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The pulp and paper making industry is looking for new main raw material based on its physical, chemical and morphological characteristics. Currently in this industry, bagasse is the most useful raw material in pulp and paper industry. The objective of this study is to determine its suitability for pulping. Acacia auriculiformis is a fast-growing tree normally found in Indonesia and Australia. Acacia auriculiformis leaf contains of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. The range of lignin content in Acacia auriculiformis is 19%-20%. The hemi-cellulose and lignin contents was removed by soda-pulping process using different concentrations as followed; 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. In order to determine the optimum pulping conditions for Acacia auriculiformis craft paper, several tests were conducted such as apparent density, tear test, tensile strength test and moisture absorption. It was found that the Acacia auriculiformis fibre treated with 3% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions gave good tear test of the paper. For apparent density test, the best concentration of NaOH used for treating Acacia auriculiformis pulping is at 15%. From the study, the optimum concentration of NaOH in treating Acacia auriculiformis fibre is at 5% for best result in tensile strength. Hence, from the overall tests, 5% concentration of NaOH is the optimum value. From the findings, Acacia auriculiformis fibre has a potential to be used in paper making and food packaging industry.

The coating process on food packaging paper is carried out to improve the food safety aspect from dangerous substance migration from food packaging into food. It can facilitate to increase its function and wide the potency of utilization. The coating materials commonly used are plastic and wax coatings. Chitosan as a natural polymer that has the binding properties both water and oil. Chitosan has polar and non-polar groups thus it is potential to be developed as a coating material for food packaging paper. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical-mechanical and antimicrobial properties of food packaging paper from oil palm empty fruit bunches pulp coated with chitosan. The parameters used were chitosan and pulp weight. The oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp was fibrillated with high speed blender then mixed with chitosan solution. The mixed solution was poured in the mold and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 24 hours. The results showed that increasing of chitosan content was coated paper increased physical and mechanical properties values. The more pulp content the higher the physical properties value, however the mechanical properties value tend to decrease. The antimicrobial activity of chitosan coated paper was evaluated by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. The results revealed that all tested samples showed growth inhibition zone againts to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after 24 h incubation compared to commercial food packaging paper.

Severe Environmental problems arises across the world due to accumulation of paper waste as landfills large quantity of resources are being utilised by the construction sector, creating a huge demand for construction materials. This paper presents an experimental study carried out by utilising waste paper in concrete Bricks which is a new innovation composite material. An experimental study on compaction strength, weight, water absorption characteristics subjected to sun dried and water curing methods of casting were studied in details. It was observed that usage of paper in concrete has good strength, toughness, has reduction in weight of the brick considerably and also had a low thermal conductivity.

A paper battery is a 6 cm × 4 cm × 1 mm dimension battery that uses CuCl as a cathode, magnesium as an anode, and urine as an electrolyte. CuCl2 dan CuSO4 as used to synthesis CuCl was analyzed. A simple and cheap sandwiched fabrication model has been identified using the low-cost CuCl synthesis process. This paper battery has passed experimental testing and delivers the best power generation at 169,588 mW and continuously up to 4 hours. Voltage also measured and provided a stable voltage at least for 6 hours at 582.667 mV. Method 2 of using CuSO4, which has price lower than CuCl2 showed better power generation and stability.

Indonesia has targeted to reach 23% of renewable energy share by 2025. In order to meet the target, many researchers have focused on the explorations of renewable energy resources. One of the potential solutions to meet the target is the agricultural wastes, include corn cobs and areca nut fiber. In this study, the calorific value of corn cobs and areca nut fiber are tested. The corn cobs and areca nut fiber are collected from the farmers in Sumatera Utara province of Indonesia. In addition, the Paper waste is also tested. A bomb calorimeter of IKA C6000 is used to measure the energy content of the biomass. The results show that the calorific value of Corn cobs and Areca nut fiber is 5573 Cal/g and 4946 Cal/g, respectively.By using the average yearly production of Corn and Areca nut, these calorific values similar to 4,539 TOE and 4,653 TOE, respectively. If the potency can be used to replace the coal as an alternative fuel, this potency will reduce the Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The potency of mitigation GHG by replacing Corncob and Areca nut fiber are 18,306 and 18,491 ton of CO2e.

