Search

In November 2003, the Uniform Requirements for the Submission of Manuscripts to Biomedical Journals were revised. The Uniform Requirements are presently recognized by almost 600 bio-medical journals worldwide, and can be said to be the Bible of medical paper writing. This presentation describes the changes made in the 2003 edition in comparison to the previous edition. The main emphasis of the new edition is that it instructs authors to pay close attention to the Instruction to Authors of the target journal. While following the basic format of the Uniform Requirements, authors are exhorted to make sure that the format of their paper fits the target journal with regard to the style and format of abstracts, etc. The second part of the presentation deals with techniques to have papers accepted by high-impact factor journals, and steps that are needed to betaken in order to do this. In particular, attention is called to the necessity of suggesting the names, addresses and other contact infor-mation of three or more possible reviewers. The last section presents various examples based on the style of the New England Journal of Medicine appropriate for Introduction, Materials and Methods, Result and Discussion sections of papers.

The printing method of the thermal transfer printer is to push an ink ribbon that is heated and melted by a thermal head to a printing paper, and transfer the ink to desired positions on the paper. If the heating by the thermal head is not sufficient, the ink cannot be melted and cannot be transferred to the paper. Moreover, even if the heating is excessive, a high quality print cannot be done, because an excess amount of ink will be transferred to the paper. The heat generated by the thermal head is transmitted to the printing paper through the ink ribbon. Thus the thermal conductivity of the printing paper affects the temperature rise of the ribbon and as a result printing quality. The thermal conductivity of the paper is commonly measured with a quick thermal conductivity meter. However the printing paper is too thin for the measurement. A new method of evaluating the thermal conductivity of the printing paper using the thermal transfer printer was proposed.

本論文では,新潟大学の学士課程教育の実質化を目指し,新潟大学の教育課題を改善するための「プログラムFD」の実践とその機能が検討された.具体的には,新潟大学の4つの教育目標領域の枠組みに基づき,個々の授業科目の再配置という観点から,教育プログラムの教員集団による到達目標の再吟味及びカリキュラムマップの再整理が実施された.その結果,再設定された到達目標への授業科目の再配置と重みづけの過程で教育プログラム担当教員間の到達目標の共通理解や共有化が促進されることが示された.また,本実践によるカリキュラムマップの再整理が教育プログラムのカリキュラムの体系性を可視化する枠組みとして機能し,継続的なカリキュラム改善のための具体的な取り組みとなる可能性が示唆された.最後に,プログラムFDの実施展開に関わる課題の整理と日常の教育活動と乖離しないFDの必要性が議論された., This article examines the practice and function of "Program FD" that aims to give substance to bachelor's degree programs and improve educational issues at Niigata University. On the basis of the university's framework of four educational target areas, each program's teaching staff implemented the practice of Program FD through reexamining the attainment targets of the degree program and recoordinating its curriculum map from the viewpoint of relocation of individual courses. As a result, the common understanding of the attainment targets among the teaching staff was promoted in the course of relocating and weighting the courses with the targets. Moreover, the recoordination of the curriculum map functioned as a framework for making the systemic curriculum alignment visible. The results suggest that the practice of Program FD may become a concrete approach to continuous curriculum improvement. Finally, the article discusses issues left for further development of Program FD that is expected to be implemented in daily educational activities.

本研究は,鳥取大学教育地域科学部附属小学校で実施されてきた紙上相談ピア・サポート実践に対する児童の評価を質問紙調査によって調べた結果を報告するものである。この紙上相談ピア・サポートは,対コミュニティ返答相談として,ある学校にある時期に学ぶ子どもたちの問題を,ピア・サポーター役の子どもたちとともに考えて,子どもたち全体に返していこうとする実践である。その実践の効用を評価するために,鳥取大学教育地域科学部附属小学校4年生71人,5年生72人,6年生73人(全体で,216人。男子97人,女子119人)に質問紙調査を実施した。調査内容は,(1)紙上相談の効用(相談者にとっての効用と読者全体にとっての効用)(2)C-フレンズへの参加希望とその理由などである。その結果,相談者にとっては,気持ちが楽になったり,また,結果的に問題の解決に結びついたこともあったりしたことが示されており,一定の効用はあったことがうかがえる。ただし,相談に応じてもらえていない,回答の内容が不十分である,あるいは解決してもらえていないという感想も寄せられており,改善の余地もあることがうかがえる。いやがらせの抑止効果も限定的ながら見られたが,活動内容に関する広報や相談システムをより充実させてから再度調査を行う必要があると考えられた。C-フレンズへの参加希望者の動機は,「返礼」「貢献」「自尊感情」という記述内容がよく見られたが,この動機と活動への関与とのかかわりについては,今後のさらなる検討を要する。上記の他にも,自由記述の分析などを行い,1)活動内容の広報,2)小学生の質問への中学生による回答,3)対個人返答相談よる回答,4)相談提出の機会の保障,5)C-フレンズへのフィードバックに関しての改善提案を行った。

High resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm for array antennas becomes popular in these days. However, there are several error factors such as mutual coupling among the elements in actual array. Hence array calibration is indispensable to realize intrinsic performance of the algorithm. In the many applications, it is preferable that the calibration can be done in the practical environment in operation. In such a case, the incident wave becomes coherent multipath wave. Calibration of array in the multipath environment is a hard problem, even when DOA of elementary waves is known. To realize array calibration in the multipath environment will be useful for some applications even if reference signals are required. In this report, we consider property of reference waves in the multipath environment and derive a new calibration technique by using the multipath coherent reference waves. The reference wave depends on not only the DOA but also complex amplitude of each elementary wave. However, the proposed technique depends on the DOA only. This is the main advantage of the technique. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Inoue Yasushi published the short story "Cyokenbo oboegaki" in the Literary World Magazine in June 1951. Inoue Yasushi quit his job at the Mainichi Newspaper, finishing his 15-year journalist career in May 1951. After one month, he started a new life for literary creation as a professional writer. He also combined his experience as a journalist and knowledge of Buddhism into his work. "Cyokenbo oboegaki" is his first short story that is based on a monk story. "Cyokenbo oboegaki" was written in the first-person perspective to develop the story. The story happened on the Koyasan mountain. The main characters are "me", "my friend Yoshimura Yoshiaki", the leading character "Cyokenbo" and his friend "Koei". The first half of the story tells Cyokenbo's emotional entanglement between three women after he got expelled from the Koyasan Temple. In the latter half of his life, he concentrated on Buddhist Scripture research. He spent 20 years of his life on writing the "Prajna Riomomukikei explanatory notes" and he completed it. He wanted to give his work to his old friend "Koei". However, when he met "Koei" who already became eminent monk at Koyasan Temple again after 50 years, he wasn't able to hand his work over. Then he froze to death on the wayside. That is the second half of the tragic story. In 1993, a movie called "KOYA Cyokenbo oboegaki" based on this short story was on screen. However, according to my research, there are few research papers related to this novel even today. Only a small number of research papers have mentioned the novel, but never goes into deep research on the character image creation background and the references. Therefore, this paper attempts to organize previous research and analyze Inoue Yasushi's creation background, and then deduce the references.

In the previous paper, I studied how computers can participate with humans more actively, and created a program that runs under the following two main relationships between humans and computer. Based on this relationship, several works were produced and analyzed. Finally, I mentioned the future possibility of the interactive relationship between a computer performer and a human performer. In this paper, I constructed a system for musical expression in the interactive relationship between a human and a computer, focusing on three roles of computer: ①A computer as a musical instrument ②A computer as a tool for executing a program (thoughts by a computer) ③A computer as a performer In order to use a computer as a musical instrument, I constructed a system that uses Max to output the MIDI note number of the harmonic overtone by the bang message. Furthermore, to recognize the motion of the human hand and send a bang message wirelessly to a computer, I used the R-IoT module developed by collaboration between IRCAM and PluX. In order to use the computer as a tool for executing the program, several systems were constructed. When displaying the score on Max, I used Max's external library bach. In order to make the computer play a role as a performer, I built a system, using Max's external library Antescofo. Through this research, I mention the possibility of musical expression by computer calculation, which is difficult for human beings.

Korean verb/adjective endings are classified into two groups: pre-final endings and final endings. This paper examines the function of the retrospective suffix -deo, which is one of the prefinal endings. Previous studies have pointed out that the retrospective suffix -deo is a tense suffix and is used when the speaker recollects previous experiences. This paper insists that the suffix -deo has an evidential meaning, and that the use of the suffix -deo depends on the subject person and the type of verbs or adjectives. When the speaker’s information source is visual, the suffix -deo can be attached with a verb or a non-psychological adjective. In contrast, when the information source is non-visual, the suffix -deo can be used with a psychological adjective.

In the previous paper, I mentioned several technical restrictions in the creation of my own work applying the real-time score following technology, and also described the effectiveness of the use of Antescofo, which works with Max as a solution to those. As a continuation of the previous paper, I studied how computers can participate more actively in this paper. I created a program that runs under the following two relationships: (1) A relationship between Max as a performer and a human as a performer (2) A relationship between Max as a performer and Max as a performer (A relationship between Max and Max) Based on this relationship, three works were produced and analyzed. Finally, I mentioned the future possibility of the interactive relationship between a computer performer and a human performer.

Freidlich Paulsen is one of the most important German philosophers who influenced the academic level of the world. He had many philosophical achievements through his life. This paper refers to his book called System der Ethik. This book was translated to many languages. Cai Yuan Pei attempted to translate it into Chinese through a Japanese translation, which was translated by Yoshimaru Kanie. The Chinese translation was presented in lecture form by Yang Changji, who had been working in Hunan First Normal university at the moment. The Young Mao Zedong had attended his lectures as a student, and he wrote his annotations beside the text of the book. This paper attempts to analyze his annotation in Chapter 8 in System der Ethik. He could realize the outline of German philosophy and the history of philosophical establishment through reading this book.

