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Currently, dozens of empirical frequency formulas have been developed by various countries since the beginning of last century. However, the differences of these empirical frequency formulas directly affect the subsequent analysis, calculation and determination of parameters which have significant impacts on the estimation of design flood. In this paper, by comparing various empirical frequency formulas, analyzing the relative deviation of the empirical frequency formulas, and preliminary verifying the differences of empirical frequency formulas with the measured storm floods series, the conclusion shows that the relative error of the maximum flood recurrence period is the largest, and the relative error of flood recurrence period that less than 20 years is smaller. In order to minimize the theoretical errors of the empirical frequency formulas in the estimation of design flood, and minimize data errors caused by extra-large and extra-small value in short flood series, simple and unbiased empirical frequency formula should be adopted in practice. With regard to relative long flood series, the median formula or mathematical expectation formula are recommended for frequency or recurrence period estimation, and the first order (the second order) and the last order of the frequency or recurrence period are recommended as reference values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand waves widely exist in natural river channels and they play an important role in the change of river bed morphology. In this paper, by using a plexiglass rod in a glass water tank to simulate the effects of rigid emergent plants on various movement patterns of sand waves, and introducing the MIKE21 hydrodynamic numerical model, we observed the sand waves in the glass water tank from both macro and micro perspectives. Wavelength, wave width, wave height, wave length-to-width ratio, and front-to-back stream wavelength ratio were affected by plants in water. The mechanism of group movement of river sediment was explored, which provided some reference for natural river sediment management. The test results show that under the influence of the emerging plants to the changes of the flow regime, the wavelength, wave width and wave height of the sand waves change significantly. Especially under the influence of the plant flow, the speed of the sediment particles on the sides of the plants increases, showing a scouring situation, the movement pattern of sand waves also follows a complex movement pattern and there are significant differences in the shape of sand waves upstream and behind tree planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of western region of China and the building of the Belt and Road Initiative, the poor-graded aeolian sand filling technology is widely used to solve the issue of shortage of gobi and stone resources in engineering construction. In order to study the construction technology of aeolian sand filling, the paper compared and selected different aeolian sand filling methods based on the research of an aeolian sand trunk canal in Xinjiang. The compaction test was applied to determine the relevant construction parameters. A stability analysis was conducted in the filled trunk canal performance. The result shows that the aeolian sand needs to be filled by the wet pressing method. The anti-seepage layer should be laid inside to ensure the stability of the main channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cofferdam is a temporary water retaining structure built to protect the foundation pit in the construction of hydraulic engineering. Its layout has great influence to the flood safety, project progress and cost. Relying on the diversion tunnel project of a hydropower station, this paper firstly optimized the design of the cofferdam type at the outlet of the diversion tunnel, and then compares various construction schemes such as earth rock cofferdams, concrete cofferdams, stoplogs gate, and concrete cutoff walls. The cofferdam scheme was designed, and the construction technology and construction scheme of the cofferdam were systematically expounded. The analysis results show that the cofferdam at the exit of the diversion tunnel uses the stoplogs gate type to control the flood season, which meets the requirements of the project safety flood control, significantly reduces the amount of cofferdam engineering and the project cost, and has strong technical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological environment of Maqu County plays an important role in climate regulation, water conservation, soil and water conservation and biodiversity maintenance of the source of the Yellow River. The assessment of ecological pattern and service value (ESV) of Maqu ecological environment is helpful to the protection of Maqu ecological environment. Based on the remote sensing images of different periods from 1995 to 2020, this paper interpreted the land use/land cover types of Maqu and analyzed the ecological pattern of Maqu. Based on the improved value equivalent factor method per unit area, the ecological service value of Maqu was evaluated, and the influence of different factors to the spatial distribution of ecological service value was discussed by the method of geographical detector. The results show that the change ranges of Maqu ecological pattern first weakened and then strengthened in the past 25 years. The value of ecological services shows an increase trend of fluctuation, and the ecological value of water regulation changes most along with the change of ecological pattern. On the spatial distribution of ESV, temperature and DEM are the main influencing factors. The analysis of interaction shows that the ecological service value of Maqu is influenced by both natural factors and anthropogenic factors, but mainly is influenced by natural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of heavy industry and heavy energy in the traditional industries of the Yellow River Basin seriously hinders its high-quality development, and digital transformation has become the direction of industrial transformation in the new era. In order to build a digital ecological community and explore the co-evolution relationship among three industries, this paper took nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin as the research object, based on the synergy model, explored the synergy of industrial digital composite systems in the basin from 2011 to 2020 and explored the driving path to achieve high-level synergy with FS-QCA method. The results show that a) the composite systems in the Yellow River Basin all show a trend of “slowly rising first and then fluctuating and falling”, and the digital synergy of industries in nine provinces (regions) is in a low synergy state for a long time; b)No single antecedent condition can constitute a necessary condition for the high synergy of industrial digitalization, and the high synergy of industrial digitalization composite system needs the joint action of many factors, and the multi-factor configuration analysis forms three paths of technology-driven, economic-based guarantee and comprehensive adjustment. Based on these three paths, it is suggested that the nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin should adopt the wisdom development of all industries, the linkage of industry-wide innovation, strengthen the dominant factors and coordinate the industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the issues of fluctuation and uncertainty of water consumption, low accuracy and poor reliability of water consumption prediction, this paper proposed a combined prediction model of improved empirical mode decomposition and sparrow search algorithm optimized kernel based extreme learning machine. Firstly, the Long Short-Term Memory was used to delay the extreme value of the original water consumption sequence of the Yellow River diversion in Renmin Shengli Canal to improve the endpoint effect of empirical mode decomposition, and then the time series signal was decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions through the improved empirical mode decomposition method to stabilize the original water consumption signal. Finally, the sparrow search algorithm was used to optimize the kernel based extreme learning machine, The prediction comparison between the original water consumption series and the water consumption series through the improved empirical mode decomposition method shows that the improved empirical mode decomposition method effectively suppresses the endpoint effect, reduces the prediction error of the model by 76.79% and improves the reliability by 