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Under the background of the country’s vigorous development of “double carbon” and the development of clean energy, hydropower projects have been significantly supported and promoted. The investment and construction of hydropower projects are inseparable from accurate value assessment. In order to improve the shortcomings of non-random uncertainty in the traditional investment decision-making method, this paper improved the B-S option pricing model based on the payment dividend and trapezoidal fuzzy number, and combined the free cash flow discount model and the real option model to construct a hydropower station project value evaluation and expansion model. The empirical analysis of small and medium-sized hydropower stations was selected as a case study, and the evaluation results were compared with the evaluation results obtained by the pure application of the net present value method and the real option pricing model to verify the feasibility of the model. The results show that the fuzzy real option method has good applicability for hydropower station projects, the payment of dividends will reduce the option value, and the volatility and option value calculated by the model are more objective and reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water body in the Yellow River basin is complex. Rapid and accurate water extraction in the basin is of great significance to the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. However, the existing water body indexes can not meet the requirements of removing the inherent mountain shadow of remote sensing images and accurately extracting complex water bodies. Based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and Sentinel-2 remote sensing images, this paper proposed a Yellow River Basin Water Index (YRBWI), and the effect of water extraction results were compared with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Shadow Water Index (SWI). The results show that YRBWI achieves an excellent water extraction effect in the Yellow River Basin, specifically: YRBWI can solve the confusion of mountain shadows and accurately extract water bodies with high sediment content; compared with NDWI, MNDWI, and SWI, YRBWI has the largest OA and Kappa values, indicating that YRBWI has the highest water extraction accuracy; the water body extraction accuracy of YRBWI is insensitive to the change of threshold value and has high robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the current characteristics of the temporal and spatial changes of water quality in the Taoge Basin, the paper analyzed the future change trend of the water environment in the basin. Taking the main inflow and outflow rivers in the Taoge Basin as the research object, according to the monitoring data of main pollutants of the Taoge Basin from 2020 to 2021 and using the methods such as comprehensive water pollution index and dynamic analysis, it comprehensively evaluated the water quality of the basin. A differential moving average autoregressive model（ARIMA） was selected to perform multi-step forecasting of the main pollution factors of water quality. The results show that the water quality of the Taoge Basin has been generally improved, and the comprehensive pollution index of the Taoge Basin in October 2021 has been decreased by 9.88% compared with that in July 2020. The concentration of total phosphorus, permanganate index and total nitrogen in the water environment of the Taoge River Basin shows a downward trend from 2020 to 2021, with a decrease of 14.57%, 9.36% and 14.78% respectively. But phosphorus is still the main factor restricting the water quality of rivers. The water system is divided based on the connection of rivers and lakes. The comprehensive pollution index of Changdang Lake-Gehu Lake and Beijing-Hangzhou Canal-Xinmeng River water system has been decreased by 7.26% and 9.99% respectively, the comprehensive pollution index of Gehu Lake-West Taihu Lake water system has been increased by13.14%. The ARIMA model can better predict the change trend of river pollutants in a long period of time in the future, which can provide technical support for the water environment management of Taoge River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Happy River is the new guidance and requirement of river management in the new period of China. In order to provide reference for the measurement and evaluation system of happy river, this paper analyzed the connotation of happy river, summarized the existing methods of river evaluation, and conducted the bibliometric analysis of the research literature. The results show that, the current research in this field is basically based on the concept of river health and human-water harmony. Most of the research is still from the perspective of rivers, and there is a lack of discussion on the mechanism of happiness. The future research direction of happy river evaluation method is put forward: to explore the connotation of happy river and its influencing factors; to study the selection of evaluation index and the construction of evaluation system; and to carry out practical application based on the established evaluation system in the specific watershed, therefore to verify its reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the effectiveness of interprovincial ecological protection and control in the Yellow River Basin, this paper used evolutionary game model to study the dynamic evolution process of government collaborative management in the upper and lower reaches of the river basin, and analyzed the factors affecting the main body’s strategy selection. The applicability of the model in the Yellow River Basin (Henan-Shandong Section) was evaluated by empirical analysis based on cost-sharing model combined with the “Ecological Compensation Agreement” (hereinafter referred to as “Compensation Agreement”) signed by Henan and Shandong provinces. The results show that a) the stability of the evolutionary game model has nothing to do with the benefits of ecological protection and the ratio of rewards and punishments in the downstream region. The core of upstream and downstream governments’ participation in ecological protection and control lies in whether the maximum reward amount of the government is enough to cover the governance cost. b) When the government’s incentive and constraint amount is more than twice the upstream ecological protection cost, it is more conducive to achieve the overall optimal decision. c) Taking Henan and Shandong provinces as examples, the ecological protection cost and compensation amount of the river basin are calculated. According to the Compensation Agreement, the current compensation amount is relatively small for the importance of the ecological protection of the two provinces and the Yellow River. Based on this, suggestions are put forward to increase the award and punishment, explore diversified compensation methods and promote the sustainable development of ecological compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the rational allocation of water resources in Shaanxi Province and the Yellow River Basin and ensure regional water security, based on virtual water theory and inter-regional input-output table of China, this paper calculated the water consumption coefficients of three major industries virtual water volume in Shaanxi Province, and the virtual water trade volume between this province and other provinces in China in 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2017 with the help of input-output model, and explored the main factors affecting the change of virtual water volume in Shaanxi Province by using gray correlation model. Further, the inter-industry allocation characteristics of virtual water in Shaanxi Province were analyzed and the virtual water trade network between Shaanxi Province and other provinces were established. The results show that a) the coefficient of direct water consumption and complete water consumption coefficient of the primary industry in Shaanxi Province are higher than that of the secondary and tertiary industries, but all show a decreasing trend over this time, indicating that the province’s water use efficiency are constantly improving. b) The primary and secondary industries account for the majority of the virtual water supply in Shaanxi Province, and the level of agricultural technology, population size, urbanization rate, food production, industry and construction development