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Foam-assisted web forming and chemical application technologies have great potential to improve manufacturing efficiency and product quality in the paper and nonwovens industries. In this study, the benefits of foam forming and foam-assisted application of chemicals were demonstrated in a pilot machine trial. Uniform high-bulk webs of unrefined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and viscose fibers were manufactured by foam forming. It was shown that foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk viscose fiber webs can be strengthened by foam-assisted application of latex onto the wet web. Correspondingly, foam-assisted application of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and anionic polyacrylamide (A-PAM) improved the strength of the foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk BSKP web. Overall, the pilot machine results indicated that material cost savings could be achieved and a high-performance product could be manufactured with foam-based technologies.

WOS:000967659000009 The utilization of plant extraction products from Oeneanthe pimpinelloides (Apiaceae family) seeds were investigated in terms of their use as an insecticide control of packaging materials. The aim was to investigate their insecticidal effects against the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. The Oeneanthe pimpinelloides seeds were extracted with methanol. By using the liquid-liquid extraction method, the hexane extract (II) was separated from the methanol extract (I) and hexane and methanol were evaporated. Then, the chemical composition of each sample was determined via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The methanol extract predominantly contained tetrahydrofuran, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-methoxy, 2-butoxyethanol, 1-phenylethanone, cyclohexene carboxylate derivative, (3-phenyl-2-propynylidene) cyclopropane, diphenyldiazene, and dihydroxypropyl ester components, while the hexane fraction contained nonane, 1-octanol, decane, undecane, tridecane, alkyl benzene, benzene sulfonic acid, benzoxazine, and hexadecanoic acid components, as well as some derivatives of them. Each fraction was dissolved in DMSO for impregnation on filter paper. The insecticide effects of the paper samples were determined against Tribolium castneum. According to the results, the mortality started after 3 d for each fraction. After 4 d, the hexane fraction indicated total mortality in comparison with the methanol fraction, which showed partial mortality (3/5).

Purpose: The aim of this research work is to analyze and compare profitability performance of selected paper companies in India. Approach/Methodology/Design: An analytical study method is employed in this research work by relying on secondary data. In this research work 12 paper companies are selected as a sample based on their higher net sales and the study period are last10 financial years from 2012-13 to 2021-22. Ratio Analysis is used as an accounting tool in which six profitability ratios are employed. One-way ANOVA technique of parametric test is used as a statistical tool to identify the difference among sample means. Findings: The major finding of the research work indicates that in all the selected paper companies the profitability performance of shows fluctuating trend during the study period of 10 years. The overall performance was good and satisfactory in Satia Industries Ltd., JK paper Ltd., Seshasayee Paper and Board Ltd. and NR Agarwal Industries Ltd. and it was low and dissatisfactory in Orient Paper & Industries Ltd. and Astron Paper & Board Mill Ltd. for all the selected profitability ratio during the study period. The results of statistical test revealed that in gross profit ratio, operating profit ratio and return on assets ratio formulated null hypotheses are rejected and in net profit ratio, return on net worth ratio and return on capital employed ratio formulated null hypotheses are accepted. Originality/value: In this research work profitability analysis is carried out which is helpful to know the profitability performance of selected paper companies. The result would help investors to make right choice of investment in selected companies. It would also identify that how efficiently a business can generates profit and value for its shareholders from its sales or operations, shareholders' fund or balance sheet’s assets.

Currently, tissue product producers try to meet consumers’ requirements to retain their loyalty. In perforated products, such as toilet paper, these requirements involve the paper being portioned along the perforation line and not outside of it. Thus, it becomes necessary to enhance the behavior of the perforation line in perforated tissue papers. The current study aimed to verify if the perforation line for 0° (the solution found in commercial perforated products) is the best solution to maximize the perforation efficiency. A finite element (FE) simulation was used to validate the experimental data, where the deviations from the experiments were 5.2% for the case with a 4 mm perforation length and 8.8% for a perforation of 2 mm, and optimize the perforation efficiency using the genetic algorithm while considering two different cases. In the first case, the blank distance and the perforation line angle were varied, with the best configuration being achieved with a blank distance of 0.1 mm and an inclination angle of 0.56°. For the second case, the blank distance was fixed to 1.0 mm and the only variable to be optimized was the inclination angle of the perforation line. It was found that the best angle inclination was 0.67°. In both cases, it was verified that a slight inclination in the perforation line will favor partitioning and therefore the perforation efficiency.

From the end of the nineteenth century and one hundred years onward, home sewing was an important part of many women’s duties, but it was also a pleasure, something that existed parallel with the emerging mass-produced ready-to-wear industry. The paper patterns used for home dressmaking were often sold and distributed through women’s magazines. These pattern sections were both a kind of reader service and a conscious strategy to capture the female target group. This article, based on an analysis of three Swedish magazines, is the first in-depth survey of patterns for home sewing of women’s clothes in Sweden. The study shows how the magazines adapted to changes in society with increasingly easier patterns and ready-cut fabric for their readers. By highlighting women making their clothes in the home, this article contributes to an often-neglected area of women’s memory and fashion history.

Four organic solid wastes (coffee grounds, ground nut shell, paper money sewage sludge and cork powder) have been investigated as bloating inducing agents in lightweight aggregate (LWA) manufacturing when mixed in small proportions (2.5 wt.%) with three types of clays. The pellets obtained were fired in a rotary kiln at the maximum feasible temperature for 4 min. A similar impact was observed both in the working conditions and in the properties of the LWAs, showing that the differences between said residues are not as decisive as those of the clays to which they are added. The organic wastes have played a crucial role in achieving reducing conditions inside the aggregate. Thus, their addition has led to substantial improvements both from an operational point of view, lowering the working temperature, and from a technological perspective, favoring bloating and the development of a highly porous and lightweight structure. Leachate studies have shown that the LWAs meet the regulatory limits. The outcomes of this investigation show that, in line with the precepts of the Circular Economy, the recovery of organic wastes of different nature can have a place in the production of environmentally friendly LWAs

