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The article outlines recommendations relating to the accurate use of the taxonomic aspects of ecological investigations, which are approved by the Council of the British Ecological Society. The Council hopes that the Flora and Edition which has been used in determining the taxonomic concepts and nomenclature followed in the paper should be stated by contributors to the "Journal of Ecology." The Council also encourages the preservation of material of all the taxonomic units, from each plant community described. Finally, the Council calls on contributors to state the herbarium or herbaria in which his specimens have been deposited.

Information about several papers discussed at the exhibits sponsored by the British Ecological Society is presented. Topics include the purpose of land use mapping first as a record on maps of the actual and existing land use, and the Human Settlement and land use in Snowdonia against the background of vegetation ecology in the area. The meeting featured several speakers including Dr Woodhead, Dr Reynoldson, and Mr Le Cren.

The article offers information on the scheme for abstracting publications on the British Empire Vegetation. The proposed plan is to invite authors of papers and books dealing with vegetation and ecology to send to the Secretary of the Committee abstracts of their publications. It is noted that the abstracts will be collected and edited by a number of collaborators, and will then be published by arrangement with the British Ecological Society in the form of supplements to "The Journal of Ecology."

Information about the annual general meeting of the British Ecological Society held at the University College in London on January 6-7, 1949 and its thirty-fourth annual meeting held at Bristol University in London on January 9, 1948 are presented. Various woods and rare plants in Great Britain were discussed in the 1949 event accompanied by exhibits of various photographs of species while the 1948 meeting was about hydrography and ecology.

The article discusses the study which assesses the evidence from British hepatics with discontinuous distribution outside the British Isles in relation to the history of the British flora. In this paper, British hepatics showing disjunction in their world distribution are classified in six groups including mediterranean element, disjunct-temperate element and the American element. It is concluded that the hepatics considered do not form a homogeneous group and their distribution patterns all appear to be explicable in terms of post-glacial climatic change without invoking in situ survival through glaciation.

The article focuses on the Committee Report released by the British Ecological Society regarding the relevance and implication of the paper "The classification of tropical woody vegetation types," by J. Burtt Davy. According to the authors, Davy's essay commendable work should be recognized, however, his work does not present appropriate knowledge regarding the concept and classification of tropical woody communities which only uses a mixed criteria and is not based on habitat. It also offers information on the proper approach on the classification of woody vegetation communities as well as the basic formation type and units of study.

The article presents a summary of several studies related to ecology. These include "The shingle beach as a plant habitat," by F. W. Oliver, "The pelophilous formation of the left bank of the Severn estuary," by J. H. Priestley, "On the brown seaweeds of the salt marsh," by Sarah M. Baker, and "Ecological terminology as applied to marine Algae," by N. M. Johnson. A paper on the eastern moorlands of Yorkshire, England is also presented, as well as the research paper on the ecology of Calluna vulgaris.

Information about several papers discussed during the two Summer Meetings of the British Ecological Society (BES) is presented. During the first meeting which happened on June 29, 1918, the main topic discussed was on the effect of rabbits to the vegetation and formation of soil. In the second meeting, which was held on August 1-6, 1918, topics discussed was mainly focusing on the characteristic of hill and valley vegetation in the hill region of northern Great Britain.

The article announces the decision of the British Empire Vegetation Committee to discontinue the series of abstracts which have been published in the "Journal of Ecology" since 1928. The intent of the scheme when it started was that authors books and papers on ecology relating to the Overseas Empire should send abstracts of their work to the Committee. It is cited that authors of ecological publications in the Empire have not responded to the scheme and very few authors' abstracts have been received. It offers information on the other sides of the Committee's work.

Information about several proceedings discussed at the nineteenth General and tenth Annual Meeting and field meetings sponsored by the British Ecological Society on ecology and environmental science is presented. Topics include the water content of developing and mature foliage leaves, dwarf oakwoods, and examination of vegetation and mollusca of the chalk downs at Aldbury. The symposium featured several professors including R. H. Yapp, W. L. Boys-Smith, and B. M.Griffiths.

The article presents an analysis on the grassland vegetation of the Sheffield region in Great Britain. Details related to physical and historical aspects of the region and to other general features of Sheffield grassland vegetation are presented. Characteristics of the varying land types of grassland are outlined. Various grassland types include Magnesian Limestone grassland, Carboniferous Limestone grassland, and F. ovina-Agrostis tenuis grassland. The major caused of variation in grasslands are directly connected to geological formations.

