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Selected papers that address theoretical and practical training of the modern language teacher and language teaching experiments in various countries are presented. Some of the articles included are the following: "Les problemes de la formation linguistique et pedagogique des professeurs de francais en Afrique Subsaharienne" (The Problems of the Linguistic and Pedagogic Training of Teachers of French in Sub-Saharan Africa), R. Bastin; "L'enseignant doit-il etre l'objet d'une formation culturelle particuliere?" (Should the Teacher Undergo a Particular Cultural Training?), C. Borga; "Le micro-enseignement dans la formation des enseignants de francais-langue etrangere au Senegal" (Micro-Teaching in the Training of Teachers of French as a Foreign Language in Senegal), G. Dalgalian;"Sulla formazione linguistica degli insegnanti di lingua italiana presso le universita della Repubblica Federale Tedesca" (On the Linguistic Training of Teachers of the Italian Language at the Universities of West Germany), M. De Matteis; "The University and the Training of Language Teachers," L. K. Engels; "Re-training High School Teachers of English in Brazil: The Experience of the Instituto do Idiomas Yazigi," F. Gomes de Matos; "La formation des professeurs de francais a l'universite Bar-Ilan, Ramat Gan, Israel" (The Training of the Professors of French at the University of Bar-Ilan, Ramat Gan, Israel), R. Herzlich; "Linguistics and the Language Teacher," B. Jordan; "La formation et le recyclage des professeurs de langues vivantes au Quebec 1973-1978" (Training and Retraining of Modern Language Teachers in Quebec 1973-1978), J.-Cl. Lavigne; "La formation psycho-pedagogique et methodologique des professeurs de langues vivantes" (Psycho-Pedagogical and Methodological Training of Teachers of Modern Languages), R. Marechal. (SW)

This paper presents an overview of the state of scientific research in physics in the Italian peninsula for the first thirty years of XIX century. In doing so, we focus geographically on the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Lombardo - Veneto territories, because of the role played in the development of Italian physics and the political future of the peninsula; we line out a quantitative analysis of the scientific community using basic tool of graph theory; we somehow try to avoid the major personalities of the century (e.g. Volta, Avogadro, Lagrange) to highlight the development of the local communities. The language of the paper is Italian., Comment: in Italian language

The main component of the NextGeneration EU (NGEU) program is the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), spanning an implementation period between 2021 and 2026. The RRF also includes a monitoring system: every six months, each country is required to send an update on the progress of the plan against 14 common indicators, measured on specific quantitative scales. The aim of this paper is to present the first empirical evidence on this system, while, at the same time, emphasizing the potential of its integration with the sustainable development framework (SDGs). We propose to develop a first linkage between the 14 common indicators and the SDGs which allows us to produce a composite index (SDGs-RRF) for France, Germany, Italy, and Spain for the period 2014-2021. Over this time, widespread improvements in the composite index across the four countries led to a partial reduction of the divergence. The proposed approach represents a first step towards a wider use of the SDGs for the assessment of the RRF, in line with their use in the European Semester documents prepared by the European Commission., Comment: 30 pages, in Italian, 10 figures, 13 tables

The formal representation of cultural metadata has always been a challenge, considering both the heterogeneity of cultural objects and the need to document the interpretive act exercised by experts. This article provides an overview of the revalorization of the digital collection Mythologiae in Linked Open Data format. The research aims to explore the data of a collection of artworks (Mythologiae) by promoting the potential of the Semantic Web, focusing particularly on the formal representation of the association of cultural objects with literary sources, as realized by experts, also documenting their interpretations. The workflow consisted of defining the data model, cleaning and disambiguating the data, converting it (from tabular structure to graph), and conducting testing activities (particularly expert domain review of the dataset through competency questions and data visualizations). The result is the mythLOD platform, which presents the dataset and detailed research documentation. Additionally, the platform hosts two data visualization spaces (the online catalogue and a data storytelling experiment on the case study of the Aeneid) that enrich the project documentation as user-friendly test units for the dataset and constitute an additional project documentation tool and exploration of the collection., Comment: in Italian language