level are the main factors affecting the virtual water supply of the primary and secondary industries in the province. c) More than 70% of the virtual water in Shaanxi Province are consumed by itself and transported to other provinces mainly are Guangdong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Henan provinces. It mainly exports to the primary industry. More than 90% of the virtual water input derives from the secondary and tertiary industries of Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shanghai, Anhui, Zhejiang and Hunan provinces. d) Shaanxi Province has maintained net input state for a long time in the inter-provincial trade; compared with the actual water resources trade net virtual water trade between Shaanxi Province and Sichuan, Liaoning, Jilin and other provinces is unreasonable. Shaanxi Province should promote the spatial and temporal matching of virtual water and physical water by adjusting the industrial structure and optimizing the inter-provincial trade network, which is of great significance for the rational use of water resources at the Yellow River Basin scale and even at the national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study and discuss the influence of groundwater on each channel section of the Jiaodong Water Diversion Project, this paper used the Analytic Hierarchy Process coupled with Criteria Importance though Intercrieria Correlation (CRITIC) to calculate the weight, based on the variable fuzzy theory, combined with the water quality sampling data and engineering data along the Jiaodong Water Diversion Project, and comprehensively considering the actual conditions, chose the two subsystems of effects of engineering corrosion and effects of engineering form, including seven index values, to construct the impact evaluation system of groundwater on the Jiaodong Water Diversion Project, and analyzed the open and closed channels including nine channel sections. The results show that the average comprehensive score of each channel section is 1.748, in which the comprehensive score of the open canal section is higher (the highest is 2.308 in the section of Pingdu) and the score of culvert section is lower (the lowest is 1.411 in the section of Laishan), indicating that the groundwater has a greater impact on the open channel and a lesser impact on the closed channels. In general, groundwater has weak influence on each channel section of Jiaodong Water Diversion Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning of guide lines of river regulation is an important evidence for river conservation and regulation as well as water front function maintenance and management. Studying the flood control guide lines of river regulation is of great significance to protect river ecosystem and settle water rights scientifically and rationally. In this paper, thelayout principles of guide lines of river regulation in Qingzhang River were examined and proved. Several guide lines of river regulation width control parameters such as flow per unit width, flow velocity and water level rising value were proposed. Taking the Qingzhang River as an example for further research, the layout principle of the flood control guide lines of river regulation was refined, and the specific control parameters of the flood control guide lines of river regulation were put forward based on the analysis and calculation of the hydrological data of the Qingzhang River, and the application analysis of the results was carried out. The results show that the proposed layout principles and control parameters of flood control guide lines of river regulation are suitable for Qingzhang River, and the flood control guide lines laid out of river regulation in this way are reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to accurately monitor the scope of land inundated by rainstorm and flood disasters in a short time and evaluate the disaster situation. In this paper, the flood range of “July 20” rainstorm flood disaster in northern Henan was extracted by SAR image. Combined with the land use classification data before flood, the disaster situation of the land inundated by the rainstorm and flood disaster in northern Henan was evaluated by using the system collaborative superposition analysis method. The total area of water body before flood in northern Henan is 9.16 km² and the area of water body after flood is 268.91 km², increasing 259.75 km². Among them, Junxian County, Weihui City and Qixian County are closer to the Taihang Mountains and located at the intersection of Weihe River, Qihe River and Communist Canal. The low-lying area is the main flood detention area. Therefore, the flood inundation range in this area is the largest and the three counties (city) are most seriously affected. The areas inundated by rainstorm and flood are mainly rural areas. The land use types are cultivated land and construction land, accounting for 81.57% and 17.23% of the total affected area respectively. Extracting the flood water body range from SAR image can quickly and effectively monitor the flood inundated area. Combined with land use classification data, it can accurately evaluate the rainstorm and flood disaster, and provide scientific data support and reference for reducing post disaster risk, preventing adverse effects and post disaster reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable supplier selection is very important for the sustainable development of water environment treatment PPP project. On the basis of considering the sustainability of suppliers, this paper built a sustainable supplier selection index system from five aspects of financial status, technical strength, management ability, reputation and technical solutions. On this basis, the sustainable supplier decision-making model of water environment treatment PPP project based on probability hesitation fuzzy and Multiplicative and Multi-Objective Ratio Analysisl（MULTIMOORA） method was established. In order to overcome the difference of experts′ cognition, Shapley value method was introduced to modify the index weight determined by AHP. In order to preserve the integrity of decision information to the greatest extent and reduce the complexity of decision model, probability hesitation fuzzy Maclaurin symmetric mean operator（PHFMSM operator） was introduced to integrate decision information. Taking the sustainable supplier selection of a water environment treatment PPP project as an example, the validation of the model showed that it was reasonable to consider the supplier′s own sustainability in the decision-making process, which could improve the reliability of the decision results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Border irrigation is the most widely used irrigation method in north China. Optimizing border irrigation technical parameters is an important measure to improve the irrigation and fertilization performance and reduce agricultural non-point source pollution. The multiple technical parameters of border irrigation and the spatial variability of soil infiltration and solute transport parameters make it difficult to study the fertilization performance of border irrigation. This paper collated the commonly used evaluation indexes of irrigation and fertilization performance, summarized the research progress of border irrigation technology factors such as soil texture, fertilization mode, fertilization opportunity and water improvement percentage on the impact of irrigation and fertilization performance, and the appropriate threshold of related parameters, described the application of surface solute transport model suitable for border irrigation and fertilization in different scenes, and summarized the combination of border irrigation technology parameters with high irrigation and fertilization performance. Based on the previous research, the potential research directions in the future were prospected in order to provide valuable reference for further improving crop yield and reducing the impact of fertilizer use on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dredged soil is a kind of material with complex properties and uneven distribution. In order to study the compression characteristics of dredged soil containing organic matter and the corresponding improvement scheme, this paper investigated the engineering indicators of natural dredged soil with 0%-11% organic matter content by experiments. The micro-structure and mineral composition of dredged soil were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy（XRF）. The