The article focuses on the study of the chemical elements of rain in the peat area near the Moor House National Nature Reserve in Great Britain to determine its degree of ombrogeny. The study measured the nutrient elements brought rain in the peat area for years, and assessed the effects of birds, smoke, and other pollution. The results of the conducted research found six elements from the rain, including inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium. The results were also compared with independent measurements, and chemical inventories of peat bogs.

The article examines the effect of soil potassium and wind-blown sea-spray in a South Wales dune grassland. The study describes the first stage of an examination of a calcareous dune, located on the north shore of the Bristol Channel of Braunton Burrows, grassland at Kenfig Burrows, Glamorganshire. It aims to define the relationship between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium cycling and that annual productivity may be established for several plant associations of sandy, nutrient deficient soils.

The article focuses on the study on seasonal variation of total quantities of the nutrients found in rainfall at five places in Great Britain. The study, which was initiated by the International Biological Programme, studied the nutrients found in rainwater, and its contribution in plant nutrients. The research was conducted within three years, where results found that nutrients in rainwater include nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium. It was concluded that the marked maritime influences was affected by the topography of the area.

The article presents evidence for intra-specific competition in field populations of triclads. It stresses thet sessile habit of these plants explains the more satisfactory demonstrations of competition by botanists. The article also notes that the species is widespread in Britain and lives under variable biological conditions. Breeding occurs over most of the year but there are two peaks, a larger one in early spring and another in later summer. It explains that triclad populations in this account illustrate intra-specific competition well through determining the special characteristics of animals and special conditions.

The article offers information about several conventions of the British Ecological Society in Great Britain. The symposium titled "The Water Relations of Plants," organized by the Society on April 5-8, 1961, was attended by 112 members and overseas visitors. The meeting of the Tropical Ecology Group of the Society on April 6, 1961 in the Department of Botany was attended by 55 members which was arranged by P. W. Richards. The 1961 Summer Meeting was centered on the Departments of Botany and Zoology which was participated by 35 members who joined in the excursions by several local members. Various topics are also mentioned on each of the events.

The article discusses the regeneration of ash tree Fraxinus excelsior in woods where Mercurialis Perennis is prevalent in the field layer in the lowland areas in Great Britain. It is averred that Fraxinus seedlings sprout freely among dense Mercurialis but find themselves in a light intensity far below their compensation point. The ultimate disappearance of Fraxinus is chiefly referable to damping-off although poor assimilation and harm by insects contribute. Fraxinus seedlings on the shadowed woodland floors demonstrate marked persistence but small growth. The seedlings react quickly to the increased light when gaps are made.

The article presents a study that examines the horizontal organization or vegetation pattern of three plant communities in Great Britain, the Hillock wood, Pennine bog and Blakeney marsh (Limonium). The vegetation pattern of the communities was assessed using a method that was based on the analysis of data from numerous quadrats. The quadrats were used to determine the basic units of the horizontal organization. Study shows that the communities were consist of several basic units, one of which occupied over 60% of the community area and formed a matrix within the area where the other basic units were distributed. Drawing from the analysis, the author suggests that concept of minimal area should be replaced by the concept of basic units for the latter is more quickly to compute.

The article discusses the evolution of modern plant ecology in Great Britain. According to the author, the foundations were laid earlier and the conceptions of plant formations were developed by famous phytogeographers as Humboldt and Grisebach in the first half of the century. Furthermore, its modern meaning was determined by the publication of Warming in 1895 on "Plantesamfund: Grundträk af den ökologiske Plantegeografi." It was translated into German and widely used in England and America which it played as an important part in stimulating fieldwork for both countries. In 1898, A. F. W. Schimper published "Pflanzengeographie auf physiologischer Grundlage," which focus on the types of vegetation throughout the world and discusses the climatic and edaphic factors.

The article offers information about the annual meeting of the British Ecological Society at the University College in London, England, on January 5-6, 1939. Professor Tansley explained how pressure of work had made him unable to prepare a speech, and how the Council had made arrangements for it to be read at a meeting at Easter. Resignation of Mrs. Hand was accepted and Elflyn Hughes was elected as a new member of the society.

