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[Display omitted] • PVC-diphenylamine modified cellulose was proposed as sorptive phase. • The synthesis, using the dip-coating technique, is simple and cost-effective. • Opioids interact with the membrane by a mixed-mode interaction. • Direct infusion mass spectrometry allows to reduce the time of analysis. • The approach was successfully applied to real saliva samples containing codeine and tramadol. This article evaluates the potential of cellulose paper as a substrate for preparing a polyvinylchloride (PVC)-diphenylamine sorptive phase that can be used under the thin film microextraction (TFME) format. This phase was easily synthesized using the dip-coating technique to coat the filter paper with PVC, followed by the covalent bonding of diphenylamine. As a result, aromatics rings are available on paper surface to isolate the target analytes by a mixed-mode interaction at physiological pH. The resulting material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. As analytical problem, three opioids (methadone, codeine, and tramadol) were determined in saliva samples by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Different variables involved in the extraction procedure have been optimized (e.g. sample pH, extraction time, and sample dilution). The proposed method provides good linearity (R2 > 0.9817) and sensitivity (detection limits in the range from 1.5 µg L−1 to 15 µg L−1). The intra-day and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, were better than 16.4 % and 18.5 % respectively. The accuracy, expressed as relative recovery, provides values in the interval from 82 % to 105 %. Finally, the proposed approach has been successfully applied to real saliva samples of patients under codeine and tramadol medical prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a capillary-paper spray (CPS) ion source which allows for sample separation in the capillary and enables rapid and sensitive paper spray (PS) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of biofluids. The CPS employs a glass capillary to load liquid analytes, vertically standing at the rear of the PS. To further reduce the matrix effect, a nitrocellulose filter membrane is placed between the glass tube and chromatography paper to absorb proteins and other macromolecules, which is beneficial for the detection of the small molecules. Compared with the normal PS method, the CPS method markedly improves spray stability and prolongs analysis duration, and also generates significantly better signal intensities during the analysis of drugs, thus indicating its potential for clinical use. As a proof of concept, quantitative analysis of drugs (metformin hydrochloride and berberine hydrochloride) in serum is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Quantitative determination of methylxanthines alkaloids in cocoa products. • Paper Spray mass spectrometry for analytical assay. • Comparison of obtained data with HPLC/UV method. Abstract A fast method for the determination of methylxanthines in cocoa products and drugs based on PS-MS/MS under MRM condition has been developed. Analyte ions were generated by applying a high voltage on a paper substrate drenched of sample extract using a small volume (∼15 μL) of spray solvent. The gas phase chemistry of the molecules under investigation has been elucidated. The accuracy values of the methodology ranged from 95 to 110%, while the analytical parameters LOQ, LOD, recovery and reproducibility, calculated analyzing spiked samples, confirmed the consistency of the proposed method. Furthermore, real samples have been analyzed both by the developed methodology and by using a classical HPLC-UV approach obtaining comparable values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representation of mass spectrometry analysis with paper spray ionization using different solvents in araticum samples. [Display omitted] • Different araticum fruit parts were evaluated for their chemical profile. • Three solvents were tested; • The fruit, in general, is composed of acetogenins and alkaloids; • The ethanol solvent extracted a more significant number of compounds; • The global evaluation showed that the samples are grouped by the part of the fruit studied regardless of the solvent. The Brazilian cerrado is considered one of the most critical biomes in the world. Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a native plant from the Brazilian cerrado, abundant in nutrients and highly energetic. This study aimed to obtain chemical fingerprints of different parts of the araticum fruit, i.e. pulp, peel, and seed. Extracts from these three parts were prepared using different solvents (ethanol, water, and mixtures of ethanol and water) and later analyzed by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. In general, ethanol extracted more metabolites than the other solvents. The chemical profiles varied according to the fruit part, geographic location, and extractor solvent. Among the metabolites, acetogenins (62.3%) and alkaloids (20.7%) predominated. Principal component analyses revealed that the samples were grouped according to the fruit part, regardless of the extractor solvent used. Araticum shows remarkable potential due to the beneficial properties of the metabolites for human health. The insertion of araticum in the human diet is still underexplored but is a promising alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gleditsia caspica Desf. (Caesalpinaceae) is traditionally used to treat diverse diseases. This research paper aims to investigate anti-proliferative properties and phytochemical compounds of methanolic extract from the pods of G. caspica. MTT test was used to measure in vitro anti-proliferative effect of the soxhlet-extracted methanolic extract of G.caspica pods with the concentration ranging from 25-1000 μg/ml against A549 cell line. The extract was applied to SPE, HPLC preparative system, and spectral analysis (1HNMR, 13CNMR, and UV) for fractionation, purification, and identification of phytoconstituents, respectively. The results indicated that the extract prevented proliferation of A549 cell line dependent on time and concentration. After 48 h and 72 h, there was a significant decrease in cell viability initiated from 100 and 500 (μg/ml) concentrations in comparison to untreated control. Phytochemical assessment of the extract resulted in two alkaloids, locustoside A and saikachinoside A, and four flavonoids quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, luteolin-4',7–diglucoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, and quercetin. This experiment was an activity-guided phytochemical study. In prior studies, quercetin and quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside showed in vitro inhibitory effect on proliferation of A549 cell line. However, the cytotoxic properties of the other identified compounds have not been reported. Cytotoxic properties of G.caspica was previously attributed to saponins, while isolated flavonoids and alkaloids could be responsible for the extract’s cytotoxic effects. This paper first explored cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract from the pods of G.caspica on A549 cell line and identified flavonoids and alkaloids of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have corrected (Tetrahedron 2013, 69, 5859–5866) the structures of diterpenoid alkaloids reported in the Journal of Natural Products 2012, 75, 1145–1159. Our follow-up experiments compel us to present further revisions and clarifications on the diterpenoid alkaloids: (1) The naturally occurring forms of carmichaelines B, C, and D in Shi's paper (Journal of Natural Products 2012, 75, 1145–1159) are neither quaternary ammonium hydroxides 2–4 nor the initially revised trifluoroacetates. They are indeed the vakognavine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids 11–13. (2) The samples' concentration is the critical factor to the signals' intensity for F3CCOO− in the alkaloid trifluoroacetates. Incorporation of TFA into the corresponding salts resulted in signals' enhancement due to the closeness of δ values (∼116 ppm, ∼159 ppm) of free TFA and those of F3CCOO−. After removal of free TFA, the carbon signals of CF3COO− could become weaker, but their chemical shifts remained almost unchanged. The possible reason might be the ionization of TFA in acetone. (3) The NMR data cannot distinguish TFA from trifluoroacetates (e.g., F3CCOONa and C19-diterpenoid alkaloid trifluoroacetates), indicating that the signal at around δ −76 cannot be used to exclude the existence of trifluoroacetates. In addition to the NMR and CSI-MS data, 1H–15N HMBC technique was also used to distinguish the free alkaloids from their trifluoroacetates. (4) The X-ray crystallographic analysis of compound 20 confirmed