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In the process industry, understanding the unit operation of particulate drying is imperative to yield products with desired properties and characteristics and to ensure process safety, optimal energy efficiency and drying performance, as well as low environmental impact. There are many techniques and tools available, which can cause confusion. Particulate Drying: Techniques and Industry Applications provides an overview of various particulate drying techniques, their advantages and limitations, industrial applications, and simple design methods.This book:• Covers advances in particulate drying and their importance in the process industry• Highlights recent developments in conventional drying techniques and new drying technologies• Helps readers gain insight into selecting the appropriate drying techniques for a particular product• Summarizes various applications from a wide range of industries, including chemical, food, pharmaceutical, biotech, polymer, mineral, and agro-industries• Projects future research trends and demands in particulate dryingThis book serves as a reference for process and plant engineers as well as researchers in the fields of particulate processing, mineral processing, food processing, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, especially those involved in the selection of drying equipment for particulate solids and R&D of drying of particulate materials.

Dehydration of fruits is a massive operation amounting to tens of billions of dollars'worth in the global market. The enormous variety of fruits grown around the world and the wide range of products made therefrom make this an attractive method for the development of novel and shelf-stable consumer products.Dried Fruit Products offers a current approach linking the theory and practice of fruit drying, summarizing various techniques, their advantages and limitations, industrial applications, and simple design methods. Such dried fruit products as fruit pieces, fruit leathers, and fruit powders are dealt with in a way to inform their physical, chemical, sensory, and nutritional features, along with the characteristics of the process used to obtain them, such as drying method and drying equipment.Key Features: Contains up-to-date information on fruit drying Presents a multi-perspective viewpoint of fruit drying Addresses both food science and chemical engineering aspects of fruit drying Readers can gain knowledge on the various types of drying techniques and insightful thoughts on selecting the appropriate drying techniques for different fruit products.

FREEZE DRYING OF FOOD PRODUCTS An accessible guide to safely dehydrating food Freeze drying, or lyophilization, is a method for dehydrating food or other substances through the use of pressure instead of heat. This allows for the preservation and storage of high-value food products without altering their essential properties or causing a reduction in quality or value. For these reasons, freeze drying is the most reliable method for preserving and distributing high-quality products. Freeze Drying of Food Products provides a concise, accessible overview of freeze-drying techniques and their modern applications. Beginning with the basic principles and processes of freeze drying, it incorporates specific discussion of freeze-drying different categories of food products, before moving to an analysis of recent developments in freeze-drying technology. The result is a key publication in the fight to extend the shelf-life of food products and expand the distribution of high-quality freeze-dried foods. Freeze Drying of Food Products readers will also find: An editorial team with a wide range of pertinent research experienceDetailed discussion of different freeze-drying processes such as vacuum drying, atmospheric drying, and spray dryingCommercial applications of freeze-dried food products Freeze Drying of Food Products is ideal for researchers and industry professionals involved in food production, food distribution, or food biotechnology, as well as students studying these and other related fields.

Spray Drying for the Food Industry, in the Unit Operations and Processing Equipment in the Food Industry series, explains the fundamental and applied research in all aspects of spray drying from engineering to technology. The book thoroughly examines the spray drying of food materials with an emphasis on production, processing, engineering, characterization, and applications of spray dried food powders that enable novel/enhanced properties or functions. Divided into four sections,'Fundamentals of Spray drying process','Application of spray drying for production of food powders','Encapsulation of food bioactive ingredients by spray drying', and'Characterization and analysis of spray dried powders', all chapters emphasize the engineering, optimization and control of spray dryers and the relevant processing equipment. Written by experts in the field of food engineering, in a simple and dynamic way, this book targets industrial engineers working in the field of food processing and within food factories to make them more familiar with drying unit operations. - Thoroughly explores novel applications of spray drying unit operations in food industries - Helps readers improve the formulation of food powders with natural ingredients - Promotes better control of spray drying with simulation and modeling tools