compression characteristics of improved soil by adding lime, fly ash and volcanic ash were analyzed by one-dimensional consolidation test, and the influence of OMC to the improvement effect was discussed. The study results show that with the increase of OMC, the water content limit of natural dredged soil increases, combined with the density decreasing and the alkalinity decreasing from medium alkalinity to slightly alkalinity. The compression index of natural dredged soil ranges from 0.10 to 0.32. With the increase of organic matter content, the compressibility and expansibility become higher. Both lime and fly ash can effectively improve the anti-compression ability of dredged soil while fly ash has obvious improvement effect on dredged soil with various organic matter contents. When the content of fly ash exceeds 15%, compressibility can be greatly reduced. The volume compression coefficient and compression index increase after the addition of volcanic ash, indicating adverse effects of anti-compression ability. The study can provide reference for the utilization of dredged soil in water transportation projects for building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban water demand prediction is an important basis for urban water resources planning, management and decision-making. In order to improve the accuracy of water demand prediction, a nonlinear prediction model based on least squares support vector machine（LSSVM） was proposed. Aiming at the issue that the optimization process of Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm（GWO） was easy to fall into local optimization, general opposition-based learning and nonlinear control parameters were used to improve the global optimization performance. The improved GWO algorithm was more suitable for the fitting of nonlinear model parameters. Therefore, IGWO was introduced into LSSVM water demand prediction model to fit the super parameters of the model. The model was tested by using the urban water supply data of Shanghai in recent years. The simulation results show that the average relative error of the urban water demand prediction model proposed in this paper is 0.78%, and the maximum relative error is 1.37%. It has good generalization ability and can be used as an effective method of water demand prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the beach land function change and its driving factors in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is one of the important ways to promote the optimization and sustainable development of land function in the study area. Based on the land use remote sensing data from 1980 to 2020, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of various types of land functional land in the study area, and used geographical detectors to study the influence intensity and interaction mechanism of various factors on the land function change of the river beach and water area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The results show that a) the economic and water-sediment functional land covers the largest area and has the widest distribution range. The former is distributed along the river channel, and the area shows a trend of “sharp decrease-slow increase-stable”; the latter is along the river channel. b) Soil type and population spatial distribution are important driving factors affecting land function change in the study area. The spatial-temporal differentiation exhibits two-factor enhancement and nonlinear enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ice flood of the Yellow River is characterized by short prediction period, difficult information acquisition, difficult prevention and control, and wide disaster range. Therefore, it is need to carry out research on the problems related to the ice flood of the Yellow River. Based on the basic theories and research methods of hydrology, thermodynamics, river bed evolution, statistics, water kinematics, blasting and so on, this paper summarized the basic laws of ice evolution, integrated ice monitoring technology, ice forecasting technology, reservoir ice control and regulation technology, and ice breaking technology, etc. The relevant achievements have basically solved many difficult problems that seriously affect the ice disaster prevention and mitigation in the Yellow River, such as the difficulty in obtaining the ice situation information, the lack in grasping the ice situation information, the low accuracy of the ice situation prediction, the rapid formation of the ice jam and ice dam, the low efficiency in breaking the ice jam, and the poor experience of the ice control dispatching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The previous studies on flood evolution in floodplains followed the analysis method of channel flood evolution, which failed to fully reflect the characteristics of floodplain evolution in floodplains. Taking the Changyuan beach in the lower reaches of the Yellow River as an example, this paper proposed a two-line flood evolution diagram of flood flow and direction changing with time in the floodplain. According to the characteristics of flood water volume, the flood evolution characteristics of the floodplain were divided into four types: complete flood discharge, stable flood storage, increasing flood storage, and peak storage and stagnation. According to the flood direction characteristics, the flood evolution characteristics of the floodplain were divided into four types: monostable independent type, single-variable independent type, double-variable independent type, and double-variable cross type. It could more intuitively reflect the distribution characteristics of flood inflow and outflow water volume and direction at different locations in the floodplain. By analyzing the three characteristic values of concentration, consistency and turning angle, the process of flood in the floodplain from dispersion to concentration and then to dispersal under different inundation time and topographical conditions in Changyuan floodplain was analyzed, in order to lay a foundation for the determination of flood inundation information in the floodplain in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to comprehensively evaluate the ecological sustainable development capacity of water-energy-food system in the Yellow River Basin, based on the energy theory and method, and combining with the entropy method, this paper built an evaluation index system for the ecological sustainable development capacity of the water-energy-food system in the Yellow River Basin, and comprehensively evaluated the ecological sustainable development capacity of this system from 2008 to 2018. The results show that a) from the overall perspective of the Yellow River Basin, the nexus system belongs to the resource-consuming economic development mode from 2008 to 2018. The rapid economic development has exerted great pressure on the local ecological environment, and the system has been in a state of high environmental load for a long time, resulting in the continuous weakening of the ecological sustainability of the system. b) From the perspective of provinces in the Yellow River Basin, the ecological environment pressure of the lower reaches of the river basin is increasing day by day and the ecological sustainable development capacity is poor. Therefore, the exploitation of renewable resources should be strengthened and the dependence on non-renewable resources should be reduced. The upstream provinces have relatively less environmental pressure and better ecological sustainability. It should strengthen infrastructure construction and promote economic development. c) The overall structural equilibrium of water-energy-food in the Yellow River Basin provinces and regions shows significant variability in time and space, and the ecological sustainability of the system is weakening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although self-accelerating turbidity current has been demonstrated in theory, it is only occasionally observed at the estuary of some large rivers due to the difficulty in obtaining field currents data. This paper set up a water and sediment density current experimental flume, where the decelerating currents and self-accelerating currents had been achieved under different conditions. Based on this experimental results, adjoined water and sediment characteristics have revealed at current head evolution, thereafter, the experimental results verify the