that the ‘new alkaloid’ (-b) in the Shi's paper is indeed the known compound aconifine trifluoroacetate. (5) Collectively, Shi's paper mixed-up the free alkaloids with their salts and the concepts of structure and conformation. Naming different structures with A-b and A-c is also confusing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The determination of tobacco derived nicotine alkaloids in biofluid samples is of great importance to testing for tobacco use, tobacco cessation treatment, and studies on exposure to secondhand smoke. Paper spray mass spectrometry (MS) has been adapted for direct, quantitative analysis of tobacco alkaloids from biofluid samples, such as blood, urine, and saliva in liquid and dried form. Limits of quantitation as low as several nanograms per milliliter were obtained for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and anabasine. Direct analysis of fresh blood samples has also been achieved with improved sensitivity using print paper substrates of high density. Quantitation of the cotinine in the blood of a rat was performed with both direct analysis using paper spray and a traditional analysis protocol using liquid chromatography MS. Comparable results were obtained and the precision of the two methods was similar. The paper spray MS method is rapid and shows potential for significantly improved analytical efficiency in clinical laboratories as well as for point-of-care tobacco use assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cp*Ir‐catalyzed C−H arylation of 1‐isoquinolinone and 2‐pyridones with N‐2‐pyridyl as a directing group to afford 6‐phenylpyridin‐2(1H)‐ones and 3‐phenylisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones by using arylsilanes is described in this paper. This method tolerates a series of functional groups, such as halide, trifluoromethyl, C=C double bond and offers a synthetic approach to the core structure of protoberberine alkaloids. Several experiments on mechanism studies were conducted to reveal the possible process of this Cp*Ir‐catalytic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to conduct a systematic thematic review of adverse events, safety, and toxicity of traditional ayahuasca plant preparations and its main psychoactive alkaloids (dimethyltryptamine [DMT], harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine), including discussing clinical considerations (within clinical trials or approved settings). A systematic literature search of preclinical, clinical, epidemiological, and pharmacovigilance data (as well as pertinent reviews and case studies) was conducted for articles using the electronic databases of PubMed and Web of Science (to 6 July 2023) and PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Embase (to 21 September 2022) and included articles in English in peer-reviewed journals. Additionally, reference lists were searched. Due to the breadth of the area covered, we presented the relevant data in a thematic format. Our searches revealed 78 relevant articles. Data showed that ayahuasca or DMT is generally safe; however, some adverse human events have been reported. Animal models using higher doses of ayahuasca have shown abortifacient and teratogenic effects. Isolated harmala alkaloid studies have also revealed evidence of potential toxicity at higher doses, which may increase with co-administration with certain medications. Harmaline revealed the most issues in preclinical models. Nevertheless, animal models involving higher-dose synthetic isolates may not necessarily be able to be extrapolated to human use of therapeutic doses of plant-based extracts. Serious adverse effects are rarely reported within healthy populations, indicating an acceptable safety profile for the traditional use of ayahuasca and DMT in controlled settings. Further randomized, controlled trials with judicious blinding, larger samples, and longer duration are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, berberine hydrochloride-loaded liposomes-in-gel were designed and developed to investigate their antioxidant properties and therapeutic effects on the eczema model of the mouse. Berberine hydrochloride-liposomes (BBH-L) as the nanoparticles were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and then dispersed BBH-L evenly in the gel matrix to prepare the berberine hydrochloride liposomes-gel (BBH-L-Gel) by the natural swelling method. Their antioxidant capacity was investigated by the free radical scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and H2O2 and the inhibition of lipid peroxides malondialdehyde (MDA). An eczema model was established, and the efficacy of the eczema treatment was preliminarily evaluated using ear swelling, the spleen index, and pathological sections as indicators. The results indicate that the entrapment efficiency of BBH-L prepared by the thin-film hydration method was 78.56% ± 0.7%, with a particle size of 155.4 ± 9.3 nm. For BBH-L-Gel, the viscosity and pH were 18.16 ± 6.34 m Pas and 7.32 ± 0.08, respectively. The cumulative release in the unit area of the in vitro transdermal study was 85.01 ± 4.53 μg/cm2. BBH-L-Gel had a good scavenging capacity on DPPH and H2O2, and it could effectively inhibit the production of hepatic lipid peroxides MDA in the concentration range of 0.4–2.0 mg/mL. The topical application of BBH-L-Gel could effectively alleviate eczema symptoms and reduce oxidative stress injury in mice. This study demonstrates that BBH-L-Gel has good skin permeability, excellent sustained release, and antioxidant capabilities. They can effectively alleviate the itching, inflammation, and allergic symptoms caused by eczema, providing a new strategy for clinical applications in eczema treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally derived alkaloids belong to a class of quite significant organic compounds. Coptisine, a benzyl tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, is one of the major bioactive constituents in Coptis chinensis Franch., which is a famous traditional Chinese medicine. C. chinensis possesses many kinds of functions, including the ability to eliminate heat, expel dampness, purge fire, and remove noxious substances. In Asian countries, C. chinensis is traditionally employed to treat carbuncle and furuncle, diabetes, jaundice, stomach and intestinal disorders, red eyes, toothache, and skin disorders. Up to now, there has been plenty of research of coptisine with respect to its pharmacology. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review of coptisine-associated research is urgently needed. This paper was designed to summarize in detail the progress in the research of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and formulation of coptisine. The related studies included in this paper were retrieved from the following academic databases: The Web of Science, PubMed, Google scholar, Elsevier, and CNKI. The cutoff date was January 2023. Coptisine manifests various pharmacological actions, including anticancer, antimetabolic disease, anti-inflammatory disease, and antigastrointestinal disease effects, among others. Based on its pharmacokinetics, the primary metabolic site of coptisine is the liver. Coptisine is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal system, and most of it is expelled in the form of its prototype through feces. Regarding safety, coptisine displayed potential hepatotoxicity. Some novel formulations, including the β -cyclodextrin-based inclusion complex and nanocarriers, could effectively enhance the bioavailability of coptisine. The traditional use of C. chinensis is closely connected with the pharmacological actions of coptisine. Although there are some disadvantages, including poor solubility, low bioavailability, and possible hepatotoxicity, coptisine is still a prospective naturally derived drug candidate, especially in the treatment of tumors as well as metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Further investigation of coptisine is necessary to facilitate the application of coptisine-based drugs in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Eleven C19-diterpenoid alkaloids reported in Shi's paper were isolated or synthesized. Their 13C NMR and DEPT spectra were recorded using (CD3)2CO+TFA as solvents. Comparison of the acquired NMR data with those reported in Shi's paper, in combination with the fact that all alkaloids, expect for 8, 27, and 28, reported in Shi's paper were isolated using TFA as part of solvent system, led to the following revisions of Shi's paper: (1) compounds 1–4, 6, 7a, 9–26 should be their respective trifluoroacetates. Their structures were revised as 1a–4a, 6a, 7a′, 9a–26a; (2) compounds 7, 27a, and 28a are trifluoroacetates of free bases 8, 27, and 28, respectively; compound 7 should be corrected as 7b; (3) ring A of free bases (such as 8, 27, and 28) exists as chair conformation; while ring A of the protonated versions (such as 7, 27a, 28a, 6a, 9a–26a) exists as boat conformation. Consequently, compounds 7 and 8 are apparently not a pair of conformational isomers, instead, they are indeed a free base and its protonated version existing as a trifluoroacetate, respectively; (4) ‘new’ compounds 6, 13, and 15 are the protonated versions 6a, 13a, and 15a, respectively, of the corresponding known alkaloids, aconifine, deoxyaconitine, 14-benzoylaconine. In addition, all 1H (13C) NMR data for the free bases of new compounds 8, 9, 10, 17, and 24 (Tables 3 and 4) were also assigned based on their 2D NMR spectra. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Natural and synthetic alkaloids are widely used for several applications, ranging from clinical purposes to criminal activities. Presumptive color tests are considered a leading tool to reveal on-scene substance identification via rapid chemical reactions that result in visual color changes. Colorimetric tests are popular due to their inherent simplicity, low cost, promptitude and portability; however, in many cases the results of such tests may not be predictable, partly because of the interference from similar species. In this proof-of-concept study, we present a paper-based microfluidic optoelectronic tongue – the so-called μOPTO – comprised of 6 indicators in lieu of one specific test and capable of discriminating 8 different alkaloid drugs (i.e. scopolamine, atropine, cocaine, morphine, ephedrine, caffeine, dipyrone and alprazolam) used for recreational, criminal and medical purposes. The wax printing method was employed to fabricate the microfluidic analytical device with six circular spots for reagent accommodation connected to a centered spot to enable simultaneous reactions with one sample injection. Digital images were obtained using an ordinary flatbed scanner, and the RGB information from before and after sample exposure was extracted using appropriate software. The color changes related to each spot were used to build differential maps with a unique fingerprint for each drug. The chemometric tools (i.e. PCA and HCA) showed suitable discrimination of all studied alkaloids in different quantities. To demonstrate a practical application, different alcoholic beverages spiked with scopolamine – a famous substance that causes drug abuse – were analyzed using the optoelectronic tongue. The results showed that small quantities of the drug were identified in different beverages, demonstrating that our device has the potential to be used in situ to prevent ingestion of contaminated samples. [Display omitted] • A microfluidic paper-based optoelectronic tongue for the discrimination of eight alkaloids is presented. • The array was comprised of 6 chemoresponsive reagents. • The color change after reaction enabled the creation of a unique fingerprint for each alkaloid. • Chemometric tools allowed useful discrimination of the drugs. • The μOPTO was applied to identify contaminated alcoholic beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz (Brassicaceae) is widely distributed and plentiful in China and has been widely used for its application in ornamental, oil, ecology, foraging, and food. Recent studies have revealed that the main components of Orychophragmus violaceus include flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, etc., which have pharmacological activities such as antioxidation, antiradiation, antitumor, hepatic protection, antiferroptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. In this paper, the nutritional value, chemical compositions, pharmacological activity, and application value of Orychophragmus violaceus are summarized by referring to the relevant domestic and international literature to provide a reference for further research, development, and utilization of Orychophragmus violaceus in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells that reside in tissues; particularly in the skin, and in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), which is present on the surface of MCs and can be targeted by multiple exogenous and endogenous ligands. It is potentially implicated in non-IgE-mediated pseudoallergic reactions and inflammatory conditions such as asthma or atopic dermatitis. In this paper, we review natural products and herbal medicines that may potentially interact with MRGPRX2. They mainly belong to the classes of polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarins, and alkaloids. Representative compounds include rosmarinic acid, liquiritin from licorice extract, osthole, and sinomenine, respectively. While evidence-based medicine studies are still required, these compounds have shown diverse effects, such as antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or neuroprotective. However, despite potential beneficial effects, their use is also burdened with risks of fatal reactions such as anaphylaxis. The role of MRGPRX2 in these reactions is a subject of debate. This review explores the literature on xenobiotic compounds from herbal medicines that have been shown to act as MRGPRX2 ligands, and their potential clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aconitine (AC), which is the primary bioactive diterpene alkaloid derived from Aconitum L plants, have attracted considerable interest due to its unique structural feature. Additionally, AC demonstrates a range of biological activities, such as its ability to enhance cardiac function, inhibit tumor growth, reduce inflammation, and provide analgesic effects. However, the structure-activity relationships of AC are remain unclear. A clear understanding of these relationships is indeed critical in developing effective biomedical applications with AC. In line with these challenges, this paper summarized the structural characteristics of AC and relevant functional and bioactive properties and the structure-activity relationships presented in biomedical applications. The primary temporal scope of this review was established as the period spanning from 2010 to 2023. Subsequently, the objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the specific action mechanism of AC, while also exploring potential novel applications of AC derivatives in the biomedical field, drawing upon their structural characteristics. In conclusion, this review has provided a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and prospects associated with AC in the elucidation of structure-bioactivity relationships. Furthermore, the importance of exploring modern biotechnology approaches to enhance the potential biomedical applications of AC has been emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify individual and site-related factors associated with frequent emergency department (ED) buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP) initiation. BUP initiation, an effective opioid use disorder (OUD) intervention, varies widely across Canadian EDs. Methods: We surveyed emergency physicians in 6 Canadian provinces from 2018 to 2019 using bilingual paper and web-based questionnaires. Survey domains included BUP-related practice, demographics, attitudes toward BUP, and site characteristics. We defined frequent BUP initiation (the primary outcome) as at least once per month, high OUD prevalence as at least one OUD patient per shift, and high OUD resources as at least 3 out of the following 5 resources: BUP initiation pathways, BUP in ED, peer navigators, accessible addiction specialists, and accessible follow-up clinics. We excluded responses from sites with <50% participation (to minimize non-responder bias) and those missing the primary outcome. We used univariate analysis to identify associations between frequent BUP initiation and factors of interest, stratifying by OUD prevalence. Results: We excluded 3 responses for missing BUP initiation frequency and 9 for low response rate at one ED. Of the remaining 649 respondents from 34 EDs, 374 (58%) practiced in metropolitan areas, 384 (59%) reported high OUD prevalence, 312 (48%) had high OUD resources, and 161 (25%) initiated BUP frequently. Age, gender, board certification and years in practice were not associated with frequent BUP initiation. Site-specific factors were associated with frequent BUP initiation (high OUD resources [OR 6.91], high OUD prevalence [OR 4.45], and metropolitan location [OR 2.39],) as were individual attitudinal factors (willingness, confidence, and responsibility to initiate BUP.) Similar associations persisted in the high OUD prevalence subgroup. Conclusions: Individual attitudinal and site-specific factors were associated with frequent BUP initiation. Training to increase physician confidence and increasing OUD resources could increase BUP initiation and benefit ED patients with OUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Ag