Today, legal regulations, along with social awareness, have made waste management a necessity. Depending on the type of waste, technological developments have enabled an increase in the number of approaches, e.g., reusing, recycling, and manufacturing of different products. In this study, low-density boards were produced using different proportions of office waste paper, wood chips, and chopped E-glass fiber. Waste paper and glass fiber formed the middle layer of the boards and wood chips comprised the surface layers. The density, water absorption, and thickness swelling properties of the boards were investigated. Among the mechanical properties, the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength were determined. The use of wastepaper led to a reduction in the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the boards. An increase in the glass fiber ratio contributed positively to the water absorption and thickness swelling properties, whereas it directly led to decreases in the internal bond strength, and the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity values. Nonetheless, the low-density boards were able to meet the minimum modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity specified in ANSI 208.1 standards, while only one variation met the IB requirements., U današnje je vrijeme zakonska regulativa, uz društvenu svijest, gospodarenje otpadom učinila nužnošću. Ovisno o vrsti otpada, tehnološki je razvoj omogućio povećanje broja pristupa gospodarenju otpadom, npr. pri ponovnoj uporabi, recikliranju i proizvodnji različitih proizvoda. Za ovo su istraživanje izrađene ploče niske gustoće s različitim udjelima otpadnoga uredskog papira, drvnog iverja i usitnjenih staklenih vlakana. Pritom su otpadni papir i usitnjena staklena vlakna iskorišteni za izradu središnjeg sloja, a drvno je iverje upotrijebljeno za vanjske slojeve ploča. Izrađene su ploče ispitane i utvrđena je njihova gustoća, moć upijanja vode i debljinsko bubrenje. Dodatno su određeni modul loma, modul elastičnosti i čvrstoća raslojavanja. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazali su da je uporaba otpadnog papira pridonijela smanjenju vrijednosti modula loma i modula elastičnosti. Istodobno je povećanje udjela usitnjenih staklenih vlakana imalo pozitivan učinak na vrijednosti upijanja vode i na debljinsko bubrenje, ali je izravno utjecalo i na smanjenje čvrstoće raslojavanja, modula loma i modula elastičnosti. Ipak, izrađene ploče niske gustoće zadovoljile su minimalne zahtjeve norme ANSI 208.1 glede modula loma i modula elastičnosti, a samo je jedna skupina eksperimentalno izrađenih ploča zadovoljila uvjete čvrstoće raslojavanja.

In the research of the review of this creative and innovation area that can benefit community and nation. The review that had been picked in this research was the paper. The aim of this review is to explain about the advantages or the benefits of paper and also the used of the paper, also the improvement of the nation by the helps of the paper production and innovation. The methods that we going to describe in this review was the involvement of the paper production in many fields, such as for individuals, schools, medical centre and so on. There are a lot of information and new knowledges that we going to present and cite in this review. The conclusion of this article review was to be making sure that everyone knows the important and the properties of the paper in our country.

The object of research in this scientific paper is the treatment of waste generated by paper production in industrial landfills. In the part of the paper production process, i.e. in its subsystem for wastewater treatment, a significant amount of solid waste is generated, which ends up in industrial landfills. The reason for the impossibility of returning to the production process lies in the fact that the sludge contains larger amounts of moisture and present chemical components that are isolated in the paper production process or during wastewater treatment. In the experimental part of the paper, a “trial plot” was selected on which seedlings of the paulownia elongate plant were planted in the waste sludge. The process of plant growth was monitored for two years and bioremediation, i.e. transfer of elements from sediments to plants, was analysed by modern instrumental methods. Based on the results obtained by research, it can be said with certainty that Paulownia elongate can be used in bioremediation of areas where these sediments are deposited.

In an article to study the effect of sizing agent and filler on the structural features of paper from the cellulose mass of the inner layer of the bark of mulberry tree branches, mechanical strength, absorbency and sorption properties were studied. Tensile strength was determined on a tensile testing machine by the force causing the destruction of the sample. Surface absorbency at one side wetting was determined by the method of Cobb(30), by determining the mass of water absorbed by the surface of the paper when wetting one side of the test sample. Sorption properties were studied on a high-vacuum setup with mercury gates and McBain quartz balances according to water vapor sorption data. It was found that the internal 2% sizing of the paper pulp with cherry tree resin glue contributes to the strengthening of the paper structure, which is confirmed by the values of mechanical strength and surface absorbency when unilaterally wetted with water, relative to the values obtained when sizing with pine oleoresin rosin glue. When using glue from cherry resin, it is advisable to add 2 g of kaolin to 100 g of pulp from the inner layer of the bark of mulberry tree branches, since the increase negatively affects mechanical strength and hydrophobicity., В статье для исследования влияния проклеивающего вещества и наполнителя на структурные особенности бумаги из целлюлозной массы внутреннего слоя коры веток тутового дерева изучены механическая прочность, впитывающая способность и сорбционные свойства. Прочность на разрыв при растяжении определяли на разрывной машине по усилию, вызывающему разрушение образца. Поверхностную впитываемость при одностороннем смачивании определяли по методу Кобб(30), путем определения массы воды, поглощенной поверхностью бумаги при смачивании одной стороны испытуемого образца. Сорбционные свойства исследовали на высоковакуумной установке с ртутными затворами и кварцевыми весами Мак-Бена по данным сорбции паров воды. Выявлено, что внутренняя 2%-ная проклейка бумажной массы клеем из живицы черешневого дерева способствует упрочнению структуры бумаги, что подтверждается значениями механической прочности и поверхностной впитываемостью при одностороннем смачивании водой, относительно значений, полученных при проклейке канифольным клеем из сосновой живицы. При использовании клея из живицы черешневого дерева целесообразно к 100 г целлюлозной массы из внутреннего слоя коры веток тутового дерева добавлять каолин в количестве 2 г, так как увеличение отрицательно влияет на механическую прочность и гидрофобность.

Lead (Pb) pollution from local mines and industrial use increases risks for human, animal, and plant health. Pectin is an effective chelator of Pb, and it has been shown that a unicellular green alga, Penium margaritaceum, synthesizes pectin in the cell wall. In this study, the ability of P. margaritaceum to remove Pb from an aqueous solution was investigated. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that two strains of P. margaritaceum accumulated Pb on the cell surface. Hence, P. margaritaceum cells were immobilized on cellulose filter paper. The immobilized algal cells were soaked in 1.0 mg/L Pb solution with gentle shaking for 8 h, and Pb in the solution and on the filter paper was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The immobilized algal cells continuously decreased the Pb concentration to less than 0.5 mg/L and recovered 31.8–32.7% of added Pb. The specific decrease in Pb and increase in Ca were observed in the presence of 1.0 mg/L each of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. Fourier transform infrared spectra suggested that the carboxylic acid group would be responsible for the adsorption of Pb. This study is the first to demonstrate the effectiveness of the immobilized P. margaritaceum cell in removing Pb from aqueous solutions with simple solid–liquid separation.

This study looked at how using small or large pieces of Rice Husk Ash and Waste Paper Sludge Ash can affect how strong and how much the concrete shrinks when it dries. When Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) were added to concrete, more water was needed. However, the mechanical properties of the concrete were similar or better than the concrete made with just Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Finer RHA and WPSA gave the best improvements. Rice husk and waste paper ash made things shrink a lot because of tiny particles that cause it to happen. This research looked at using waste paper sludge ash instead of some of the cement in a kind of concrete called M20 mix. They tested different amounts of the ash (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) to see how strong it made the concrete. They tested the strength of the concrete up to 28 days after it was made and compared it to normal concrete. Waste paper sludge can be used as fuel because it has a lot of heat energy. Afterwards, the remaining ash can be used to replace some of the cement.

