniformity of temperature and air flow rate distribution over the compartment volume, which makes it possible to characterize the proposed system as sufficiently energy efficient, easy to operate and reliable in operation.

The main parameter determined in heat engineering tests of heat insulated cars superstructures or the locomotive operator’s cabs is the heat transfer coeffi cient К. The study introduces automated analysis technology for the heat transfer coeffi cient К of enclosure structures of the heat insulated transport means using a remote server. The underlying method provides coeffi cient K of the heat insulated transport means without additional work and time loss for complicated calculations. Personnel of test laboratories involved in heat engineering tests of vehicles possess tools for remotely calculating К, from any point in the world with internet access. To obtain К three controlled parameters measured during the heat engineering tests for 5.5 h including: the difference of the inside and outside temperature of the test object superstructure, total power of the electric heaters and geometric area of the heat transfer surface are sent to the server, after which the user promptly receives the calculated К. The economic effect of introducing the proposed technology for vehicle manufacture is the absence of required tests conducted at the test center; for an operating company — a signifi cant reduction of the idle time of the vehicle at the test center directly affects the loss of profi t. The proposed technology expands the area of operation of the test centers, while calculated К values are offi cially input into the data sheet of the vehicle.

The article shows the structure of the computer program “Express estimation system of the heat transfer coefficient for the vehicle”. The performance sequence of the automated calculation for determining the heat transfer coefficient ( K ) is described on the example of the refrigerator car body with the use of the data obtained during the accelerated thermal engineering tests. The advantages of the announced program are shown, consisting in a substantial reduction in the duration of testing, excluding the influence of the human factor when performing calculations and reducing the costs of organizing documentation flow. It was noted that for the operators of isothermal vehicles (ITV) the formation of an automated database with the calculated values results of K allows not only to monitor the dynamics of their changes during the ITV operations, but also with sufficient accuracy to predict the time of reaching the critical values of K , after which the regular energy installations will work with a significant expenditure of fuel and energy resources. The results of the expected economic efficiency in determining K by the accelerated method are presented; its value for the main types of ITV operating in the JSC “RZD” will be at least 14.0 billion rubles.

The structural features of the silicon surface–Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast suspended in ethanol system, which emerge in weak magnetic fields, are considered in this paper. It is assumed that these features arise from the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged cell surface and positively charged metal ions emerging on the silicon surface after magnetic activation. The effect of magnetic treatment on the distribution of ethanol microdroplets on the silicon surface is studied separately.

The evolution of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspension deposited onto the surface of silicon is investigated. Evolution of the yeast is caused by the effect of a weak stationary magnetic field (B = 0.17 T) and low-energy (E = 8 keV) low-dose (D = 104 Gy) X-ray radiation. It is found that the magnetic and X-ray treatment of the yeast suspension leads to ordering of the cell structures. It is suggested that one reason for this ordering is the presence of electric charges in the cells and on the surface of the silicon crystals exposed to magnetic and X-ray treatment.

We study the kinetics of the photovoltage decay in silicon crystals, caused by the effect of lowenergy (E = 8 keV) X-ray radiation. A correlation between radiation-induced changes in the short-term and long-term components of the photovoltage decay and the charge state of the surface, determined by measuring the surface distribution of the amplitude and decay time of the photovoltage, is found.

Features of changes in the microhardness of nand p-type Si crystals exposed to low-energy X-ray radiation (E = 8 keV) at low doses (D = 1.8 × 103 to 3 × 104 Gy) are studied. The changes are classified as a radiation–mechanical effect and depend on a number of factors, e.g., layer occurrence depth, siliconcrystal conductivity type, and charge-carrier concentration. The revealed difference in the radiation–mechanical effects in nand p-type Si crystals is attributed to the specific features of radiation-stimulated interdefect transformations in the studied crystals.

The crack resistance of silicon samples with copper coatings has been studied at room temperature. It has been shown that the deposition of copper coatings on the silicon surface is accompanied by an increase in the crack resistance factor and the formation of regions with dislocations in external load zones, which indicates plastic deformation in the brittle fracture zone.