nanoparticle (Ag NP)-loaded antibacterial dressings have attracted much attention in high-level medical dressings. However, the high cytotoxicity of Ag NP has always been a problem. In this paper, we examined the improvement of antibacterial activity of berberine hydrochloride (BBR) with Ag NP, the results showed that the combined use of BBR and Ag NP can effectively reduce the dosage of Ag NP while ensuring the inhibition of bacterial growth, thus an intermediate layer dressing containing combined drugs were prepared. At the same time, the top dressing of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solid film and the PVA bottom dressings with three kinds of leakage structures were prepared by 3D printing technology. Three kinds of PVA bottom dressings showed high quality consistency, and the greater the number of leak holes, the higher the porosity value of the dressing, while the swelling ratio value of the bottom layer dressing with three holes was the lowest. Finally, three types of BBR-Ag NP composite antibacterial dressings (3D-BBR-Ag NP) can be obtained by self-assembling of the top dressing, the intermediate layer dressing, and the bottom dressings with three kinds of leakage structures. The cumulative drug release results showed that dressing with more holes had a faster drug release rate compared to the other two ones with fewer leakage holes. Besides, five drug release kinetic models were used to investigate the cumulative BBR release profiles for three types of 3D-BBR-Ag NP. And the three types of composite dressings showed strong antibacterial activity after 6 h of cultivation with staphylococcus aureus. The study showed that the antibacterial activity of the self-assembled dressing prepared by combination of BBR with Ag NP can be improved, and the drug release rate of the hydrogel dressing can be flexibly controlled through 3D printing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic respiratory diseases are long-term conditions affecting the airways and other lung components that are characterized by a high prevalence, disability rate, and mortality rate. Further optimization of their treatment is required. Natural products, primarily extracted from organisms, possess specific molecular and structural formulas as well as distinct chemical and physical properties. These characteristics grant them the advantages of safety, gentleness, accessibility, and minimal side effects. The numerous advances in the use of natural products for treating chronic respiratory diseases have provided a steady source of motivation for new drug research and development. In this paper, we introduced the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases and natural products. Furthermore, we classified natural products according to their mechanism for treating chronic respiratory diseases and describe the ways in which these products can alleviate the pathological symptoms. Simultaneously, we elaborate on the signal transduction pathways and biological impacts of natural products' targeting. Additionally, we present future prospects for natural products, considering their combination treatment approaches and administration methods. The significance of this review extends to both the research on preventing and treating chronic respiratory diseases, as well as the advancement of novel drug development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to achieve effective colon anticancer immunotherapy using the alkaloid berberine. In the presented paper we attempt to develop a formulation of berberine loaded into liposomal carriers using the vitamin C gradient method, characterized by efficient drug encapsulation, high stability during long-term storage, low drug release in human plasma with specific cytotoxicity towards colon cancer cells. Liposomal berberine was responsible for the induction of oxidative stress, the presence of Ca2+ ions in the cytosol, the reduction of Δψm, and ATP depletion with a simultaneous lack of caspase activity. Moreover, treatment with liposomal berberine led to CRT exposure on the surface of cancer cells, extracellular ATP, and HMGB1 release. The above-described mechanism of action was most likely associated with ICD induction, contributing to the increased number of phagocytic cancer cells. We have shown that cancer cells treated with liposomal berberine were phagocytosed more frequently by macrophages compared to the untreated cancer cells. What is more, we have shown that macrophage pre-treatment with liposomal berberine led to a 3-fold change in the number of phagocytosed SW620 cancer cells. The obtained results provide new insights into the role of berberine in maintaining the immune response against colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on a high-performance liquid chromatography method that effectively separates the dye protoberberine alkaloids, in the `Diamond Sutra,' the oldest dated printed book from Dunhuang, China. Detection of berberine in dyes extracted from tiny fragments of ancient papers; Detection of the yellow compounds palmatine and jatrorrhizine.

Trib. Lorantheae is one of the important medicinal plants in traditional medicine. There are 41 genera. 6 genera of which are produced in China, mainly distributed in Southwest China. South China and Central South China. There ar«-many kinds of plants in this family, and 22 species can be used as Chinese medicinal materials in China. The branches and leaves of Trib. Lorantheae are rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids. polysaccharides. organic acids and other functional substances. among which flavonoids are one of the important chemical components to exert pharmacological activity. and play an important role in hypoglycemic. lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory. anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-osteoporosis and so on. In this paper, the chemical composition, extraction method, component analysis and pharmacological action of flavonoids in Trib. Lorantheae plants were reviewed. in order to provide scientific reference for further development and clinical application of flavonoids in Trib. Lorantheae plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma is the dried fruiting bodiy of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex Fr.) Karst. or Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang, belonging to the family Polyporaceae, which grows mainly in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Ganoderma has been used in China for more than 2000 years because of its medicinal properties, such as relieving cough and asthma, providing nourishment, and strengthening. Currently, more than 470 natural compounds have been obtained from the fungus, mainly including terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, and other types of compounds. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Ganoderma has antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulatory effects. It is mainly used in clinical practice for the treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy and malignant tumors, with few side effects and high safety. This paper reviews the progress of research on its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications, with the goal of providing a basis for the better development and utilization of Ganoderma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocarriers of anticancer drugs are delicately designed with precision addition at every attempt. In this paper, we report CuCo2S4 nanoparticles that show light absorption in the near infrared-II wavelength range and possess magnetic characteristics. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Thermogravimetry, and X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy methods. The nanoparticles form a composite with biocompatible polymeric β-cyclodextrin. The nanoparticles possess a band gap energy of 2.25 eV. The magnetic property arises due to the cobalt incorporation in the nanoparticles. The anticancer drug camptothecin is loaded in the nanocarrier with an 89% adsorption efficiency. The in vitro release of the drug occurs in a sustained fashion. Further, the in vitro anticancer potential of the nanocarrier is examined on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines, and the activities of the free- and the drug-loaded nanocarrier is compared. The cobalt-containing copper sulfide nanoparticle-poly-β-cyclodextrin composite works as a promising nanocarrier of camptothecin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal inflammation is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder with uncertain pathophysiology and causation that has significantly impacted both the physical and mental health of both people and animals. An increasing body of research has demonstrated the critical role of cellular signaling pathways in initiating and managing intestinal inflammation. This review focuses on the interactions of three cellular signaling pathways (TLR4/NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, MAPKs) with immunity and gut microbiota to explain the possible pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Traditional medicinal drugs frequently have drawbacks and negative side effects. This paper also summarizes the pharmacological mechanism and application of Chinese herbal compounds (Berberine, Sanguinarine, Astragalus polysaccharide, Curcumin, and Cannabinoids) and formulae (Wumei Wan, Gegen-Qinlian decoction, Banxia xiexin decoction) against intestinal inflammation. We show that the herbal compounds and formulae may influence the interactions among cell signaling pathways, immune function, and gut microbiota in humans and animals, exerting their immunomodulatory capacity and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. This demonstrates their strong potential to improve gut inflammation. We aim to promote herbal medicine and apply it to multispecies animals to achieve better health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithospermoside is a kind of alkaloid compound existing in Semiaquilegia adoxoides, with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, antioxidant and other pharmacological effects. This paper reviews the pharmacological action and molecular mechanism of lithospermoside, in order to provide a theoretical basis for clinical application of lithospermoside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synergistic effect between chiral secondary and tertiary amines gives access to bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-ones with up to 90% ee and >10 : 1 dr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports various types of cancer, their incidence, and prevalence all over the globe. Along with the discovery of novel natural drugs for cancer treatment, these present a promising option which are eco-friendly, safe, and provide better acceptability in comparison to synthetic agents that carries multiple side effects. This paper provides an idea about various nanocarriers and phytochemicals, along with how their solubility and bioavailability can be enhanced in nanocarrier system. This report combines the data from various literature available on public domain including PubMed on research articles, reviews, and along with report from various national and international sites. Specialized metabolites (polyphenols, alkaloids, and steroids etc) from medicinal plants are promising alternatives to existing drugs. Studies have suggested that the treatment of cancer using plant products could be an alternative and a safe option. Studies have shown with the several cell lines as well as animal models, that phytomolecules are important in preventing/treating cancer. Phytochemicals often outperform chemical treatments by modulating a diverse array of cellular signaling pathways, promoting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis activation, and metastatic suppression, among others. However, limited water solubility, bioavailability, and cell penetration limit their potential clinical manifestations. The development of plant extract loaded nanostructures, rendering improved specificity and efficacy at lower concentrations could prove effective. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, nanostructured lipids, polymers, and metal nanoparticles, have been tested for the delivery of plant products with enhanced effects. Recent advances have achieved improvement in the the stability, solubility, bioavailability, circulation time, and target specificity by nanostructure-mediated delivery of phytochemicals. Nanoparticles have been considered and attempted as a novel, targeted, and safe option. Newer approaches such as phyto-nanocarriers with carbohydrates, lignin, and polymers have been considered even more selective and effective modes of drug delivery in biomedical or diagnostic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the potential of flavonoid alkaloids, a unique class of compounds that contain both flavonoid and alkaloid structures, as emerging targets for drug discovery. These compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects, which are attributed to the combination of different flavonoid scaffolds and alkaloid groups. Flavonoid alkaloids have attracted researchers' attention due to their diverse structures and important bio-activities. Therefore, this review summarizes recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, synthesis pathways and biological activities of flavonoid alkaloids from natural sources. Finally, the potential prospects and challenges associated with this class of compounds in pharmacological research are discussed along with details of a mechanistic investigation and future clinical applications in this research field. This paper explores the potential of flavonoid alkaloids, a unique class of compounds that contain both flavonoid and alkaloid structures, as emerging targets for drug discovery. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a rare phenomenon of multi-conformers caused by conformational change of A-ring in the C18- and C19- N-dealkyl diterpenoid alkaloids. The possible reasons for the generation of multiple conformational isomers are complex, which could be affected by the substituents at C-1, C-3, C-13, C-14, and C-15, pH, solvents, the intramolecular hydrogen bond between 1α-OCH3/1α-OH and N-H groups, acid-base treatment, preparation methods, and work-up procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have been treating various ailments and diseases since ancient times. Aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants play an essential role in human welfare to fulfill their daily needs. They have shown biological, pharmacological, nutraceutical, and commercial applications. This review aims to collect and update all recent information on ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and nanoparticle synthesis and their uses in aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants. Original research papers, review papers, short communications, and book chapters on aquatic and semiaquatic plants have been retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords, ethnomedicinal studies, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and nanoparticle synthesis from aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants are used for the search. Different aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants belonging to the families Acanthaceae, Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Lythraceae, Marsileaceae, Menyanthaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Onagraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Pontederiaceae, Primulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Zingiberaceae have been studied. They are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, dietary fiber, glycosidic derivatives, carbohydrates, and proteins. These phytochemicals have been used for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, sedative, anticonvulsant, cytotoxic, antiparasitic, and antidiabetic activities. Besides this, various parts of the plants are used as dietary supplements and green nanoparticle synthesis. These plants are also known for their commercial value and are used as an ingredient in some pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinomenium acutum is the dry stem of Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd et Wils. (S. acutum) and Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils. var. cinereum Rehd. et Wils and is mainly distributed in China and Japan. As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for dispelling wind and dampness in China, it is widely distributed and has a long history of drug use. In recent years, with the increase of the incidence of rheumatoid disease, S. acutum has become the focus of research. This paper reviews the literature on the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, clinical applications and pharmacokinetics and safety of S. acutum from the past 60 years. At present, more than 210 natural compounds have been isolated from S. acutum, including alkaloids, lignans, triterpenoid saponins, steroids, and other structures. Pharmacological activities of S. acutum were mainly reported on anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-allergic, immunosuppressive, anti-tumor, liver-protective, anti-oxidative, and other effects, and clinical applications were mainly recorded on rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other diseases. The clinical use of SIN has fewer side effects and more safety; only a small number of gastrointestinal reactions occurred, and the symptoms disappeared after the drug stopped. The purpose of this paper is to lay a foundation and provide reference for the follow-up research and wide application of S. acutum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects on corpses could be a useful tool for the detection of exogenous substances such as drugs of abuse. The identification of exogenous substances in carrion insects is critical for proper estimation of the postmortem interval. It also provides information about the deceased person that may prove useful for forensic purposes. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform mass spectrometry is a highly sensitive analytical technique that can identify substances even at very low concentrations, such as in the case of searching for exogenous substances in larvae. In this paper, a method is proposed for the identification of morphine, codeine, methadone, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in the larvae of Lucilia sericata, a common carrion fly widely distributed in temperate areas of the world. The larvae, which were reared on a pig meat substrate, were killed once they reached their third stage by immersion in hot water at 80 °C and aliquoted into 400 mg samples. The samples were fortified with 5 ng of morphine, methadone and codeine. After solid-phase extraction, the samples were processed with a liquid chromatograph coupled to a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. This qualitative method has been validated and tested on larvae from a real case. The results lead to the correct identification of morphine, codeine, methadone and their metabolites. This method could prove useful in cases where toxicological analysis must be conducted on highly decomposed human remains, where biological matrices are very limited. Furthermore, it could help the forensic pathologist to better estimate the time of death, as the growth cycle of carrion insects can undergo changes if exogenous substances are taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupin seeds have a high potential as an alternative for animal proteins in feed and food. However, the possible presence of alkaloids hinders the usage of lupins in human diets. This review aims to identify the main factors that influence the presence of alkaloids in lupins. A literature study covering English-published scientific papers in Scopus from 1980 to 2022 was performed. Biotic, abiotic, and genotypic factors influence the production of these toxic secondary metabolites by lupines. In particular, sweet cultivars with high 13-hydroxylupanine and 13-tigloyloxylupanine concentrations, abundant light exposure and standard diurnal cycles, well-watering procedures, relatively cold environment, N-deficient fertilizer with 240 mg K kg−1 and 60 mg P kg−1, high soil pH, and organic growing system conditions, are the best options to avoid high global alkaloid content. Results of this study can be used to develop predictive mechanistic models, although there is still the necessity to collect additional data by performing multi-variate studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaloids are a material treasure bestowed on humans by nature owing to their numerous biological activities. Orychophragine D, an alkaloid isolated from the seeds of Orychophragmus violaceus was identified as bearing a novel skeleton and proved to have an excellent radioprotective effect. Different from the common alkaloid structure, the main block of orychophragine D is constructed of an oxotriazine and an oxopiperazine, which are connected in parallel by a C-N bond. In this paper, a preparation method for the novel heterocycle skeleton of orychophragine D is proposed for the first time. N-Boc-L-serine was utilized as the original material to complete the preparation with 11 steps in a 13% overall yield. A hydroxyl group was established on the side chain of the skeleton as the reaction site for researchers to conduct further structural modification or derivatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a characteristic Tibetan folk medicine in China named Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl. (CH) has been used for treatment of cardiovascular related diseases, called "plethora" in Tibetan medicine. Previous studies demonstrated that ethanol extract of CH showed anti-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) effect through inhibiting fibrosis and inflammation. Rich alkaloids fraction (RAF) is isolated from CH, but whether RAF possessing an equivalent effect with the CH ethanol extract and by which mechanism it protects against AMI has not yet reported. The paper aimed to study the potential role of RAF on myocardial injured mice and its underlying mechanism. Materials and methods: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight (LCMS-IT-TOF) was used to analyze the chemical profile and isolate pure compounds. The ligation of left anterior descending (LAD) of coronary artery in mice was used to evaluate the in vivo anti-AMI effect, by dividing into eight groups: Sham, Model, Fosinopril (10 mg/kg, i.g.), total extract (TE, 400 mg/kg, i.g.), poor alkaloids fraction (PAF, 300 mg/kg, i.g.), and RAF (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, i.g.) groups. Echocardiography was used to evaluate mice heart function through the index of left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVEDs), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF). We detected the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in the serum and the plasma level of angiotensin II (AngII). The apoptosis of mice myocardial tissue was verified by TUNEL assay. The expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were detected through immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR and western blot in mice heart tissue and H9c2 cells. Results: Echocardiography data indicated that the values of LVEDd and LVEDs were reduced and the values of FS and EF were improved by TE and RAF significantly. RAF also decreased the levels of LDH, CK-MB and AngII and significantly inhibited inflammatory cells in the marginal zone of myocardial infarction. The TUNEL assay results showed that RAF significantly attenuated cell apoptosis. Immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR assay showed that RAF inhibited p38 MAPK, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins in mice myocardium. Western blot results validated that the expressions of key proteins were inhibited by RAF. Also, the apoptotic cells and apoptosis-related proteins were dramatically reduced by RAF in vivo and in vitro. Besides, RAF and PAF were analyzed by LCMS-IT-TOF to identify the main compounds and to demonstrate the difference between them. The results showed that a total of 14 alkaloids were identified, which indicated that the isoquinoline alkaloids were the main ingredients in RAF may contributing to the cardioprotective effect in mice. Conclusions: RAF improves cardiac function by inhibiting apoptosis via p38 MAPK signaling pathway, and RAF contributes to the effect against myocardial ischemic injury of TE in mice, which provides a substantial reference for the clinical application against ischemia heart disease and quality control of CH. Highlights: The total extract of Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl. (CH) and the rich alkaloids fraction (RAF) of CH showed significant cardioprotective effect on mice following acute myocardial infarction. RAF improved cardiac function by inhibiting apoptosis via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. The results of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight (LCMS-IT-TOF) showed that the 14 isoquinoline alkaloids in RAF as the main ingredients contribute to the cardioprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I review the effects of the diet of ladybirds on chemical defence in this group of beetles. The tendency to reflex bleed and the diversity of autogenously produced alkaloids in different taxa may be evolutionarily related to diet and the likelihood of food limitation. Within predatory species, both prey quantity and quality have been shown to affect autogenous alkaloid production. A few ladybird predators have been suggested to adaptively sequester toxins from their prey for their own defence. However, in most cases the evidence for this is limited, with questions remaining about the costs of accumulated toxins and their defensive value, especially over and above pre-existing autogenous defence. Only a single case (Hyperaspis trifurcata and carminic acid) is well supported. In the case of ladybird predators acquiring pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the ragwort aphid Aphis jacobaeae, I show that toxin accumulation is not very costly and the aphid is even an essential prey for some ladybirds. However, the defensive