theoretical critical conditions for the occurrence of self-accelerating turbidity current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous sharp bends exist widely in natural rivers. Studying the law of water and sediment movement has important guiding significance for the regulation and disaster prevention of sharp bends. Based on the movable bed physical model test of unsteady flow bed, this paper discussed the cumulative effect of continuous sharp bends on sediment transport capacity of the lower Yellow River reach. The results show that the continuous sharp bends cause additional energy loss, which leads to the overall deposition of the river channel under specific water and sediment conditions. The sediment transport capacity of the continuous sharp bend sections declines along the river and presents a characteristic of the greater the discharge, the greater the reduction of sediment transport capacity. The horizontal geometric characteristics of sharp bends can be expressed by the product of the ratio of center angle and curvature radius to river width. In the flood stage, the cumulative effect of continuous bends on sediment transport capacity is that the horizontal geometric characteristics of sharp bends are negatively correlated with sediment transport capacity. In the recession stage, when the floodplain discharge is close to the bankfull discharge, the sediment transport capacity slightly recovers in local bends, and after the flow returns to the channel, the horizontal geometric characteristics of the bends and the sediment transport capacity return to a negative correlation again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of high-standard warping dam is one of the main measures to achieve the national strategic goals of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, which will play a greater role in promoting the high-quality development of water and soil conservation and regional economic and social development. Based on the goals and requirements of high-quality warping dam construction, this paper analyzed the historical process of warping dam construction and technical standard development in the Yellow River Basin, discussed the definition and connotation of high-standard warping dam, put forward scientific issues and key technologies that need to be studied, and looked forward to the development prospect of high-standard warping dam. The warping dam in the Yellow River Basin has gone through a development process of more than 450 years in six stages, and the high-standard warping dam marks that the construction of warping dam has entered into a new period from “quantity”development changed to “quality”promotisn. The technical standards of warping dams have undergone a development process from the formation in the mid-80s of the 20th century to continuous improvement and revision along with the level of science and technology and practical experience in different periods. Compared with ordinary warping dams, high-standard warping dams have special essential characteristics, value and richer connotation and extension. The status and driving mechanism of high-standard warping dams in the comprehensive benefit chain and the technical standards of high-standard warping dam construction are topics that need to be studied in the future. The construction of high-standard warping dams will surely promote the high-quality development of soil and water conservation, and play a greater role in the coordinated development of multiple elements such as regional ecological governance, derivative economy, social culture, and landscape pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alleviating the contradiction between economic development and energy conservation and emission reduction is an urgent issue to be solved in resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin. In order to discuss the influencing factors of carbon emissions of resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin and make the peak prediction of carbon emission, this paper selected the data of resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020, used the extended STIRPAT model to analyze the influencing factors of carbon emissions and built a carbon emission prediction model based on BP neural network to analyze the carbon emission trends under different scenarios. The results show that: from 2000 to 2020, the carbon emissions of resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin show a fluctuating upward trend; population size, per capita GDP, urbanization rate and energy consumption per unit of GDP can promote the increase in carbon emissions, while industrial structure has a inhibitory impact on carbon emissions; the carbon emissions of resources-based cities have bigger differences under different scenarios. Based on this, it is proposed that the resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin should promote the speed of urban transformation, accelerate the optimization of industrial structure, vigorously develop clean energy, optimize the energy consumption structure, encourage energy conservation technology innovation and improve energy utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Affected by the rare autumn rain in West China, severe autumn floods occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in 2021. In the face of the flood situation, in accordance with the principle of “system, overall planning, science and safety”, with the concept of comprehensively balancing flood storage and release space and reasonable sharing of flood risk as the dispatching concept, through the fine dispatching water project, Huayuankou twice more than 10000 m³/s flood had been reduced to about 4800 m³/s, successfully fighting the autumn flood. During the autumn flood season, there were no major dangers, major disasters or casualties, ensuring the safe flow of flood waters into the sea, preventing the displacement of 1.4 million people and the inundation of 266 thousand hectares of farmland in the downstream flood-plain, and ensuring the safety of people’s lives and property in the downstream flood-plain. This paper briefly introduced the situation of autumn flood control in 2021, summarized the concept of this flood control, and put forward the understanding of doing a good job in autumn flood control and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of machine learning models have great differences in the prediction of groundwater arsenic. The existing machine learning models cannot simulate the spatial variation characteristics of groundwater arsenic pollution well. Based on 1081 measurements of arsenic concentration in shallow groundwater in northern Henan region of the Lower Yellow River, combined with human activities, climate, sedimentary environment, soil physical and chemical characteristics, hydrogeology and other environmental factors, this paper constructed a stacking integrated model with RF, XGBoost, SVM as the base learners and LDA as the meta learner to predict the spatial distribution of high arsenic groundwater in the study area, and identified the key environmental variables. The results show that arsenic concentration in groundwater in the study area ranges from 0.01 to 190 μg/L, and the excess rate is 16.74%. Comparing with RF, XGBoost and SVM, the Stacking integrated model has the maximum AUC, Accuracy, Specificity and Recall. The groundwater with high arsenic content is mainly distributed in the Taihang piedmont depression and the Yellow River rupture fan area, accounting for 33.81% of the total area. The Yellow River breach, the annual average temperature, annual precipitation, elevation and hydraulic gradient are the important environmental variables affecting the groundwater with high arsenic content in the study area. The comprehensive analysis shows that the sedimentary environment is significantly correlated with the arsenic enrichment in the groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, it is difficult to evaluate the feasibility of the current reservoir dam emergency plan and lack of technical guidance in the evaluation process. From the four dimensions of organization system, operation mechanism, emergency support and emergency training, this paper established the secondary feasibility evaluation index system of reservoir and dam emergency plan. It used analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method to calculate the principal and objective solid weight of each index and introduced genetic