This work was developed within the scope of project i3N (LA/P/0037/2020. I.P. N. F. Santos thanks i3N for the BPD Grant BPD/UI96/5177/2020. S. O. Pereira thanks i3N for the BPD Grant BPD/UI96/5808/2017. The authors also thank Jonas Deuermeier for the XPS measurements. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Elsevier Ltd Laser-induced graphene from paper (paper-LIG) was applied in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of uric acid (UA) in human urine. Paper-LIG was formed by CO2 laser modification of paper into a 3D graphene arrangement. Kinetic analysis of paper-LIG electrodes returned effective heterogeneous electron transfer standard rate constants of 1.4 × 10−3 cm s−1 and 7.8 × 10−4 cm s−1 for [Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+ and [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− redox probes, respectively. These electrodes were able to detect and quantify uric acid in PBS within the 10–300 μM range at pH between 5.6 and 7.4. At pH 7.4, a linear response (R2 = 0.999) from 10 to 250 μM was achieved, with a limit of detection of 3.97 μM and a sensitivity of 0.363 μA cm−2 μM−1. Paper-LIG electrodes denoted adequate selectivity in synthetic urine as well as in ascorbic acid (AA) and dopamine (DA)-containing electrolytes. Determination of urinary UA content in human samples returned a concentration of c.a. 1.8–1.9 mM, within the range for healthy individuals. Recoveries of samples spiked with 50 and 100 μM UA were 100.6% and 95.4%, respectively, with satisfactory reproducibility and stability. These cheap, lightweight, flexible, and eco-friendly paper-LIG biosensors for non-enzymatic quantification of UA in human urine pave the way to widespread application in the detection of other important biomarkers. publishersversion published

Wastewater-based surveillance of the COVID-19 pandemic holds great promise; however, a point-of-use detection method for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is lacking. Here, a portable paper device based on CRISPR/Cas12a and reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) with excellent sensitivity and specificity was developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater. Three primer sets of RT-LAMP and guide RNAs (gRNAs) that could lead Cas12a to recognize target genes via base pairing were used to perform the high-fidelity RT-LAMP to detect the N, E, and S genes of SARS-CoV-2. Due to the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas12a after high-fidelity amplicon recognition, carboxyfluorescein-ssDNA-Black Hole Quencher-1 and carboxyfluorescein-ssDNA-biotin probes were adopted to realize different visualization pathways via a fluorescence or lateral flow analysis, respectively. The reactions were integrated into a paper device for simultaneously detecting the N, E, and S genes with limits of detection (LODs) of 25, 310, and 10 copies/mL, respectively. The device achieved a semiquantitative analysis from 0 to 310 copies/mL due to the different LODs of the three genes. Blind experiments demonstrated that the device was suitable for wastewater analysis with 97.7% sensitivity and 82% semiquantitative accuracy. This is the first semiquantitative endpoint detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater via different LODs, demonstrating a promising point-of-use method for wastewater-based surveillance.

Flexible inkjet-printed antenna is presented. The proposed antenna is designed on a synthetic paper substrate with an area of 35 × 40 mm2 to provide frequency bands for many popular wireless applications. Simulation and measurement are used to study the performances, including the frequency bands, radiation patterns, peak gains and efficiency, of the antenna in two severely bending conditions with a curvature radius of 20 mm in the forward and backward directions. The antenna printed in photo papers material could not be fully flexible due to cracks introduced to the coating material on the surface of the photo paper. Hence, the resin coated material was only suitable for curved devices. The synthetic paper material used in this paper does not have a resin coating, therefore, the antenna does not lose its flexibility and can be bent in both the forward and backward directions without any cracks. Results show that bending in these two conditions has insignificant effects on the performances of the antenna. With a curvature radius of 20 mm in the forward direction, the measured peak gain and efficiency of the antenna are in the ranges from −3 to +2 dBi and 40% to 60%, respectively. The results together with the low cost make the antenna most suitable for many flexible 5G communications devices.

This article aims to examine students' understanding of concepts in learning mathematics with the help of Folding Paper, the study in this article focuses on three factors, namely: Results of interviews with teachers of understanding mathematical concepts, results of observations of understanding mathematical concepts and the results of applying the RME learning model to fractional material. The method in this research uses descriptive qualitative. Sources of data consist of interviews with teachers, observations and tests. For data analysis techniques using quantitative and descriptive qualitative data analysis. From the results of interviews, observations and tests that students' understanding of mathematical concepts is still relatively low., Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pemahaman konsep siswa dalam pembelajaran matematika materi pecahan yang berbantu media Folding Paper, kajian dalam artikel ini fokus tiga faktor yaitu : Hasil wawancara dengan guru pemahaman konsep matematika, hasil observasi pemahaman konsep matematika dan hasil penerapan model pembelajaran RME pada materi pecahan. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data terdiri dari wawancara dengan guru, observasi dan tes. Untuk teknik analisis data menggunakan data analisis kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Dari hasil wawancara, observasi dan tes bahwa pemahaman konsep matematika siswa masih terbilang rendah.

The current data on climate change and environmental degradation are dramatic. The consequences of these changes are already having a significant impact on people's health. Physicians - as advocates of the patients, but also as citizens - have an ethical obligation to be involved in efforts to stop these changes. The European Federation of Internal Medicine (EFIM) strongly encourages the Internal Medicine societies and internists across Europe to play an active role in matters related to climate change and environmental degradation. At a national level, this includes advocating the adoption of measures that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and environmental degradation and contributing to policy decisions related to these issues. At a hospital level and in clinical practice, supporting actions by the health sector to reduce its ecological footprint is vital. At the level of EFIM and its associated internal societies, promoting educational activities and developing a toolkit to prepare internists to better care for citizens who suffer from the consequences of climate change. In addition to advocating and implementing effective actions to reduce the ecological footprint of the health industry, recommending the introduction of these themes in scientific programs of Internal Medicine meetings and congresses and the pre- and postgraduate medical training. At a personal level, internists must be active agents in advocating sustainable practices for the environment, increasing the awareness of the community about the health risks of climate change and environmental degradation, and being role models in the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviour.