The article focuses on the study on the use of chalk flora to interpret the calcicole habit in the lower Greensand in Surrey, Great Britain. The study was conducted on a small piece of grassland, known to be calcareous sand, where the soil was seen to be physically typical of that of the chalk. The study found that chalk was scattered, and mixed with the sand for agricultural purpose many years before. It was concluded that factors determining the calcicole habit in vast majority of chalk grassland species are chemical.

The article presents a report about the activities of the British Ecological Society for the year 1932. The article contains information regarding the meetings of the organization held at the University of Oxford and Teesdale in England supplemented with the minutes of such meetings. Details about the excursion event and transplant experiments conducted by the Society are given. It also mentions the periodicals "The Journal of Ecology" and "The Journal of Animal Ecology" and provides a discourse about its membership. The article ends with an announcement of the resignation of O. V. Darbishire, one of the founders of the society.

The article focuses on the distribution of Primula elatior in Great Britain. It is contended that Primula elatior, even though wide-spread in the continent, is confined to two districts in Great Britain, forming a single area within which the plant grows in abundance in all old woods, and in small numbers in boggy meadows beside streams. The two districts are separated by a gap that is about 15 to 20 miles wide, formed by the valley of the River Cam. The author notes that the distribution of the Oxlip species is overlooked in Great Britain because it was confused with the widespread hybrid between the Cowslip and the Primrose.

Information about several papers discussed at a meeting by the British Ecological Society on ecology is presented. Topics include general ecology in Great Britain, works on the Society's laboratory, and light penetration. The meeting featured several members of the Society including Dr. Pearsall, and Dr. Worthington.

The article discusses the highlights of the summer meeting of the British Ecological Society at the Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Lowestoff from May 22-24, 1931. A brief account of marine fishery research was made by Doctor E. S. Russell, director of the Society. Other presentations on marine fishery research are made, including one by R. E. Savage on Phaeocystis poucheti in relation to Herring Shoals.

The article presents summaries of several articles that deal with the vegetation of some areas in Great Britain. They are "Blakeney Point in 1914," by F. W. Oliver, "Hydrilla verticillata in Britain," by W. H. Pearsall, "Pilura globulifera in Glamorgan," by M. Y. Orr, "Stratiotes aloides near Criebb," by R. C. Davie and "The Ecology of Knockdow Estate, Argyllshire," by Augusta Lamont. Information on the journals wherein the articles are published is provided, as well as the number of pages of the articles.

Information about several papers discussed at the general meeting of the British Ecological Society which was held on April 12, 1913 in the Botanical Department, University College in Great Britain is presented. Topics include the brief historical summary of the work of the British Vegetation Committee from its inception in 1904, and the resolutions of the British Ecological Society.

The article focuses on the details on the stratigraphy, and pollen changes in the uppermost layers of the peat in several sites in Featherbed Moss, Derbyshire, Great Britain. It analyzes the general topography of the Featherbed Moss, where observations of pennine peats were conducted. The study performed qualitative, and quantitative observations on peat erosion on a 12-month period. The study has concluded that peat erosion could be caused by Moor-burning on Featherbed Moss, and this conclusion was supported by the direct estimate of peat erosion.

The article offers information on the ability of some plants to persist in unfavorable habitats. The persistence of mire-inhabiting species in unfavorable situations was describe as "Biological Inertia." One example of the Biological Inertia is the persistence of Narthecium ossifragum at Wybunbury Moss, Cheshire. The condition in Cheshire in which the plant is growing are totally unsuitable for satisfactory development of seed, seedling or adult. The relative magnitude of environmental factors at the site provides ling between laboratory and field investigations for the Biological Inertia.

This article presents a study regarding the biological flora of the British Isles. Hymenophyllum tumbrigense plant is a mat-forming bryophyte-like perennial, growing flattened against inclined or vertical rocks or tree trunks, with numerous overlapping, deeply pinnatisect leaves arising from very slender, much-branched interlaced rhizomes bearing tufts of adventitious roots at the nodes. The leaves are bright pale green when young. The plant is native and locally abundant on rocks in the west and north of Great Britain.