Drying and Valorisation of Food Processing Waste is a comprehensive guide that delves into the crucial role of advanced drying technologies in mitigating the issue of food waste. This book evaluates the current research, technologies, and methodologies in food waste processing and valorisation, highlighting the challenges and opportunities that exist in this field.This book provides a systematic classification of various types of food waste and how to choose the most appropriate drying technology based on waste characteristics. It also covers the effects of drying technologies on physical and chemical properties, as well as valuable compounds. In addition, it evaluates the impact of drying on different valorisation routes and provides real-life industrial case studies to illustrate the practical applications of the concepts discussed. It is an invaluable resource for professionals, researchers, and academics who are looking to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of drying on food waste reduction and valorisation.This book is aimed at chemical, food, and environmental engineers as well as researchers and academics in these fields. It provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in food waste processing and valorisation and is an essential reference for professionals seeking to advance their knowledge in this field. Additionally, this book's practical approach and case studies make it an ideal resource for students and researchers who are looking to gain hands-on experience in food waste reduction and valorisation.

Drying Technology in Food Processing, in the Unit Operations and Processing Equipment in the Food Industry series, explains the processing operations and equipment necessary for drying of different food products. These processes and unit operations are very important in terms of qualitative properties and energy usage. Divided into four sections,'Drying basics','Different dryers in the food industry','Application of drying in the food industry', and'Design, control, and efficiency of dryers', all chapters emphasize experimental, theoretical, computational and/or applications of food engineering principles and the relevant processing equipment. Written by experts in the field of food engineering, in a simple and dynamic way, this book targets industrial engineers working in the field of food processing and within food factories to make them more familiar with drying unit operations. - Thoroughly explores novel applications of drying unit operations in food industries - Strives to help improve the quality and safety of food products with drying technology - Reviews alternatives for drying operations

Drying is a key operation in processing of many plant-based foods and medicines for the purpose of preservation and retention of key attributes and active compounds. Therefore, it is essential to select suitable drying techniques to ensure a product is processed under optimal operating conditions. Drying of Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants presents processing aspects of these three major global agricultural commodities. It offers an insight into the drying and product quality of herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, such as drying characteristics, equipment selection, physiochemical analyses, quality improvement, product development, storage, and shelf life as well as future developments. Offers the latest information on drying and processing technologies, research, and development Summarizes various drying techniques, their advantages and limitations, industrial applications, and simple design methods Presents guidelines for dryer selection Links theory and practice Envisages future trends and demands Featuring chapters from expert authors in both industry and academia, this book is an important resource for those working in the chemical, food processing, pharma, and biotech industries, especially those focused on the drying of plants for food and medicinal applications.

Spray-freeze-drying (SFD) is a synergistic drying technology that imbibes in it the merits of both spray drying and freeze-drying, whilst overcoming the limitations of these predecessor technologies. SFD produces uniquely powdered food and pharmaceutical products with porous microstructure and superior quality attributes. Owing to its atomization step and ultra-low-temperature operation, SFD is a competent drying technique for the production of valuable but sensitive bioactive components. Despite the costs and complexities involved, SFD has a competitive edge over the conventional drying techniques in providing distinctive product attributes. The applications of spray-freeze-drying in the area of food and bioproducts span across the product categories of instant food powders, dry flavors, active pharmaceutical ingredients, poorly water-soluble drugs, probiotics, proteins, enzymes and vaccines.Spray-Freeze-Drying of Foods and Bioproducts: Theory, Applications and Perspectives is the first exclusive title on this interesting drying technique. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of SFD and its food and pharmaceutical applications. The scope of this book, comprising 12 chapters, has been organizedunder four major headings: fundamentals of process-stages, applications with case-studies, recent advancements and the processing bottlenecks and solutions.Key Features Provides examples and case studies of nuances and intricacies associated with each stage of the spray-freeze-drying process Highlights the applications of spray-freeze-drying in the production of food products including soluble coffee, dairy powders, probiotics and flavors Serves as a ready-reckoner of characterization methods for spray-freeze-dried products Contains 200+ illustrations and tabulations The contents of this book are organized to cater to the knowledge needs of students, academicians, researchers and professionals in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Drying and storage are two significant unit operations in the food industry and are applied to both raw and processed products including cereal grains, oilseeds, legumes, flour, noodle, coffee, and cornstarch. The common characteristic of these materials is that all of them are hygroscopic and contain water. The hygroscopic properties are influenced by their physical properties, which are influenced by their storage environments such as bins, warehouses, bunkers, and temporary storage structures. This book focuses on the storage and drying of bulk products in these storage structures.On many occasions in our work with the grain storage and drying personnel especially our graduate students and industry contacts, we found a book explaining the fundamental principles of grain storage and drying is needed. Therefore, the primary objective of this book is to help readers understand the fundamental principles of grain storage and drying and develop a well-informed approach to solve grain storage and drying problems. Technologies for grain storage and drying are advanced through research; therefore, literature review and background on each topic has also been included. The book is generally intended for grain storage and drying students, engineers, and scientists. As reflected in the contents which are presented at several levels of depth, this book will serve well readers with different backgrounds and interests. An effort has been made to allow for independent reading of different sections, and to make a large part of this work accessible to a non-mathematical audience.The authors have combined their experience of teaching grain storage and drying to undergraduate and graduate students in the faculties of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Engineering. Material in the book is organized into broad topic areas: physical properties (Chapters 1 and 2), grain temperature and moisture (Chapters 2 and 6), water in biomaterials and relationship with its environment (Chapter 3), fundamental principles of aeration, drying, and rewetting (Chapter 4), and mathematical modelling of isotherm, drying, and re-wetting (Chapter 5).We hope our readers will benefit from the contents of the book for many decades.