value of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to ladybirds is still not investigated. Intraspecific diversity in autogenous chemical defence could be reinforced further if chemical protection is conferred via sequestered chemicals. However, to understand better how ladybird diet and chemical defence interact, we need a clearer grasp of how the defensive chemicals of food are resisted or tolerated by ladybirds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• At least 109 families and 481 tropical species alkaloids-containing were studied. • More than 3000 patents for tropical plant alkaloids have been filed over 20 years. • Pathway elucidation is the principal bottleneck in biosynthesis engineering. • Alkaloid content has been modified by genetic engineering. • Use of elicitors promote higher concentration of different classes of alkaloids. Alkaloids are compounds with wide occurrence in plant species and have been used for thousands of years for medicinal purposes. Industries demand high amounts of these metabolites and their improved production has been achieved due to recent advances in biotechnological techniques. In order to verify the scenario of studies and innovation in alkaloids occurring in tropical species, we surveyed in the Scopus and Espacenet databases, all research papers and patents on this theme. Our survey highlighted that at least 109 families and 481 tropical species were examined for the presence of alkaloids in the last 24 years. In addition, we found that approximately 3,400 patents have been filed in the last 20 years. However, contributions from tropical countries are lower than those from countries outside the region. Finally, we highlight the effort within the most varied biotechnological approaches that have been used to produce and increase the concentration of alkaloids in tropical plants. Although many advances have been made in recent years, challenges such as elucidating pathways in different species, adapting new techniques, discovering new expression vectors with greater compatibility, and elicitation studies for the production of alkaloids in tropical plants still need to be resolved and discussed by the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction results of 1,2-dibromo-3-isothiocyanatopropane with some pyrazoles as well as cytisine and salsoline alkaloids were presented in this paper. It was shown that the reaction resulted in one one-step and rather mild method for the preparation of the corresponding 1,3-thiazoline bromomethyl derivatives. The yield of this reaction was affected by the presence of a base and an order in which reagents were added. Molecular docking of the synthesized 1,3-thiazoline derivatives for putative antibacterial activity was carried out using the penicillin-binding target protein (PBP4) of the bacteria E. coli "Homo sapiens" and S. aureus "Homo sapiens" as an example. Molecular docking demonstrated that the compounds had insignificant binding energies at the level of selected reference drugs (Cephalotin and Chloramphenicol). The presence of natural alkaloids in the structure of thiazoline derivatives somewhat increased the affinity of these substrates for target proteins selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the bulbs and flowers of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. (BFT and FFT) are widely applied as expectorants and antitussives in traditional Chinese medicine, but few studies have been conducted to compare the chemical compositions of these plant parts. In this study, 50% methanol extracts of BFT and FFT were analyzed via UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS, and the feasibility of using non-targeted UHPLC-HRMS metabolomics and molecular networking to address the authentication of bulb and flower samples was evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA), Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), and heat map analysis showed there were dissimilar metabolites in BFT and FFT. As a result, 252 and 107 peaks in positive ion mode and negative mode, respectively, were considered to represent significant difference variables between BFT and FFT. Then, MS/MS-based molecular networking of BFT and FFT was constructed to perform an in-depth characterization of the peaks using different variables. A total of 31 alkaloids with significant differences were annotated in this paper, including seven cis-D/E-vevanine without C20-OH and one trans-D/E-cevanine with C20-OH, thirteen trans-D/E-cevanine without C20-OH, five cevanine N-oxide, and five veratramine. Among the 31 alkaloids, eight alkaloids had higher FFT than BFT contents, while all the flavonoids identified in our work had greater FFT than BFT contents. The influence of different ingredients on the pharmacological activities of BFT and FFT should be investigated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncaria gambir Roxb. is a plant from Southeast Asia and is widely used as an alternative medicine with various applications. This plant has been widely used in traditional medicine. This paper aims to provide information on U. gambir, a summary of data on phytochemicals and on medical and nonmedical activities. Phytochemical studies reveal biologically active constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids. Various studies have shown that extracts and compounds obtained from U. gambir have medical uses for their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-helminthic, anticancer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperuricemic, anti-lipid peroxidation, antihyperlipidemic and other properties. In addition, this extract has other uses, such as adsorbent for dyes and metal ions, as well as corrosion inhibition. Thus, U. gambir, which is commonly used in traditional medicine, is a potential plant for many therapeutic applications and prospects for drug development as well as other applications such as adsorbent and corrosion inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.), a member of the Pandanaceae family, has been consumed as food and medicine since ancient times. The current paper provides an overview of the botanical profile, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of P. amaryllifolius. Information regarding P. amaryllifolius was collected from online sources (using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ACS, and CNKI) as well as traditional textbooks. Over 100 compounds have been identified, including its characteristic components 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Pandanus alkaloids. Several therapeutic uses of P. amaryllifolius , such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities, have been demonstrated in modern pharmacological studies. Additionally, it could be applied in various fields, including food, energy, material, and the environment. Continued research on P. amaryllifolius can contribute to the development of new drugs and therapies for various diseases. And further studies are needed to improve its utilization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pepper sprays of the OC type constitute the majority of self-defense sprays available on the market. The active ingredient in these preparations is pepper extract: Oleoresin Capsicum, which contains capsaicinoids - natural compounds with irritant properties. Preparations from OC pepper sprays can be distinguished based on differences in the quantitative ratios of four main capsaicinoids: capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, and nonivamide. This raises the question whether information on the quantitative ratios of capsaicinoids can also provide answers to questions regarding comparisons of traces of OC preparations, such as whether traces revealed on the clothing of the victim could originate from an OC spray secured from the suspect, or whether traces on the clothing of the suspect and the victim could come from the same pepper spray. Such comparisons would be viable only if the capsaicinoid profile remained unchanged during evidence storage and as a result of solvent extraction from the tested material. The aim of the presented research was to determine if this is indeed the case. Model aging experiments were conducted to examine whether the capsaicinoid profile in traces of OC preparations changed over time and whether solvent extraction affected this profile. Samples of five different OC preparations were applied to cotton swabs, which, after the evaporation of volatile solvents, were placed in three types of packaging with varying levels of tightness and transparency (tight amber vials, polyethylene bags, paper envelopes). These prepared samples underwent solvent extraction with methanol and analysis using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, after 28, 84, 147, 196, 252, and 301 days from preparation. The