How could Nepal, a land-locked country sandwiched between two giant neighbours, India and China, preserve its existence and its right to national development in confronting pressure from both neighbours? On 30 January 1956, the then Prime Minister T. P Acharya expressed his determination to modify Nepal’s “special relationship” with India in the direction of “equal friendship” with all countries, thus introducing a new dimension to Kathmandu’s diversification policy. This paper will focus on this policy on a regional level during reign of King Mahendra (1955-1972). There are three main objectives of this study: (a) To use the term “equal friendship” to describe the regional policy towards India and China; (b) To reveal the historical process of the implementation of the policy; and (c) To redefine the contents and features of the “equal friendship” policy towards Nepal’s two neighbours. The paper begins with a brief history of the special relationship between Nepal and India before King Mahendra acceded to the throne. The second part of the paper is a discussion of the three periods of the implementation of the “equal friendship” policy towards India and China. The final part of the paper offers definitions of three aspects of the “equal friendship” policy in three patterns: (a) Maintaining balance in peacetime; (b) Using one party to restrain the other when Nepal felt pressured or threatened; (c) Taking a strict neutral stand in the event of regional conflicts.

According to Aleksandr Ulmanov, authors' worldviews can be found in the spatial construction of their narratives.The paper addresses this construction in "Matryona's House" and "Early Collection of Miniatures" (1958-1963) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in order to clarify his own world view.There are various special concepts in Matryona's House,the center of which is,of course, the house of Matryona.This paper pays attention to the similarity between Matryona's House and "Early Collection of Miniatures" in terms of the special construction method.What matters in this similar special construction is the expression of religiosity. In connection with the house's images, the paper surveys almost all special elements of Matryona's House and Early Collection of Miniatures and then compares the two styles of special conception in religious terms.This research method will be able to show Solzhenitsyn's early religious worldview much more clearly.

This paper attempts to clarify how the boycott of japanese products over the Tatsumaru Incident happened in Guangdong Province functioned,and what influences it had on Japan, focusing on Chinese merchants' movements in the boycott.This paper argues that at the very beginning,Guangdong merchants played a vital role in the boycott due to their nationalism. However,with the increasing loss, some Guangdong merchants objected to the boycott.The majority of Chinese merchants in the other regions opposed to the boycott from the beginning to avoid their losses.They openly imported a large quantity of Japanese products.With the cooperation of some Guangdong merchants who were against the boycott, Japanese merchants directly exported Japanese products to Hong Kong and Guangdong Province.This study concludes that because of the lack of consensus among Chinese merchants, the boycott did not functioned well.By contrast, Japan made quite a few profit from the boycott.

This paper mainly discusses the 2016 revision of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No. 58 of 2003) and the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Independent Administrative Agencies, etc. (Act No. 59 of 2003). Due to the revision following the 2015 revision of the Personal Information Protection Act (Act No.57 of 2003), the State organs and Incorporated Administrative Agencies. etc.. new articles on classification of personal information('identifier', 'sensitive data', 'anonymized data') is added. In this paper, I inspect the revised articles, point out its problems, and discuss the system of privacy laws that could be applicable to Japan.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the various problems associated with regional disparities of administrative services of municipalities in Niigata Prefecture. This paper analyses the factor of disparities and the corrective action for the disparities of services, such as water rates, sewerage charges, long-term care insurance premiums, national health insurance premiums, and childcare charges. About these services, each municipality has own standard. Especially, concerning water rates and sewerage charges, there exist multiple standards within the same municipality. It is necessary to immediately rectify the differences in a municipality and to decrease the disparity between municipalities.

This paper focuses on the actual language proficiency of Japanese language learners who married a Japanese man and live in Japan. Such foreign residents do not seem to have serious problems in the conversation in daily life, but tend to have difficulty in dealing with complicated contexts and correcting their grammar. This paper analyzes the corpus data of a Chinese woman who married a Japanese man and lives in Japan. She tends to use “-te form” for connecting clauses when she does not clearly understand the connection between them, replacing the past form -ta and the conditional form -tara. In addition, she frequently inserts the genitive particle -no to modify a noun, regardless the parts of speech of the preceding element. This paper concludes that it is important for such Japanese language learners to make relearning with a suitable method, especially on grammatical items with similar meanings and forms.

The main theme of this paper is to analyze the thought of young Mao Tsu-Tung. When he was young, he was greatly inspired by “System der Ethik”, written by Friedrich Paulsen, a German philosopher and educator. It was translated into Japanese by Yoshimaru Kanie in 1900. Cai Yuanpei translated the Japanese version into Chinese. Mao read the Chinese translation and annotated it applying its Western ideas to traditional Chinese thought. He wrote a lot of annotations on the edges of the Chinese translation. But his annotations have not been clarified until now. Therefore, to illuminate its influence on Mao’s thought, it is necessary to read not only the Chinese translation but also the original German text. However, in this paper, his annotations are mainly focused on the Chinese translation and their effects.