As a sustainable and greener substitute for conventional paper products, hemp paper has the potential to revolutionise the paper industry. Hemp paper, which is made from hemp plant fibres, is more environmentally friendly than conventional paper made from trees and is by nature strong and resilient. Hemp paper offers a special business opportunity in light of the rising demand for eco-friendly products around the world and growing awareness of the negative environmental effects of traditional paper production. This abstract examines the advantages of hemp paper, the market's current state, and the difficulties that must be overcome to turn hemp paper into a lucrative business venture. Hemp paper has the potential to revolutionise the market by using cutting-edge production methods, addressing consumer concerns, and raising market awareness.

Oil media on paper, such as oil paintings, sketches, prints, and books, occasionally present problems associated with the effect of oil medium on the paper support, raising a composite matter of condition assessment as it depends on several factors. The present work examines the effect of linseed oil on paper and, in particular, the changes caused by three types of linseed oil on the optical, morphological, mechanical, and chemical properties of pure cellulosic paper, employing mock-ups submitted to artificial ageing in controlled conditions of relative humidity and temperature in airtight vessels. The study involved colorimetry, opacity, tensile strength, pH measurements, SEM, FTIR, and VOC analysis with GC-MS. Processing of the results has so far indicated that thermal-humid ageing caused the gradual darkening of the oil-impregnated mock-ups, as well as alterations in opacity, intense fall of pH values, and severe reductions in tensile strength, while linseed oil processing during manufacture has a significant impact. FTIR spectra have indicated that chemical changes upon ageing are in accordance with those of optical and mechanical changes, while VOC emissions are mostly associated with the drying and degradation of the different types of linseed oil.

In the discipline of civil engineering, the foundation plays a crucial role in supporting and containing loads of complete structures. Therefore, a foundation needs to be strong enough to increase any structure's useful life. The soil has a direct impact on the structure's foundation. Vertisols soil is soil with unstable and weak soil that needs to be stabilized to make the soil suitable for construction purposes. The study is to determine the effectiveness of the pulverized used paper and sugarcane straw ash as stabilizers of vertisols soil in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. Natural soil was classified as A-7-6 of AASTHO classification system and CH as group name classified by USCS classification system, indicates that the soil is high in clay. The index properties of the natural soil showed that it is poor and weak soil that is not applicable for engineering purposes. Liquid limit and plasticity index values of 60% and 35%, respectively, suggested that the soil is in high plasticity. There is a gradual decrease in the plasticity index to a value of 25% at 15% SCSA+PUP as compared to natural vertisols soil with 35%, this indicates that the soil is progressively stabilizing. In addition, there are increases in the compaction parameters and CBR value of 14.0283 kN/m3and 5.47 at 100% MDD compared to natural vertisols soil with values of 13.69476 kN/m3and 4.83 at 100% MDD, respectively. But these values fall from the requirement suggested of sub-base coarse, however, there are considerable changes in the vertisols soil using SCSA and PUP. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of SCSA and PUP in stabilizing the vertisols soil

Environmental toxic pollutants and pathogens that enter the ecosystem are major global issues. Detection of these toxic chemicals/pollutants and the diagnosis of a disease is a first step in efficiently controlling their contamination and spread, respectively. Various analytical techniques are available to detect and determine toxic chemicals/pathogens, including liquid chromatography, HPLC, mass spectroscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. However, these sensing strategies have some drawbacks such as tedious sample pretreatment and preparation, the requirement for skilled technicians, and dependence on large laboratory-based instruments. Alternatively, biosensors, especially paper-based sensors, could be used extensively and are a cost-effective alternative to conventional laboratory testing. They can improve accessibility to testing to identify chemicals and pollutants, especially in developing countries. Due to its low cost, abundance, easy disposal (by incineration, for example) and biocompatible nature, paper is considered a versatile material for the development of environmentally friendly electrochemical/optical (bio) sensor devices. This review presents an overview of sensing platforms constructed from paper, pointing out the main merits and demerits of paper-based sensing systems, their fabrication techniques, and the different optical/electrochemical detection techniques that they exploit.

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s). Direct fire, indirect heat, and extinguishing water cause great damage to cultural assets upon a fire disaster in a library or archive. Conservation and restoration of heat-damaged papers are particularly challenging due to the complexity and severity of the damage. Since valuable originals obviously cannot be used for the development of treatment methods and only to a limited extent for the analysis of the damage, it is necessary to produce model paper materials that have a high degree of similarity to fire-damaged papers, which was addressed in the present study. Three different heating methods were tested to produce model papers of different heating levels. Their altered optical, structural, and chemical properties were analyzed and compared with the results of original fire-damaged samples. The study points out pathways to enable the production of comparable sample materials. Heating between hot plates or in an oven produces papers that have properties quite similar to the originals in terms of surface area, paper structure, cellulose integrity, and interactions with water. Stack heating in the oven has proven to be a particularly effective manufacturing method for larger quantities of model papers.

In this original paper, the development of a paper-based, sensitive, low-cost, quantitative and consistent biosensor system was demonstrated for the suitable “naked-eye” detection of phenolic compounds (specifical catechol). The Paper-based system depends on the enzymatic color-changing reaction that observed by using chromogenic agent of 4-AAP (4-aminoantipyrine) which has a specific color changing reaction in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme, phenol and H2O2. The visual result was associated with the catechol concentration by using image processing software to evaluate the quantitative detection. The developed biosensor system demonstrated a linear detection range from catechol between 2,5 µM to 100 µM with 2.6% to 9.3 % of sd results. The detection limit was also calculated as 2,25 µM. Specificity, selectivity, stability and direct real sample analysis demonstrated the potential applicability of the developed paper-based biosensor system for catechol detection in food samples with minimal investment and an easy-to-use method.

Limited knowledge to determine the use and purpose of the two tunings has not been proven by scientific research. Research to find precise tuning for standard bow, recurve, and compound rounds to improve archery accuracy. This type of research is quantitative experimental research with a two-group pretest posttest design. The sample consists of 24 athletes who are given treatment in 16 meetings. The instrument used is a test scoring archery at a distance of 40m. The collected data will be tested for normality using the Kolmogorov Smirnov technique and the homogeneity test using the Levene statistic technique with a significant level of 5% (p>0.05). Hypothesis testing uses paired samples t-test technique. The results this study indicate (a) there is an effect of walk back tuning increasing archery accuracy of archery athletes, (b) there is an effect of paper tuning training increasing archery accuracy of archery athletes, (c) there is different effect between walk back tuning and paper tuning increasing archery accuracy of archery athletes, where walk back tuning exercises have a greater effect on increasing archery accuracy in archery athletes. This research is expected to be source of reference for athletes and coaches to explore the bow tuning method.