After Galileo's publication of the Sidereus Nuncius in 1610, Giovanni Battista Agucchi obtained in 1611 an estimate of the orbital periods of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter using the figures published in the book. The article shows how to repeat these measurements in a teaching context for high school students., Comment: 6 pages, in Italian language, 4 figures

Seventy-five years ago, Bernardo Dessau passed away. He had been the sole professor of Physics at the University of Perugia for thirty years. With this brief contribution we intend to repay a debt of gratitude, first of all because his scientific merits were probably underestimated, having spent the first fifteen years of his career under the shadow of the great Augusto Righi in Bologna, where he also witnessed meetings with the young Marconi. He was then relegated to the Faculty of Medicine of Perugia, without a real laboratory, disregarded by the national scientific community and unable to move to better equipped locations. Nevertheless, he proved to be a gifted teacher and popularizer of science. He published a comprehensive three-volume physics textbook that was widely used in Italy and abroad. Despite becoming an Italian citizen in 1894, Dessau's German origins led to his suspension from service during World War I. Furthermore, his Jewish identity made him a target of Nazi-fascist antisemitism. He was dismissed from both the University of Perugia and from the Italian Society of Physics, of which he had been a member since its beginning, fortunately escaping deportation., Comment: in Italian language. Accettato per la pubblicazione e in corso di stampa sulla rivista: Quaderni di Storia della Fisica della Societa' Italiana di Fisica

Matrices are very popular and widely used in mathematics and other fields of science. Every mathematician has known the properties of finite-sized matrices since the time of study. In this paper, we consider the basic theory of infnite matrices. So far, there have been references and few results in certain scientific fields, but they have not been thoroughly researched. This paper presents a complete possible and ordered theory of infinite matrices., Comment: 7 pages, accepted in ITALIAN JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS, 2021

Thanks to its heterogeneity, the Biscari Archive, one of the most representative family's archives in Sicily, in a new digital historical study, became a valuable set of computable data that can lead historians to reconstruct the history of the city of Catania and Sicily. Ignazio Paterno' Castello and his wife Anna, princes of Biscari, were the promoters of the city's reconstruction after the 1693 earthquake, both politically and culturally. How could the digital historical methodology fulfil the traditional Historiography gap about how this noble family built its mighty? As we know, Humanities cannot easily be encapsulated in a few understandable numbers and names. However, historians, boosting Artificial Intelligence, such as Transkribus, and applying Historical Networks Analysis could help computers infer computable meaning from the digitised historical primary source. The Turing Machine became the most powerful tool to help historians understand what happened in the Past and identify the actors in cities and places' cultural and political renewal., Comment: in Italian language

In the paper we will describe three instruments of particular historical and didactic interest belonging to the Historical Collection of Physics Instruments of Palermo University: a convex mirror most likely dating back to the early nineteenth century and a pair of burning mirrors most likely dating back to the mid-nineteenth century. After an introduction on the historical development of mirrors and on their principle of operation, we will describe the characteristics of the instruments of the collection and the interventions carried out., Comment: 15 pages, 8 embedded figures, in Italian language

With the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, two epidemics have spread: one for health and one for information. The virus has generated an unprecedented infodemic, contributing to the establishment of a climate of great uncertainty. Massive and redundant information has also been an effective vector of propaganda, on a global scale, by state and non-state actors. A real hostile act in which physical violence is not foreseen, but systematic management of information through the manipulation of the cognitive sphere. For this reason, the adoption of an attitude of active critical analysis by citizens and institutions and also the implementation of common policies at an international level could undoubtedly facilitate the fight against cognitive warfare (so-called cognitive warfare) and therefore limit its disastrous effects., Comment: in Italian language

The goal of this study is to investigate whether a Transformer-based neural language model infers lexical semantics and use this information for the completion of morphosyntactic patterns. The semantic properties considered are telicity (also combined with definiteness) and agentivity. Both act at the interface between semantics and morphosyntax: they are semantically determined and syntactically encoded. The tasks were submitted to both the computational model and a group of Italian native speakers. The comparison between the two groups of data allows us to investigate to what extent neural language models capture significant aspects of human semantic competence., Comment: 7 pages, in Italian language