The effect of soft X-rays with photon energy W = 8 keV on the kinetics of decay photovoltage in solar silicon crystals is studied. The correlation between the radiation-stimulated change in the electrical characteristics of the investigated crystals and the evolution of their charge, structural state, and surface morphology is established. Also studied are the changes in the photovoltage decay kinetics caused by the action of X-rays on the solar Si – nanofilled polymer coating structures. It is shown that X-ray irradiation leads to quite big recombination losses in the case that the epoxy-urethane matrix contains a filler (polysiloxane particles (PSPs)) in the amount of 0.001 and 1.0 wt. %. At the same time, at PSP filler content of 0.5 wt. %, the passivation epoxy-urethane coatings exhibit an increased radiation resistance.

The possibility of magnetic ordering at dangling bonds in dislocation cores has been investigated theoretically. It has been experimentally shown that magnetic ordering in dislocations affects the spin-dependent effects occurring in dislocation crystals of silicon. It has been found that preliminary magnetic treatment of silicon crystals in a weak magnetic field leads to the suppression of the electroplastic effect induced in silicon crystals excited by an electric current. It has been assumed that a change in the microplasticity under the combined action of a magnetic field and an electric current is caused by a weakening of spin-dependent recombination at dislocation dangling bonds.

The effect of a weak permanent magnetic field on the structure and charge state of silicon for solar-power engineering is investigated. It is revealed that magnetostimulated changes in the defect-impurity state and surface potential have a reversible character.

The effect of low-energy (W = 8 keV) low-dose ((0.3–7.3) × 102 Gy) radiation and a dc magnetic field (B = 0.17 T) on structural, micromechanical, and microplastic characteristics of silicon crystals has been studied. The features in the dynamic behavior of dislocations in silicon crystals, which manifest themselves upon only X-ray exposure and combined (X-ray and magnetic) exposure, have been revealed.

The effect of chemical treatment of porous silicon samples by HF on its photoluminescence and its evolution with time in sample aging in air is investigated. It is shown that the effect of HF on the luminescence parameters depends on the duration of the treatment and the initial photoluminescence intensity of the sample. It is found that chemical etching in HF accelerates the growth of the total luminescence intensity in aging of the sample in air. The evolution of the photoluminescence spectrum in aging of the sample in air after chemical etching can be explained within the framework of the quantum-size model of the luminescence of porous silicon.

We carry out a comparison between the luminescence spectra (photo-and x-ray luminescence) of porous silicon and disperse SiO2, which by its physical characteristics is most similar to oxide films on porous silicon. The photoluminescence of porous silicon was also investigated using fluorescence (excitation by a nitrogen laser) and metallographic microscopes. We found that the natures of the luminescence centers of porous silicon and disperse SiO2 are identical. A porous layer on single-crystal silicon ensures the creation of a highly branched surface of oxide film. Luminescence centers are located on its inner (as viewed from the porous silicon) surface.

The analysis of spectral luminescence characteristics of disperse Si02 indicates the presence of two types of surface oxygen vacancies (O-VI and O-VII). Their concentrations can be decreased by means of near UV and IR laser irradiation. It is established that the O-V concentration decreasing under IR irradiation (λirr = 1064 nm) in air is caused by their laser annealing under seven-photon ionization of surface O-V with the participation of atomic oxygen formed near the surface under dissociation of atmospheric 02 molecules in the laser field. The irradiation by near UV laser light (λirr ~250-360 nm) leads to a lower effective O-V concentration with decreasing IR irradiation. The analysis of the dose dependence shows that in this case the observed effect is due to the interaction of surface O-V with bulk reagents (water, OH− groups, 02 centers) or their photolysis products, not with atmospheric oxygen. The choice of laser irradiation wavelength is important for selective effect on O-VI and O-VII c...

The inorganic molecular ions (UO 2 2+ , CrO 4 2- ), together with the linear and nonlinear optical methods were used to study of the disperse SiO2 surface adsorption activity. Selective laser excitation of the luminescence spectra of uranyl ions adsorbed on SiO2 surface allowed investigations to be made of the adsorption properties for different active centers on the surface. The adsorption properties of the self-defects active centers have been investigated by means of the luminescent characteristics of the Chromate anions under multiphoton resonant excitation with subsequent ionization and dissociation of the CrO 4 2- anions. The second harmonic generation for a pure and modified sorbents was used to investigation of the formation and destruction dynamics of the self-defects active centers.