Chronic pancreatitis is associated with impaired quality of life, high incidence of comorbidities, serious complications and mortality. Healthcare costs are exorbitant. Some medical societies have developed guidelines for treatment based on scientific evidence, but the gathered level of evidence for any individual topic is usually low and, therefore, recommendations tend to be vague or weak. In the present position papers on chronic pancreatitis from the Societat Catalana de Digestologia and the Societat Catalana de Pàncrees we aimed at providing defined position statements for the clinician based on updated review of published literature and on multidisciplinary expert agreement. The final goal is to propose the use of common terminology and rational diagnostic/therapeutic circuits based on current knowledge. To this end 51 sections related to chronic pancreatitis were reviewed by 21 specialists from 6 different fields to generate 88 statements altogether. Statements were designed to harmonize concepts or delineate recommendations. Part 2 of these paper series discuss topics on treatment and follow-up. The therapeutic approach should include assessment of etiological factors, clinical manifestations and complications. The complexity of these patients advocates for detailed evaluation in multidisciplinary committees where conservative, endoscopic, interventional radiology or surgical options are weighed. Specialized multidisciplinary units of Pancreatology should be constituted. Indications for surgery are refractory pain, local complications, and suspicion of malignancy. Enzyme replacement therapy is indicated if evidence of exocrine insufficiency or after pancreatic surgery. Response should be evaluated by nutritional parameters and assessment of symptoms. A follow-up program should be planned for every patient with chronic pancreatitis. © 2021 Elsevier España, S.L.U.

This study gives a first insight into the use of wood flour as a plant-based and cellulosic-based alter-native additive for newsprint and paperboard production using 100% recycled fibers as a raw material. The study compares four varieties of a spruce wood flour product serving as cellulosic-based additives at addition rates of 2%, 4%, and 6% during operation of a 12-in. laboratory pilot paper machine. Strength properties of the produced newsprint and linerboard products were analyzed. Results suggested that spruce wood flour as a cellulosic-based additive represents a promising approach for improving physical properties of paper and linerboard products made from 100% recycled fiber content. This study shows that wood flour pretreated with a plant-based polysaccharide and untreated spruce wood flour product with a particle size range of 20 μm to 40 μm and 40 μm to 70 μm can increase the bulk and tensile properties in newsprint and linerboard applications.

The use of natural nanocomponents for increasing the mechanical strength of paper in the aerodynamic method has been investigated. Milled bacterial cellulose and a fine fraction of sulphate bleached softwood cellulose formed during grinding (secondary fines) were used as nanocomponents. The treatment with nanocomponents was carried out while moistening the fibrous layer with the use of an anti-adhesive material providing uniform one sided application of substances in the form of a suspension on the paper surface. The growth of the indicators of the mechanical strength of paper occurred due to the formation of additional hydrogen bonds and an increase in the interfacial interaction between the fibrous layer of plant cellulose and the nanocomponent. It was found that the use of a suspension of bacterial cellulose is more promising due to the low consumption of the binder with a significant increase in the mechanical strength of the paper. The application of a bacterial cellulose coating layer on aerodynamically molded eucalyptus cellulose makes it possible to increase the mechanical strength of the paper to consumer requirements with the consumption of bacterial cellulose in an amount of 0.9% to 1.5% by weight of absolutely dry eucalyptus cellulose., Исследовано применение природных нанокомпонентов для повышения механической прочности бумаги при аэродинамическом способе формования. В качестве нанокомпонентов использовали измельченную бактериальную целлюлозу и мелкую фракцию сульфатной беленой хвойной целлюлозы, образующуюся в процессе размола (вторичную мелочь). Введение нанокомпонентов проводили при увлажнении волокнистого слоя с применением антиадгезионного материала, обеспечивающего равномерное одностороннее нанесение веществ в виде суспензии на поверхность бумаги. Рост показателей механической прочности бумаги происходил за счет образования дополнительных водородных связей и возрастания межфазного взаимодействия между волокнистым слоем из растительной целлюлозы и нанокомпонентами. Установлено, что использование суспензии бактериальной целлюлозы более перспективно из-за малого расхода при значительном повышении показателей механической прочности бумаги. Нанесение покровного слоя бактериальной целлюлозы на бумагу аэродинамического формования из сульфатной беленой эвкалиптовой целлюлозы позволяет повысить значение механической прочности бумаги до потребительских требований при расходе бактериальной целлюлозы в количестве от 0.9 до 1.5% к массе абсолютно сухой целлюлозы.

In this work, we present for the first time, a simplified fabrication of a laminated paper-based analytical device (LPAD) with a free-mobile app, Palette Cam, for image analysis. A filter paper is cut in a rectangular shape (9 × 3 cm) and placed between a top laminating sheet with punched holes and a bottom laminating sheet. The holes allow accessibility of liquid on the paper. Thermal lamination is then employed to complete the fabrication of LPAD. Our simplified design reduces a tedious alignment of small pieces of paper to the holes. We demonstrated the LPAD with an analysis of salicylic acid in pharmaceutical products. Each 4 μL of ferric reagent and sample was dispensed on the LPAD. Smartphone was used to capture images. The RGB (red green blue) color intensity from the Palette Cam was converted into a logarithm color ratio. Our LPAD is simplified, cost-effective and able to be a portable device.

Introduction The assessment of the risk of virus transmission through papers, such as postcards, is important. However, the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV) on different types of papers is currently unknown. Investigation of the survival time of these viruses on different types of papers will provide insights into their risk of long-distance transport by postal items. Methods We evaluated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and IAV, mixed with a culture medium, on the surface of postcards with various coatings, including plain paper (PP), inkjet paper (IP), and inkjet photo paper (IPP). The surface structure of each paper was microscopically assessed. Results The surface structures of PP, IP, and IPP varied greatly depending on the presence or absence, and type, of coat layer, regardless of the base material. IP and IPP surfaces were less conducive to virus survival than PP surfaces, because of the difference in surface shapes. The survival times of SARS-CoV-2 on each paper were approximately 59.8 (PP), 6.5 (IP), and 9.8 h (IPP), and significantly longer than those of IAV (10.3, 1.8, and 3.3 h, respectively). Conclusions The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via paper, such as postcards, is significantly higher than that of IAV transmission. While PP, IP, and IPP have the same base material, their surface structures differ, which affects viral stability. The IP and IPP surfaces are less suitable for virus survival. This study provides novel insights into the risks of viral transmission via paper.