76.79%. Therefore, the improved empirical mode decomposition method can effectively improve the prediction accuracy and reliability of the optimized kernel based extreme learning machine combination model of the sparrow search algorithm and is more adaptive in water resources decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to deal with the imbalance of water resources in the water receiving area of the Yellow River Diversion Project in Henan Province and provide a reference for the rational allocation of water resources in the water received area, this paper used Lorentz Curve to calculate the Gini coefficient of 14 prefecture level cities in the water received area, and used the method of connection number calculation combined with the subtractive set pair potential to diagnose and discriminate the unbalanced sub areas. The results show that from 2010 to 2020, the matching of water resources with population and cultivated land area in the Yellow River diversion and received area is in a relatively balanced or balanced level, and the overall water resources spatial equilibrium level is in a relatively balanced or balanced level for a long time; the severe situation of the spatial balance grade of water resources and population shows that Zhengzhou radiates to the surrounding areas, and the spatial balance grade of water resources and cultivated land area shows that the north of Henan Province is worse than that of the south; in 2020, the vulnerable areas of water resources spatial balance include Zhengzhou, Puyang, Xinxiang and Anyang, which are the main control objects of water resources balanced distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully tapping the regulating potential of reservoir groups in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and improving the sediment transport capacity of the lower reaches of the Yellow River play an important guiding role on river and beach management in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Through the analysis of measured data and mathematical models, this paper calculated the influence of combined regulation and control of existing reservoir groups under different water and sediment conditions on sediment transport capacity of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and further to analyzed the change of sediment transport capacity of the lower reaches of the Yellow River after Guxian and Dongzhuang reservoirs come into effect. The results indicate that by optimizing the joint regulation and control mode of the existing reservoir groups, the flow process with large sediment concentration discharged by the reservoir can increase the sediment carrying capacity of the downstream river by about 10%-12%. The sediment discharge into the downstream river during the sediment retaining period after Guxian and Dongzhuang Reservoirs come into effect are reduced, and the sediment transport capacity can be further improved by 11%-12% during the normal operation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively evaluate urban stormwater management effect, the paper took Xiaozhai region in Xi’an City as an example, built a green-gray-blue stormwater system comprehensive simulation model that coupled pipe network model and flood routing model and analyzed the present situation of urban stormwater management from the aspects of runoff control, pipe network drainage and urban waterlogging prevention. The result shows that the total annual runoff control rate of Xiaozhai sponge city reconstruction area can basically meet the requirements. The length of the pipe network with drainage capacity of frequency once in 2-years and once in 3-years are 145.02 km and 181.91 km respectively. Under the conditions of rainstorm with a return period of 20-50 years, there is no obvious ponding in the reconstruction area of sponge city, and the depth of accumulated water greater than 15 cm is mainly distributed on the left bank of the Dahuan River, the middle section of South Third Ring Road and Yanzhan Road. The model can intuitively show the distribution of rainstorm waterlogging and water flowing in the pipe network, which scientifically evaluates the effect of urban drainage, waterlogging removal and ecological sponge city construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil and water loss due to soil erosion is an important influence to the ecological environment. Soil erosion factors are the key technical basis for scientific comprehensive management of soil and water conservation and ecological protection. The paper selected the quantitative equation of soil erosion factors based on the actual measurement data of Henan Soil and Water Conservation Observation Station to calculate the soil erosion rainfall, topography, soil, vegetation and soil and water conservation factors in Henan Province and analyzed its changing characteristics. The results show that the rainfall erosivity factor R tends to increase and the value of R factor gradually decreases from southeast to northwest. The value of soil erodibility factor K with an overall decreasing trend, indicates that erosion control is effective. The terrain factor LS value of Nanzhao Station is higher than that of Shaanzhou Station and Luoshan Station, and when the slope exceeds 20°, soil erosion will be seriously increased. The vegetation cover C factor is different among different vegetation types. The value of C factor irrigated vegetation is small, and the value of C factor without vegetation measures is large. The value of soil and water conservation measures factor P show an overall decreasing trend. Soil and water conservation measures have played a good protective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of detailed analysis of the ecological environment and the current situation of sediment development and utilization of the sedimentation basin of the Yellow River Diversion Project into Hebei Lake in the Lower Yellow River, combined with the characteristics of sediment, this paper summarized the constraints of sediment disposal in the Lower Yellow River, analyzed the cost of sediment disposal and interpreted relevant policies. In order to ensure water supply security, ecological security, economic benefits and other needs as the background, it explored the way of sediment disposal in the sedimentation basin. Utilizing the existing conditions of the sedimentation basin of the Yellow River Diversion Project into Hebei Lake, dredgers were used to carry out dynamic water dredging and sediment sorting, and the sediment disposal project was built into a new type of sediment disposal demonstration project of the combined utilization of land, water, mud, light and wind in the area of the Yellow River Diversion Project, with a view to improving the efficient disposal capacity of the Yellow River sediment and promoting the economic benefit development of the Yellow River Diversion Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the issue of spatial variability of soil mechanical parameters in slope stability analysis, this paper proposed a stochastic finite element method for calculating the distribution of FS（factor of safety） of embankment slopes, and Monte Carlo（MC） strength reduction combined method and MC direct method were proposed to calculate the reliability of slope. Taking isotropic two-dimensional slope as an example, firstly, sampling to get the corresponding random field of material properties, and then the slope displacement, stress and plasticity zone results were calculated; then on the basis of NMC times sampling of random field, the failure probability of the slope was obtained and the reliability index was solved and analyzed by the following methods of a) combined method（M1）: the strength reduction method was used to get the reduction coefficient of each sample and its distribution; b) MC direct method（M2）: using viscoplastic method to solve directly to judge the instability of slopes, and the instability cases under all sample conditions were counted. The results show that the slope stability analysis considering the material properties random field, the mean, variance, distribution of FS and reliability indexes are integrated to evaluate the slope safety, which can get the real and reliable slope stability analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of water conservancy project, the application of Building Information Modeling（BIM） technology is expanding in both breadth and depth, but there are still some deficiencies in the research and application of the cost of water conservancy projects. Based on the research results of key colleges and universities, large and medium-sized design institutes, BIM software companies, cost