algorithm and variable weight theory to make coupling correction. Combined with cloud model theory, a comprehensive evaluation model for the feasibility of reservoir dam emergency plan was established. The results show that the comprehensive score of the feasibility of the reservoir emergency plan is 85.66, and the evaluation grade is excellent, which is consistent with the evaluation result of the plan. The validity and applicability of the improved method in the feasibility evaluation of reservoir dam emergency plan are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the large-scale integration of new energy into the grid, there is an urgent demand for peak-shaving resources in the power system, and it is urgent to comprehensively improve the utilization level of flexible power sources in the power system to maintain the safe and stable operation of the power grid and improve the efficient of clean energy consumption. As a regional power grid with the highest proportion of new energy grid-connected in China, the Northwest Power Grid is affected by the factors of few newly installed coal power plants in recent years, the pumped storage power plant has not been put into operation on large scale, and the scale of electrochemical energy storage is insufficient. In a word, the insufficient flexible resources restrict the efficient use of new energy. In this paper, by exploiting the role of cascade reservoirs that have been put into operation on Upper Yellow River, and further excavating the peak regulation potential of cascade hydropower stations, it can achieve the effectiveness that is similar to energy storage and effectively save the construction cost of peak regulation resources. By establishing a comparison model, three scenarios of cascade hydropower not participating in peak shaving, direct hydropower participating in peak shaving, and cascade hydropower participating in peak shaving were analyzed, and the positive contribution to the grid peak shaving resources under the mode of participating in peak shaving was verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social value assessment is an effective means to comprehensively reflect the value of PPP project in urban water environment treatment. In this paper, the social value assessment model based on social return on investment (SROI) was constructed for the connotation of social value and project characteristics, based on the logic model of change theory and the content of PPP project in urban water environment treatment, identifying key information such as stakeholders, project inputs and project outcomes. Based on the stakeholder theory, SROI was used to monetize the economic, environmental and social outcomes and the inputs of PPP project, and then comprehensively assessed the social value of the project. Case studies show that the social value assessment framework is feasible and the social value created by the project is much higher than that of the project inputs, with good outcome benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further optimize the urban water-saving evaluation system and provide effective reference for the establishment of regional water-saving evaluation system and the prediction of water-saving potential, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution trend of urban water use and water saving in six provinces (cities), including Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei and Henan province from 2006 to 2018, and adopted the maximum mutual information coefficient algorithm to evaluate the mutual correlations between each urban water use indicator, excavated the deep relationship between these indicators, and identified the key drivers of water saving development. The results show that total water consumption in the study area shows an increasing trend, and the water structure is changing from production and operation water to household water. The proportion of household water consumption is increasing, while the proportion of production and operation water consumption is decreasing. The amount of water saving is mainly contributed by industrial water saving during the studied range, while the importance of domestic water saving is gradually enhanced. The correlation between regional population size, economic development level and water saving is stronger than the correlation between per capita water resources and water saving. Compared with technological progress, the improvement of the comprehensive efficiency of industrial water use brought about by the adjustment of the industrial structure has a more significant effect on promoting industrial water saving. The urban water supply system and wastewater treatment system are highly compatible with the economic scale, but the leakage loss rate of water supply network and the utilization level of reclaimed water are not compatible with the current development stage. There still has space for promotion in the leakage loss control of urban water supply networks and the replacement of unconventional water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the changing environment, the study puts forward the sediment disposal scheme that can maintain the stability of the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the floodplain to meet the requirements of the new situation, which plays an important guiding role in the control of the lower reaches of the Yellow River and even the watershed. Through the analysis of measured data and mathematical models, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution changes of sediment entering into the Yellow River. It is considered that after the completion of Sanmenxia Reservoir, the sediment discharge into the sea during the three reservoir operation stages is dominant, but after the completion of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, the sediment retaining in reservoir is dominant. Large reservoirs are important factors affecting the spatial distribution of sediment and the scouring and silting of the river channel. Under the scenario of 800 million to 300 million tons of incoming sediment of the Yellow River, the lower reaches of the Yellow River cannot achieve the stability of the river channel and the floodplain. Five sediment disposal schemes have been proposed. Through calculation, analysis and evaluation, the optimal scheme has been obtained, that is, Guxian and Taohuayu reservoirs plus floodplain ecological management scheme. The construction of Guxian Reservoir can basically realize that the riverbed of the lower reaches of the Yellow River will not be silted up for 50 years, and the floodplain ecological management can eliminate the secondary suspended river, in addition, the Taohuayu Reservoir can significantly improve the flood control standard for floodplain, so the comprehensive evaluation of the scheme is the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of various problems faced by China’s levee project management and on the basis of sorting out and analyzing the experience of standardization management in pilot areas, this paper expounded the connotation of levee engineering standardization management. The five-element structure model was composed of five dimensions: project status, safety management, operation management and protection, management guarantee and information construction, and the key factors of dike management were analyzed. Based on the analytic hierarchy process, taking engineering safety as the bottom line and improving capacity as the goal, the standardized management evaluation system of levee engineering was preliminarily built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, great social and economic benefits have been brought into play in ensuring the flood control and silt reduction, the safety of living, production, irrigation and ecological water use. Based on the measured data, this paper analyzed the outflow conditions of high water level density flow and the influence factors of sediment discharge of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. The results show that during the high water level operation (above 235 m) of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, two conditions shall be met for the density flow to reach the front of the dam. a) The inflow flood process shall not be less than 3 days and the fine sediment content shall be higher than 40%. b) Inflow discharge Qi shall not be less than 4000 m³/s. And meet the sediment concentration shall not be less than 13.0 