Protective factors are the features within the person or circumstances within the family, school or community that aid someone to handle life challenges successfully. This conceptual paper will focus on the roles of several protective factors which are locus of control, self-esteem, resilience, and religion towards the intention of drug use among young people. Referring to the proposed model, the following hypotheses have been formulated, that there are significant relationships between protective factors and the reduced intention of drug use, locus of control, self-esteem, resilience, as well as religion factor will all positively influence reduced intention of drug use. A quantitative approach will be undertaken, which is a survey. In the context of this study, the population will be group of young people who are in primary or secondary schools.

The blended learning (BL) services presented for the academic accreditation process of universities and other educational institutions is a policy that has been used rapidly in the educational area. This process represents a real challenge and a need for institutions to function by the challenges in the ways of development for the attainment of faculty and student satisfaction. The need for learning management systems (LMS) becomes a real advance to control the management of technological development. The purpose of this study is to overcome these challenges and speed up the whole e-learning process in a different manner. The study revealed the existence of an important gap between the important features of blended learning applications and the control management of LMS. The finding shows a systematic analysis of existing technologies and their effects on accreditation checkpoints approval for the underlying conception of the assessment processes involve perspectives that relate to what is now considered valuable or desirable concerning the institution of higher education.

The concept of this paper focuses on the area of testing university students while using tools of artificial intelligence. The sample set of students were students of the third year of bachelor studies of Applied Informatics and the test was focused on testing English: grammar, vocabulary, IT English. The introductory part describes current possible ways of testing students, mainly in paper- or computer-based tests. The paper-based method is the traditional one while the computer-based one can take advantage of modern tools of artificial intelligence, such as expert systems and neural networks. The core of this paper lies in the comparison of the results that are acquired from paper-based and computer-based testing which uses artificial intelligence tools. The final part envisages the most optimal ways of testing university students.

Paper is a widely used material that is affected by environmental stresses and makes paper prone to damage. The paper is characterized by the absorption of water and moisture due to porosity, We have overcome this problem by employing polymer materials as water-resistant coatings acting as a barrier to protecting the paper, Polymer paper coating forms a clear membrane on the fiber forming a bridge of monomers on the surface of the paper. Two polymer coatings were used as a treatment, namely Polystyrene and sealer (alkyd resin). The results showed the possibility of enhancing the durability of the paper and preserving it from damage and deterioration. The treatment gave a decrease in moisture content, response to abrasion and scratching while increased folding tolerability, the burst strength, tear resistance, hardness compared to untreated paper and the paper porosity important indicator to overcome. The degree of brightness, the degree of color and visible light and ultraviolet radiation [UV] effect of the specimens were studied in detail.

EMG is a medical technique that measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve’s stimulation of the muscle [10]. In this paper we have classified multiple hand gestures using small number of electrodes. This report aims to review current use of EMG based control system and explain the existing challenges. The stages involved includes data acquisition, feature extraction, classification and controller. Some of the application includes Arm rehabilitation, game controller, wheel chair controllers, etc.

Today, oil pollution is a major problem that harm our environment. In this paper, the application of Casuarina Equisetifolia needle as an adsorbent for oil removal was studied. The Casuarina Equisetifolia needle were experimented to adsorb two categories of oil which are heavy and light oil. Light oil which are petrol and diesel while heavy oil are lubricant and used vegetable oil (UVO). There are three types of adsorbent used which are untreated, treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The adsorbents were treated with NaOH and HCl in order to increase the efficiency of oil adsorption because when it is already treated, the lumen or the pore size will increase. The objective of our study is to evaluate the performance of using Casuarina Equisetifolia needle in removing heavy and light oil waste from water. Next, the Casuarina Equisetifolia needle also experimented in oil retention, percentage of oil removal and reusability of it usage in oil absorption. In oil dynamic retention capacities at lowest packing density 0.002 g/cm3 for natural, NaOH treated and HCl treated were 33.80%, 31.14% and 31.1% respectively. While for highest packing density 0.009 g/cm3 for natural,NaOH treated and HCl treated were 77.61%, 10.37% and 7.91% respectively. The lowest packing density is better than high packing density because the result shown the stabilization of percentage of dynamic oil retention for treated adsorbents. For oil percentage removal, the results for the lowest mass which is 0.2g for natural, NaOH treated and HCl treated were 700%, 632% and 600% respectively. While for highest mass which is 1.0g for natural, NaOH treated and HCl treated were 106%, 200% and 165% respectively. In adsorbent reusability, the experiment showed the ability of Casuarina Equisetifolia needle for continuous absorption process which continuously occur for five stages in petrol, lubricant and UVO while four stages in diesel. In the conclusion, Casuarina Equisetifolia needle are effective and suitable as a natural adsorbent in removing oil.