With more than 12M tons of dairy powders produced each year at a global scale, the drying sector accounts to a large extent for the processing of milk and whey. It is generally considered that 40% of the dry matter collected overall ends up in a powder form. Moreover, nutritional dairy products presented in a dry form (eg, infant milk formulae) have grown quickly over the last decade, now accounting for a large share of the profit of the sector. Drying in the Dairy Industry: From Established Technologies to Advanced Innovations deals with the market of dairy powders issues, considering both final product and process as well as their interrelationships. It explains the different processing steps for the production of dairy powders including membrane, homogenisation, concentration and agglomeration processes. The book includes a presentation of the current technologies, the more recent development for each of them and their impact on the quality of the final powders. Lastly, one section is dedicated to recent innovations and methods directed to more sustainable processes, as well as latter developments at lab scale to go deeper in the understanding of the phenomena occurring during spray drying.Key Features: Presents state-of-the-art information on the production of a variety of different dairy powders Discusses the impact of processing parameters and drier design on the product quality such as protein denaturation and viability of probiotics Explains the impact of drying processes on the powder properties such as solubility, dispersibility, wettability, flowability, floodability, and hygroscopicity Covers the technology, modelling and control of the processing steps This book is a synthetic and complete reference work for researchers in academia and industry in order to encourage research and development and innovations in drying in the dairy industry.

Encapsulation of bioactives is a fast-growing approach in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Spray Drying Encapsulation of Bioactive Materials serves as a source of information to offer specialized and in-depth knowledge on the most well-known and used encapsulation technology (i.e., spray drying) and corresponding advances. It describes the efficacy of spray drying in terms of its advantages and challenges for encapsulation of bioactive ingredients. Discusses the potential of this technique to pave the way toward cost-effective, industrially relevant, reproducible, and scalable processes that are critical to the development of delivery systems for bioactive incorporation into innovative functional food products and pharmaceuticals Presents the latest research outcomes related to spray drying technology and the encapsulation of various bioactive materials Covers advances in spray drying technology that may result in a more efficient encapsulation of bioactive ingredients Includes computational fluid dynamics, advanced drying processes, as well as the morphology of the dried particles, drying kinetics analyzers, process controllers and adaptive feedback systems, inline powder analysis technologies, and cleaning-in-place equipment Aimed at food manufacturers, pharmacists, and chemical engineers, this work is of interest to anyone engaged in encapsulation of bioactive ingredients for both nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

