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The article presents a critique by Philip Sporn of the papers concerning "The Control of Science for Civil Needs" written by Anthony Wedgwood Benn, Myron Tribus, Daniel C. Drucker, and Alan Mencher. The papers all express faith in science and technology in solving mankind's problems. Although science and technology has contributed to economic and political upliftment, man also mistrusts it, given that science may also become an instrument in the annihilation of mankind. The tragedy is that science, technology and big business have diverted man from ethical and moral imperatives.

The article presents the paper on analyzing questions of social control and direction of the technological and scientific revolution which was discussed at the conference titled "The Control of Science for Civil Needs" at a Northwestern University Colloquium on April 12-13, 1971. The paper focuses on the impact of technological innovations on the structure of the government. The author points out that the amount of power that the technological revolution has created far exceeds the capability of even the most inspired, dedicated or brilliant leaders to control that power unaided.

The article presents the paper on analyzing questions of social control and direction of the technological and scientific revolution which was discussed at the conference titled "The Control of Science for Civil Needs" at a Northwestern University Colloquium on April 12-13, 1971. The paper focuses on the application of science in the society. The author points out that science-based technology is one of the great creative form of the generation. The author argues that a basic research is a natural resource, just as agriculture and mineral deposits are, and as important to the public concern as military security, education and the management of the economy.

The article presents the paper on analyzing questions of social control and direction of the technological and scientific revolution which was discussed at the conference titled "The Control of Science for Civil Needs" at a Northwestern University Colloquium on April 12-13, 1971. The paper focuses on the leadership issues on technological innovations and scientific revolution. The author points out that the discussion of technology assessment needs to be broadened to consider the subject of control of technology.

The article presents the paper on analyzing questions of social control and direction of the technological and scientific revolution which was discussed at the conference titled "The Control of Science for Civil Needs" at a Northwestern University Colloquium on April 12-13, 1971. The paper focuses on the ability of engineers to take control of the technological innovation and scientific revolution. The author points out that the mind of man augmented by machines has capabilities of far more than has yet been accomplished, given adequate financial and moral encouragement.

Research on the diffusion of innovation has postulated three empirical regularities-the S-curve for diffusion in a temporal context, the neighborhood effect for diffusion in a spatial context, arid the hierarchy or short circuit effect for diffusion in the context of a central place system. This paper reviews the evidence for each regularity, considers the consistency of each, and presents an explanation for these regularities taken together that appears more useful for future research than previously posited explanations. Our paradigm focuses upon 1) the distinction between innovation diffusion agencies and adopters themselves, 2) the relationship between the marketing surface viewed by diffusion agencies and the resistance surface offered by potential adopters, and 3) the sequence of communication systems associated with different stages of the diffusion process. By focusing upon behavioral aspects of diffusion rather than upon rigidly defined structural aspects, the consistency of each regularity with others, and deviations from a given regularity for a particular situation, may be reconciled with theory. The empirical regularities are but one possible outcome of behavioral events associated with diffusion of innovation, and in future diffusion research more attention should be given to behavioral events and their characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the Victorian Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists of Australia and New Zealand invite papers to be submitted from suppliers and users of fibers, dyestuffs, chemicals and machinery for their upcoming symposium. The papers to be submitted should be concerned with the technological innovations including textile or carpet printing, texturized polyester fabric and garment dyeing and finishing, carpet dyeing and finishing, solvent processing and new textile dyeing and finishing machinery.

The article focuses on the development of methods for keeping peace in a disarmed environment. Due to technological advancements, the issue of disarmament worries most nations due to the fact that war can not suffice in dispute settlement between authoritative forces. Disarmament discussions are conducted to explore on new ways and problems in the aim to provide peace and security in the society. One of the concerns of member states is the development of a system that adjusts to different peacemaking mechanisms, economic approaches and cultural backgrounds.

The article reflects on the pursuit of pure science by the scientific community in the U.S. Indications showed that this endeavor is becoming more and more expensive. The authors of this paper attempts to defend one special kind of pure science, the physics of elementary particles. This is the branch of physics that looks for the fundamental constituents of matter. They proposed that in any intelligent discussion of the impact of pure science in society, it must be based upon knowledge of the development of modern physics and of the role of the study of elementary particles in the history of science.