Doing mathematics implies three levels of manipulation: manipulating the abstract, manipulating symbols and manipulating logic. Teaching mathematics therefore involves the teacher proposing situations in which pupils can explore a small part of mathematics through these manipulations. In doing so, the pupils work on both the heuristics enabling them to confront themselves with a real mathematical research and knowledge in construction. Through examples of didactic situations of problem solving, this article aims to show how problems can be drivers of mathematics learning., Comment: in Italian language

When a free falling ping-pong ball collides on a horizontal surface, it loses kinetic energy. The ratio between the height reached by the ball after the collision and the initial height is called restitution coefficient. A method to measure it by using a home-made cathetometer was proposed during the Olimpiadi di Fisica 2018. In this paper we show how to measure it also by using the PhyPhox app and Arduino board., Comment: In Italian

In October 2017 the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), Italy's body for official statistics, has published the book of fairy tales Le streghe di Bayes (The witches of Bayes) written by ISTAT staff members with the commendable aim of introducing statistical and probabilistic reasoning to children. In this paper the fairy tale which gives the name to the book is analyzed in a dialog between three teachers with different background and expertise. The outcomes are definitively discouraging, especially when the story is compared to the appendix of the book, in which the teaching power of every story is indeed explained (as a matter of fact, without the appendix the fairy tale of the witches seemed to be written with the purpose of make the 'Bayesians', meant as the villagers from 'Bayes', ridiculous). In fact the fairy tale of the witches does not contain any Bayesian reasoning, the suggested decision strategy is simply wrong and the story does not even seem to be easily modifiable (besides the trivial correction of the decision strategy) in order to make it usable as a teaching tool. As it happens in real dialogues, besides the fairy tale in question, the dialogue touches several issues somehow related to the story and concerning probability, inference, prediction and decision making. The present paper is an indirect response to the invitation by the ISBA bulletin to comment on the fairy tale., Comment: 48 pages, 14 figures, in Italian, be published in Progetto Alice, Rivista di matematica e didattica

This paper aims to analyse adolescents' road accidents in Tuscany. The analysis is based on the Database Edit of Osservatorio di Epidemiologia della Toscana. Complexity and heterogeneity of Edit's data represet an interesting scope to apply Machine Learning methods. In particular, in this paper is proposed an analysis based on a Bayesian probabilistic network, used to discover relationships between adolescents' characteristics and behaviours that are more often associated with an audacious driving style. The probabilistic network developed by this study can be considered a useful starting point for follow up reasearches, aiming to develop a causal network, a tool to limit this phenomenon., Comment: in Italian

In this paper we make some considerations about using a dynamic geometry software for teaching history of mathematica at university level. After a short introduction to the software GeoGebra, we discuss four activities. The first is an exploration of the menu of the tools menu following the first part of the first book of the elements of Euclid. The second is an activity about pentagons and pentagrams which aims at finding a more natural way of discovering their properties than that suggested by Euclid as an illustration of the method of synthesis and analysis. The third is an activity on circle inversion and its connection with polarity and the construction of the fourth harmonic point after three given point on a line. The activity continues with the reading of Poncelet's ideas about ideal secants of conics and how to use GeoGebra to make sense of them. The fourth activity shows how to use the possibility to move objects in GeoGebra to make sense of the geometric intuition behind Cremona and Hirst letters about the Bellavitis-Hirst inversion of a circle. We discuss the reasons why we believe that these kind of activities may help students to read and understand original writings in projective geometry and why we believe that they may be very effective in the training of prospective teachers of mathematics., Comment: 38 pages, in Italian, 44 figures

The universe is composed of ordinary matter (for example, stars, planets, ourselves), dark matter and dark energy. The estimated percentage of dark matter is about $27\%$ of the entire universe, while $5\%$ is ordinary matter and the remaining part is dark energy. This article introduces the fundamental ingredients that led to conjecture the existence of dark matter and to study its properties. To this result have contributed, directly or indirectly, numerous female mathematicians and astronomers, who we quote to give them the right credit., Comment: 21 pages, in Italian language