The second part comprises of 14 chapters presenting comprehensive yetconcise coverage of different novel drying techniques such as vacuum drying, refractance window dehydration technique, super critical drying, TES assisted solar drying etc. This volume also covers recent technologies and trends in medicinal herb, fruit leather and protein drying as well as packaging of dehydrated foods. The mechanism of deliquescence and caking process involved in drying of foods, effect of drying on functional properties of foods have been added.Different control and safety systems required to improve dryer operation and efficiency and different approaches such as ANN and computer vision that can be used for modeling the drying process are also discussed.Each of the invited contributors in this book has worked extensively in the respective area of drying technology and hence their strong experience in the form of peer reviewedchapter will benefit the readers. Chapter are written in a very easily understandable language containing clear explanation of every concept and aspect of the same, which can be used by undergraduate and graduate students as well as by faculty for teaching purposes. Recent literature is also compiled and discussed in detail to assist researchers and scientists for clear understanding of different types of drying techniques.

Drying Atlas: Drying Kinetics and Quality of Agricultural Products provides, in a condensed and systematic way, specific insights on the drying-relevant properties and coefficients of over 40 agricultural products. It also presents information about the production methods that influence the drying process, the quality of the dried product, the official quality standards of the products, and the design principles and operating characteristics of drying systems that are widely used in the postharvest processing and food industry. Available books on drying technology mainly focus on drying theory and simulation of drying processes. This book offers systematic information on the impact of other important parameters, such as relative humidity, air flow rate, mechanical, thermal and chemical pre-treatment, and drying mode for specific products. It is a unique and valuable reference for scientists and engineers who want to focus on industrial drying applications and dryers, as well as graduate and post-graduate students in postharvest technology and drying. - Explores the production methods that influence the drying process and quality of the dried product - Outlines the official quality standards of the products, the design principles, and the operating characteristics of drying systems that are used in postharvest processing - Features 41 chapters that are (each for an agricultural product) presented in a condensed and systematic way

This volume in the Food Preservation Technology Series presents the latest developments in the application of two solid-liquid operations, Osmotic Dehydration (OD) and Vacuum Impregnation (VI), to the food industry. An international group of experts report on the improvement of osmotic processes at atmospheric pressure for fruits and vegetables, cu

The goal of all drying research and development is to develop cost-effective innovative processes that yield high-quality dried products with less energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. With the literature on drying widely scattered, Advanced Drying Technologies for Foods compiles under one cover concise, authoritative, up-to-date assessments of modern drying technologies applied to foods. This book assembles a number of internationally recognized experts to provide critical reviews of advanced drying technologies, their merits and limitations, application areas and research opportunities for further development.Features: Provides critical reviews of advanced drying technologies Discusses the merits and limitations of a variety of food drying technologies Explains drying kinetics, energy consumption and quality of food products Reviews the principles and recent applications of superheated steam drying The first four chapters deal with recent developments in field-assisted drying technologies. These include drying techniques with the utilization of electromagnetic fields to deliver energy required for drying, for example, microwave drying, radio frequency drying, electrohydrodynamic drying, and infrared radiation drying. The remainder of this book covers a wide assortment of recently developed technologies, which include pulse drying, swell drying, impinging stream drying, and selected advances in spray drying. The final chapter includes some innovative technologies which are gaining ground and are covered in depth in a number of review articles and handbooks, and hence covered briefly in the interest completeness.This book is a valuable reference work for researchers in academia as well as industry and will encourage further research and development and innovations in food drying technologies.

Despite the available general literature in intelligent control, there is a definite lack of knowledge and know-how in practical applications of intelligent control in drying. This book fills that gap. Intelligent Control in Drying serves as an innovative and practical guide for researchers and professionals in the field of drying technologies, providing an overview of control principles and systems used in drying operations, from classical to model-based to adaptive and optimal control. At the same time, it lays out approaches to synthesis of control systems, based on the objectives and control strategies, reflecting complexity of drying process and material under drying. This essential reference covers both fundamental and practical aspects of intelligent control, sensor fusion and dynamic optimization with respect to drying.