software enterprises and other relevant units in the water conservancy industry, as well as key large and medium-sized water conservancy projects, this paper introduced and summarized the application status of BIM in the cost industry of water conservancy projects, and analyzed the main existing problems. It also sorted out the application requirements of water conservancy project cost on BIM technology in integrating BIM design process, realizing accurate cost and improving work efficiency. According to the current development level and industry demand, the “three-stage” idea of combining the cost of hydraulic engineering with the application of BIM technology was put forward, i.e., the primary application stage of realizing the interaction of basic information such as engineering quantity and cost, the intermediate application stage of realizing the data interaction between cost software and BIM platform based on data interface, and the advanced application stage of intelligent cost based on BIM model information. This “three-stage” idea was intended to provide a reference for the intelligent development of water conservancy project costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ridge and furrow cultivation as an important agronomic cultivation method, the research on the influence of furrow and ridge size on soil water transport under point source drip irrigation under film is conducive to improving water use efficiency. In this paper, the influence of furrow and ridge size parameters, such as furrow width, on the shape characteristics and water distribution of soil wetted body was explored through indoor soil tank simulation experiment. The model of transport distance of wetted body was established by multiple linear regression equation, the process of water transport under experimental conditions was simulated, and the predictive effect of the model was verified. Finally, the optimal furrow size for 3-year-old Chinese wolfberry planting under experimental conditions was determined based on the established transport distance model. The results show that with the increase of ditch bottom width, the shape of wetted body becomes flatter and the center of gravity of water distribution in wetted body will gradually move up with the increase of ditch bottom width. The contour distribution map of soil water content is similar to that of wetted body, showing a pattern from dense to sparse. The predicted water transport distance by the constructed wetted body transport distance model has little error with the experimental results, and the model has high precision. Under the experimental conditions, the optimum ditch bottom width for 3-year-old Lycium barbarbarum cultivated under film drip irrigation technology ranges from 22.50 cm to 28.90 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving efficient and coordinated governance of water environment is the key for the country to promote the adjustment of energy structure and achieve the strategic goal of “carbon neutrality”. Based on the theory of collaborative governance, using the questionnaire survey method and the structural equation model, this paper empirically analyzed the collaborative impact mechanism of the behavior of three governance subjects, namely government, enterprise and society, and the trust among governance subjects on the collaborative governance effect and carbon neutralization effect of water environment. It is found that trust among governance subjects, government behavior and enterprise behavior have significant positive impact on the effect of water environment collaborative governance, among which trust among governance subjects has the largest impact; trust among governance subjects, government behavior and social subject behavior have significant positive impact on carbon neutralization effect; synergistic governance effect of water environment plays a part of intermediary role in the relationship between trust between governance subjects, government behavior, and enterprise behavior on carbon neutralization effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the rapid urban development in the Yellow River Basin has brought great pressure to water environment, it is very important to coordinate the relationship between urban development and water quality to ensure the implementation of major national strategy for the Yellow River. In this paper, evaluation index systems were built to calculate the Urban Development Index（UDI） and Water Quality Index（WQI） of 11 cities in the basin from the year 2012 to 2019, and the evolution relationship of coupling coordination between urban development and water quality was demonstrated based on the coupling coordination model. The results show that a) the overall urban development level in the study area is increased year by year and UDI is higher in the “upper and lower reaches” and lower in the “middle reaches”; b) the overall water quality is stable in class Ⅱ and the pollutants are mainly nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients; c) the urban development and water quality are in good coordination. Finally, according to the city characteristics, measures are put forward to enhance the coupling coordination between water quality and urban development, such as strengthening water pollution discharge management and pollution control, driving urban development and environmental governance and protection by scientific and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the influence of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion on groundwater depth in Zhengzhou City, taking the shallow and middle-deep groundwater depth of Zhengzhou City as the research object, this paper studied on the changes of the shallow and middle-deep groundwater depth of Zhengzhou City and affecting factors based on geostatistics, Kriging interpolation and principal component analysis after the operation of the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion was completed. The results show that the spatial correlation of shallow groundwater depth decreases with time. Spatial variability of shallow groundwater depth is mainly affected by structural factors. The spatial correlation of middle-deep groundwater depth decreases obviously with time, and the correlation gradually decreases from strong to medium. With the passage of time, the role of small-scale random factors affecting the spatial variation of deep groundwater depth is becoming more and more obvious. Groundwater level in the study area rebounds in varying degrees. The average depth of shallow groundwater decreases by 0.63 m in dry season and 2.37 m in wet season from 2015 to 2019. The area of 10-20 m buried depth increases obviously, and the area of more than 40 m buried depth decreases obviously. The average depth of deep groundwater decreases by 5.15 m in dry season and 21.04 m in wet season. Distribution area of buried depth less than 40 m increases obviously, and distribution area of buried depth 40-60 m decreases obviously. The main factors affecting shallow and deep groundwater depth are water diversion, exploitation, water consumption and rainfall. The water resources substitution policy has played a dominant positive role in the recovery of shallow and meddle-deep groundwater levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately evaluate regional water resources carrying capacity and to identify the main factors affecting water resources carrying capacity, based on the ternary effect under the premise of full partial connection number, this paper derived the quaternion effect calculation formula of partial connection number by analogy, explained the internal mechanism, with the quaternion subtraction set pair potential, quaternion semi-partial subtraction set pair potential, compared the set pair potential, and applied to the evaluation of Huaibei Plain water resources carrying capacity. The results show that from 2011 to 2019, the water resources carrying capacity of the Huaibei Plain basically ranges from level 2 (critical load) to level 3 (critical overload), indicating that the water resources carrying capacity of the Huaibei Plain is generally poor. The results of the quaternion effect full partial connection number are consistent with the quaternion subtraction set pair potential and the quaternion semi-partial subtraction set pair potential; however, compared with the other two methods, the quaternion effect full partial connection number is more rational and more convincing. The quaternion effect full partial connection number can judge the development trend of set pair system well, and gives a new judgment method to solve the determinism and uncertainty of set