likelihood ratio (LR) was applied as a statistical tool to investigate the data obtained. The LR model was computed using the three variables based on the relative content of nordihydrocapsaicin, nonivamide, and dihydrocapsaicin. The cotton swabs used in the experiments served as a model for both the swabs used by the police for securing liquid evidence and the cotton clothing of individuals sprayed with OC pepper sprays. The findings of the conducted studies suggest that the quantitative relationships of capsaicinoids indeed change over time, both in preparations stored in original containers and in traces of these preparations present on clothing. For traces of OC preparations secured on swabs or present on clothing, these changes are more significant the longer the sample is stored and the less airtight the packaging used. [Display omitted] • Pepper sprays differ in the quantitative ratios of capsaicinoids. • The capsaicinoid profile in traces, e.g., on clothing, changes over time. • Changes depend on the storage duration and packaging method of the samples. • Changes are more significant with longer storage time and less airtight packaging. • Comparing capsaicinoid profiles in traces and preparations is not advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the interaction of three berberine mid-chain fatty acid salts ([BBR][FAs]), viz. berberine caproate ([BBR][CAP]), berberine heptylate ([BBR][HEP]) and berberine octoate ([BBR][OCT]), with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by means of UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and molecular docking techniques. Fluorescence experiments revealed that three berberine salts quench the fluorescence of BSA by static quenching mechanism resulted from a stable [BBR][FAs]-BSA complex formation. The stoichiometric numbers of [BBR][FAs]-BSA complexes were found to be 1:1. Synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra as well as FT-IR demonstrated that the binding of [BBR][FAs] altered the microenvironment and conformation of BSA. The binding average distance from [BBR][FAs] to BSA (3.2–3.5 nm) was determined according to Förster energy transfer theory. Site probe investigation showed that [BBR][FAs] bound to BSA active site I (sub-domain IIA). The binding promotes the esterase-like activity of BSA. The molecular docking results confirmed the fluorescence competition findings and provided the type of binding forces. Furthermore, the relationship between the anionic chain length of [BBR][FAs] and the interaction was explored, and the positive correlation was found. • Interaction of three berberine mid-chain fatty acid salts with BSA results in a 1:1 complex. • [BBR][FAs] quenches the fluorescence of BSA through static quenching mechanism. • [BBR][FAs] binds to BSA at Sudlow site I mainly through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force. • [BBR][FAs] exerted a mixed inhibition against the esterase-like activity of BSA. • The anionic chain length is positively correlated with the intensity of interaction of [BBR][FAs] with BSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the interaction of three berberine mid-chain fatty acid salts ([BBR][FAs]), viz. berberine caproate ([BBR][CAP]), berberine heptylate ([BBR][HEP]) and berberine octoate ([BBR][OCT]), with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by means of UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and molecular docking techniques. Fluorescence experiments revealed that three berberine salts quench the fluorescence of BSA by static quenching mechanism resulted from a stable [BBR][FAs]-BSA complex formation. The stoichiometric numbers of [BBR][FAs]-BSA complexes were found to be 1:1. Synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra as well as FT-IR demonstrated that the binding of [BBR][FAs] altered the microenvironment and conformation of BSA. The binding average distance from [BBR][FAs] to BSA (3.2–3.5 nm) was determined according to Förster energy transfer theory. Site probe investigation showed that [BBR][FAs] bound to BSA active site I (sub-domain IIA). The binding promotes the esterase-like activity of BSA. The molecular docking results confirmed the fluorescence competition findings and provided the type of binding forces. Furthermore, the relationship between the anionic chain length of [BBR][FAs] and the interaction was explored, and the positive correlation was found. • Interaction of three berberine mid-chain fatty acid salts with BSA results in a 1:1 complex. • [BBR][FAs] quenches the fluorescence of BSA through static quenching mechanism. • [BBR][FAs] binds to BSA at Sudlow site I mainly through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force. • [BBR][FAs] exerted a mixed inhibition against the esterase-like activity of BSA. • The anionic chain length is positively correlated with the intensity of interaction of [BBR][FAs] with BSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cutting-edge mass spectrometry as the cornerstone for pyrrolizidine alkaloid analysis in complex samples. • Innovative analytical strategies reshaping PAs analysis are presented. • Different applications of PAs containing related samples has been summarized. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in food and natural preparations have received widespread attention due to their hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and embryotoxicity. Mass spectrometry (MS), as a high resolution, high sensitive, and high throughput detection tool, has been the most commonly used technique for the determination of PAs. The continuous advancement of new technologies, methods, and strategies in the field of MS has contributed to the improvement of the analytical efficiency and methodological enhancement of PAs. This paper provides an overview of the structure, toxicity properties and commonly employed analytical methods, focusing on the concepts, advances, and novel techniques and applications of MS-based methods for the analysis of PAs. Additionally, the remaining challenges, future perspectives, and trends for PA detection are discussed. This review provides a reference for toxicological studies of PAs, content monitoring, and the establishment of quality control and safety standards for herbal and food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse biological activities of synthetically and naturally occurring molecules containing functionalized 2,5‐diketopiperazines and/or 3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles have sparked an interest in medicinal chemistry. This paper describes the Barbier reaction‐mediated synthesis of 3‐substituted‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindole from commercially available isatin and the construction of spiro‐epoxy‐2‐oxindole via (E)‐selective olefin installation at the C3‐position of N‐methylisatin followed by epoxidation reaction. It also includes the formation of 2,5‐diketopiperazine scaffolds from amino acid derivatives via amide coupling reaction. The synthesis of these "privileged cores" has been reported herein as key precursors to the accessibility of several complex alkaloid series of natural products, such as maremycins and other structurally related and medicinally significant natural and their synthetic analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) plays an essential role in the international pharmaceutical industry due to its rich resources and unique curative properties. The flowers, stems, and leaves of Fritillaria contain a wide range of phytochemical compounds, including flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, and alkaloids, which may be useful for medicinal purposes. Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. Bulbs are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine as expectorants and antitussives. In this paper, a feasibility study is presented that examines the use of hyperspectral imaging integrated with convolutional neural networks (CNN) to distinguish twelve (12) Fritillaria varieties (n = 360). The performance of support vector machines (SVM) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was compared with that of convolutional neural network (CNN). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the presence of cluster trends in the spectral data. To optimize the performance of the models, cross-validation was used. Among all the discriminant models, CNN was the most accurate with 98.88%, 88.89% in training and test sets, followed by PLS-DA and SVM with 92.59%, 81.94% and 99.65%, 79.17%, respectively. The results obtained in the present study revealed that application of HSI in conjunction with the deep learning technique can be used for classification of Fritillaria thunbergii varieties rapidly and non-destructively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]