Handbook of Drying for Dairy Products is a complete guide to the field's principles and applications, with an emphasis on best practices for the creation and preservation of dairy-based food ingredients. Details the techniques and results of drum drying, spray drying, freeze drying, spray-freeze drying, and hybrid drying Contains the most up-to-date research for optimizing the drying of dairy, as well as computer modelling options Addresses the effect of different drying techniques on the nutritional profile of dairy products Provides essential information for dairy science academics as well as technologists active in the dairy industry

Encapsulation is a topic of interest across a wide range of scientific and industrial areas, from pharmaceutics to food and agriculture, for the protection and controlled release of various substances during transportation, storage, and consumption. Since encapsulated materials can be protected from external conditions, encapsulation enhances their stability and maintains their viability. This book offers a comprehensive review of conventional and modern methods for encapsulation. It covers various thermal and nonthermal encapsulation methods applied across a number of industries, including freeze drying, spray drying, spray chilling and spray cooling, electrospinning/electrospraying, osmotic dehydration, extrusion, air-suspension coating, pan coating, and vacuum drying. The book presents basic fundamentals, principles, and applications of each method, enabling the reader to gain extended knowledge. The choice of the most suitable encapsulation technique is based on the raw materials, the required size, and the desirable characteristics of the final products.

Bridging the gap in understanding between the spray drying industry and the numerical modeler on spray drying, Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Spray Dryers: An Engineer's Guide shows how to numerically capture important physical phenomena within a spray drying process using the CFD technique. It includes numerical strategies to effectively describe these phenomena, which are collated from research work and CFD industrial consultation, in particular to the dairy industry. Along with showing how to set up models, the book helps readers identify the capabilities and uncertainties of the CFD technique for spray drying. After briefly covering the basics of CFD, the book discusses airflow modeling, atomization and particle tracking, droplet drying, quality modeling, agglomeration and wall deposition modeling, and simulation validation techniques. The book also answers questions related to common challenges in industrial applications.

The first comprehensive book on intermittent drying, Intermittent and Nonstationary Drying Technologies: Principles and Applications demonstrates the benefits of this process and covers key issues, including technologies, effect of operating parameters, mathematical modelling, energy-efficiency, and product quality. It discusses such topics as periodic drying, conventional and intermittent food drying processes and food quality, relationship among intermittency of drying, microstructural changes, and food quality, microwave assisted pulsed fluidized and spouted bed drying, and cellular level water distribution. Aimed at food engineers, chemical product engineers, pharmaceutical engineers and technologists, plant design engineers, and researchers and students in these areas, this useful reference helps readers:

Finite Element Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics have been introduced in modelling and simulation of drying and storage systems, these techniques are expected to dominate the future research and development of drying and storages, and should reduce losses and improve the quality of agricultural products, enhancing food security globally. Drying and Storage of Cereal Grains, Second Edition, covers the wide spectrum of drying and storage methods applied to economically important cereal produce, providingnumerical examples for better understanding the complexity in drying and storage systems through modelling and simulation, aiding design and management of drying and storage systems. Chapters 1 to 8 look at air and grain moisture equilibria, psychrometry, physical and thermal properties of cereal grains, principles of air flow, and provide detailed analyses of grain drying.Chapters 9 to 13 focus on temperature and moisture in grain storages, and provide comprehensive treatment of modern grain storage systems. The book also includes a number of unsolved problems at the end of each chapter for further practice. This revised second edition includes new sections on - heat of sorption finite element modeling of single kernel CFD modeling of fluidized bed drying exergy analysis and neural network modeling numerical solution of two dimensional temperature and moisture changes in stored grain This book will provide students in agricultural engineering and food engineering with a wide spectrum of drying and storage studies previously unavailable in a single monograph. It will also serve as an excellent reference for practicing agricultural engineers, food engineers and food technologists.

This Brief provides a comprehensive overview of porosity's effects on dried food quality. The factors influencing porosity during the various drying methods are explored in depth, as well as porosity's overall effect on food properties. The chemical reaction and stability of porosity are also covered, including sensory and mechanical properties. The work looks closely at the relationship between drying conditions, pore characteristics, and dried food quality. Porosity: Establishing the relationship between drying parameters and dried food quality looks at food from a material point of view, outlining water binding characteristics and structure homogenity. The Brief presents a comprehensive view of the factors affecting porosity in dried foods, from pressure and drying rate to temperature and coating treatment, and relates these to porosity effects during the five major drying processes. Moreover, this book discusses the effect of porosity on transfer mechanisms and quality attributes of food stuff. In conclusion, this work aims to establish the relationship between drying process, quality, and porosity in dried foods.