To date, numerous critical accounts of Kant’s “the fact of reason” have been presented, reproaching Kant for dogmatism. This paper reconsiders the fact of reason, and assesses this reproach. Herein, an attempt to explain his intended meaning is made. In the Remark to Section 7 of the Critique of Practical Reason, Kant executes the terminological baptism. He posits that the “consciousness of this fundamental law is a fact of reason.” As a synthetic a priori proposition, this fundamental law is a categorical imperative. Thus, the fact of reason is consciousness of the categorical imperative. Willaschek suggests the fact of reason is a deed of reason. What, then, does reason do? This paper posits that reason determines will. One cannot be conscious of the categorical imperative without a determining of the will. Since Kant suggests the fact of reason is justified by common human understanding, it may be identified as the feeling of respect. The categorical imperative is distinguished from the feeling of respect, however, and so it must be emphasized that the fact of reason is not the feeling of respect, because the former precedes the latter. The fact of reason is the standpoint of Kant’s moral philosophy—our common moral cognition and its judgment on the basis of the fact of reason.

Tsangmo is a type of playful singing dialogue that can be found in all regions of Bhutan. Tsangmo emerged from Bhutan＇s religious context and was fostered throughout its history and cultural climate. It is enjoyed as a pastime during breaks in grazing as well as on other occasions, such as when families gather for Buddhist memorial services. Bhutan＇s recent decades of modernization have, however, drastically changed the state of traditional Tsangmo and its transmission is becoming threatened. On the other hand, Tsangmo is taught in many schools as part of traditional culture education or general education through Bhutan＇s national language of Dzongkha. Tsangmo tournaments are also frequently held. This paper examines the current state of Tsangmo, with a particular focus on Tsangmo in school education. Along with outlining the form that Tsangmo takes in schools, with specific attention to the case of Tsangmo tournaments, the significance of and challenges for the transmission of Tsangmo through school education are considered. The school discussed in this paper is Samtengang Central School, which is located in Nyishog gewog, Wangdue Phodrang Dzongkhag, Bhutan. Tsangmo tournaments have a clear place in annual school activities and usually consist of competitions between houses (groups made up of students across different grades) within the school. The Tsangmo tournament that was observed was a competition between two groups, consisting of both males and females, in a format where one student sings to the other group and then one student from that group sing in response. This form of group competition is the same as the traditional Tsangmo Cheyni that has been observed in previous investigations. The tournament took place in front of a gathering of the entire student population of the school. On the day, there were forty-three calls and responses for a total of eighty-six songs. Students skillfully prepared three ancient melodies and were capable of responding swiftly

"Darou" in modern Japanese is defined by many researchers as a typical expression of epistemic modality, and almost all the previous researches focus on the semantics of "darou" as a modality expression. This paper discusses what pieces of evidence are used to obtain conjectures from "darou"-sentences. And finally this paper aims to clarify the characteristics of "darou"-sentences, and summarizes the relationships between those sorts of evidence and the conditions that are imposed on "darou"-sentences.

Fukuda (2014) proposed a modification of Fukuda’s (2012) taxonomy of Modality by suggesting that the relevant expressions should be separated into one of two categories: Modalization ( = the Event-Oriented Judgement) or Modulation ( = the Person-Oriented Modulation). The taxonomy was devised by slightly weakening the standard of the ‘Indeterminate Ground between Positive/Negative Polarity’, which is proposed in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). This paper discusses how the categories of Mood and Modality may be captured, and how their interrelationships might be explained if the Polar Indeterminacy Standard is rigidly applied, with particular interest given to the study of Japanese Modality. In order to develop insight into the application of SFL, ideas from Teruya (2007) will be applied to our discussion, as they represent the first and most systematic study of the Japanese language based on the theoretical framework of SFL. Advantages of his research and remaining questions will be considered at the end of this paper.

This paper analyses the cognitive processes of construing texts in advertisements, in which the realized “visual rhetoric” to signify the value of products is manifest. Generally, from the visual representation of advertisements, consumers comprehend not only an iconic object, but also its figurative meaning. For example, connected to the product of the advertisements, consumers regard its visual texts as the metaphor of the product, or as a one of the specific usages of the situation. In that case, the visual representation functions as rhetoric. This paper notices the effect of visual rhetoric on the consumers and attempts to reveal the principles, which construct the rhetorical cognition.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn finished his early work Matryona’s House in 1959. However, it was in 1963 that this short story was published in a Russian literary journal, “Novy Mir”, the editor of which was Alefsandr Tvardovsky. The paper revisits Solzhenitsyn’s way of understanding the world presented in “Matryona’s House.” This theme has often been especially discussed around his Russian and religious identity. The paper attempts to make a contribution to this research by considering two texts of this short work comparatively: the original 1959 text and the censored 1963 text. After the amendments by the editor Tvardovsky, the Soviet Union authorities censored the text. The paper tries to understand what the original text presented and what the censored text hid from readers so as to clarify a Solzhenitsyn’s worldview.