pair system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weirs are important structures in the management of small and medium rivers. Taking Lingshan River, in Longyou County, as a typical example, based on remote sensing images of 2007,2012,2017 and 2021, combined with field investigations and GIS information extraction, this paper summarized the distribution characteristics of weirs, and quantitatively analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the floodplain landscape pattern index. The changes of the landscape pattern of floodplains pre-and post-construction of weirs and under different distribution methods were discussed. The results show that: a) The distribution of weirs is dynamic and spatially heterogeneous. b) In the past 15 years, the floodplain landscape pattern shows a trend of fragmentation and regularization, but the evolution of floodplain pattern in each river section has significant differences. The degree of fragmentation and edge complexity of the floodplain in the upstream are the most significant. c) A weir has a dramatic effect on the distribution of the floodplain, and the effect of different weir distribution methods on the landscape pattern of the floodplain is highly variable. In general, with the increase of the distribution density of weirs, the fragmentation and morphological changes of the floodplain become more intense. The fundamental reason is that weirs change the hydrodynamic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biggest contradiction in the Yellow River Basin is the shortage of water resources. Based on agricultural, industrial and ecological water use, this paper identified the current situation of water shortage in the basin. It was predicted that in 2035, the water demand in the Yellow River Basin would reach 54.5 billion m³, while the water shortage would reach 13.6 billion m³, due to the changing situation of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin and other national strategic requirements. Especially, the water shortage in six provinces in the upper and middle regions would reach 10.3 billion m³, accounting for 76% of the total, which made them the most severe regions. The West Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project can be a fundamental measure to solve these water shortage problems. Those six provinces are the main water-receiving areas and can be supplied with 8 billion m³ of water in the first phase of this project, which can meet the rigid domestic and industrial water demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the goal of regional coordinated development and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, based on the core elements of regional coordinated development strategy and new development pattern in the new era, this paper draws on the research method of value chain and combines the input-output data of China’s regions to construct regional coordinated development indicators. The spatial econometric model is used to empirically test the effect of the integrated development level of value chain in different regions on regional coordinated development and its intermediary mechanism. The results show that whether the value chain is embedded forward or backward, it verifies that value chain integration has positive spillover effect on regional coordinated development, and the backward embedding is dominant. The intermediary effect model is used to prove that the deepening of marketization level and the enhancement of the correlation between products are important ways to promote regional coordinated development. The Yellow River Basin can fully enjoy the dividends of regional coordinated development brought by the integration of value chain, but the negative effects of spatial cycle accumulation should be broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giving high priority to saving water and spatial equalization should be the principle for the demonstration of water resources engineering. The scientific demonstration of the water transfer scale for the West Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project should base on the water-saving potential in the Yellow River Basin. Taking the water-receiving areas of the West Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project as the research areas, this paper analyzed the current situation of water-saving, potential of water-saving and problems in different industries. The results show that the overall water-saving in the Yellow River Basin has reached a relatively high level in China, but its distribution is spatially uneven. The gross and net water-saving potential of the whole Yellow River Basin is about 2.5 billion m³ and 1.9 billion m³ respectively. The gross and net water-saving potential of the water-receiving area in the West Route is about 2.1 billion m³ and 1.6 billion m³ respectively. The water-saving potential in agriculture accounts for more than 80% of the whole Yellow River Basin as well as the water-receiving area in the West Route. The water-saving potential of the Yellow River Basin is far lower than that of the water shortage, and the actual saved water from agriculture is difficult to be transferred to other industries. The shortage of water resources is the essential issue in the Yellow River Basin, it is necessary to construct inter-basin water diversion projects in the future to solve the issue of water shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research object of this paper was a cemented sand gravel dam in the design stage. The foundation overburden at the dam site was sanely pebble soil layer, and the dam body was cemented sand gravel. Exploring its stress deformation law and reasonable shape had guiding significance for the design of similar projects. In the early stage of this paper, the parametric design command flow of ANSYS was used for secondary development. Taking Duncan Zhang classical and modified models as material constitutive models, the finite element calculation of the overall structure was carried out and the law of stress and deformation was analyzed. In the later stage, based on the actual design requirements, from the perspectives of overburden compression and shear resistance, it connected the ANSYS finite element analysis and MATLAB optimization module, and obtained the optimal dam type through optimization design and scheme evaluation, so as to reduce the material consumption (save 11 .3%·) and improve the foundation stress state (remove the shear failure point and reduce the maximum compressive stress by 9.2%) . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When evaluating the safety status of hydraulic steel gate in service, it is usually necessary to comprehensively consider the influence of evaluation indexes from many aspects, among which there are qualitative and quantitative indexes, which is an issue of uncertainty and fuzziness. Based on this, this paper combined the intuitionistic fuzzy hierarchy method and cloud model method to evaluate the safety state of the gate. Firstly, this paper built the evaluation structure system of hydraulic steel gate based on the idea of hierarchy method, and then invited experts to evaluate and compare the indicators on the basis of intuitionistic fuzzy theory, established the judgment matrix and comprehensively analyzed the weight of each indicator. To adopt the method of cloud model, combining with engineering example, set up the index of diagnosis of cloud, the diagnosis of synthesis of various cloud chart, finally got the diagnosis cloud gate test result and comparing with state chart, finally it was concluded that the gate security status. Comparing with the actual situation, the results of this method are accurate and intuitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water supply system is an important system for the production and life of urban residents and the development of social ecology. However, with the increasing demand for water resources, the current urban water shortage is becoming increasingly serious. In addition, the overall construction and operation cost of urban water supply system is also increasing. In order to save water resources as much as possible and minimize the cost of water supply on the basis of ensuring the quality, pressure and water demand of various users, this paper proposed a multi-source water supply system scheme and carried out the optimal allocation of water intake, treatment capacity of water plants and distribution capacity of various users. Firstly, the structure of urban water supply system was briefly introduced; secondly, the mathematical model of multi-source water supply system optimal allocation was established, and