This book is an effort to present in a progressive and systematic form the basic knowledge required both for selection and technical design of appropriate drying systems. This book consists of 15 chapterss; the first is dedicated to fundamental principles and basic terminology of drying followed by chapters offering a detailed description of different drying techniques and their applications. The challenge of developing advanced drying techniques for the food industry is followed in line with the demand for enhanced food quality and safety. Therefore, further chapters cover a comprehensive review of the latest developments in different drying technologies and locating the trends in future research and development. These chapters are written in a very easy to read and understandable language containing clear explanation of every concept and aspect of the same which can be used by undergraduate and graduate students as well as by faculty for teaching purposes. Recent literature is also compiled and discussed to assist researchers and scientists for clear understanding of the concepts in greater detail behind different types of drying techniques. The contributors in this book have worked extensively in respective areas of drying technology and their strong experience will greatly benefit the readers.

Spray drying is a well-established method for transforming liquid materials into dry powder form. Widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, this technology produces high quality powders with low moisture content, resulting in a wide range of shelf stable food and other biologically significant products. Encapsulation technology for bioactive compounds has gained momentum in the last few decades and a series of valuable food compounds, namely flavours, carotenoids and microbial cells have been successfully encapsulated using spray drying. Spray Drying Technique for Food Ingredient Encapsulation provides an insight into the engineering aspects of the spray drying process in relation to the encapsulation of food ingredients, choice of wall materials, and an overview of the various food ingredients encapsulated using spray drying. The book also throws light upon the recent advancements in the field of encapsulation by spray drying, i.e., nanospray dryers for production of nanocapsules and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Addressing the basics of the technology and its applications, the book will be a reference for scientists, engineers and product developers in the industry.

This Fourth Edition book includes 12 new chapters covering computational fluid dynamic simulation; solar, impingement, and pulse combustion drying; drying of fruits, vegetables, sugar, biomass, and coal; physicochemical aspects of sludge drying; and life-cycle assessment of drying systems. Addressing commonly encountered dryers as well as innovative dryers with future potential, the fully revised text not only delivers a comprehensive treatment of the current state of the art, but also serves as a consultative reference for streamlining industrial drying operations to increase energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

The use of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (D.I.C.) in food processing operations is relatively new when compared with other conventional or innovative technologies. In addition to existing applications such as drying, texturing and decontamination, D.I.C. technology has been shown to be highly appropriate for an ever-growing number of uses and with a wide range of raw materials. Some examples are post-harvesting and drying of fruits and vegetables; cereal steaming; extraction of essential oils and active molecules, where D.I.C. may be combined with supercritical fluids, ultrasound or microwaves; and the hydrolysis of cellulose and the transesterification of lipids. This book presents a complete picture of current knowledge on the use of D.I.C. in food processing, preservation and extraction. It provides a comprehensive compilation, summarizing the fundamentals of D.I.C. technology, current developments, new research findings, safety precautions and environmental impacts. It will also contribute to widening the scope of D.I.C. technology through the inclusion of some much-needed examples of industrial applications. Each chapter of the book is complementary to the other chapters. They all are based on presentations of reputed international researchers and address the latest progress in the field.Professor Karim ALLAF heads a research team working on the intensification of eco-processes at La Rochelle University. He is a physicist and an expert in the thermodynamics of “instantaneity”.Dr. Tamara ALLAF is the R&D manager of ABCAR-DIC Process Company. A chemical engineer, she obtained her Ph.D. in innovative extraction processes.

In this book, suitable examples of how to increase the shelf life of food materials while preserving their desirable original features are provided.