Personality is considered one of the most influential research topics in psychology, as it predicts many consequential outcomes such as mental and physical health and explains human behaviour. With the widespread use of social networks as a means of communication, it is becoming increasingly important to develop models that can automatically and accurately read the essence of individuals based solely on their writing. In particular, the convergence of social and computer sciences has led researchers to develop automatic approaches for extracting and studying "hidden" information in textual data on the internet. The nature of this thesis project is highly experimental, and the motivation behind this work is to present detailed analyses on the topic, as currently there are no significant investigations of this kind. The objective is to identify an adequate semantic space that allows for defining the personality of the object to which a certain text refers. The starting point is a dictionary of adjectives that psychological literature defines as markers of the five major personality traits, or Big Five. In this work, we started with the implementation of fully-connected neural networks as a basis for understanding how simple deep learning models can provide information on hidden personality characteristics. Finally, we use a class of distributional algorithms invented in 2013 by Tomas Mikolov, which consists of using a convolutional neural network that learns the contexts of words in an unsupervised way. In this way, we construct an embedding that contains the semantic information on the text, obtaining a kind of "geometry of meaning" in which concepts are translated into linear relationships. With this last experiment, we hypothesize that an individual writing style is largely coupled with their personality traits., Comment: in Italian language

A very short, non-technical review of the main problems which are presently open in the context of the gravitational theory and of its cosmological applications, and which are currently under investigation and deep discussion. We will talk in particular about the equivalence principle, the dark matter and dark energy contributions, the cosmological constant, the quantisation of gravity, the dynamics of the very early Universe., Comment: 5 pages, no figures. To be published (in Italian language) on "Ithaca: Sfide", XXI (2023) ISSN: 2282-8079, ESE (Salento University Publishing), http://ithaca.unisalento.it/

Cultural Heritage can largely profit from the set of technologies that have recently been developed in Submarine Robotics. In this paper we focus on how underwater robotics and related technologies can be used to enhance economical fruition, control, protection and social impact of the cultural heritage. Robots allow on-line experience, in remote locations, realizing the remote museum concept as extension and enhancement of the virtual museum. These solutions push the cultural tourism beyond actual limits of the sites like the number of simultaneous visitors, the travelling costs, , the difficulties to access dangerous locations coming to a true, advanced fruition of the Cultural Heritage goods., Comment: in Italian

The purpose of this paper is to prove directly, by an elementary method, the Poisson probability law. This proof is offered as an alternative to the more usual derivation from binomial distribution in the limit of small probabilities. The same proof is then applied to the solution of a problem in statistical mechanics. --- Lo scopo di questo articolo \`e dimostrare direttamente, con un metodo elementare, la legge di probabilit\`a di Poisson. Questa dimostrazione \`e proposta in alternativa alla pi\`u consueta derivazione dalla distribuzione binomiale nel limite delle piccole probabilit\`a. La stessa dimostrazione viene quindi applicata alla soluzione di un problema di meccanica statistica., Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure, in Italian, submitted to VSMP-Bulletin

The paper presents an introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in an accessible and informal but precise form. The paper focuses on the algorithmic aspects of the discipline, presenting the main techniques used in AI systems groped in symbolic and subsymbolic. The last part of the paper is devoted to the discussion ongoing among experts in the field and the public at large about on the advantages and disadvantages of AI and in particular on the possible dangers. The personal opinion of the author on this subject concludes the paper. -- -- L'articolo presenta un'introduzione all'Intelligenza Artificiale (IA) in forma divulgativa e informale ma precisa. L'articolo affronta prevalentemente gli aspetti informatici della disciplina, presentando le principali tecniche usate nei sistemi di IA divise in simboliche e subsimboliche. L'ultima parte dell'articolo presenta il dibattito in corso tra gli esperi e il pubblico su vantaggi e svantaggi dell'IA e in particolare sui possibili pericoli. L'articolo termina con l'opinione dell'autore al riguardo., Comment: 27 pages, in Italian

Research in foundations of physics is stagnant, as claimed by many scientists during the last years. I suggest that one reason might be the reification of language, particularly of mathematics, which favour the search for answers to wrong questions., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure. English translation and revision of an essay published in Italian: L. Foschini, "La reificazione della parola contro la scienza''. La Citt\`a del Secondo Rinascimento, n. 99, Giugno 2022, p. 13. Corrected an error I made about Arnold Sommerfeld