kg/m³. Alternatively, if inflow discharge Qi is between 1700 m³/s and 4000 m³/s, and meet the sediment concentration Si shall not be less than 86 minus 0.018Qi. Sediment discharge ratio of reservoir η is inversely proportional to the ratio of the water storage body and the outflow discharge and the ratio of the inflow and outflow discharge. The larger the maximum continuous 3-day inflow sediment transport rate, the stronger the flow power and the better the sediment discharge effect. The research results can provide a certain technical support for the high water level density flow sediment discharge operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realization of the “Double Carbon Goal” needs to be supported by scientific and technological innovation, and at the same time, it will also promote the continuous progress of scientific and technological innovation. In order to explore the interaction between scientific and technological innovation and low-carbon economy in the Yellow River Basin and its influencing factors, this paper analyzed the obstacle factors in the coupling and coordination of scientific and technological innovation and low-carbon economy in the Yellow River Basin based on the coupling coordination degree model and the obstacle factor diagnostic model. The results show that the overall level of technological innovation and low-carbon economy in the Yellow River Basin has shown a steady upward trend, and there is a large gap in the level of technological innovation development between provinces. The level of coupling and coordination between the two systems is increasing year by year, and the degree of coupling and coordination between the downstream provinces and regions is better than that of the upper and middle regions. The order of the first-level obstacles for the coordination and coordination of technological innovation and low-carbon economy in the Yellow River Basin is: innovation output, green technology, innovation input, social foundation, and ecological environment. However, due to differences in location conditions and development status, the key obstacle factors in each province are different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of water right transfer in the Yellow River has been nearly 20 years. It is necessary to scientifically evaluate the implementation effect of water right transfer to provide technical support for the subsequent decision making of water right transfer. In this paper, on the basis of thorough analysis of water right transfer characteristics, two-layer and six-dimensional theoretical framework system of post-evaluation of the Yellow River water rights was built, including policy implementation effect evaluation and process evaluation as the first layer, and water-saving effect, social effect, economic effect and ecological effect, policy system, water saving project construction and operation maintenance 6 dimensions. The selection principles of indicators were clarified including in accordance with the Yellow River reality, correlation, measurability, qualitative and quantitative combination, absolute and relative combination. The evaluation indicators under each dimension were determined. A set of post-evaluation indicators system of water right transfer, consisting of 16 first-level indicators and 43 second-level indicators, reflecting the characteristics of the Yellow River was constructed. Application cases in Inner Mongolia region show that the index system is scientific and reasonable, and can guide the practice of similar area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address insufficient of high spatial resolution and multi-temporal remote sensing image fusion in crop classification, a spatial-temporal image fusion method was presented for crop identification of irrigation area. In this paper, taking Hetao irrigation area as an example, the phenology differences of different crops were analyzed, combining its performance in normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI） time-series data of Sentinel 2. Then three temporal images with large differences in crop phenology were selected to fuse with 2 m spatial resolution panchromatic images by using Gram-Schmidt image fusion method. The fused high spatial resolution NDVI images were stacked to generate spatial-temporal fusion images. Based on image segmentation of spatial-temporal fusion images, cropland types were extracted by using decision tree classification. The proposed method of crop planting structure extraction obtained high accuracy with an overall accuracy of 94.8% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.921. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing two-dimensional prediction method of reservoir bank collapse has the problems with the characteristics of large amount of calculation and low accuracy. Especially in the large undulating or large curvature area of the reservoir bank, the bank collapse factors are superimposed, and the prediction accuracy is poor. In order to effectively solve the above problems, the paper used CATIA 3 D modeling platform and selected the Two Section Method that reflected the weak wave action to slice the underwater bank slope, establish a 3 D graphic model of the reservoir bank collapse and predict the bank collapse line and collapse volume with high precision. According to the research results and compared with the two-dimensional method, the model can quickly and accurately calculate the bank collapse width and volume. Especially when the topography of the reservoir bank has larger undulations and multi-sided waterfronts, this method has more prominent advantages in the prediction of bank collapse and provided a new idea for the study of reservoir bank collapse prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most serious natural disasters in arid and semi-arid regions, drought has brought about a series of natural ecological and socio-economic problems. Comprehensively considering multi-element information to analyze the drought’s temporal and spatial characteristics is of important guiding significance. Therefore, this paper comprehensively considered the three climatic elements of precipitation, evaporation, and runoff. It used standardized precipitation index, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, and standardized runoff index to calculate meteorological and hydrological droughts, and used principal component analysis to build a comprehensive Wuding River Basin drought index. On this basis, the information diffusion method was used to classify the comprehensive drought grades of the basin, so as to evaluate the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of multi-scale drought events in the Wuding River Basin. The results show that on the interannual scale, the frequency of drought in the Wuding River Basin in 60 s is higher, followed by 1970 s-1980 s, and the smallest in 1990 s. In terms of time, on the intra-annual scale, the frequency of drought in April is the largest, and the drought in December is the smallest. Drought events are mostly concentrated in the period from June to August, and extreme drought is prone to occur from November to December; spatially, the inter-annual drought frequency of the basin varies significantly, and the spatial distribution of drought frequency in different months of the year is different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined with special investigation results of special inspection on safe operation and management of sluice in recent years, this paper expounds the safety status of sluices in China and the scrap issue faced after the loss of sluices function. It studied from the aspects of sluices scrapping condition, scrapping approval of sluices standards argument. At the same time, combined with the actual situation in our country, it analyzed the sluice scrap of organization and management, project inspection and acceptance of engineering and non-engineering measures and scrap disposal procedures, Finally, aiming at the present sluices scrapped work situation, it proposed corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large irrigation areas have various building forms, complex geological environment and difficult construction, so risk accidents are prone to occur during engineering construction. Taking Zhaokou Yellow River irrigation area phase Ⅱ project as an example, the paper introduced the theory and technology of grid management into the safety management of the construction. According