The article describes the characteristics of Phragmites communis Trin, a tall reed with annual cane-like shoots and an extensive perennial rhizome system, in the British Isles. The plant is native and widespread in Great Britain, abundant in the south and east, more scattered in the north and west. It occurs in climates ranging from those of the tropics to those of latitudes higher than 70° N. It is usually found in low-lying areas intermittently or permanently flooded with shallow still water. The author also discusses the plant's species, communities, response to biotic factors, grazing and trampling, competitive ability, performance in various habitat and morphology.

A personal narrative which explores the author's experience studying vegetation in Southern England is presented.

The article focuses on the phytosociology of two heath communities in Great Britain. Data were collected during 1965 and 1966 in west Sussex. The main character species, including Erica cinerea, Ulex europaeus and U. minor, were examined using association-analysis and phytosociological investigation. Results showed that the usefulness of U. europaeus as a character species of the Ulicion-nanae alliance is limited when describing the phytosociological relationships of the southern heaths in Britain. U. minor has a restricted distribution while E. cinerea occurs widely throughout Britain. It is concluded that association-analysis can be used to generate nodal units which can be directly related to the association units already recognized for Continental communities.

The article highlights a study of the ecology of Hordeum murinum L. in Great Britain. It notes that a punched card technique is described for the analysis of distribution maps. It mentions that the technique allows analysis of complex patterns, the data are amenable to statistical analysis and use is made of negative information. It reports that the distribution of Hordeum murinum and Reseda luteola is shown to be correlated with climate and with the distribution of urban land. It also discusses some of the problems of analysis of distribution patterns using visual comparison and the punched card technique.

The article examines a vegetational pattern in a grassland community for the analysis of heterogeneity using adjacent quadrants. It was conducted on an area of permanent grassland at Barden Bridge in Wharfedale, England. The study, using the designed analysis, indicated heterogeneity at two scales, 80 centimeter and 320 centimeter on Festuca rubra and Trifolium repenus. It determined that the pattern detected at 80 centimeter in F. rubra is a reflection of a clonal pattern, accentuated by genotypic differences in numerous morphological characters.

The article discusses the effect of different weather conditions on the Aira praecox located in the Breckland region, East Anglia, Great Britain. According to the author, pot experiments are done to determine the impact of soil moisture conditions on Aira praecox. During the seed and flower development, the soil is dried out for either short or long amount of time. Results showed that emergence and seed development are not affected by the soil moisture condition in spring. It is also concluded that during flower and seed development, Aira praecox highly resist soil moisture.

The article presents a study on the distribution of British liverworts. The study used data from the Census Catalogues on mosses and hepatics and published by the British Bryological Society. Association-analysis was using a computer was done to examine patterns in the distribution of plants in one hundred fifty-two vice counties in Great Britain and Ireland. The study provides comparisons of the distribution of plants in several areas in Great Britain. An overview of the results on the results of the association-analysis is presented.

The article reports on the orchid Spiranthes spiralis population in Knocking Hoe National Nature Reserve at Bedfordshire, England. There are few studies on the fluctuations in the populations of orchid species over a number of years. Both the lizard orchid and autumn ladies' tresses or Spiranthes spiralis have been found to change populations in different sites over the years. An area in nature reserve in Bedforshire was chosen wherein the orchids were examined for flowers, kind, and inflorescence. The area was studied from 1962 to 1965. An overview of the study is provided.

The article reports on the variable analysis of the growth of dune slack vegetation in relation to coastal accumulation at the Tentsmuir, Scotland. It discusses that the Tentsmuir sands have been noticed in recent years for being one of the most quickly mixing components of the British coastline. It infers that the development of the area over the past 112 years is known from charts and maps and by plotting the outcomes of the association-analysis on a map of coastline changes it was probable to follow the physical and floristic development of the slacks.

The article reports on the variable analysis of the growth of dune slack vegetation in relation to coastal accumulation at the Tentsmuir, Scotland. It discusses that the Tentsmuir sands have been noticed in recent years for being one of the most quickly mixing components of the British coastline. It infers that the development of the area over the past 112 years is known from charts and maps and by plotting the outcomes of the association-analysis on a map of coastline changes it was probable to follow the physical and floristic development of the slacks.