The article addresses the problem faced by developing countries in applying scientific and technological innovation to achieve economic growth. It cites the problems of developing countries in meeting the requirements of such innovations, such as the number of people with technical skills and knowledge on science and technology. According to the author, developing countries can effectively use technology and science in achieving economic progress through the establishment of an institution that would formulate problems and organizational instrument to find applicable solution to the problem.

The tradition from Malthus, Marx, and Ogburn points to differential rates of change as an important predictor variable. Although normal industrial societies include components changing at highly unequal rates without necessarily revealing maladaptive behavior, it still seems a good strategy to pay attention to differential rates of change in trying to explain maladaptivity arising in connection with technological innovations or diffusions. Taking annual rate of change in the number of road deaths per capita as dependent variable, and annual rate of change in the number of cars per capita, and annual rate of change in expenditure per capita devoted to road work as independent variables, it was shown for Britain and Denmark that a considerable increase in such expenditure would be needed to achieve zero growth rate in the dependent variable. Since data on road expenditures proved hard to provide for most countries the main problem discussed in the paper is the relationship between the other two variables mentioned above. This relationship is studied in 13 European and North American nations over approximately 20 years, mostly 1947 to 1966. Deadly accidents on roads were shown to grow more slowly than the number of automobiles, but at a rate rather close to 1/3 of that for automobiles for Europe in general. Data for United States suggest that this dependence between cars and accidents may well be characteristic of nations in their automotive youth and early maturity only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of using computer-based data banks for future planning. A data bank is a system of storing useful information in such a way that it could be made available for future use. It highlights the benefits of utilizing computer technology for data banking to store relevant resources for regional and metropolitan planning. According to the author, the main advantage of computer storage of data is that it processed quickly and accurately. It outlines the criteria to be considered in developing a data bank including the specification for selected information, its communicator and the bases for the design of alternative plans.

This paper attempts to uncover what seem to be the principal problems pertaining to the choice of technology and technique which the Chinese planners have faced in each of several phases since the inception of the Chinese People's Republic, and examines the way in which the Chinese have apparently attempted to solve these problems. Although some attempt is made to evaluate the main findings, lack of information still prevents a detailed evaluation of the specifies of the Chinese choice of technology and technique, and of its relevance elsewhere, and attention is mainly concentrated here on the broad nature of the problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes briefly some of the discussion on the question of choke of techniques in developing countries and suggests some alternative lines of approach that might be helpful. The two-classical approach with assumes a wide range of choice of technique is rejected as being unhistorical in its view of technological development; the technological determinist' view which concludes that there is virtually no choice of technique at all ignores crucial aspects of scale, product and process which widen the choke available. The question of choke of technique is a question of product (in scale, type and quality) as well as method of production, and must be viewed dynamically-the choke available changes over time and is itself subject to choice in the sense that a country or countries can choose to develop techniques in one direction rather than another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written on the need for a more rapid rate of technical progress in the British economy but there is little in the way of hard facts on the characteristics of firms that innovate and those that do not, on the factors determining a firm's rate of innovation, and on the relationship between innovation and profitability. The present paper attempts to give some quantitative content to the discussion by examining the relationship between a firm's size, its profitability, its liquidity and the number of patents obtained in three United Kingdom industries -- Chemicals, an Electrical Engineering and Electronics grouping, and Machine Tools. These three industries were chosen because they are technologically based and so place heavy emphasis on research and development.
The plan of the paper is as follows. Section 1 discusses the patents data and the use of patents as an indicator of innovative activity. The size characteristics of patenting and non-patenting firms are considered in Section 2. Section 3 presents the model relating patenting to firm size, liquidity and profitability. Sections 4 to 6 report in turn the results for the Chemical industry, the Electrical Engineering and Electronics grouping, and the Machine Tools industry. Section 7 investigates whether any short-run profitability may be found to result from innovative activity. Section 8 compares our results with those obtained for the United States. Section 9 is a summary of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. steel industry has some interesting characteristics which have made itself a favored object of inquiry in many recent economic studies. The market structure of the industry, its pricing practices, the high degree of vertical integration in the production process, the long run existence of apparent excess capacities, the intrinsic nature of economies of scale in its production operations, etc., are but few of the many examples. Among them, the most interesting ones are perhaps those related to production: the choice of production techniques and the economies of scale, the effects of technological changes on input requirements and, consequently, on resource allocation. The purpose of this paper is to construct a production model of steelmaking which is capable of reflecting changes in production techniques and input requirements, and to use this model to study the impact of technological and environmental changes on the industrial performance. The first part of the paper gives a brief description of an activity analysis model of steel-making. In the second part, the model is used to obtain a short run, industry wide production schedule. Given the exogenously determined resource supplies and variable production costs for each year, the annual )east-cost allocation of resources and the least-cost level of intermediate good production are determined. The output levels and the amounts of inputs used in the optimal schedule are then compared with actual statistics for each year. In Part 3 the model is used in some simulative runs in which changes in the production environment are exogenously determined and fed in the system. Optimizing principles are applied and the simulative runs are made on the assumption that the industry as a whole behaves as if all of its component firms entertain a common objective.