The prevalence of diabetes has increased over the past years. Therefore, developing minimally invasive, user-friendly and cost-effective glucose biosensors is necessary especially in low-income and developing countries. Cellulose paper-based analytical devices have attracted the attention of many researchers due to affordability, not requiring trained personnel, and complex equipment. This paper describes a microfluidic paper-based analytical device for the detection of glucose in tear with the naked eye. The paper-based biosensor fabricated by laser CO2, and GOx/HRP enzymatic solution coupled with TMB was utilized as reagents. A sample volume of 10 µl was needed for the biosensor operation and the results were observable within 5 minutes. To evaluate the device performance, color intensity-based and distance-based results were analyzed by ImageJ and Tracker. Distance-based results showed a linear behavior in the range of 0.1–0.6 mM with an R2 = 0.967 and LOD of 0.2 mM. The results could be perceived by the naked eye without any need to further equipment or trained personnel in a relatively short time (3–5 minutes). Moreover, glucose concentration could be obtained non-invasively by tears collected by this µPAD.

Is it really better to print everything, including software models, or is it better to view them on screen? With the ever increasing complexity of software systems, software modeling is integral to software development. Software models facilitate and automate many activities during development, such as code and test case generation. However, a core goal of software modeling is to communicate and collaborate. Software models are presented to team members on many mediums and two of the most common mediums are paper and computer screens. Reading from paper or screen is ostensibly considered to have the same effect on model comprehension. However, the literature on text reading has indicated that the reading experiences can be very different which in turn effects various metrics related to reader performance. This paper reports on an experiment that was conducted to investigate the effect of reading software models on paper in comparison with reading them on a computer screen with respect to cognitive effectiveness. Cognitive effectiveness here refers to the ease by which a model reader can read a model. The experiment used a total of 74 software engineering students as subjects. The experiment results provide strong evidence that displaying diagrams on a screen allows subjects to read them quicker. There is also evidence that indicates that on screen viewing induces fewer reading errors.

Origami architecture (OA) is a fascinating papercraft that involves only a piece of paper with cuts and folds. Interesting geometric structures ‘pop up’ when the paper is opened. However, manually designing such a physically valid 2D paper pop-up plan is challenging since fold lines must jointly satisfy hard spatial constraints. Existing works on automatic OA-style paper pop-up design all focused on how to generate a pop-up structure that approximates a given target 3D model. This paper presents the first OA-style paper pop-up design framework that takes 2D images instead of 3D models as input. Our work is inspired by the fact that artists often use 2D profiles to guide the design process, thus benefited from the high availability of 2D image resources. Due to the lack of 3D geometry information, we perform novel theoretic analysis to ensure the foldability and stability of the resultant design. Based on a novel graph representation of the paper pop-up plan, we further propose a practical optimization algorithm via mixed-integer programming that jointly optimizes the topology and geometry of the 2D plan. We also allow the user to interactively explore the design space by specifying constraints on fold lines. Finally, we evaluate our framework on various images with interesting 2D shapes. Experiments and comparisons exhibit both the efficacy and efficiency of our framework.

This study sought to decode the communicative intent of the analyzed rhetoric moves and metadiscourse markers of basic and action research funded under the Department of Education’s Basic Education Research Fund (BERF). Genre Analysis was used to analyze the corpora of the 30 BERF papers completed from 2016-2022. With the aid of coding sheets, the following structures were used: a combination of Hardjanto’s (1997; 2017) and Kosasih’s (2018) Abstract; Swales and Feak’s (2012) Introduction, Mc Combes’ (2019; 2021) Research Questions; Kwan’s (2006) Literature Review; DepEd’s Innovation, Intervention, and Strategy; a combination of Lim (2006), Peacock (2011), Kanoksilapatham (2012) and Huang’s (2014) Methodology; Swales and Feak’s (2012) Results and Discussion, and Yang & Allison’s (2003) Conclusion and Recommendation moves and steps framework. Using the Krippendorff alpha coefficient, the inter-rater reliability of the coders was set at almost perfect agreement (0. 838 or 84%). Generally, 26 obligatory, 31 optional, and 25 non-obligatory moves and steps were identified per the research section. Metadiscourse markers were determined utilizing AntConc 4.0.10 and were ranked as follows: (1) Evidentials, (2) Transition, (2) Self-mentions, (4) Code glosses, (5) Frame Markers, (6) Attitude Markers, (7) Hedges, (8) Engagement Markers, (9) Boosters, and (10) Endophoric Markers. Integrating the rhetoric moves, steps, and markers, the researcher came up with the six communicative intents (Inform, Outline, Convince, Explain, Present, Integrate) in writing research. A structure for writing BERF research proposal and completed papers were crafted in response to the findings. This study shall promote the culture of research, contribute to the growing literature, address gaps, and open opportunities for follow-up studies. &nbsp

Businesses, which provide the production and mediation of goods and services needed by the society, are organizations that have goals such as growth, development, making profit, establishing a sustainable structure, and realizing social responsibility projects. It is important for businesses to have a financially strong structure in order to achieve their goals. In order to establish a sustainable financial structure, analyzes are carried out with various methods using the historical data of the enterprises and future decisions are taken with these analysis outputs. One of the financial sustainability measures for businesses is performance measurement. In many academic studies in the literature, it is observed that Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods are used for financial performance measurement. With MCDM methods, companies are compared financially within themselves, by years and with the sector. This study was carried out to measure the financial performance of businesses operating in the BIST Paper and Paper Products Printing Sector. As a sample, the data of 9 companies operating in the BIST Paper and Paper Products Printing Sector were used. The financial ratios of the enterprises for the years 2016-2021 were obtained and the analysis was carried out with COPRAS and MOORA, which are MCDM methods. Using two analysis methods provides the opportunity to evaluate financial performance rankings from different perspectives. As a result of the study, the financial performance rankings of 9 companies in the sector were evaluated according to both methods.

Paper is one of the most common wastes produced by humans, this paper waste is often found in household activities as well as offices and schools. Processing recycling of paper can add many advantages including being able to reduce waste in the environment, save energy, reduce the impact of global warming and can also generate income. This recycled paper can also be used to make various handicraft products that can be made by people who have creative values and an artistic spirit. The works of this recycled paper can be used as home decoration knick-knacks, stationery and office equipment, You can also make unique and creative multi-purpose containers that housewives can be interested in. Apart from that, they can be used for materials for student craft assignments as well as school students. Paper waste management certainly requires more attention, this can be overcome by efforts to reduce it by converting paper waste into recycled paper which has a selling value and is useful.

The mineralogy of fine soils such as clays has always posed problems and remains an uncontrollable phenomenon in the presence of water and causes destructible damage throughout the world. In order to minimize the cost of implementation, it is necessary to find practical and less expensive solutions to ensure the stabilization of these soils by the valorisation of local waste available in nature. This article concerns an experimental study on the treatment of reconstituted soil by the addition of paper ash of different proportions on a set of standardized tests, the preliminary results show that the paper ash to the clay soil improves its swelling potential, its plasticity, its compaction characteristics, and its shear strength parameters.