Most domestic wastewater produced that are untreated before discharge, is a major threat to the ecosystem, environment, and human health. As the sewerage generation increases with the population and economic growth in developing countries, the existing plants are undersized to cater and treat the sewerage discharges while outpacing the investments. Altogether, this study is focused on determining the feasibility of utilising the aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to remove the organic (COD, TSS) and nutrient (nitrate NO3−N, ammonia NH3−N, phosphorus PO43−) of synthetic domestic wastewater. The SBR was designed and fabricated with an active volume of 1.5 L, consisting of 66 % wastewater and 33 % sludge inoculum. It was operated in a fixed 48.0 h cycle time to assess the organic and nutrient removal. The operational parameters of the SBR reaction system per cycle were set at: fill 0.17 h, react 46.5 h, settle 1.0 h, decant 0.17 h and idle 0.17 h. The removal efficiencies of COD, TSS, NO3-N, NH3−N and PO43− were found to be 62 - 93%, 93 – 97%, 55 – 78%, 62 – 83%, and 76 – 100%, respectively. The bench-scale SBR meets the effluent discharge limit of COD, TSS, and NH3−N. Regardless, the discharge limits of NO3−N and PO43− were not met due to the destabilisation of denitrifiers and lack of anaerobic environment in the SBR. The denitrifiers were able to function better than nitrifiers under the aerobic environment as no anoxic condition was adequately provided. The obtained results will be useful for future expansion of this study, which the feasibility of textile wastewater treatment is focused.

The study focused on the treatment of real oilfield produced water from the East Baghdad field affiliated to the Midland Oil Company (Iraq) using an oil skimming process followed by a coagulation/flocculation process for zero liquid discharge system applications. Belt type oil skimmer was utilized for evaluating the process efficiency with various operating conditions such as temperature (17-40 °C) and time (0.5-2.5 hr.). Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) coagulant and polyacrylamide (PAM) flocculant was used to investigate the performance of the coagulation/flocculation process with PAC dosage (5-90 ppm) and pH (5-10) as operating conditions. In the skimming process, the oil content, COD, turbidity, and TSS decreased with an increase in temperature and time. The best temperature and time for oil skimming are 40 °C and 2.5 hr. which gives 95.8%, 94.9%, 31.5%, and 33.2% removal for oil content, COD, turbidity, and TSS respectively. In the coagulation/flocculation process, the optimum PAC dosage and pH are 55 mg/l and 6.4 which gives 100%, 96.5%, and 97.7% removal for oil content, turbidity, and TSS respectively.

The production of activated carbon using heat from microwave processing for activation time was successfully conducted and its performance in treating textile dye effluent was observed through various factors such as phosphoric acid loading used, contact time, dosage of activated carbon and pH. Activated carbon with phosphoric acid loading of 60% shown highest BET surface area that was 213.52 m2/g however, it obtained least thermal stability. The result indicated that about 97.11% of dye from textile effluent can be removed in only 90 minutes of contact time at pH 3 with the use of 2.0 g of produced activated carbon. The production of activated carbon using microwave processing can be an alternative way for activation process using conventional furnace heating. The used of rubber wood sawdust as the raw material for activated carbon production can solve the waste issue from sawmill as an example.

A petrochemical plant in Malaysia released Ammonia-nitrogen contamination beyond the allowable standard limit. It is Standard B, based on Environment Quality Act (EQA) 1974, to uphold the integrity of discharged water. Extended aeration activated sludge process (ASP) was proposed to treat Ammonia-nitrogen contamination in this study. Aligned objectives are to determine the impact of treating wastewater generated from the petrochemical plant using bench scale extended aeration activated sludge system at 20 percent of contamination, diluted with domestic wastewater of an average of 500 mg/L chemical oxygen demand concentration. Bench scale ASP was set up using 5000 mg/L initial biomass, a 20 liters’ influent tank with a heavy-duty mixer, connected to a pump via 10 mm tube at 0.1 rpm which is equivalent to 5 liters of water infused into the aeration tank for 24 hours consistently, and finally discharged into an effluent tank. Influent and effluent samples were monitored for Nitrate (NO3-1), Ammonia (NH3), and Total Phosphorus (PO43-).