This comprehensive summary of the state of the art and the ideas behind the reaction engineering approach (REA) to drying processes is an ideal resource for researchers, academics and industry practitioners. Starting with the formulation, modelling and applications of the lumped-REA, it goes on to detail the use of the REA to describe local evaporation and condensation, and its coupling with equations of conservation of heat and mass transfer, called the spatial-REA, to model non-equilibrium multiphase drying. Finally, it summarises other established drying models, discussing their features, limitations and comparisons with the REA. Application examples featured throughout help fine-tune the models and implement them for process design and the evaluation of existing drying processes and product quality during drying. Further uses of the principles of REA are demonstrated, including computational fluid dynamics-based modelling, and further expanded to model other simultaneous heat and mass transfer processes.

Completely up-to-date and organized for easy use this one-of-a-kind reference integrates basic concepts with hand-on techniques for food dehydration from an engineering point of view. It discusses a wide range of scientific and technical information, from the physical chemical and microbiological changes in food dehydration to its packaging aspects. The first section of the book provides a thorough review of topics such as water-air mixtures, characteristics of dehydrated food, glass transition temperature, enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions, destruction of nutrients and aromas, and descriptions of drying processes based on different theoretical approaches. The second half of the text focuses on the specific methods used in the dehydration process, including the mass and energy balances, with illustrations on each of the drying alternatives. The drying operations described are: cabinet, spray, drum drying, freeze dehydration, vacuum, sun, microwave, fluidized bed, osmotic dehydration, and extrusion cooking. The book concludes with a section designed to help the reader determine the appropriate method of packaging materials for dehydrated foods. Bringing together essential information on fundamental and applied engineering aspects of food dehydration, this book will prove to be an invaluable resource to all food technologists, chemical engineers working in the food industry and professionals in the drying business. Senior and graduate students in food processing and food science careers will also value this reference guide as an essential part of their studies.

Food and dairy powders are created by dehydrating perishable produce, such as milk, eggs, fruit and meat, in order to extend their shelf life and stabilise them for storage or transport. These powders are in high demand for use as ingredients and as food products in their own right, and are of great economic importance to the food and dairy industry worldwide. Today, the ability to control food and dairy powder quality is a source of key competitive advantage. By varying the dehydration process design, and by controlling the technological and thermodynamic parameters during dehydration, it is possible for manufacturers to engineer the biochemical, microbiological and physical characteristics of the food powder to meet their specific product requirements. This book provides an overview of the existing, adapted or new techniques used to analyse safety and quality in modern food and dairy powders. Based on original research by the authors, the book uses 25 commercial dairy and non-dairy powders to illustrate a range of biochemical and physical methods used to evaluate and characterise powdered food products. Written from a practical perspective, each chapter focuses on a particular analytical technique, outlining the purpose, definition and principle of that method. The authors guide the reader through all of the instruments needed, the safety measures required, and the correct procedures to follow to ensure successful analysis. Instructions on accurate measurement and expression of results are included, and each chapter is richly illustrated with original data and worked examples. Analytical Methods for Food and Dairy Powders is a unique step-by-step handbook, which will be required reading for anyone involved in the development and manufacture of powdered food products. Food and dairy scientists based in industry will find it essential for new product development and improved quality control, while researchers in the laboratory will especially value the new techniques it comprises.

This book describes and discusses some results obtained through the study of the microencapsulation of açai juice by spray drying using different carrier agents. Initially, the influence of process conditions on the moisture content, process yield and anthocyanin retention was evaluated using a central composite design. From the conditions selected in this first section (inlet air temperature of 140ºC, feed flow rate of 15 g/min and 6% of carrier agent), particles were produced using four types of carrier agents: maltodextrin 10DE, maltodextrin 20DE, gum Arabic and tapioca starch. These particles were then characterized with respect to water activity, bulk and absolute density, porosity, particle size distribution and morphology.