The International Conference on Cognitive Modeling brings together researchers from around the world whose main goal is to build computational systems that reflect the internal processes of the mind. In this issue, we present the five best representative papers on this work from our 19th meeting, ICCM 2021, which was held virtually from July 3 to July 9, 2021. Three of these papers provide new techniques for refining computational models, giving better methods for taking empirical data and producing accurate computational models of the cognitive systems that produce them. The other two papers focus on explanation: using models to elucidate the underlying processes affecting cognition in such diverse domains as logical reasoning and the effects of caffeine.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are emerging as prominent platform for disease detection, specifically in developing countries. This paper device offers simplicity and affordability not typically seen in centralized laboratory settings. However, detection limits in μPADs are inadequate and often require tests results to be read within a specific time interval to ensure accuracy. To overcome these challenges, we are developing an on-chip mass spectrometry (MS) detection strategy for immunoassays performed on paper substrates. Herein, we present our initial results from a proof-of-concept study toward the development of μPADs capable of storing immunoassay reagents within the confinements of the 3D device, automatic splitting of biofluid into four individual test zones, immuno-capture of disease biomarker, and on-chip MS detection of captured species. The reported study encourages the development of point-of-care and direct-to-customer testing using the disposable μPAD to collect samples, followed by sensitive analysis using portable mass spectrometers. We demonstrate this capability using malaria Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) antigen detection.

In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in the recycling of organic materials such as paper mill biosolids (PB) and biochar for use as soil amendments. However, the benefits of co-application of PB and biochar and its effects on soil phosphorus (P) availability remain unknown. An incubation study was conducted on two acidic soils to assess the effect of two PB types (2.5% w/w) co-applied with three rates (0%, 2.5%, and 5% w/w) of pine (Pinus strobus L.) biochar on soil P fractions. An unfertilized control and a mineral NP fertilizer were used as a reference. Soil P fractions were determined by Hedley procedure after 2 and 16 wk of incubation. Material fractionation indicated that the PB containing the highest total P and the lowest Al content had the highest proportion of labile P, whereas most P in the biochar was in a stable form. The incubation study revealed that the P-rich PB increased P availability in both soils to a level comparable to mineral fertilizer at the end of the incubation. The addition of biochar to PB, however, did not affect soil P availability, but the highest rate induced a conversion of P fixed to Al and Fe oxides towards recalcitrant forms, particularly in the sandy loam soil. We conclude that co-applying biochar and PB could be more beneficial than application biochar alone and soils amended with such a mixture would be expected to release part of their P slowly over a longer period of time.

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a natural language processing (NLP) pipeline to identify incidental thyroid nodules (ITNs) meeting criteria for sonographic follow-up and to assess both adherence rates to white paper recommendations and downstream outcomes related to these incidental findings. Methods 21583 non-contrast chest CT reports from 2017 and 2018 were retrospectively evaluated to identify reports which included either an explicit recommendation for thyroid ultrasound, a description of a nodule ≥ 1.5 cm, or description of a nodule with suspicious features. Reports from 2018 were used to train an NLP algorithm called fastText for automated identification of such reports. Algorithm performance was then evaluated on the 2017 reports. Next, any patient from 2017 with a report meeting criteria for ultrasound follow-up was further evaluated with manual chart review to determine follow-up adherence rates and nodule-related outcomes. Results NLP identified reports with ITNs meeting criteria for sonographic follow-up with an accuracy of 96.5% (95% CI 96.2-96.7) and sensitivity of 92.1% (95% CI 89.8-94.3). In 10006 chest CTs from 2017, ITN follow-up ultrasound was indicated according to white paper criteria in 81 patients (0.8%), explicitly recommended in 46.9% (38/81) of patients, and obtained in less than half of patients in which it was appropriately recommended (17/35, 48.6%). Discussion NLP accurately identified chest CT reports meeting criteria for ITN ultrasound follow-up. Radiologist adherence to white paper guidelines and subsequent referrer adherence to radiologist recommendations showed room for improvement.

This study proposes a method for the chamber disinfection of paper with biocide in the form of fine, volatile droplets using antifungal Rocima GT. This method provides a fungicidal effect, and within a short exposure time, a fungistatic one. At a concentration of 5% Rocima GT solution, the minimum treatment time to ensure the complete disinfection of paper was 15 min. The proposed method of disinfection by a chemical mist was less harmful to paper than disinfection using a swab saturated in a biocide solution. It was noted that when using Rocima GT at insufficient concentrations to inhibit fungal growth completely, Rocima GT can induce, as well as suppress, organic acid produced by Aspergillus niger depending on the concentration.

The existence of pesticide residues in the hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere can cause acute or chronic diseases and deteriorate the environment. Therefore, efficient detection of pesticide residues is of great significance to prevent food poisoning, control food pollution, and protect human lives by recognizing their distribution and concentration. Herein, a novel smartphone-coupled three-layered paper-based microfluidic chip is proposed as a facile platform to detect the pesticides. The stereoscopic capillary-driven fluid transport is enabled by the three-layered microfluidic chip configuration. The detection mechanism is based on the enzyme inhibition reaction and the chromatic reaction. The detection results are obtained by a smartphone and figured out by colorimetric quantitative analysis. Taking advantages of the above merits, we demonstrate the utilization of this smartphone-coupled three-layered paper-based microfluidic chip for the effective analysis of typical pesticides (profenofo and methomyl). The linear ranges of profenofo and methomyl are 0.27-2.1 μmol L

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs) are emerging as simple-to-use, low-cost point-of-care testing platforms. Such devices are mostly fabricated at present by creating hydrophobic barriers using wax or photoresist patterning on porous paper sheets. Even though devices fabricated using these methods are used and tested with a wide variety of analytes, still they pose many serious practical limitations for low-cost automated mass fabrication for their widespread applicability. We present an affordable and simple two-step process - cut and heat (CH-microPADs) - for the selective fabrication of hydrophilic channels and reservoirs on a wide variety of porous media such as tissue/printing/filter paper and cloth types, such as cotton and polyester, by a lamination process. The technique presents many advantages as compared to existing commonly used methods. The devices possess excellent mechanical strength against bending, folding and twisting, making them virtually unbreakable. They are structurally flexible and show good chemical resistance to various solvents, acids and bases, presenting widespread applicability in areas such as clinical diagnostics, biological sensing applications, food processing, and the chemical industry. Fabricated paper media 96 well-plate CH-microPAD configurations were tested for cell culture applications using mice embryonic fibroblasts and detection of proteins and enzymes using ELISA. With a simple two-step process and minimal human intervention, the technique presents a promising step towards mass fabrication of inexpensive disposable diagnostic devices for both resource-limited and developed regions.