the working process of the optimization algorithm used in the optimization process was analyzed; finally, the optimal allocation method of multi?source water supply system proposed in this paper was verified with the Zunyi tourism development zone as the research area. The results show that the proposed optimization method can achieve the optimal configuration of multi-source water supply system with less iterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to systematically analyze and accurately quantify the matching characteristics of water resources and economic and social development in prefecture-level cities, typical factors such as total water resources, water consumption, population, GDP and cultivated area were selected in this paper, and a new quantitative research idea that simultaneously applying the calculation methods of matching degree based on Gini coefficient and data sequence was proposed. Taking 10 prefecture-level cities along the Shaying River as examples, this paper quantitatively analyzed the spatial-temporal matching relationship between water resources and economic and social development from 2009 to2018. The results show that the application of the above two methods can comprehensively study the matching issue of the two systems elements from the perspective of the whole time/space and the single city/time. There are some differences in the temporal Gini coefficient among prefecture-level cities, but the matching degree of different elements is basically consistent and the results are all good. Except that the temporal matching degrees of total water resources and GDP, water consumption and GDP present a low-high-low evolution trend, the results of other elements present a fluctuation trend over time. The spatial Gini coefficient varies little on the time scale, while there are significant differences among different matching elements. The spatial matching degree is basically consistent in time and the results of some prefecture level cities are poor, especially in Zhengzhou, Nanyang and Zhumadian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The middle reaches of the Yellow River is an important national ecological function area and energy base. It is an arduous task to prevent and control soil erosion and protect ecology. In view of the problems of large quantity of soil and water conservation supervision work area, insufficient supervision ability and weak timeliness of traditional supervision way in the Yellow River Basin, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for establishing the pilot demonstration zone of high quality supervision of soil and water conservation in the contiguous area of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, and probes into its working mechanism and mode: First, the goal of innovation management is to take the lead in implementing non-violation projects, Second, the goal of innovation cooperation is to jointly build a working system, and build a working mechanism with consistent goals, self-awareness of actions, and coordinated efforts, Third, the endogenous motivation of innovation, taking self-discipline as the core to promote the overall level of credit for soil and water conservation, Fourth, leaders at all levels, construction units, young people and the general public should improve the cognition and ability of ecological civilization in soil and water conservation to achieve the unity of knowledge and practice, Fifth, the connotation of innovation evaluation will be improved to comprehensively enhance the level of scientific and technological support, Sixth, digital empowerment, scientific classified management and innovative smart platform will enable production and construction projects to achieve smart technology guidance, smart tracking, smart early warning. Reset [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum spiral case pressure of pumped storage power station is related to the strength design of pipelines and the safe and stable operation of unit, and is closely related to the geometric characteristics of diversion system. Based on the rigid water hammer theory, this paper qualitatively analyzed the influence of the length and area of main and branch pipes of the diversion system to the maximum spiral case pressure, and the transition process under the change of the geometric characteristics of the diversion system was numerically simulated and verified. The research result indicates that the maximum spiral case pressure depends on the water inertia in the diversion pipelines. The greater the total water inertia of the main/branch pipe along a pipeline, the greater the maximum spiral case pressure under the load rejection. When the total length of the diversion pipe is constant and the ratio of the main pipe to the branch pipe area is greater than 2, increasing the main pipe length or the pipe area can reduce the total water inertia and improve the spiral case pressure. While the length of diversion branch pipe is constant, the total water inertia can be reduced by reducing the main diversion length or increasing the pipe area, so as to improve the spiral case pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hekoucun Reservoir is an important part of the flood control engineering system in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Accurate and quick derivation of the deformation field in the reservoir with high temporal and spatial resolution is of great significance. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry has the advantages of high precision, large range, and spatiotemporal continuity, and proposes a new method for reservoir timing monitoring. This paper selected 24 Sentinel-1A orbit-raising images covering Hekoucun Village Reservoir from January 15, 2020 to December 4, 2020, and combined the particularity and complexity of the reservoir environment to develop time series SBAS-InSAR technology suitable for actual needs. The time series deformation information of the reservoir was obtained and the deformation characteristics of the rear dam area were mainly studied. Through ground GNSS monitoring data and field investigation, it was verified that InSAR technology has high applicability for reservoir monitoring, and can provide data support for the stability evaluation of subsequent reservoirs and the flood control pressure evaluation of the levee in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to optimize the total water inflow of foundation pit dewatering, obtain the optimal single well water yield and the optimal number of dewatering wells, an optimization model of foundation pit dewatering based on objective function method was established in this paper. Meanwhile, taking the headwork inverted siphon foundation pit dewatering project of Xixiayuan Water Conservancy and Irrigation Area Project in Henan Province as an example, the optimization model of canal foundation pit dewatering in inverted siphon section was established by using the objective function method, and MATLAB optimization toolbox was used to optimize the solution of the canal foundation pit dewatering model of the project example, and GMS numerical simulation software was used to verify and analyze the optimization results. The optimization results show that: under the condition of meeting the construction requirements of the foundation pit and the safety conditions of the surrounding environment, compared with the initial scheme, the total water yield can be reduced by 624 300 m³ and 546 390 m³ respectively according to the pumping and drainage plan by using the Fmincon function and Genetic Algorithm, and the single well pumping capacity and number of wells can also be optimized more reasonably. Therefore, it is feasible to use the objective function method to call the optimization toolbox to optimize the design of foundation pit dewatering and can achieve good optimization effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of municipal metro tunnels and water diversion tunnels are constructed by using the shield method, and the ground settlement deformation caused by tunnel construction is the most direct indicator of engineering risk. The Peck formula is the most empirical method widely used in predicting ground surface settlement due to tunnel construction. Based on the measured data of long distance shield tunnel with water-rich sandy stratum, this paper discussed and analyzed the applicability of the theoretical values of the key parameters of the Peck formula, supplemented by model numerical calculations, to obtain the applicability and differences between the actual surface settlement troughs and the theoretical calculated settlement troughs for tunnels with water-rich