The article provides information on the impact of automation on the society particularly in the U.S. It is stated that automation is part of the larger process of social change which has been going on in human society since its inception and it has had an enormous impact on the production, communication and scientific investigation. The paper emphasizes that since automation represents the highest development to technology, it is inevitable that industries will move in its direction. It discusses the relation of automation to other technologies and how technology is related to the organization of society.

The article reports on developments related to the discoveries and research in science. The first satellite was launched by the U.S. Army on January 31, 1958, with two transmitters designed to measure the cosmic ray count, the impact of micro-meteorites, and temperature. Scientific papers are being released by the U.S. Atomic Energy Convention and the British Atomic Energy Authority. Associate Director Wallace R. Brode of the Bureau of Standards was appointed as science adviser to the State Department.

This article discusses social innovations in organizations, highlighting ways for cooperation between people who work and interact in organizations for common objectives. Innovation is concerned with change. Whereas technological innovation is concerned with application of new technology, social innovation deals with application of new social patterns of human interaction. Innovations are concerned with the future. A number of reasons can be listed that all point toward the need for social innovations. They can broadly be grouped in two categories, stemming from managerial and social requirements. The new environment imposes new requirements on management. The organization is much more unpredictable in its behavior. It must respond quickly to changes; speed will be of great importance. Changes in materials, technologies, and need patterns require flexibility. Such a situation can be a threat, but offers opportunities for those who can utilize the creative potential of the organization. The capacity of an organization to adapt to a dynamic environment depends on its employees. Here is a great challenge to management. In order to meet the social requirements of the future, there is a real need for new ways of thinking. Social innovations may in the future be even more important than technological innovations. The ability to motivate others will be a criterion of managerial success.

This article presents researches published in the March issue of the journal "International Journal of Production Research." Technological developments, particularly in the metal and plastics fields, are causing rapid changes in industrial methods and are the subject of research in many parts of the world. Although these are extensive research areas, the Board welcomes papers relating to any branch of technology, since the production research worker must be aware of trends in manufacturing techniques. According to the article, researches into organizational or human aspects of production are being conducted in only a few countries, at present, but there is evidence of a growing interest in these research areas in the technologically advanced nations. The work being done in these fields of study can, at the moment, only claim to be exploring small parts of them, and it is probable that any researcher undertaking studies would produce results of considerable interest. The editors would, therefore, urge research workers to submit their reports for wide dissemination and comment by others in the international context of this Journal.

The article offers information on fission energy and other sources of energy. The problem of how to suffice the increasing demand for energy in the world is attracting great concern. In the United States, the creation of the atomic energy reactor initialized the strategy to counteract this problem. Competent team of scientists worked in laboratories which were well aided by the U. S. government. This technological innovation spread to other countries. However in some countries like the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and China, atomic bombs were manufactured, while in other countries atomic reactors were built for peaceful use.