Freeze-drying is an important preservation technique for heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and foods. Products are first frozen, then dried in a vacuum at low temperature by sublimation and desorption, rather than by the application of heat. The resulting items can be stored at room temperature for long periods. This informative text addresses both principles and practice in this area.The first chapter introduces freeze-drying. The authors then review the fundamentals of the technique, heat-mass transfer analyses, modelling of the drying process and the equipment employed. Further chapters focus on freeze-drying of food, freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals and the protective agents and additives applied. The final chapter covers the important subjects of disinfection, sterilization and process validation.Freeze-drying of pharmaceutical and food products is an essential reference for food, pharmaceutical and refrigeration engineers and scientists with an interest in preservation techniques. It will also be of use to students in these fields. - Addresses the principles and practices used in this important preservation technique - Explains the fundamentals of heat-mass transfer analysis, modelling and the equipment used - Discusses the importance of disinfection, sterilization and process validation

Presents Drying Breakthroughs for an Array of MaterialsDespite being one of the oldest, most energy-intensive unit operations, industrial drying is perhaps the least scrutinized technique at the microscopic level. Yet in the wake of today's global energy crisis, drying research and development is on the rise. Following in the footsteps of the widel

Comprehensive Assessment of This Globally Relevant Practice As a centuries-old food preservation method, dehydration technology has advanced significantly in the past decades as a result of new methods, sophisticated analytical techniques, and improved mathematical modeling. Providing practical and expert insight from an international panel of expe

Drying is by far the most useful large scale operation method of keeping solid foods safe for long periods of time, and is of fundamental importance in most sectors of food processing. Drying operations need to be precisely controlled and optimized in order to produce a good quality product that has the highest level of nutrient retention and flavor whilst maintaining microbial safety. This volume provides an up to date account of all the major drying technologies employed in the food industry and their underlying scientific principles and effects. Various equipment designs are classified and described. The impact of drying on food properties is covered, and the micro-structural changes caused by the process are examined, highlighting their usefulness in process analysis and food design. Key methods for assessing food properties of dried products are described, and pre-concentration and drying control strategies are reviewed. Thermal hazards and fire/explosion detection and prevention for dryers are discussed in a dedicated chapter. Where appropriate, sample calculations are included for engineers and technologists to follow. The book is directed at food scientists and technologists in industry and research, food engineers and drying equipment manufacturers.

Recently, the electrotechnologies based on the effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF), such as ohmic heating (OH) and DC electric field, have gained real interest in the field of food processing. These techniques efficiently enhance methods of extraction from food plants and dehydration of biosolids. The PEF and pulsed OH techniques preserve the nutritional, functional, structural and sensory properties of products better than conventional extraction technologies. The electrofiltration and electro-osmotic dewatering can be very effective for the separation of bioproducts and dehydration of food wastes. The first source book in the field, this book gives an overview the fundamental principles of electrical techniques, electrophysical properties of foods and agricultural products, application of various emerging electrotechnologies for enhancing the solid-liquid separation and drying processes, extraction techniques of pigments, processing methods of different in-plant tissues and biosolids, electro-osmotic dewatering and electrofiltration of biomaterials, recent industrial- scale gains, and other aspects. Each chapter is complementary to other chapters and addresses the latest efforts in the field.

Still the Most Complete, Up-To-Date, and Reliable Reference in the FieldDrying is a highly energy-intensive operation and is encountered in nearly all industrial sectors. With rising energy costs and consumer demands for higher quality dried products, it is increasingly important to be aware of the latest developments in industrial drying technolog

Food Powders is the first book that addresses key aspects of food powder technology. It is a comprehensive review on the characterization of ingredients, semi-processed and finished products when they are in a powdered form. It includes the description of different industrial unit operations such as drying, grinding, mixing, agglomeration, and encapsulation that supply food powders of different composition and microstructure. It also includes several analytical tools to characterize food powders by their particle size, size distribution, physical properties, and functionality. Written from an engineering perspective, the book is designed and developed as a useful reference for individuals in both the food industry and academia interested in an organized and updated review. It is a valuable addition to the food powder technology literature and promotes additional interest in advancing food powders research, development, education and implementation.

'Presents the most recent breakthroughs in thermal dehydration, drying, and dewatering. Emphasizes emerging equipment, innovative techniques, and cost-effective strategies for a variety of industrial and agricultural applications. Offers classification and selection criteria for new and advanced drying systems.'

Practical dehydration has long been recognised as a standard text for the industry. In the second edition the author provides a reassessed perspective on this international industry. In addition to the original chapters on packaging, storing and quality control, this latest edition includes modern analysis of expanding sectors and new technologies. This book provides an invaluable guide to the practicalities and logistics of a changing industry.