Photobioreactor have been a prominent way to produce biomass in case of biofuel production. One of the most important procedure in this line of production is harvesting. Nowadays, microalgae biomasses are harvested by using many methods such as flocculation, filtration, centrifugation, and the other methods. Those methods are the commonly used by many bioenergy companies to accumulate their biomass before extraction phase. This process requiring a lot of cost and times. In order to increase cost and time efficiency, examination of ultrasound wave trapping method has been done. A harvesting module was assembled as a system consisted of two piezoelectric circuit (ultrasound wave generator) in a transparent box. Data shown by generating 1.7 MHz wave for 20 minutes, turbidity of Synechococcus (coccoid cyanobacteria) biomass was decreased from 56.3 NTU to 55.6 NTU. The other data also shown decreased turbidity of mixed culture biomass from 46.5 NTU to 16.4 NTU. This results also followed by weight measurement for both biomasses. This module capable to accumulating microalgal biomass a number of 0.0138 gram for Synechococcus and 0.8544 gram for mixed culture. The difference in biomass accumulation results are caused by cell size and density. Synechococcus cell size range between 0.5-2 µm with a very low density. This phenomenon makes any kind of small-sized coccoid cyanobacteria are need more time to be accumulated. Meanwhile mixed culture of microalgae is easier to accumulated due their variety of size and density.

Activated carbon is one of the solutions to overcome the cigarette smoke problem where durian shell waste is chosen as the base material. Durian shell waste is chosen because it has a high cellulose, lignin and starch content, plus its production reaches 746.805 thousand tons per year. Activated carbon from Durian shell waste will be firstly processed with cleaning, drying, and semi-carbonizing at 200°C for 3 hours with 12.5% yield. The step continued with chemical activation by K2CO3 with variations in impregnation, which are 1:1, 3:2, and 2:1. Next, the activated carbon is physically activated by using a temperature of 600°C with N2 stream of 200 ml/min. Activated carbon as a result of activation and modified activated carbon are then characterized by Iodine Number test and SEM test. As a result, activated carbon with K2CO3 3:2 had the largest iodine number with 414.43 mg/g and after it was physically activated, the 3:2 variation was still had the largest iodine number with 579.49 mg/g.

This research aimed to determine the effects of catfish meat addition to the fulfillment of protein and vitamin A (beta-carotene) and to study physicochemical properties (density, iron, beta-carotene, and proximate) in instant baby porridge using the drying method of the freeze dryer. Fish meat is added to fulfill the content of instant baby pulp protein in accordance with SNI. Baby porridge is dried using a freeze dryer tool which then becomes a form of instant baby pulp. The baby porridge sample was compared with baby control porridge (without fish meat addition) which was the result of previous studies. This research used a completely randomized design with one factor, namely variation in the percentage of catfish as 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. The results showed the addition of catfish meat with variations in the concentration of fish meat influenced the nature of the content both physically and chemically. The best baby porridge in terms of chemical properties in meeting the needs of protein and vitamin A (beta-carotene) was found in instant baby porridge with 10% concentration of catfish meat for protein and baby porridge and 7.5% concentration of catfish meat for vitamin A. The addition of catfish meat provided good chemical properties than control sample.

Successful research has been done to extract oil from Ketapang seeds that are converted to biofuel. The method used is Soxhletation and evaporation to get Ketapang seed oil which is continued with conversion to biofuel by catalytic hydrocracking method. Characterization of ZnO catalyst was performed by XRD instrument. From this study, it was found that Ketapang seeds can produce oil by 50.2% and after being tested with the GC-MS instrument found that Ketapang seed oil contains several compounds such as palmitic acid, ethyl oleate, etc. From the content, it can be concluded that Ketapang seed oil can be converted into biofuel. Biofuel produced through catalytic hydrocracking stages using ZnO with a ratio of 10:1 between Ketapang seed oil and catalyst which is seconded by hydrogen gas flow rate of 30ml/minute. The oil conversion results in the form of light and heavy fractions of gasoline such as n-hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane and, dodecane.