sandy stratum. The results of the study show that, a) in the case of shield tunnels in deep buried sandy strata with burial depths and excavation ratios H/D＞5 and where geology cannot uncover impermeable layers, the subsidence is generated under undrained conditions and the recommended range of loss rates for the target strata is 0.5% to 1%; b) for the “load-carrying arch”, which is buried at a greater depth and formed within the strata, the vault top is farther away from the vertical distance of the surface settlement, resulting in the measured surface settlement trough width being much smaller than the theoretical calculation of the settlement trough width; c) an improved Lee formula endowed with parameter n is proposed to establish the relationship between the settlement of the tunnel vault and the maximum ground settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of lining structure has always been a focus issue in the design and construction of shield water transmission tunnels. In this paper, the lining structure types used in the existing shield tunnels in China were classified and summarized, and several different lining structures were comprehensively compared from the aspects of engineering safety, construction period and project cost by taking the Chuanqin tunnel in the Xixiayuan Water Transmission and Irrigation project as an example. Through structural selection and force analysis, the superimposed lining structure used by the Chuanqin tunnel in the Xixiayuan Water Transmission and Irrigation project was technically reasonable and feasible, and the structure was safe and reliable. Compared with the previous double-layer lining structure with separate internal and external linings, this lining structure superimposed internal and external linings had the advantages of small construction difficulty, high construction efficiency, easy construction quality assurance, and low project cost, and could be promoted and used for shield water transmission tunnels that beard certain internal water pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the geological environment of the diversion tunnel is changeable, and shield construction is a complex construction process, the risk probability is high, the risk is difficult to predict, and the economic loss and personal injury caused by the risk are immeasurable. Looking for and analyzing the possible risk sources in shield construction of diversion tunnel is helpful to ensure the safe construction of tunnel engineering. In this paper, for a diversion tunnel, the WBS-RBS method was used to build a risk matrix, identify the risk sources of tunnel shield construction through the study of the matrix, and then determined the weight of each risk factor of the tunnel through the Analytic Hierarchy Process, obtained the impact degree of each risk factor on the progress of tunnel shield construction, and formulated corresponding risk control measures according to the impact degree, so as to provide effective management methods for tunnel shield construction. It made the safety management of tunnel shield construction from post remediation to pre prevention, reduced the probability of risk occurrence, and improved the level of safety management of tunnel shield construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to implement the water resources rigid constraint system and quantify it concretely, based on the in-depth analysis of its conceptual connotation and requirements, following the principles of systematization, difference, operability and measurability, this paper built an indicator system of water resources rigid constraint from four aspects of basic ecological water use, water use control of economic and social development, water use control of different industries and water use efficiency control. It described the uses and determination methods of each index in detail. Finally, the indicator system was applied in the quantitative calculation of rigid constraint index of water resources by water sources and industry in different level years of Gansu Province, and the rigid constraint index system of water resources in 2025 and 2035 in Gansu Province were determined, which was 12.14 billion and 13.22 billion m3 respectively. The result shows that the built indicator system of water-resources rigid constraint has better adaptability and feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resources, environment and socio-economic systems interact with each other and evolve cooperatively. Research on the interaction among the three systems is a hot topic at present. In order to explore the coupling and coordination characteristics of water resources-environment-socio-economic system, this paper took Qinghai Province as the research object and constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system. Based on the statistical data of water resources, environment and socio-economic systems in Qinghai Province from 2000 to 2020, it used coupling coordination model and grey correlation model to quantitatively evaluate the coupling and coordination characteristics. The results show that a) during the study period, the evaluation indexes of water resources, environment and socio-economic systems in Qinghai show an upward trend of varying degrees. b) Coupling degree of water resources-environment-socio-economic system is at a high level of integration, and coupling coordination degree is in a transitional stage from intermediate to good coordination. c) Among the three subsystems, the development level of the water resources system has stronger influence to the coupling and coordinated development of Qinghai Province, the environment system is the second one and the socio-economic system has relatively weaker influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) carries out water transfer in the form of open channels, which has the advantages of small investment, low cost and high flow rate, but the open water transfer line also brings the risk of difficult water source protection and easy to cause unexpected water pollution accidents. This paper systematically summarized the research results at home and abroad. Taking SNWDP as the research area and taking the water pollution incident in the Lanhe River control gate-Yinghe River control gate section as an example, it focused on the research of downstream water supply time of the incident section during the accidental water pollution accident, and simulated the downstream water supply time of the accident section using both conventional and optimized water supply methods based on the conventional water supply method of open channel transfer, and proposed an optimized zoning water supply method to extend the downstream water supply time of the accident section. The optimized zoning water supply method was proposed to extend the water supply time downstream of the accident section. The results show that the use of optimal zoning water supply method in the face of large flow diversion downstream of canal/pool can maintain a long period of stable water supply in the downstream canal/pool, effectively extend the water supply time in the downstream of the unfavorable canal/pool and ensure the security of regional water supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the shortage of water resources in China, the state has promoted market-based trading of water rights in order to promote the optimal allocation of water resources. This paper used current policy theory and local reform practice on water rights trading as the object of study, and considered that the water right transaction had three functions of promoting the paid use of water resources, the strictest management of water resources, and protecting private rights. It used the empirical analysis method to identify shortcomings in the logic, compatibility and practicality of these functions, which might lead to the deviation of the correct direction of water right transaction and the public doubt about the illegal and unsafe trading method, the public’s right to know and participation, and the unreasonable trading price. The research thinks that the function of water trading should be repositioned and optimization initiatives pursued. At the macro level, it should be repositioned from the perspectives of maintaining national ownership of natural resources, promote the transformation of government functions and achieve sustainable development. At the micro level, the water rights transaction system should be optimized by promoting the electronic and dynamic registration data of water rights, legalize and rationalize water rights trading rules and expand the participation of the public and the interested party, and