to the ideas of grid management, the management objects were divided into grid units, and a grid service team was formed to establish a safety management information platform that was suitable for its management model with the help of information technology to form a horizontal and vertical, collaborative and orderly accurate grid safety management model. It analyzed the advantages of the grid safety management model and its operating mechanism, and proposed that the system management model of Zhaokou Yellow River irrigation area phase Ⅱ project through the grid safety management model can be used to improve the efficiency of risk treatment of the irrigation area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to encourage the in-depth implementation of China major national strategies on ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, this paper based on the theoretical significance of Economic Geography, the Thought on Ecological Civilization, Dual-Nuclei Structure and the practical needs included the service and integration into the new development pattern, the coordinated development of the north-south economy and the high-quality development in inter-provincial border areas, a strategic concept of Zhengzhou and Jinan Twin City Economic Circle was put forward. The feasibility of Zhengzhou and Jinan Twin City Economic Circle construction was analyzed empirically through the strength of economic connections between Zhengzhou and Jinan, and the spatial layout of “One District, Two Cores and Three Belts” was constructed. Policy recommendations to promote the construction and development of Zhengzhou and Jinan Twin City Economic Circle were put forward by accessing the five aspects of strengthening the development of adjacent areas between Henan and Shandong; ensuring the security and ecological co-governance of the Yellow River Basin; consolidating the construction of transportation infrastructure; strengthening scientific and technological innovations and industrial co-operations; and deepening the integrated development of culture and tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The installation of composite insulation material in canals will reduce the frost heave force of foundation soil and the displacement caused by uneven frost heave of canal slope plate. However, the research on the anti-freezing mechanism of composite insulation material in canals has not been proved. In this paper, the application of polymer material under the canal lining structure of Xinjiang Manas Power Station was taken as the actual engineering background. Considering the interaction between composite materials and the interaction between frozen soil and composite materials, the frost swelling model of concrete lining insulation structure in cold area was established according to the canal thermodynamic coupling mechanism, and three new composite insulation forms were proposed and analyzed by COMSOL Multiphysics5.2 a. The results show that compared with the conventional canal, the three thermal insulation methods have certain thermal insulation effect, and the third one has the most obvious frost resistance and thermal insulation effect. Under the action of this form, the maximum normal displacement of shady slope, sunny slope and base-plate is 9.63 cm, 4.74 cm and 1.87 cm respectively and compared with the prototype canal, the frost heaving force of form 1, form 2 and form 3 is reduced 65.8%, 76.2% and 89.5% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the serious impact of coal mining on karst water resources, this paper took a coal mine of Xishan in Taiyuan as an example and adopted the characteristic analysis method of sulfur, strontium and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to study the main sources of isotopes in karst groundwater, calculate the mine drainage and the mixing ratio of karst water in the fissure water in the mining area and quantitatively evaluate the impact on karst groundwater. The results show that in the coal mine in Xishan, the proportion of karst water（including surface water） in the mine drainage is 51%, and the proportion of karst water（including surface water） in the fissure water is 60%, and the amount of karst water affected by coal mining is calculated as 1.295 million m³/a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological compensation standard for water in inter-basin water transfer should not only truly reflect the value of water resources in inter-basin water transfer, but also consider the economic affordability of the public in the water-receiving area. Taking Beijing, the water-receiving area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project as an example, the paper studied its ecological compensation standard, selected water supply, water resources regulation and storage and net primary productivity as the evaluation indicators of ecosystem service value, energy analysis theory was used to calculate the energy/monetary value of each index, and the the incremental value of the service value of the ecosystem in Beijing from the water supply of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project was comprehensively obtained. Conditional value assessment method was used to investigate the population between 20 and 70 years old people in Beijing who had lived continuously for more than half a year to determine the public’s willingness to pay. The results show that the increment of ecosystem service value of Beijing is 3.898 billion Yuan, the public’s willingness to pay is 915 million Yuan, and the willingness to pay is much lower than the increment of ecosystem service value. Based on this, the water resources ecological compensation standard of Beijing South-to-North Water Transfer Project is proposed, the Beijing’s ecosystem service value increment is the upper limit of the ecological compensation standard, and the public’s willingness to pay is the lower limit of the ecological compensation standard. The diversified ecological compensation mechanism provides scientific basis and promotes the sustainable and healthy development of social economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the implementation of ecological protection and high-quality development strategy in the Yellow River Basin, taking the nine provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin as the research object and high-quality development as the starting point, from the perspective of promoting high-quality development, this paper used three-stage DEA model, Malmquist DEA model and absolute β convergence test model to calculate the green economic efficiency of the Yellow River Basin and analyzed the convergence based on the spatial panel data from 2009 to 2017. The results shows that the overall efficiency of green economy in the Yellow River Basin is low, and there are obvious differences in the efficiency of green economy in all provinces and regions; ignoring the influence of external environmental factors and random interference, it will overestimate the efficiency of green economy in the Yellow River Basin; the external environmental factors affecting the efficiency of green economy in the Yellow River Basin are diverse and complex, and the improvement of per capita GDP and urbanization rate is helpless for improving the efficiency of green economy, the proportion of general budget expenditure in GDP is conducive to improve the efficiency of green economy, and the proportion of fixed assets investment in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and mining industry will help to improve the efficiency of green economy; caused by the decline of technological progress change index, the overall green economic efficiency of the Yellow River Basin is declining; the green economic efficiency of the Yellow River Basin has the trend of convergence, which is reflected in the convergence of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the autumn flood season of 2021, rainstorms occurred frequently in the main and tributaries of the Yellow River, and three numbered floods followed, with rare flood history. This paper summarized the characteristics of this autumn flood from the aspects of rainfall, water, flood and reservoir operation and lists historical autumn floods for comparison. Around the three numbered floods of the Yellow River, through the changes of inflow and outflow and water level of Sanmenxia, Xiaolangdi, Luhun, Guxian and Hekoucun reservoirs in the regulating process, it was calculated that the