The page written by the astronomer Francesco Bianchini (1662-1729) and containing the data of the 1701 winter solstice observed at Santa Maria degli Angeli is presented for the first time in figure 2 and widely discussed along this paper. The great meridian line in the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Rome was built in 1701/1702 with the scope to measure the Obliquity of the Earth's orbit in the following eight centuries, upon the will of pope Clement XI. During the winter solstice of 1701 the first measurements of the obliquity have been realized by Francesco Bianchini, the astronomer who designed the meridian line, upgrading the similar instrument realized by Giandomenico Cassini in San Petronio, Bononia. In this paper the accuracy of the data observed by Francesco Bianchini is discussed and compared with up-to-date ephemerides. The modern situation of this historical instrument is also presented., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures in color, in Italian with English abstract. ISSN 2385-1961

Popularized explanations of the color of the sea often prove to be incomplete or oversimplified, and hence inadequate to become acquainted with the phenomenon in its whole. In this paper, after a historical review of the investigations on the subject in recent centuries and a brief account of the current state of knowledge, the topic is addressed in a more rigorous way adopting a comprehensive and multidisciplinary viewpoint. A phenomenological model providing operational results in educational context is proposed. --- Le spiegazioni del colore del mare proposte a scopo didattico o divulgativo si rivelano spesso incomplete o eccessivamente semplificate, e dunque inadeguate alla comprensione della totalit\`a del fenomeno. In questo articolo, dopo una rassegna storica delle indagini sull'argomento negli ultimi due secoli e un accenno allo stato attuale delle conoscenze, il problema viene affrontato in modo pi\`u rigoroso adottando un punto di vista comprensivo e pluridisciplinare. Viene proposto un modello fenomenologico in grado di fornire risultati operativi in contesto didattico., Comment: 42 pages, 9 figures, in italian, submitted to "Chimica nella Scuola"

The aim of this article has been to put together various aspects of the personality of the Italian mathematician Francesco Severi: the mathematical, the political, the institutional, academic and philosophical one. We tried in particular to elucidate if the events related the First World War represented a turning point in the life and scientific production of Severi., Comment: This paper is in Italian

This is the first translation of Hipparchus Commentaries on the Phenomena of Aratus and Eudoxus into a modern language since the one, in German, published by the philologist Karl Heinrich August Manitius in 1894. Published in 2013, it is now also available online. This is also the first detailed astronomical commentary on the work, produced with the support of Starry Night Pro Plus 8 software (very reliable for both precession and stellar proper motions), configured for the epochs and sites where Aratus, Eudoxus and Hipparchus worked. The translation is by Bruna Cusinato. The introduction and astronomical commentary are by Gabriele Vanin., Comment: in Italian

Physics Education Research has shown that the active methodologies are better than traditional methodologies, the most popular are PODS and PI. However, there are three problems that blur their effectiveness: first, the pre and post-test do not allow to know what happens in the learning process; second, the answers that average - performance students give to questions of a test are influenced by the answers of the more advanced students; third, in many types of research on PI the students do not experiment. In the present work, it is exposed a research on the learning through PI with $42$ students over a small physical concept (Bodies falling in air), the interaction between the students was designed to correct the aforementioned problems. It was found a linear evolution of the gain $G$, with high concentration in the correct model and it was not observed peaks or interference., Comment: 15 pages, In Italian ,6 figures

In this paper is performed an appraisal of the Olympic Sport Judo effectiveness in the optics of Biomechanics. To broaden the classical view,the field of experimentation is obviously the high level competition in which most of rotational application can be found applied more or less instinctively by high level Athletes. Considering the two biomechanical tools that are the physical basis of judo throws it is possible to obtain such results from the analysis of high competition application:Lever Techniques are enhanced in their effectiveness in three ways: The rotational movements, strictly connected to the Lever techniques mechanics achieving victory in competition, can be extended to the unbalance phase. The rotational movements can be applied in a totally new way putting away even the unbalance that is basic in the Lever techniques. The Lever tool can be hybridized with the Couple tool to lower the energy consumption. Couple Techniques are enhanced in their effectiveness also in three ways: The Couple tool that doesnt need unbalance allowing uke body rotate around his center of mass, is enhanced utilizing the Uke body smaller resistance directions,normally summarized in Diagonal attacks. The vertical rotational movements in the transverse plan with the axis in the sagittal plane can be added to the Couple application with transverse rotation and axis in the frontal plane to overcome some defensive resistance, mainly in the trunk and leg group of Couple techniques,like Uchi Mata or O Soto Gari. The rotational movements enhance the throwing action changing the mechanics of Couple into Lever applying a Torque,both with the direction change of one force or the time delay of his application. This analysis, expanded with a short physical framework, clarifies hidden deep concepts and helps teacher and coaches in their professional work., Comment: 37 pages, 1 Diagram, 7 tables, 97 figures, this paper will be published,in Italian language, without mathematical framework into the Italian Judo Federation Magazine: "Athlon" FIJLKAM Yr 2014 Nu. 2