The article focuses on various issues related to the future of physical education in the U.S. The author discusses what physical education may become if current trends continue and if educators become able to provide the means for the carrying out of the philosophy and guidelines which present itself to be dominate thinking in the current scenario. In future, physical education curricula will focus on individual ability. Learners will be grouped on the basis of particular purposes, needs, abilities, and movement interests and not on grades or as boys and girls or men and women.

The article discusses how trend extrapolation method is being used in future research in physical education. Trend extrapolation is a method of forecasting or projecting the future by assuming that events which fashioned recent history caused a trend, and that that trend will extend into the future. Trend extrapolation is one of the most widely tool being used in forecasting the future. The author refers to the concept of leisure time to presents an example of how trend extrapolation can be applied in physical education.

The article presents views of a visitor of the Siberian science center Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk, Russia. The first impression of the center, including the physical plant and its natural environment, is that here is an ideal realized. Akademgorodok was almost a technological nightmare instead of a humanistic showplace. The original plans called for the erection of those huge skyscrapers. Nature was to have been locked out, men would have been locked in, and minds would surely have been sterilized by artificiality.

The article presents a British view concerning the American and Russian space programs since the Apollo 11 landing on the Moon in July 1969. Two major events in space marked 1971, both of them signs that America's formidable lead in space exploration is being whittled away by the incredibly dynamic program of the Soviet Union. This was the first time the Soviet Union had been ahead since the spring of 1958. Following the Apollo 11 mission, the impetus of the U.S. program has been lost in a desire to cut spending. No similar reluctance to spend appears to restrict Soviet space ambitions.

The article focuses on the issue regarding the conflict between the scientific and technological weapons of the U.S. military forces against the less technical innovations of the guerilla forces in Vietnam in 1971. According to source, in the present war in Vietnam, the use of sophisticated weaponry and the rapid development of new weapons and supporting equipment required a new staff position to assist the field commander. However, it was observed that communist sources offer considerable evidence that the intense bombing has been ineffective against the legion of coolies. Moreover, it is stated heavy reliance by U.S. forces in Indo-China on computers has not given them the edge against the elusive guerilla forces of the enemy.

The article discusses the development of science centers in Siberia, Russia becoming one of the landmarks of the world scientific revolution. Soviet science at Akademgorodok in Siberia was a symbol of the new status and evidence of the new working environment of the Russian scientist. In a country where just a half century ago more than half of the population was illiterate, the degree to which the modern Soviet scientist has created a new world for himself is most remarkable. His new rank not only affords younger scientists, engineers and technicians immediate and relatively gainful employment, as in the U.S., but it has also finally given a few senior scientists an active role in the decisionmaking processes of government.

The article reports on the harnessing of nuclear fusion in the generation of energy. At first it seemed apparent that the technology of controlled fusion would arise naturally and develop from very simple and transparent ideas of physics. Atomic energy has the greatest practical importance among mankind's attainments, although, perhaps, outwardly it is less spectacular than man's invasion of neighboring space or the frightening power of an impassive artificial mind. Without the exploitation of atomic energy sources it is impossible to conceive of the continuing existence on earth of a gigantic human society with a developing civilization, since the energy reserves contained in organic fuel are disappearing with ever increasing speed.

The article reports on the rise of international cooperation among the scientific community in high energy physics. Before the Second World War broke out, and even before the advent of Adolf Hitler, the basic research enterprise in physics was concentrated in Western Europe, and to a remarkable extent in Germany. The great emigration to the U.S. of German and Italian physicists after 1933, followed by the spectacular contributions of American physics to the winning of the war brought about a marked shift in the center of gravity of physics research towards the U.S. after the Second World War.

The article presents a reprint of the article "Science Travels the Mao Road," by C. H. G. Oldham, which appeared in the August 22, 1968 issue of "The Listener." Oldham discusses the effect of the Cultural Revolution to the science and scientists of China. He suggested that the scientists should use the writings of Mao Tse-tung as a research tool, not as a guide to correct ideological thinking. He stressed that Mao's policy encourage self-reliance at all levels through innovation. INSET: Science and Mao's Thought.