peak clipping of the "five-reservoir joint regulation" in the three floods was 49.29%, 46.10% and 47.84% respectively. The flood detention effect was Xiaolangdi > Sanmenxia > Guxian > Luhun > Hekoucun. Through the analysis, it is concluded that the local river flat flow in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is less than 5,000 m³/s, which is the most critical factor restricting reservoir operation and downstream flood control safety. Suggestions are put forward to improve the flood capacity of the lower reaches of the river at the bayou section so as to open the operation space of cascade reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the change regulation of regional drought and flood, based on the standard precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) that can effectively evaluate the drought and flood degree quantitatively, the frequency of drought and flood was studied by using in-formation diffusion technology which was good at small sample data analysis, and the chaotic time series prediction model based on information diffusion adding-weight one-rank local-region method was proposed to analyze the trend of drought and flood time series. Taking Xi' an as a typical region and September as the research period, the method suggested in this paper was used for analysis, according to the temperature and precipitation data from 1951 to 2015. The results show that a) the probability of moderate drought or above is about 19.5%, while the probability of moderate wet or above is about 17.5%. b) During 1951-1962, the trend is drought. During 1963-1986, there is a trend of wet. From 1987 to 2002, there is a trend of drought. After 2003, the trend of wet appears again. c) The maximum Lyapunov exponent of drought and flood series is 0.149 2, which shows that the time series of drought and wet have chaotic characteristics. The new chaotic prediction model is used to predict the trend of drought and flood from 1985 to 2002, which is in good agreement with the actual situation and verifies the effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is worth noting that the impacts of Xiaolangdi Project construction and operation on the ecological service value of its upstream and downstream riparian zones. Therefore, this paper divided the upstream and downstream riparian zones affected by the Xiaolangdi Project into different sections, and utilized the equivalent factor method to assess the changes of different sections' riparian ecosystem service values during the project' s construction and operation period. The results show that it appears a decreasing trend in the land use area of the riparian farmland and grassland ecosystem during the project' s construction period; the project has caused a positive impact on the ecosystem service value during the early operation period, and the greatest impacts are found in Liaocheng-Binzhou section; during the later operation period, the positive impacts are weakened, while the negative impacts are enhanced when human activities along the superposition are added, among which the estuary area is suffered the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ice-cover in a river will obviously change the flow structure. This paper established the vertical 2-D numerical model with k-ε turbulence model for ice-covered flow, simulated the velocity distribution in a freeze-up river and analyzed the main factors influencing the velocity distribution patterns. The calculated result shows that the velocity distribution in a freeze-up river mainly related to bed roughness nb, ice roughness nb and flow conditions, under the same flow conditions, the ni/nb, is smaller and the Umax. is closer to the ice-cover. In the flow core the distribution of velocity deviates from the logarithmic law and the velocity gradient of Umax is almost zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bikou Reservoir is an important water conservancy project of flood control in Bailong River Basin, but limited by the conventional flood control operation mode, the regulation role of flood control storage capacity cannot be brought into full play. In view of this, based on the dynamic programming algorithm, this paper carried out the research on the optimal flood control operation of Bikou Reservoir and established the minimum model of reservoir discharge based on the goal of maximum peak shaving criterion. At the same time, in order to solve the issue of "small discretization for low precision and large discretization for long calculation time" in the solution of dynamic programming, a new solution method based on non-uniform discrete dynamic programming was proposed. The results of two typical design flood processes show that the optimal flood control operation can give full play to the regulation role of limited flood storage capacity, so that the peak clipping rate of 20-year flood can reach 50.4%, and that of 5,000-year flood can reach 38.9%, which not only has remarkable peak clipping effect, but also the discharge process of the reservoir is more gentle than that the conventional flood control operation mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Grain for Green Project (GGP), which was implemented in China since 1999, has achieved remarkable achievements, but some new issues have gradually emerged, and it is necessary to carry out scientific evaluation and systematic sorting. In order to provide scientific basis for the ecological construction and high-quality development of the Loess Plateau in the new period, this paper comprehensively evaluated and analyzed the achievements and problems of afforestation and grassland construction in Yan' an City after the implementation of GGP, and put forward specific countermeasures and suggestions based on the field investigation and remote sensing image interpretation of typical years from 1990 to 2020. The achievements obtained by the implementation of GGP in Yan' an City are as follows: ecological quality has been improved obviously, land use structure has been adjusted rapidly, agricultural industrial structure has been adjusted, fanners have been lifted out of poverty and become rich, forest and grassland area has been rapidly enlarged and vegetation recovered well. The problems in vegetation construction that Yan' an City currently faced are: vegetation restoration on a large scale has changed surface hydrological processes ( limited precipitation is expended through evapotranspiration, and is not conducive to subsequent stable growth of established vegetation and the ecological service function of continuous play), forest types are single during afforestation, artificial grassland construction scale has limitations, and large area of natural grassland needs to be reasonably explored. Suggestions for vegetation construction in Yan' an City in the future: to carry out comprehensive evaluation and planning of regional agriculture, to strengthen ecological effect monitoring and evaluation of GGP, to optimize forest stand and tree species step by step, to strengthen tending management and rational utilization of natural grassland, and to support and build animal husbandry sustainable development system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the issue that the existing water distribution plan in irrigation area can not meet the actual operation of canal system and the real-time water demand of crop growth and development, a real-time optimal water distribution model of canal system based on crop water demand process was established. Taking the ending time of lower level canal water distribution as the decision variable, and taking the objective function as the minimum sum of water shortage rate and the minimum water loss of canal system, the paper used the genetic algorithm to solve the model. The results show that: compared with the water distribution scheme prepared by the empirical method, the water distribution time of all levels of canal system is more reasonable, and the fluctuation of water distribution flow is small; the irrigation allocation is more in line with the actual water demand of crops, and the coupling degree with the real-time water demand of crops is higher, the water shortage rate of irrigation area is reduced by 13.6%, the water distribution time is reduced by 2.5 days, and the water transfer loss of canal system is reduced by 6.3%. The canal water distribution achieves the time-saving, efficient and water-saving goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]