Cement plays a major role in the production of paver blocks. Cement manufacturing industries pollutes the surrounding areas. The main objective of this work is to reduce the use of cement in the concrete paver block by partial replacement with rice husk ash. An experimental investigation is conducted to analyze the compressive strength, water absorption and flexural strength of paver blocks with partial replacement of cement by rice husk ash dumped near Chengapalli, Tiruppur. Rice husk ash were collected from the dump yard and utilized for experimental investigation after doing the initial cleaning process and property study of material. Cement replacement with Rice husk ash were done in proportions of 10% 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in volume of concrete. Various strength parameters like compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption were determined. Weight of concrete blocks is considerably reduced with increase in the amount of rice husk ash.

Gasoline used in an Otto engine can be substituted by pure Bioethanol or Gasoline-Bioethanol blends. The engine performance can be affected by the mixture. Specifically, the blends can affect (Increasing or decreasing) power, torque, and emission produced by the engine. It is caused by the different characteristic of the Gasoline-Bioethanol blends depending on the volume percentage of the Bioethanol. Theoretically, as the increasing of the volume percentage of Bioethanol to the mixture, the power and torque produced would be decreased because of the lower energy contained rather than gasoline. As a biofuel, Bioethanol is a natural product and created by the fermentation of plants containing sugar and starch which has a similar physical and chemical characteristic to gasoline. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of Bioethanol-gasoline blended fuels on the performance of an engine. In this case, the performance includes specific fuel consumption, power, and torque. The experimental test was using gasoline with octane number 88, 92, 98, and 30%, 40% Bioethanol blend. The effect carried out by increasing the volume number of Bioethanol to the gasoline is the increasing of the power and torque produced by the engine. Keywords: Gasoline, bioethanol, research octane number, engine performance.

Wastewater of the laterite hydrometallurgy process which still contains nickel more than 0.25 % and other metals. One method which able to treat wastewater is the electrocoagulation process. In this work, the electrocoagulation process using batch recycle methods has been successfully coagulated nickel and other metals from the wastewater of the laterite hydrometallurgy process. In this work, a tubular aluminum electrode was used in the electrocoagulation reactor. Sodium hydroxide is used to increase the pH of waste. Taguchi design of experiment has been used to analyze and optimize the electrocoagulation process using batch recycle methods. Taguchi analysis results show that the optimum conditions are at 21 of voltage, 5 of pH, 5 hours of time operation, and 0.53 liters/minute of flow rate.

The adverse environmental degradation created by various plastics produced from petroleum products is a major concern for the world nations. The developed and developing nations have adopted various strategies on the production and usage of highly hazardous conventional plastics. Various research works have been undertaken to formulate a sustainable alternative for the conventional plastics. In this regard, an effort was made to synthesis a biodegradable polymer for large scale commercial usage in packaging applications. Biodegradable polymers can be produced from various resources. The study involves the production of bio-plastic from Banana peel and Prosopis juliflora. Cellulose, a major component required for biopolymer synthesis was extracted from Prosopis juliflora which then combined and processed with dried banana peel. Additives and preservatives that contributes to the polymer characteristics were added in suitable proportions and processed under defined conditions. The mixture was then dried at a temperature of 130 ℃ to yield the final product. The biopolymers thus produced were tested for its water absorption capacity, thermal resistance, tensile strength, biodegradability and microbial attacks. It was observed that water absorption capacity of the biopolymer was lower for lesser starch and higher cellulose concentrations. The tensile strength was found to be 0.67 N/mm2 which was due to the addition of zinc oxide. No microbial attack was observed during storage and it was also found that the biopolymer was able to withstand high temperature up to 130 °C during its usage.