This paper examines on the linguistic differences between verb-verb complex predicates in Japanese and Chinese. In both languages, they can be categorized into three types: serial action complex predicates, auxiliary verb complex predicates, and purposive complex predicates. Analysis of the verb-verb complex predicates of the two languages showed the following: 1) All three types of Chinese complex predicates allow a noun phrase to be inserted between the two component verbs, while a noun phrase can be inserted only in serial action and in purposive types of Japanese complex predicates; 2) Particles can be placed between the two component verbs in serial action and auxiliary verb types of Chinese complex predicates, while all the three types of Japanese complex predicates allow particle insertion; 3) In negative sentences, the scope of negation is only the latter element of Chinese complex predicates, while either the whole complex predicates or the former element can be negated in Japanese complex predicates; 4) From the answers tointerrogative sentences, the independence of the component verbs in Chinese complex predicates is stronger than that in Japanese.

This paper discusses Teiru of the aspect in Japanese and Korean. There are semantically some Teirus in Korean corresponding to Teiru in Japanese. But on the Korean Education in Japan, only GO ISSDA, A ISSDA/O ISSADA are taught as Teiru. For that reason, many Japanese who are learning Korean cannot express the Korean aspects. From now on, the need is required to teach Japanese learners and to let them practice that Japanese Teiru has a lot of meanings, forms, and how to express in Korean.

As a fascicle of a serial work that describes tabulate corals in pebbles from the Kotaki area in Itoigawa, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan, this paper describes four Devonian species of auloporid tabulate corals, namely an auloporid Aulopora chiharai Niko, Ibaraki and Tazawa sp. nov., a palaeofavosiporid Kanashiropora sp. cf. K. kozui Niko, a syringoporid Syringopora sp. indet., and a multithecoporid Syringoporella sp. indet. Aulopora chiharai is distinguished from comparable species of the genus principally by its small corallite diameters and the possession of complete tabulae. Kanashiropora sp. cf. K. kozui represents the first record of the genus outside the type locality in the Fukuji area, Gifu Prefecture. Aulopora chiharai, Syringopora sp. indet., and Syringoporella sp. indet. are involved in stromatoporoids.

This paper pursuits a possibility of fully polarimetric and threedimensional (3-D) imaging by Holographic Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography (HoloSAR). HoloSAR is 3-D extension of Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar (CSAR) along the vertical direction whose trajectory is a circle in a horizontal plane. By adding fully polarimetric capability to HoloSAR, it becomes a perfect 3-D imaging radar system which reveals scattering mechanisms from object through scattering power decomposition. This paper attempts to achieve such a prototype system in an anechoic chamber. The experimental result successfully yielded a 3-D image reconstruction of objects with exhibiting polarimetric scattering mechanism.

The modal verbs are very rare and different from the general verbs. This paper aims to discuss some of the properties of the negation modal verb + verb construction. The Chinese negative expression bu and mei(you) have been one of the top topics in the grammatical research of modern Chinese. In the negation modal verb + verb construction, sometimes the position of bu can be interchanged with mei(you). But using bu just denies intention and no other action, and using mei(you) expresses that no action is the actual status. And the side confirmed that the bu expresses a kind of static situation, and mei(you) expresses the conclusion of aspectual events. In this article, I have observed a large number of examples and analyzed the semantic differences between bu and mei(you). I have also shown a new perspective to the study of bu and mei(you).

With the emergence of multinational enterprises (MNE), people have the opportunity to work together in the same organization and contact other people with different cultural backgrounds. If MNE fails to coordinate the internal cultural diversity, conflicts will occur and organizations may be confused. Therefore, it is very important for MNE to take appropriate measures for cultural diversity. Cross-cultural management is an important sub-field in international business research. This is of great significance for Chinese MNE to enter the international market. In this research, it studies the above issue and tries to find out how Chinese MNE conduct cross-cultural management. Taking HUAWEI as an example, this paper analyzes the success of cross-cultural management of Chinese MNE through data analysis and enterprise interviews. In the view of the author, in order to realize the strengthening strategy of cross-cultural management for Chinese MNE, we should pay attention to the following four points: (1) Analyzing the different cultural dimensions. (2) Developing cross-cultural adaptability. (3) Establishing MNE communication mechanism. (4) Utilizing and innovating cross-cultural advantages.