The content of this paper is the noted transcription of the documents (232 letters and 25 documents) which make up the Fondo Gian Antonio Maggi stored at the Library of the Department of Mathematics of the University of Milan. The documents cover the period 1885-1937. La corrispondenza qui riprodotta (232 lettere e 25 documenti) compone il Fondo Gian Antonio Maggi conservato presso la Biblioteca del Dipartimento di Matematica (Universita' degli Studi di Milano). I documenti coprono il periodo 1885-1937., Comment: 324 pages, 79 figures, in Italian

The growing interest of people in science events, the projects supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research to foster STEM teaching in different levels of the education system and the introduction of modern physics in some Italian high schools, contributed to the strengthening of interaction between schools, universities and research centers. This interaction realized in dedicated activities characterized by innovative communication and education strategies.This paper presents the events of science dissemination organized in the last years by the University of Ferrara and the National Institute for Nuclear Physics taking into account some case study differentiated by contents, recipients and education strategies., Comment: The article is written in Italian

The collaboration of mathematics in the two musical systems of Pythagorean sounds and of equal sounds is evident and opportune for generating the elements and managing their relationships. The only essential notion for a rational intervention in the two sound worlds is that of distance between sounds. The scale of natural sounds does not seem to dialogue directly with a purely mathematical module that articulates its definition and is generally presented as a manual adjustment of the ancient Pythagorean sounds. The model of proportions that formed and inspired the architecture of the sixteenth century, an era in which the natural scale emerges, provides a clear idea for systematically adjusting natural sounds; on the other hand, the generation of sounds based and started exclusively on the respect of the proportions proposes interesting natural sound systems. The object is not so much to illustrate the harmonic device of the already formed natural scale, as to implement the formation of sound elements that respond to the unitary principle of proportion and combine harmoniously., Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures, in italian

In this paper we study the Diophantine equation $x^{4}-q^{4}=py^{5},$ with the following conditions: $p$ and $q$ are different prime natural numbers, $y$ is not divisible with $p$, $p\equiv3$ (mod20), $q\equiv4$ (mod5), $\overline{p}$ is a generator of the group $(U(\textbf{Z}_{q^{4}}),\cdot)$, $(x,y)=1$, 2 is a 5-power residue mod $q$., Comment: This paper was accepted for publication in Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

These are the lecture notes (in Italian) of a course held in Perugia, Italy, during the summer 2002. They concern the basic facts on the iterative solution of linear systems. The course is self-contained and requires only basic knowledge of numerical linear algebra. This is a corrected version of the original lecture notes, and are dedicated to the memory of Cecilia Magherini., Comment: 150 pagine. This is the corrected version of the lecture notes (in Italian). In memory of Cecilia Magherini

The content of this paper is the noted transcription of the 83 letters written by Enrico Betti between 1860 and 1886 stored at the Istituto Mazziniano, Museo del Risorgimento in Genova and now available at www.luigi-cremona.it The letters are addressed to: Luigi Cremona (79), Eugenio Beltrami (2), Pietro Blaserna (1) and one son of Gaetano Giorgini (1). ----- La corrispondenza qui riprodotta, composta dalle 83 lettere scritte da Enrico Betti tra il 1860 e il 1886, si trova a Genova (Istituto Mazziniano, Museo del Risorgimento) e ora anche sul sito www.luigi-cremona.it Destinatari sono: Luigi Cremona (79), Eugenio Beltrami (2), Pietro Blaserna (1) e uno dei figli di Gaetano Giorgini (1)., Comment: 56 pages, 1 figure, in Italian