The article examines the general growth pattern of the competing species, Glyceria maxima and Phragmites communis in the region of Surlingham Broad in Great Britain. Although total mineral uptake per unit area of vegetation is shown to be reduced from front to back of the fen gradient, there is no correlation with any obvious limitation in the major nutrients, and no significant positional effect with added fertilizer. The main source of mineral supply is shown to be in the mud rather than in the water.

This article discusses the origin and early years of the British Ecological Society. The author reports that it was William Smith who called a meeting to consider the formation of a Central Committee for the Study and Survey of British Vegetation, which was then established and consisted of ten members who were also friends of Smith. Because of the increasing number of members of the British Vegetation Committee, officials decided to convert it to the British Ecological Society. The author notes that despite of the obstacles, comradeship and enthusiasm compensated for the sacrifices involved.

The article discusses the development of ecology in Great Britain. The article states that the creation of the Nature Conservancy is the most important post-war development in ecology, not only because it provides numerous sites for maintaining natural habitats for research but also it provides ecological research institutions and employs a staff with ecological background. It also adds that the existence of protected sites suitable for ecological experiments and long-term assessments has led to the rapid development of ecological experimental studies.

The article discusses the methods used for vegetation, which were recorded along transects in the south of England and Wales. It is cited that between 1954 and 1957, the return of many rabbits in Great Britain has reversed the changes in vegetation, in which the palatable grasses and the woody plants continued to increase. The first records were made before or during the periods when the rabbits were almost exterminated by myxomatosis. Results show that the turf grew taller but the species did not alter in numbers, while the small flowering plants decreased in number. It is also discussed that the point-quadrats in grassland research trace the changes in the vegetation and record the leaves and stems of plants, which are influenced by the weather.

The article discusses a study on the growth and distribution of Molinia caerulea in Great Britain. It determines the reason why Molinia is found in peat and mineral soils but not found in calcareous soils. It also determines the influence of calcium-carbonate present in the chemical properties of calcareous soil to availability of plant nutrients. The authors conclude that Molinia caerulea do not have the ability to obtain sufficient phosphorus that made it unsuitable to grow in calcareous soil of average nutrient status.

The article provides information on Epilobium nerterioides. It refers to a small creeping tufted perennial forming spreading matted patches. Its stems are slender and elongated with roots at the nodes and branches frequently ascending to their tips. Epilobium nerterioides is a naturalized alien, native of New Zealand and introduced into Great Britain as a rock garden plant. Epilobium nerterioides is commonly found in open habitats in regions of high precipitation and where cloud and mist are prevalent.

The article explores various aspects of the ecology of moorland animals at the Moor House National Natural Reserve in Great Britain. The reserve features both the western scarp and the eastern dip slopes of fells which reach their highest point on Cross Fell. A number of distinctive soil or vegetation types were examined, from actively growing bog through kinds of mixed-moor. Although the parasitic nematodes have been well examined, the free-living nematodes and even the free-living stages of the plant-parasitic forms have been neglected. Biological information about spiders on high moorlands is quite rare in spite of the supposed significance of these organisms as predators.

The article presents biological information about the caespitose grass Holcus lanatus L. of the British Isle. A description on the physical description of the grass species, its geographical and altitudinal distribution in Great Britain, climatic and topographical limitations, natural communities, reaction to biotic factors, and reproduction behavior is provided. The morphological characteristics, phenology, floral biology, and animal feeders or parasites of Holcus lanatus are also discussed. The species is noted to be common throughout the British Isles and is estimated to occur in every ten kilometer National Grid square.

The article discusses the vegetational history of muckle moss located half-way between Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Carlisle on the north side of the South Tyne valley, 1 mile south of the Roman camp of Housesteads in Great Britain. The growth of the moss has undergone stratigraphical and pollen analytical studies and shows that there has been a succession of vegetation in the lowland. The site begins to develop wet woodland and replaces sphagnum growth and this in turn has been modified as a result of improved drainage.

The article presents a research regarding the amout of chemical energy accumulated from solar radiation stored in plant materials found in forest plantations in Great Britain. Three forest areas are studied using sampling technique. The authors find out that heat of combustion values for various types of plant materials tested in forest plantations range from 3317 to 5187 calories per gram of oven-dry matter. The forest plot locations does not have any marked effect on the calorific values of the plant parts of individual species. The differences between the energy content in several plant species are also discussed.