The level consumption of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as a packaging of colored beverage bottles occupies the fourth largest in the world. In Indonesia, PET consumption increased reaches 7% per year so that it can cause environmental impacts. This study aims to process the recycling PET waste by obtaining a simple potential process to remove the color from PET waste. The decolorized PET waste will be an alternative carbon source for Carbon Nanotube (CNT) synthesis. The colors of PET waste are blue and green bottles. The selected color removal agent is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) because it is inexpensive reagent and has lower toxicity to environment. The colored PET waste and H2O2 will be heated in the oil bath system at temperature 110°C and pressure 1 atm. The result showed that color removal time for blue PET waste faster than the green PET waste, 72 and 115 minutes per 15 grams PET waste. The quality of color removal of blue PET waste is better than the green PET waste because it has a reflectance value closer to colorless PET waste, namely 80%. The CNT synthesis process from decolorized blue PET waste produce 8.58% yields. The average diameter of CNT crystals from its process is obtained at 37 nm. This shows that PET waste plastic which has been discolored can be used as a carbon source in CNT synthesis.

Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) has established in Navi Mumbai region an industrial estate which spreads over 2562 hectares with about 3,450 industries. The industrial units cover various categories such as textile, chemical pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides and plastic moulding and fabrication, foundry etc. with varying sizes. All the major & medium industries have provided full-fledged effluent treatment plants and the small industries have only primary effluent treatment units. Thane Belapur Industries Association initiated and promoted formation of Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) with 12 MLD capacity in 1997, which was further expanded to 15 MLD in 2006. The partially treated effluents from the industries are carried through closed pipelines to CETP for further treatment. In the present study, treatment efficiencies of CETP at the outlets of primary and secondary stages were determined based on one-year data. Analysis of values of BOD, COD and TSS at discharge point conform to the discharge standards of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) throughout the year.

Batik industry in Indonesia frequently dispose liquid waste containing high level of toxic and carcinogenic dyes to the drainage without being treated. In accordance with it, plasma electrolysis has been proved as the efficient method to degrade dyes waste, yielding higher hydroxyl radicals than other methods. The experiment was conducted by generating plasma in circulated reactor using stainless steel cathode and tungsten anode with 2 cm depth immersed in 0.02 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution added by 20 mg/L Fe2+ and 100 mg/L of Remazol Red initial concentration, with addition of varying air injection rate at maintained power. The results show that 1 L/min is the optimum air injection rate value to operate this reactor effectively at 450 W of optimum operating power so that it could lower the breakdown voltage, reduce energy consumption, produce more OH radicals and other reactive species, and elevate the degradation percentage. The experiment conducted in optimum operating condition provide result of 99.61% in degradation percentage for 60 minutes with final concentration of dye is 0.39 mg/L, 41.55 mg/L of COD, and 3177.16 kJ of energy consumption.

Disposal of untreated waste in the environment leads to the creation of harmful diseases, greenhouse gases and climate change. So the demand arises to eliminate or avoid these kinds of risks to both the society as well as environment. Because of this there are enormous solutions and ideas that are playing a crucial role in this risk avoiding activity. In this study, adsorbent has been synthesized by hydrothermally treating the horse manure. The effect of this synthesized adsorbent produced from horse manure was studied for the removal of toxins like methylene blue, ethyl orange, azo dyes and crystal violet dyes which is presented in the textile effluent. These dyes can create severe illness to both the people as well as aquatic species while it is mixed with natural water bodies.

The increasing of scarce of petroleum availability, unstable prices, and potential environmental damage due to the use of fossil fuel encourage the development of alternative fuels that can replace fossil fuels, including jet fuel. Bio-jet fuel is a renewable fuel that has similar characteristics to jet fuel. The potential raw material for bio-jet fuel production in Indonesia is coconut oil. The composition of fatty acids in coconut oil corresponds to the range of carbon atomic chain of jet fuel. Indonesia is also the country with the second-largest share of coconut oil exports in the world which shows that the use of coconut oil in Indonesia is very less. In this study, bio-jet fuel was synthesized from coconut oil through hydrodeoxygenation reaction to convert fatty acids to hydrocarbons by removing oxygen. The catalyst used in this reaction was NiMoP/Al2O3 catalyst. The hydrodeoxygenation reactions were carried out with variations of pressure and temperature, at pressures of 10, 15, and 20 bar, and temperatures of 375, 385, and 400°C. The reactions were stopped if they had reached equilibrium based on GC-TCD analysis of the gas product. The hydrodeoxygenation reaction at 400°C and 20 bar was able to produce high conversion (92.56%), much hydrocarbon content (91.91%), high selectivity and also yield of bio-jet fuel (82.93% and 54.34%). Liquid products were distilled to obtain jet fuel fraction products. From the results of the density, viscosity, acid number, heating value, and freezing point analysis of the bio-jet fuel distillate, good values were obtained.