scientifically assess trading prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current society, the frequent occurrence of urban floods has attracted wide attention in China. Based on the research literature of urban flood disaster in CNKI Chinese periodical database from 2001 to 2021, this paper used Citespace and SATI3.2 software to analyze the annual publication frequency, journals and institutions, research hotspots, research frontiers and development trends of urban flood disaster related literature. The results show that the urban flood disaster has always maintained a high heat, involving many disciplines and cross phenomenon; the publishing institutions are mainly concentrated in design and planning colleges and universities; sponge city construction, low-impact development and risk assessment are still the main research hotspots. Resilient city, vulnerability and coupling model will be the future research trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the internal relationship between digital economy and green total factor productivity of manufacturing industry in the Yellow River Basin, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of digital economy on green total factor productivity of manufacturing industry in the Yellow River Basin by using systematic GMM model and panel threshold model based on panel data of 73 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2020. The research shows that digital economy can significantly promote the improvement of green total factor productivity of manufacturing industry in the Yellow River Basin, and this promoting effect is nonlinear with marginal increasing. Further investigation shows that the impact of digital economy on green total factor productivity of manufacturing industry has a single threshold effect based on opening to the outside world and government support. Heterogeneity analysis shows that digital economy has a more significant effect on the improvement of green total factor productivity of manufacturing in the middle and downstream regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the safe operation and long-term service of South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP), it is significant to avoid adverse effect led by abnormal state of open channel. Considering the fuzziness of evaluation index and one-sidedness of single method, the evaluation index system of open channel was established with objective analysis method. The improved extension-hierarchical analysis model was proposed to determine the subjective weights based on interval quantization in extension theory, then the subjective and objective weights were combined as fusion weight. The advantages of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and grey clustering evaluation method were assembled in order to build the grey-fuzzy evaluation method for open channel. Taking the open channel in the Middle Route of SNWTP as an example, the method and model established in this paper were utilized to evaluate its serviceability and the evaluation results prove their validity and feasibility, which can provide a basis for the operation and maintenance of the open channel projects in the Middle Route of SNWTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote low-carbon transition and high-quality development process of agriculture in the Yellow River Basin, this paper used coefficient method to calculate the agricultural carbon effect of nine provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020 and analyzed its spatial-temporal evolution law. The fairness and difference of provincial agricultural carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin were researched from the perspectives of ecological carrying capacity and economic contribution capacity. The results show that the overall agricultural carbon effect of the Yellow River Basin maintains a stable growth trend, with the maximum increase in Inner Mongolia and the minimum increase in Sichuan. The agricultural carbon effect of each province (region) shows the characteristic of net carbon sink. The agricultural carbon effect of the Yellow River Basin shows the unbalanced spatial distribution of “high in the eastern area and low in the western area, high in the upstream and low in the downstream.” Based on the numerical difference of ecological carrying coefficient and economic contribution coefficient in the fairness evaluation model of agricultural carbon emissions, the nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin are divided into four categories of double-advantage type, ecological dominant type, economic dominant type and double-disadvantage type. Among which, Shandong has always been the double-advantage type; Henan has always been the ecological dominant type; Sichuan and Qinghai have always been the economic dominant type; Inner Mongolia has transformed from the double-advantage type into the ecological dominant type; Shaanxi and Shanxi have changed from the ecological dominant type to the economic dominant type and the double-disadvantage type respectively; Ningxia and Gansu have always been the double-disadvantage type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of the country’s vigorous development of “double carbon” and the development of clean energy, hydropower projects have been significantly supported and promoted. The investment and construction of hydropower projects are inseparable from accurate value assessment. In order to improve the shortcomings of non-random uncertainty in the traditional investment decision-making method, this paper improved the B-S option pricing model based on the payment dividend and trapezoidal fuzzy number, and combined the free cash flow discount model and the real option model to construct a hydropower station project value evaluation and expansion model. The empirical analysis of small and medium-sized hydropower stations was selected as a case study, and the evaluation results were compared with the evaluation results obtained by the pure application of the net present value method and the real option pricing model to verify the feasibility of the model. The results show that the fuzzy real option method has good applicability for hydropower station projects, the payment of dividends will reduce the option value, and the volatility and option value calculated by the model are more objective and reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water body in the Yellow River basin is complex. Rapid and accurate water extraction in the basin is of great significance to the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. However, the existing water body indexes can not meet the requirements of removing the inherent mountain shadow of remote sensing images and accurately extracting complex water bodies. Based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and Sentinel-2 remote sensing images, this paper proposed a Yellow River Basin Water Index (YRBWI), and the effect of water extraction results were compared with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Shadow Water Index (SWI). The results show that YRBWI achieves an excellent water extraction effect in the Yellow River Basin, specifically: YRBWI can solve the confusion of mountain shadows and accurately extract water bodies with high sediment content; compared with NDWI, MNDWI, and SWI, YRBWI has the largest OA and Kappa values, indicating that YRBWI has the highest water extraction accuracy; the water body extraction accuracy of YRBWI is insensitive to the change of threshold value and has high robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the current characteristics of the temporal and spatial changes of water quality in the Taoge Basin, the paper analyzed the future change trend of the water environment in the basin. Taking the main inflow and outflow rivers in the Taoge Basin as the research object, according to the monitoring data of main pollutants of the Taoge Basin from 2020 to 2021 and using the methods such as comprehensive water pollution index and dynamic analysis, it comprehensively evaluated the water quality of the basin. A differential moving average autoregressive model（ARIMA） was selected to perform multi-step forecasting of the main pollution factors of water quality. The results show that the water quality of the Taoge Basin has been generally improved, and the comprehensive pollution index of the Taoge Basin in October 2021 has been decreased by 9.88% compared with that in July 2020. The concentration of total phosphorus, permanganate index and total nitrogen in the water environment of the Taoge River Basin shows a downward trend from 2020 to 2021, with a decrease of 14.57%, 