The neutrino is the most elusive particle that we know and for many years physicists doubted that neutrinos might never be revealed. Today we know and we reveal neutrinos produced by different astrophysical objects and by interactions of cosmic rays (natural neutrinos) or produced by nuclear reactors and as secondary particles in accelerators (artificial neutrinos). This paper focus on naturally occurring neutrinos, the disclosure of which requires enormous experimental apparatus in underground laboratories, under water or under the ice of the South Pole. They have allowed huge advances in understanding of neutrino properties with the discovery of the oscillation mechanism. And at the same time they opened new frontiers for the study of astrophysics of the processes that produce energy inside the Sun; on the mechanisms leading to stellar gravitational collapses; on astrophysical objects that produce cosmic rays up to extreme energies., Comment: The review is written in Italian. Accepted by the "Giornale di Fisica"

The content of this paper is the noted transcription of the 48 letters that Celeste Clericetti wrote to Luigi Cremona and the 10 letters that Cremona wrote to Clericetti between 1871 and 1887. The correspondence is stored at the Istituto Mazziniano, Museo del Risorgimento in Genova and is now available at www.luigi-cremona.it ----- La corrispondenza qui riprodotta, composta da 48 lettere scritte da Celeste Clericetti a Luigi Cremona e 10 lettere scritte da Cremona a Clericetti tra il 1871 e il 1887, si trova a Genova (Istituto Mazziniano, Museo del Risorgimento) e ora anche sul sito www.luigi-cremona.it La trascrizione ha un ampio apparato di note e comprende i cenni biografici di tutti i nomi citati nelle lettere., Comment: 90 pages, 6 figures, in Italian

Even if laboratory practice is essential for all scientific branches of knowledge, it is often neglected at High School, due to lack of time and/or resources. To establish a closer contact between school and experimental sciences, the University Sapienza of Roma and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) launched the Lab2Go project, with the goal of spreading laboratory practice among students and teachers in high schools., Comment: in Italian

The theme of the influence of Bourbaki's ideas and methodologies on disciplines that transcend the mathematical field has been frequently addressed and, in particular, the reflection on the relationship between Bourbaki and Oulipo has animated a passionate debate within literary criticism. The purpose of this contribution is to investigate the relations between Le Lionnais, Queneau and Roubaud - and more generally Oulipo - and Bourbaki. Through a comparative examination between the two groups, the existence of an undeniable charisma of the "polycephalic mathematician" on the artistic-literary movement was highlighted., Comment: in Italian

The aim of this thesis is to present the notion of spaces whose curvature is bounded above, and to give some of its application in the context of Combinatorial Algebra. The thesis is made of two parts, one of theoretic purpose, and the other applicative. In particular, we present an application to the notion of $CAT(0)$-space and one to the Gromov Theorem for cubical complexes. In the final part we present a new class of discrete groups generalizing the well-known right-angled Artin groups. We concoct a cubical CAT(0)-complex on which the group acts, from whom we extract some algebraic properties of such groups., Comment: 53 pages, in Italian

This paper deals with the celebrated Euclidean theorem about isosceles triangles, comparing different proofs., Comment: in Italian

To contrast the phenomenon of false positives in the diagnoses of dyscalculia in Italy, among 3rd grade children, a 3-year project (2011-2014), built upon a collaboration between psychologists and mathematics educators, was carried out. Within the project specific teaching strategies for preventing and addressing learning difficulties in arithmetic arising at the beginning of primary school were designed and tested in schools nation wide. This paper presents the project's background and the theoretical foundations of the didactical material designed, providing also some examples. In particular, prototypical examples will show how the activities, grounded within a kinesthetic-tactile and visual-spatial approach, are designed to lead to students' interiorization of part-whole relations, and to their thinking about multiplication through structured diagrams. Qualitative data confirming effectiveness of the proposed didactical strategies will also be discussed., Comment: in Italian