The article reports on the effort of the government to manage science and technology in Great Britain. These efforts were initiated in the context of the government's determination to enter the Common Market. According to experts, the development of institutional structures intended to organize science and technology for more purposeful application to national production assumes added importance. However, plausible obstacles to these objectives exist in industries, social values of a class-conscious society, and in the vast problems of manipulating an increasingly large government bureaucracy.

The article discusses the specific contributions which scientists could make to foreign affairs policies. According to the author, perhaps the most important such task which scientists and engineers have done has been to study and report very broadly on the complicated military-technical problems which have come into existence. He asserts that the two other areas in which scientists have contributed in a substantial extracurricular way are the analysis of the role of science and technology in the economy and the fostering of international discussions of military problems and disarmament.

The article discusses on the essentials to be considered in the organization of scientific and technological research in developing countries such as the Latin Americas. It is important for the organization of scientific research to deal with the country's political problems, economy and education. Proper planning and unified interaction of scientific and economic development takes place importantly on the teaching of basic sciences at the university level. The implementation of applied research in universities should prioritize the needs of the national industry and the country's natural resources for the development of the technology.

The article discusses on the significance of scientific research and technological inventions in promoting economic development in countries in Latin America. Business leaders and diplomats recognize the role of science as an essential force in technology, thus the establishment of organizations for coordination of scientific research which include the National Research Council. An example of the growth of science is seen in Brazil wherein research institutes in biology and experimental medicine were developed to solve the epidemics of plague and yellow fever in the country. Industrialization in Brazil started in 1949, wherein funding for scientific research was promoted to aid scientists to concentrate on specific jobs for research development.

The article focuses on the federal support needed to maintain the leadership in basic research in the U.S. The total expenditures for basic research have risen from $432 million to $1,488 million in the short period between 1953 to 54 and 1961 to 62. The federal support has paid about 55 percent of this total while the rest has been financed by private industry, colleges and universities and other nonprofit institutions. The fundamental justification for expending large sums from the federal budget to support basic research is that these expenditures are capital investments in the stock of knowledge which pay off in increased outputs of goods and services that their society strongly desires.

The article discusses rapid innovations in the field of science and technology, health, and energy. These include the discovery of vitamins and vaccines, the development of telecommunications, and other changes in the modern ages. Such progressive developments were claimed to be a manifestation of international relations. Moreover, it believes that everything is possible if all people cooperate in a world scale. This relation is considered a possibility for international cooperation to reconcile aspirations of the older generations to the new ones.

The article focuses on the political and social problems brought by technological development, particularly the spread of nuclear weapons that poses the risk of international disorder. It looks at the action taken by the U.S. government in controlling the diffusion of nuclear capabilities of several nations, including small, developing countries, and discusses the danger of nuclear war arising from nuclear developments. It emphasizes that the spread of nuclear weapons presents serious problems to the country and its relationship with other countries.

The article discusses the development of nuclear technology in developed countries. It is said that many nations have the scientific capability, the economic capacity and the nuclear technology which would enable them to embark on the road to independent production of nuclear weapons with reasonable prospects for success. The author cited that nuclear weapons become an integral part of military systems. The fundamental problem is that the nuclear superpowers continue to rely on nuclear weapons as a major ingredient of their military forces and in the conduct of international relations.

The author reflects on the technological developments that is happening in Pakistan. He notes that 1857 marks the modern era of Pakistan, particularly in the western part for it had built low dams governed by hydraulic engineers. However, he argues that carrying these lofty plans into the future shows vagueness for the British administration had failed to place any emphasis on technical education, on mechanical skills or on agricultural husbandry.

The article discusses the author's perspective on the scientific trends and technological innovations on the twentieth-century. He emphasizes that science will produce new techniques and products in the forecast period and scientific knowledge will increase. He also points on the development of several energy sources which include the use of solar energy, the achievement of a controlled thermonuclear reaction, and the use of underground heat of the magmatic layer. He notes that the economy will be productive and fruit bearing with the innovations of controlled temperature and overhead irrigation.