Biogas is one of promising renewable fuel produced from several numbers of organic substrates. In fact, biomass as the organic matters has an opportunity to generate a cheaper and cleaner energy than using other resources. Therefore, many researchers have been studied about the production of biogas from various kinds of biomass. In Indonesia, there are many cows and lemongrass in nature. Therefore, this study is focused on the utilization of cow manure and lemongrass as the substrate for the production of biogas. The purpose of this study is to obtain the optimum condition of biogas production, including composition of the substrate and temperature of the bio digester. Besides, the addition of rumen bacteria was also investigated in this study. The composition of cow manure and lemongrass were varied at the ratio of 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1 in weight. The temperature of bio digester was also varied at room temperature, 39℃, and 50℃. Result shows that the volume of biogas produced by using lemongrass was less than using cow manure. However, the mixture of cow manure and lemongrass improved the quality and quantity of biogas produced. Based on the results, the highest volume of biogas at 890 mL and the highest percentage of methane at 14.90 % were produced from the composition of substrate with the ratio of 1:1 at the temperature of 50℃ with the addition of rumen bacteria. It was revealed that the higher temperature of bio digester was better for the production of biogas in the range of room temperature to 50℃. It was also proved that rumen bacteria are important for the production of biogas.

Quality control of cocoa is an important matter to ensure safe consumption of cocoa products. Conventional elemental analysis of cocoa beans uses chromatography that requires extensive sample preparations. This poses a problem for Indonesian cocoa farmers who have limited resources. Laser Induced breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is one of the best techniques for elemental analysis owing to its distinct features such as inherent rapidity and simple sample preparation methods with small quantities of samples. This means that LIBS can be used as an alternative technique for elemental analysis of cocoa beans. We report a study of elemental composition of fermented cocoa beans from Flores Island, Indonesia.

One of the main factors that cause the earth that we live in is not as clean as it was before is the utilization of fossil fuel. Motorized vehicles still utilize fossil fuel as energy sources, and the number of motorized vehicles is growing every year. Biomass energy are one of the alternative energies currently being developed. Bioethanol are one of the technologies for fuel in motorized vehicles to utilize biomass as an alternative energy. The addition of bioethanol to gasoline will certainly change the fuel properties, the fuel will be more difficult to self-ignite so the pressure generated in the combustion chamber will be more consistent. Coefficient of variation (COV) represent the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of a set of data, in this study in cylinder pressure data (IMEP) is used. Based on previous research that discussed the analysis of emission gas and fuel consumption on SI engine fueled with low-grade bioethanol and oxygenated additive, the authors examined further to analyze the characteristic of ethanol blend and oxygenated additive to COVIMEP and Heat Release Rate (HRR) of various fuel mixture as well as COVIMEP correlation with HRR at variable engine speed were investigated. The result show that compared with pure gasoline, ethanol blend decreases HRR. When oxygenated additive added to gasoline – ethanol blend, it increases its maximum heat release rate especially on fuel mixture E5 about 6.2% compared to E0. And the Correlation of COV and HRR; as COV value increases, HRR decreases. Whereas, when COV value decreases, HRR increases.

Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC) is a developed technology for reducing salt concentration of seawater, so it could be used for people’s daily needs. Since there were many tofu industry in Indonesia, so that the substrate in this research came from model of tofu wastewater. For increasing MDC performance, there was modification in reactor design, whereas the IEM (Ion Exchange Membrane) was arranged in two stacked design, yet in the end of desalination cycle there was a recirculation through anolyte-catholyte solution to maintain pH level. The variations of flowrate recirculation were 0.5 and 5 mL/ min. The result showed that the optimum flowrate for anolyte-catholyte recirculation was 0.5 ml/minute with TDR (Total Desalination Rate) of 2.447 g/h and it showed that recirculation process could increase the salt removal of desalination process.