2011年３月の東日本大震災と東電福島第一原発事故以降，複数の論考で主に原子力防災と放射線リスクの受容に関する分析を行ってきたが，エネルギー・環境政策の分野では，原子力発電とそこからの放射性物質の放出，リスクの管理という基本的問題から離れて，エネルギー供給の社会的な費用についての議論が盛んである。本論文は，原子力発電所の規制指針の改訂により停止中の日本国内の既存の原子力発電所について，これを再稼働させるべきかについての議論に焦点を合わせる。本論文では関連する論点についての主な主張を概観し，経済学的な論理を抽出し，その構造を明らかにする。これらの経済学的論理に付随してみられる埋没費用概念の誤用は，エネルギー政策についての議論において注意されるべきものである。, Following preceding analyses on acceptance of radiation risk and nuclear disaster prevention after the Great East Japan Earthquake and the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March, 2011, this paper focuses on economical logics in the debates on restarting of the existent nuclear power plants in Japan, stopping due to the revise of nuclear power plants' regulations. By analyzing major assertions related, this paper clarifies the economical logics and its structures inside. These economical logics and accompanying misuse of the notion of sunk costs should be paid attentions in the debates on energy policies.

This is a qualitative study of the orthographic repair strategy that Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca utilize to reestablish intelligibility after a miscommunication. There are many repair strategies that Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca use to maintain mutual intelligibility: repetition, paraphrasing, simplification, enhanced explicitness through redundancy, and “let it pass” (Firth 1996; Kuar 2009; Pitzl 2010). Phonetic repair, which consists of a Speaker of English as a Lingua Franca adding, changing, or deleting phonemes to restore intelligibility, is another (Matsumoto 2011; O’Neal 2013a, 2013b). However, there is one more repair strategy that has not been extensively examined, one that is specifically designed to temporarily weaken the importance of phonology in the maintenance of intelligibility: orthographic repair. Orthographic repair refers to the practice of articulating the spelling of a word to reestablish mutual intelligibility. Although orthographic skills are usually associated with writing proficiency, this paper concludes that orthographic abilities are not limited to writing skills; indeed, orthographic abilities are a component of both productive skills—writing and speaking. Examining repair sequences collected from Skype conversations between Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca, this paper concludes that orthographic repair is an efficacious secondary repair strategy that can be used during interactions to reestablish intelligibility after a communication breakdown has occurred.

This paper examines the impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the health care industry, otherwise known as the ICT health care．According to statistics, Japan is an aging society with the added impact of a population in decline, which has led to many social problems and that can possibly impact the country for several generations. Among the several options for addressing these concerns, ICT health care is eyed as a cost effective solution for wide implementation. Health care can be classified into three main groups: medical field, nursing care, and preventive care. In diving into the ICT health care subject, the author will touch on the history of Japan's strategy for tackling social changes, the system involved and, the medical industry supporting that system and strategy. This paper will demonstrate that the development of ICT health care strongly influences the health care industry. Thus, the ICT health care can directly solve social problems but can also become an Industrial cradle. A continuous examination and evaluation of the ICT health care would strengthen this proposition.

In this paper, we pay attention to factors in the possibility of movement or state and view the characteristic of meaning and the difference between ‘neng' and ‘hui'. ‘neng' and ‘hui' can both express the meaning of ‘have the possibility'. In conventional research, the characteristics of meaning of each when both express the meaning of ‘possibility' are not analyzed enough. In this paper, we pay attention to factors in the possibility of movement or state, and analyze the characteristics of the meaning of both, and classify both into two groups as when matters can be controlled by subjective intention and when matters cannot be controlled by subjective intention, and define the difference of ‘neng' and ‘hui'. As a result, we understand that we use ‘neng' when we emphasize external conditions, and use ‘hui' when we emphasize subjective intentions or the working of the situation. Furthermore, we also try to assess the conclusion as was pointed out in conventional research that ‘neng' has forwardness but in occasion of expressing non-expected negative images, we use ‘hui'.

R. Barthes pointed out the “anchorage function of a linguistic sign to restrict a meaning of a visual image. From cognitive linguistic viewpoint, this function can be applied to the “reference point construction. This paper analyses the cognitive processes of construing visual images of advertisements vis-à-vis types of figurative recognitions of the target. At first, this paper introduces the “frozen expression and analyses its figurative meanings through the type of the cognitive theories. Later, the theories will be applied to the conceptualization of a visual image and the “anchorage function will be classified as a domain setting.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the education reform in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Wales has continued the education reform independently since the 2000s. In 2004, Welsh Government determined to replace the national test by a new learning assessment system called the teacher assessment. The composition of this paper is as follows. First, it explains the Education Act 1944 which laid the foundations for the compulsory education. Second, it examines the neo-liberal education reform which has started in the 1980s. Third, it refers to the present situation of the education reform in Wales. On the basis of these analyses, it clarifies some problems of the education reform in Wales.