The INDDEX24 Dietary Assessment Platform (INDDEX24) was developed to facilitate the collection of 24-h dietary recall (24HR) data. Alongside validation studies in Viet Nam and Burkina Faso in 2019–2020, we conducted activity-based costing studies to estimate the cost of conducting a 24HR among women of reproductive age using INDDEX24 compared with the pen-and-paper interview (PAPI) approach. We also modelled alternative scenarios in which: (1) 25–75 % of dietary reference data were borrowed from the INDDEX24 Global Food Matters Database (FMDB); (2) all study personnel were locally based and (3) national-scale surveys. In the primary analysis, in Viet Nam, the 24HR cost US $111 004 ($755/respondent, n 147) using INDDEX24 and $120 483 ($820/respondent, n 147) using PAPI. In Burkina Faso, the 24HR cost $78 105 ($539/respondent, n 145) using INDDEX24 and $79 465 ($544/respondent, n 146) using PAPI. In modelled scenarios, borrowing dietary reference data from the FMDB decreased the cost of INDDEX24 by 17–34 % (Viet Nam) and 5–15 % (Burkina Faso). With all locally based personnel, INDDEX24 cost more than PAPI ($498 v. $448 per respondent in Viet Nam and $456 v. $410 in Burkina Faso). However, at national scales (n 4376, Viet Nam; n 6500, Burkina Faso) using all locally based personnel, INDDEX24 was more cost-efficient ($109 v. $137 per respondent in Viet Nam and $123 v. $148 in Burkina Faso). In two countries and under most circumstances, INDDEX24 was less expensive than PAPI. Higher INDDEX24 survey preparation costs (including purchasing equipment) were more than offset by higher PAPI data entry, cleaning and processing costs. INDDEX24 may facilitate cost-efficient dietary data collection.

Paper, which is in fact a very complex cellulose-based product derived from different lignocellulosic resources, is usually regarded as a simple omnipresent commodity in our lives. Wood fibers derived from trees are the most employed sources for papermaking purposes. From an environmental protection perspective, and for their essential role in our life (they give us the life itself through their foliar system supporting the photosynthesis process), trees should not be extensively cut down and they should be used less and less for papermaking. Thus, employment of non-woody alternative sources for papermaking could be exploited more as an attractive and feasible option.

Alstonia boonei, an abundant lesser utilized species within the West African Subregion, was evaluated as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. The basic density (BD), fibre characteristics [fibre length (FL), fibre diameter (FD), lumen diameter (LD) and wall thickness (WT)], derived anatomical indices [Flexibility Ratio (FR), Slenderness Ratio (SR), Rigidity Coefficient (RC), Luce’s Shape Factor (LSF), Solids Factor (SF) and Runkel Ratio (RR)] and chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose, 1% NaOH solubility and ash contents) of A. boonei were studied to evaluate variation along the trunk (base, middle and top portions) and ascertain its suitability for pulp and paper production. Significant variations were observed in the density and fibre characteristics along the trunk of the tree. Although the FD was large, the observed adequate FL, thin-wall and large LD implied easy beating of fibres and manufacture of dense, smooth and strong papers. The favourable SF, RR, FR, RC, and LSF values obtained for the fibres would produce papers with suitable burst and tearing strengths and folding endurance. Chemically the lower lignin (< 30%), ash and 1% NaOH solubility and the high holocellulose contents of A. boonei, will generate a higher pulp yield. A. boonei although a low-density species, will be desirable for pulp and paper production.

We present how harmful different wood extractives carried over to paper mill with unbleached softwood Kraft pulp are for the strength of packaging papers and boards. The investigations were done by simulating industrial papermaking conditions in laboratory-scale trials for handsheet production. It was found that fatty acids are the most relevant compounds in the carryover pitch extractives (CPEs), as they readily interfere in fiber–fiber bonding strength, control the properties of CPE micelles, and are furthermore the most abundant compounds. Addition of cationic starch improved strength and evened out the strength differences of handsheets with different CPE compounds. Oleic acid (unsaturated fatty acid) was an exception, as it was above average harmful for paper strength without cationic starch and also heavily impaired the functioning of cationic starch. As a whole, these findings demonstrate that fatty acids, especially unsaturated ones, are the most relevant CPE compounds contributing to the reduced efficiency of cationic starch and decreased strength of unbleached softwood Kraft paper. This makes the cleaning of process waters by precipitating CPEs on the pulp fibers harmful for paper strength.

Scaling biosynthesis of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) allowed samples of composite paper with an increased proportion of BNC to be obtained. This work aims to study BNC samples and bleached soft wood kraft pulp (BSKP) composite paper with a ratio of components varying across a wide range: 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 90:10. The method of paper manufacturing was chosen based on the determinations of strength and deformation properties of composite samples with the BNC:BSKP ratio of 20:80. Surface application of BNT on BSKP handsheet provided for an increase in the strength values (tear resistance – by 37%, burst index – by 17%) and deformation characteristics (tension stiffness – by 66%, fracture work – by 8%, breaking length – by 4%) compared to a reference sample. The formation of composites is confirmed in all samples. Scanning electron spectroscopy revealed that paper composites comprise interlaced micro BSKP and nano BNC fibres. As the proportion of BNC in composites elevated, densification of the structure was observed due to an increased fraction of cross-linked nanosized elements. IR spectroscopy indicated the resemblance of cellulose structure in all samples. It was found that an increase in the degree of polymerisation of composite paper is directly proportional to an increase in the BNC amount in the samples. The filtering ability of composite paper samples against microorganisms in the culture liquid of the Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 producer was studied. It should be noted that yeast retention is achieved with 70% BNC in the paper composite. The presented properties of the new material determine prospects for its use in filtering microorganisms.

Paper has been widely employed as cheap material for the development of a great number of sensors such as pregnancy tests, strips to measure blood sugar, and COVID-19 rapid tests. The need for new low-cost analytical devices is growing, and consequently the use of these platforms will be extended to different assays, both for the final consumer and within laboratories. This work describes a paper-based electrochemical sensing platform that uses a paper disc conveniently modified with recognition molecules and a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to achieve the detection of gluten in a deep eutectic solvent (DES). This is the first method coupling a paper biosensor based on aptamers and antibodies with the DES ethaline. Ethaline proved to be an excellent extraction medium allowing the determination of very low gluten concentrations. The biosensor is appropriate for the determination of gluten with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 mg L−1 of sample; it can detect gluten extracted in DES with a dynamic range between 0.2 and 20 mg L−1 and an intra-assay coefficient of 10.69%. This approach can be of great interest for highly gluten-sensitive people, who suffer from ingestion of gluten quantities well below the legal limit, which is 20 parts per million in foods labeled gluten-free and for which highly sensitive devices are essential. Graphical abstract