The question of whether Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature and polarization data from Planck favor a spatially closed Universe with curvature parameter $\Omega_K<0$ has been the subject of recent intense discussions. Attempts to break the geometrical degeneracy combining Planck data with external datasets such as Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements all point towards a spatially flat Universe, at the cost of significant tensions with Planck, which make the resulting dataset combination problematic. Settling this issue requires identifying a dataset which can break the geometrical degeneracy while not incurring in these tensions. We argue that cosmic chronometers (CC), measurements of the expansion rate $H(z)$ from the relative ages of massive early-type passively evolving galaxies, are the dataset we are after. Furthermore, CC come with the additional advantage of being virtually free of cosmological model assumptions. Combining Planck 2018 CMB temperature and polarization data with the latest CC measurements, we break the geometrical degeneracy and find $\Omega_K=-0.0054 \pm 0.0055$, consistent with a spatially flat Universe and competitive with the Planck+BAO constraint. Our results are stable against minimal parameter space extensions and CC systematics, and we find no substantial tension between Planck and CC data within a non-flat Universe, making the resulting combination reliable. Our results allow us to assert with confidence that the Universe is spatially flat to the ${\cal O}(10^{-2})$ level, a finding which might possibly settle the ongoing spatial curvature debate, and lends even more support to the already very successful inflationary paradigm., Comment: 30 pages, 6 figures. The busy reader should skip to Fig. 1 and Tab. 3 for the main results, and to Fig. 5 and Tab. 4 if they are interested in the extended parameter space results. "Piatto" = "flat" in Italian, "Note added" between conclusions and acknowledgements explains our choice of title. v2: abstract shortened, references added, version accepted for publication in ApJ. Comments are welcome

English. The following document pursues the objective of comparing some useful methods to balance a dataset and obtain a trained model. The dataset used for training is made up of short and medium length sentences, such as simple phrases or extracts from conversations that took place on web channels. The training of the models will take place with the help of the structures made available by the Apache Spark framework, the models may subsequently be useful for a possible implementation of a solution capable of classifying sentences using the distributed environment, as described in "New frontier of textual classification: Big data and distributed calculation" by Massimiliano Morrelli et al. Italiano. Il seguente documento persegue l'obiettivo di mettere a confronto alcuni metodi utili a bilanciare un dataset e ottenere un modello addestrato. Il dataset utilizzato per l'addestramento \`e composto da frasi di lunghezza breve e media, come frasi semplici o estratte da conversazioni avvenute su canali web. L'addestramento dei modelli avverr\`a con l'ausilio delle strutture messe a disposizione dal framework Apache Spark, i modelli successivamente potranno essere utili a un eventuale implementazione di una soluzione in grado di classificare frasi sfruttando l'ambiente distribuito, come descritto in "Nuova frontiera della classificazione testuale: Big data e calcolo distribuito" di Massimiliano Morrelli et al., Comment: in Italian

Application of Benford's law to data on daily new cases of infection by Covid 2019 in some Coutries (Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, United Kingdom, United States of America)., Comment: Text in Italian

This article, written in Italian language, explores the contribution given by Bayes' rule and by subjective probability in the work at Bletchley Park towards cracking Enigma cyphered messages during WWII. -- In questo articolo, scritto in Italiano, esploriamo il contributo dato dal teorema di Bayes e dalle idee della probabilit\`a soggettiva nel lavoro compiuto a Bletchley Park che ha portato a decifrare i messaggi cifrati con macchine Enigma durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale., Comment: 39 pages, 10 figures, in Italian

The impact of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in the age of big data and platform capitalism has not spared scientific research in academia. In this work, we will analyse the use of ML in fundamental physics and its relationship to other cases that directly affect society. We will deal with different aspects of the issue, from a bibliometric analysis of the publications, to a detailed discussion of the literature, to an overview on the productive and working context inside and outside academia. The analysis will be conducted on the basis of three key elements: the non-neutrality of science, understood as its intrinsic relationship with history and society; the non-neutrality of the algorithms, in the sense of the presence of elements that depend on the choices of the programmer, which cannot be eliminated whatever the technological progress is; the problematic nature of a paradigm shift in favour of a data-driven science (and society). The deconstruction of the presumed universality of scientific thought from the inside becomes in this perspective a necessary first step also for any social and political discussion. This is the subject of this work in the case study of ML., Comment: Originally published in Italian on the journal The Lab's Quarterly