森林資源モニタリング調査第1期、第2期のデータを用いて新潟県の森林の実態を把握する解析を行った。今回、優占樹種、スギ人工林の収量比数、マツ枯れの動態、ナラ枯れの動態についてとりまとめた。優占樹種は各プロットの胸高断面積割合によって決定した。収量比数は平均直径から上層樹高を推定するモデル式を用いて算出した。マツ枯れについて、松くい虫被害の有無データおよびマツ枯損本数のデータを地域別、標高別に集計した。ナラ枯れについて、ナラ類の本数を集計して、第1期、第2期で比較した。優占樹種の解析から、スギ、アカマツ、コナラ、ミズナラ、ヤマモミジ、ブナなどで構成される林分が新潟県で多くみられることが分かった。スギ人工林の収量比数は、第1期ではプロット数のピークが0.6～0.7であるのに対して、第2期では0.7～0.8に移行していた。マツ枯れ被害は、上越地域から中越地域へと被害地域が移行したこと、また高標高帯へ拡大したことが示された。ナラ類の本数は、県内全地域で減少していた。標高別では、600m までナラ類の本数が減少していた。本論において、森林資源モニタリング調査データから、新潟県の森林の実態の一部分を把握することができた。, In order to understand the actual condition of the forest in Niigata Prefecture, some analyses were carried out using the data of National Forest Inventory (NFI) in Japan derived from 1^ and 2^ periods. This paper presents the results about dominant tree species, the relative yield index of Japanese cedar plantations, and monitoring of pine wilt disease and oak wilt disease. The dominant tree species of each plot was determined by a basal area rate. The relative yield index was calculated by the upper layer tree height estimated from the mean diameter of each plot. Occurrence of pine wilt disease was checked and the number of damaged pine trees was represented by each region or altitude zone. About oak wilt disease, the number of oak species was counted and compared between 1^ and 2^ periods. The results showed that the dominant tree species in Niigata Prefecture were Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Quercus crispula Blume, Acer amoenum var. matsumurae, Fagus crenata. The relative yield index of Japanese cedar plantation indicated a peak at 0.6-0.7 in the 1^ period and 0.7-0.8 in the 2^ period. The area suffering pine wilt disease shifted to the Chuetsu region from the Joetsu region and to the high altitude zone from low altitude zone. The number of oak species decreased across the whole region of Niigata prefecture. In the altitude class, the number of oak species declined until 600m a.s.l. In this paper, some of the actual conditions of the forests in Niigata Prefecture have been understood with NFI data.

本稿ではF. Soddyが自然科学的視点から経済学及び経済政策について議論を展開した著作であるフレデリック・ソディ『富，仮想的な富そして負債：経済学の逆説への解決策』の第2章におけるエネルギー及びその源泉，エネルギー資源の人類による利用，経済社会との関係性についての理論を考察する。また，ソディの予測した原子エネルギー開発の，実際の歴史上の経緯，太陽光のエネルギーの葉緑素を介した取り込みとエネルギーの流れについての，生態学及びエコロジー経済学における関連した理論に関して論じる。ソディの構想した，自然のエネルギー資源を制御し，発展してゆく人類社会の在り方は，未来の生態系及び経済について考察する際の，私たちの社会についての一つの希望が持てる見通しと言えるのではないだろうか。, This paper analyzes the second chapter of Frederic Soddy’s WEALTH, VIRTUAL WEALTH AND DEBT –THE SOLUTION OF THE ECONOMIC PARADOX in which F. Soddy developed theories on economics and economic policy from the viewpoint of natural science. We discuss the theory on energy and its source, resource use by human beings and relationship with the economic society. In addition, the actual history of nuclear energy development predicted by Soddy, related theories of the incorporation of sunlight energy through chlorophyll and the flow of energy in ecology and ecological economics are discussed. The idea of human society developing by the controls and usage of natural energy resources conceived by Soddy could be a hopeful vision of our society, when we consider ecology and economy in future.

The InterRad XV was organized in Japan from 20 October to 1 November 2017, cohosted by the International Association of Radiolarists, the Geological Society of Japan, the Palaeontological Society of Japan, the Society of Science on Form, Japan, and the Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. A total of 187 participants from 16 countries attended the meeting. The scientific sessions were held during 23–27 October at Niigata University, which was regarded as an activity of a joint seminar in the bilateral programs between Japan (Japan Society of Promotion of Sciences; JSPS) and China (National Natural Science Foundation of China; NSFC). An Abstract Volume including 128 papers presented in the oral and poster sessions was printed as Volume 40 of “Radiolaria” (ISSN: 0297–5270), the formal newsletter of InterRad. Outreach programs were also included in the InterRad XV. Pre-, mid-, and postconference excursions were carried out and an excursion guide was published in a volume of Science Reports of Niigata University (Geology) (ISSN: 1349–1237), No. 32 (Supplement), which is available at the Niigata University Academic Repository (Nuar). The proceedings of the InterRad XV will be published as special issues of Island Arc, Paleontological Research, Revue de Micropaleontologie, and Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan.

This paper provides a contrastive analysis on the writing systems of Sakha and Modern Korean. Both languages use a phonetic writing system and exhibit rich patterns in their morphophonemic alternation. In spite of this similarity, the two languages show difference in the degree of how phonetically consistent with morphophonemic alternation. The orthography of Sakha tries to be phonetically consistent, while that of Modern Korean tends to be consistency in indicating morphemes.