The article examines some of the scientific and technological advances in Soviet Union. In this report, the author analyzes the total spectrum of Soviet applied science from its space successes. The author also makes a comparison of Soviet scientific achievements with the U.S., and the ideological differences between the two. Furthermore, the author believes that the two opposing countries will be able to negotiate on joint expeditions to the moon and beyond, given that a large measure of political freedom can be established in the Soviet Union.

This article focuses on the growth of the interdependence of science and technology in the framework of society. It points out that technology is an intermediate link between the development of science and of society. The most important factor of scientific, technical, and social development is the avalanche of scientific discoveries and technical innovations. It is noted that the significance of progress for society depends not only on its extraordinary range, but also on its unparalleled depth. The vast expansion of human horizons may be compared only with the era of great geographical discoveries.

The article discusses the author's prediction on the future developments in science. The author describes what he has observed in general change in attitude toward science which play a decisive role in the future. He also discusses the extent of scientific work especially on how much the state would allot in manpower, material resources, and money to science. Furthermore, he anticipates several new phenomena that will be discovered in nature per year. He also asserts that in seeking new discoveries, nothing more or less is involved than the law of dialectical development of nature. However, the author describes several problems that will develop and most significant for the needs of the people.

The article presents a speech by James R. Killian, Jr., Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, on the impact of science and technology on public policy, delivered at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on December 29, 1958 in the U.S. During his address, Killian discussed some of the ways in which the affairs of men and the affairs of science interact in the area of public policy-making.

The article focuses on the lessons learned by the international community from the International Geophysical Year. While human society becomes better and better equipped technically, its dependence on natural phenomena becomes smaller. This by no means indicates any decrease in the practical significance of natural phenomena. On the contrary, technical progress makes us take into account the peculiarities of geophysical processes which become more and more intricate. The completion of the International Geophysical Year program is characterized not only by the grand scale of investigations and an extensive use of the best equipment, it is characterized by the ever growing collaboration of various countries.

The article cogitates on the impact of scientific and technological progress on human civilization. Science and technology started their triumphant advance early in the nineteenth century. It is hard to imagine at what breathtaking speed the capacity of men to master the forces of nature may advance in future. This article enumerates the various achievements of science and technology already made or which mankind can expect in the near future. According to philosophical scientists, the fate of man in the Atomic Age can be wonderful, if mankind can succeed in turning science and technology to the benefit of all men.

The article focuses on the author's view on the benefits and disadvantages that technological innovations and scientific progress have brought to the U.S. The author holds that the advancing technology is going to bring about great changes in methods of living, however it is also possible that an all-out nuclear catastrophe will intervene. Therefore, he noted that one can never really tell whether these extraordinary things that technology is going to bring good or bad events. In order to continue to make material progress to ensure attaining economic, political, and moral goals which are sought, then the government should re-examine the adequacy of school curricula in preparing young people to talk the language and understand the problems of the future that is brought about by technology.

The article offers information about the total social duty of a scientist. The author holds that the social function of the scientist is the sum of three factors that includes the objective provision of new knowledge, without regard to its use for good or ill, the appreciation not only of the facts, but also of their implications and possible consequences again regardless of choice, and the political choice between one or other course of action. Then, he enumerates the duties of the scientist which includes protecting the unity and universality of science, fostering the growth of science in all its branches, countering the imbalance or disparate growth which can result from the diversion of resources from long-range to short-range objectives, and more.

The article focuses on the impact of science on the political relations between states. The impact of science on the political relationship, vassalage, and confederation may mean the effects of applied science on the methods by which states conduct their relations with one another. The influence of current scientific theory on the aims of the statesmen would go beyond the processes of diplomacy and would take into account the tendency of human beings to look for a master key which will open all doors for progress.

The article discusses the role of automatized industrial processes in economic growth. The author observes that many operations in industry, commerce and services are enjoying improvement in their efficiency with the application of automation processes. However, underdeveloped economies may experience difficulty in terms of transitioning to automation processes. Some of the problems in the early stages of development are the lack of capital to buy the necessary equipment, scarcity of skilled labor and well-trained engineers and applied scientists.