9.36% and 14.78% respectively. But phosphorus is still the main factor restricting the water quality of rivers. The water system is divided based on the connection of rivers and lakes. The comprehensive pollution index of Changdang Lake-Gehu Lake and Beijing-Hangzhou Canal-Xinmeng River water system has been decreased by 7.26% and 9.99% respectively, the comprehensive pollution index of Gehu Lake-West Taihu Lake water system has been increased by13.14%. The ARIMA model can better predict the change trend of river pollutants in a long period of time in the future, which can provide technical support for the water environment management of Taoge River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Happy River is the new guidance and requirement of river management in the new period of China. In order to provide reference for the measurement and evaluation system of happy river, this paper analyzed the connotation of happy river, summarized the existing methods of river evaluation, and conducted the bibliometric analysis of the research literature. The results show that, the current research in this field is basically based on the concept of river health and human-water harmony. Most of the research is still from the perspective of rivers, and there is a lack of discussion on the mechanism of happiness. The future research direction of happy river evaluation method is put forward: to explore the connotation of happy river and its influencing factors; to study the selection of evaluation index and the construction of evaluation system; and to carry out practical application based on the established evaluation system in the specific watershed, therefore to verify its reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the effectiveness of interprovincial ecological protection and control in the Yellow River Basin, this paper used evolutionary game model to study the dynamic evolution process of government collaborative management in the upper and lower reaches of the river basin, and analyzed the factors affecting the main body’s strategy selection. The applicability of the model in the Yellow River Basin (Henan-Shandong Section) was evaluated by empirical analysis based on cost-sharing model combined with the “Ecological Compensation Agreement” (hereinafter referred to as “Compensation Agreement”) signed by Henan and Shandong provinces. The results show that a) the stability of the evolutionary game model has nothing to do with the benefits of ecological protection and the ratio of rewards and punishments in the downstream region. The core of upstream and downstream governments’ participation in ecological protection and control lies in whether the maximum reward amount of the government is enough to cover the governance cost. b) When the government’s incentive and constraint amount is more than twice the upstream ecological protection cost, it is more conducive to achieve the overall optimal decision. c) Taking Henan and Shandong provinces as examples, the ecological protection cost and compensation amount of the river basin are calculated. According to the Compensation Agreement, the current compensation amount is relatively small for the importance of the ecological protection of the two provinces and the Yellow River. Based on this, suggestions are put forward to increase the award and punishment, explore diversified compensation methods and promote the sustainable development of ecological compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the rational allocation of water resources in Shaanxi Province and the Yellow River Basin and ensure regional water security, based on virtual water theory and inter-regional input-output table of China, this paper calculated the water consumption coefficients of three major industries virtual water volume in Shaanxi Province, and the virtual water trade volume between this province and other provinces in China in 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2017 with the help of input-output model, and explored the main factors affecting the change of virtual water volume in Shaanxi Province by using gray correlation model. Further, the inter-industry allocation characteristics of virtual water in Shaanxi Province were analyzed and the virtual water trade network between Shaanxi Province and other provinces were established. The results show that a) the coefficient of direct water consumption and complete water consumption coefficient of the primary industry in Shaanxi Province are higher than that of the secondary and tertiary industries, but all show a decreasing trend over this time, indicating that the province’s water use efficiency are constantly improving. b) The primary and secondary industries account for the majority of the virtual water supply in Shaanxi Province, and the level of agricultural technology, population size, urbanization rate, food production, industry and construction development level are the main factors affecting the virtual water supply of the primary and secondary industries in the province. c) More than 70% of the virtual water in Shaanxi Province are consumed by itself and transported to other provinces mainly are Guangdong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Henan provinces. It mainly exports to the primary industry. More than 90% of the virtual water input derives from the secondary and tertiary industries of Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shanghai, Anhui, Zhejiang and Hunan provinces. d) Shaanxi Province has maintained net input state for a long time in the inter-provincial trade; compared with the actual water resources trade net virtual water trade between Shaanxi Province and Sichuan, Liaoning, Jilin and other provinces is unreasonable. Shaanxi Province should promote the spatial and temporal matching of virtual water and physical water by adjusting the industrial structure and optimizing the inter-provincial trade network, which is of great significance for the rational use of water resources at the Yellow River Basin scale and even at the national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study and discuss the influence of groundwater on each channel section of the Jiaodong Water Diversion Project, this paper used the Analytic Hierarchy Process coupled with Criteria Importance though Intercrieria Correlation (CRITIC) to calculate the weight, based on the variable fuzzy theory, combined with the water quality sampling data and engineering data along the Jiaodong Water Diversion Project, and comprehensively considering the actual conditions, chose the two subsystems of effects of engineering corrosion and effects of engineering form, including seven index values, to construct the impact evaluation system of groundwater on the Jiaodong Water Diversion Project, and analyzed the open and closed channels including nine channel sections. The results show that the average comprehensive score of each channel section is 1.748, in which the comprehensive score of the open canal section is higher (the highest is 2.308 in the section of Pingdu) and the score of culvert section is lower (the lowest is 1.411 in the section of Laishan), indicating that the groundwater has a greater impact on the open channel and a lesser impact on the closed channels. In general, groundwater has weak influence on each channel section of Jiaodong Water Diversion Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning of guide lines of river regulation is an important evidence for river conservation and regulation as well as water front function maintenance and management. Studying the flood control guide lines of river regulation is of great significance to protect river ecosystem and settle water rights scientifically and rationally. In this paper, thelayout principles of guide lines of river regulation in Qingzhang River were examined and proved. Several guide lines of river regulation width control parameters such as flow per unit width, flow velocity and water level rising value were proposed. Taking the Qingzhang River as an example for further research, the layout principle of the flood control guide lines of river regulation was refined, and the specific control parameters of the flood control guide lines of river regulation were put forward based on the analysis and calculation of the hydrological data of the Qingzhang River, and the application analysis of the results was carried out. The results show that the proposed layout principles and control parameters of flood control guide lines of river regulation are suitable for Qingzhang River, and the flood control guide lines laid out of river regulation in this way are reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]