This paper shows that ‘genuine’ inverse scope is possible in at least two types of clause in Japanese, description clauses and clauses with a topic phrase marked by wa, after excluding two cases of ‘non-genuine’ inverse scope. I then discuss a semantic restriction on QPs in description clauses and suggest a way for a QP to circumvent this restriction.

Humor tends to overlook on usual Japan modern literature. Although text written by Tanizaki junitiro contains humor, scholar not comprehends the humor in Tanizaki’s text. On this paper, according to analyze the humor in Tanizaki’s text, I try to elucidate the technique of caricature among an important factor to produce humor.

The purpose of this paper is to know the ways that will help revive the production of Mongolian dairy foods. Within this framework, the effects of the transition from socialism to capitalism on the Mongolian dairy foods industry have been analyzed. Focusing on the supply of the domestically produced dairy products which made from domestic materials, we found that in order to revive domestic production, not only production technology, but also the management system of the industry, the social infrastructure such as transportation and industrial policies should be modernized.

In this paper, I analyzed the disparity of several indicators such as personal income per capita, financial index, number of doctors per 100 thousand people, population among prefectures in Japan and the situation of Niigata prefecture. As a result, I revealed that the number of doctors per 100,000 people in Niigata has been low among prefectures for many years. In addition, the regional disparities in Niigata prefecture has also become clear. Prefectures and municipalities whose mission is to improve residents' lives need to make efforts to resolve the disparity. For this purpose, it is necessary not only to raise the prefectural index, but also to resolve the disparities among municipality in the prefecture and afford equitable services for inhabitants.

This paper attempts to clarify how Chinese employees were used by Mitsui Bussan in China. Prior to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Mitsui Bussan mainly conducted business with Chinese merchants through compradors (Maiban). According to the situation of the branches in China, Mitsui Bussan gradually abolished compradors since 1898. Instead, Mitsui Bussan began to employ Chinese as drummers (Paojie) and managers to replace compradors. Since then, Chinese employees had played an important role in currency business, advancing into non-commercial ports and dealing with Chinese boycotts of Japanese products for Mitsui Bussan.

Based on the review of Environmental Kuznets Curve research literature, this paper summarizes the opinions and criticisms of Environmental Kuznets Curve on the basis of their good and bad points. One of the good, reasons for the formation of Environmental Kuznets curve are examined. And the main bad points which were criticized are the errors and shortcomings. The conclusion is that there is a very complex relationship between the environment and the economy. To find out this relationship, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the environment and the economy and the other related factors. What we need to focus on is not the shape of the curve, but how the environment changes under the influence of the economy and many other factors. Finally, the subjects in the future of Environmental Kuznets Curve is presented.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of monetary policy expectation on US long term interest rates in global financial crisis. Three onth OIS (Overnight Indexed Swap) rate is used as market expectation of monetary policy by the FRB. As for market interest rates, US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years are used. The expectation of monetary policy formed in the market did not influence US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years. One of the reasons is that financial market was under great stress in global financial crisis. Thus the function of price discovery is considered to be lost so that ordinary transmission mechanism from overnight interest rate to long term interest rate did not work. The results of this paper have following policy implication. The FRB could not influence US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years through monetary policy expectation formed in the financial market.

This paper examines how the difference in the timing of trade policy implementation affects the welfare of the exporting and importing countries, and world welfare, using a third market model. The paper shows that when the importing government (resp. the exporting governments) first move(s), the welfare of the importing country and the world is the highest (resp. lowest). Further, we compare the equilibrium results under free trade, the unilateral interventions, and bilateral interventions. When the exporting governments implement the subsidy policy strategically, the import tariff policy implemented importing government in advance of setting the subsidy can be justified from the viewpoint of the third country’s welfare and also world welfare.

This paper discusses the concept of the face in Levinas's Totality and Infinity. The face of the Other plays important role in Levinas's thinking, and makes a connection between religion and ehics. In this paper, I explore a source of the face in his Jewish work, Difficult Freedom. This approach will show that the face of the Other means the voice of the social justice.

The intention of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of Japanese and Chinese makeup commercials and to reveal the senses of beauty which underlie them. It analyzes six commercials : three Japanese commercials of Kao and Kose cosmetics and three Chinese commercials of L'Oreal cosmetics. It analyzes the mise-en-scene of these commercials which consists of four elements : a) setting, b) costumes and makeup, c) lighting, and d) staging, and also analyzes camera's angles and framing. As a result, this paper extracted the differences between the Japanese and Chinese senses of beauty. This research found that Japanese commercials used the approach called soft sale and Chinese commercials used hard sale approach. The analysis of make-up commercials televised in 2010 reveals that the Japanese sense of beauty likes solid beauty which is called Japanese Cool. On the other hand, in China, the sense of beauty is focused on the highlights which give an impression of vividness. The difference of aesthetics of the both country derives from the different concepts of beauty in each culture. This paper also clarified that Japanese beauty is the beauty of asymmetry which is affected by the Ukiyo-e, and Chinese beauty is produced by symmetry that has been utilized also in the West.