Biogas has been one of the promising renewable fuel produced from organic substrates. Cocoa husk has a potential to be a substrate for biogas production. Based on various studies, cocoa husk has the potential as a substrate for methane production from anaerobic co-digestion. However, lower biodegradation efficiency of anaerobic co-digestion of cocoa husks was affected by high cell wall content of cellulose and association between cellulose and lignin, which would hinder the anaerobic microbes to convert cocoa husk into methane. Cow rumen fluid has been proposed for method for biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass, since it has advantages in degradation of plant material by the Fiblolytic enzymes from the rumen ecosystem. The ratio of cocoa husk to cow manure are as follows, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 1:0, where the substrate used for all four variations is 100g, the variation of substrate to cow rumen fluid is also applied with the following ratio 1:1, 1:0, 2:1, 1:2, and incubation operating temperature is as follow 25°C, 37°C, 50°C, and 70°C. This research would see the potential of cocoa husk as a substrate, and the effect that will happen if cow rumen fluid is used as its inoculum, and to know if there is an increase in efficiency of digestion, in form of higher solids degradation and higher biogas methane composition. The purpose of this research is to know the optimum ratio between cow manure and cocoa husk and feasibility of rumen fluid as inoculum. Based on the results of the research, the following can be concluded: The optimum ratio of cocoa husk to cow manure is 1:1, the optimum ratio of substrate to cow rumen fluid is 1:1, and the optimum temperature for biogas production incubation is 37°C or mesophilic condition.

In order to improve the quality and the separation effect of CO2 in X gas field, the influence of swing on removing of water content on purification of CO2 from offshore natural gas by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and triethylene glycol (TEG) absorption was investigated by simulation. This method is to reduce the water content in the CO2 gas for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method. In the EOR injection process at Y oil field, the purity of CO2 is more than 95%. The purity of CO2 plays an important role in determining the amount of oil that can be recovered. In system using PSA, the mass of activated carbon is needed of 11,555.3 lb/day, whereas by TEG absorption is required 91.27 gpm TEG adsorbent. Economic analysis was also carried out based on the oil yield that can be recovered from well (20.53 MMstb) using CO2 from X gas field for EOR injection in Y oil field. In PSA integrated system showed net present value (NPV) of 349,376,372.23 $ US, internal return rate (IRR) of 19.87%, with an investment cost of 214,918,114 $ US. The system integrated with TEG dehydration has an NPV of 390,869,013.8 $ US, IRR of 20.37%, and an investment cost of 240,111,000 $ US. These results showed that CO2 purification from X gas field is the most optimal and efficient when the system used the TEG absorption with NPV of 423,392,895.6 $ US, IRR of 20.71%, and payback period of 4.06 years. Based on the results of comparisons between the PSA and TEG features of upgrading technologies of CO2 in X gas field, the specific requirements for CO2-EOR in Y oil field, recommendations are made regarding appropriate technology for CO2−EOR

The impact of emerging agriculture as the dominant sector in Indonesia was abundant in agricultural waste such as rice husk and rice straw. Slow pyrolysis was proposed as processing treatment of residue to get bio-char and bio-oil at 250 °C using a simple stainless-steel reactor. The selected temperature for the pyrolysis process based on TGA result and the optimum condition of the combustion process. Bio-char produced was 57 wt% which porosity range around 50 µm identified from SEM image, which could be used as bio-sorbent materials. While bio-oil has phenol as a dominant compound known with its bactericidal activity. Based on IR spectrum, the pyrolysis process only reduces the small amount of water and organic compound of biomasses. Even though from physical appearance after the pyrolysis process both biomasses become different, but from SEM image, pyrolysis process did not change materials structure excessively. The impact of the pyrolysis process on rice husk difference with rice straw because of its chemical compound and also size of materials.

Coal consumption in the Indonesian metallurgical industry in 2015 has reached up to 3.5 million tons. One ton of pig iron required 0.5-0.6 tons of coke, 1.4 tons of iron ore, and 0.25 tons of limestone. Coke added by the charcoal is called bio- coke. Charcoal, as the raw material of coke from the carbonization process of Indonesian redwood residues, can reduce the consumption of coking coal. Biomass has been applied as an alternative renewable fuel to the industrial sector to reduce CO2 emissions. The use of biomass reduces the dependence on traditional fossil fuels whose resources are reduced every day. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best charcoal sizes from redwood and improve the quality of bio-coke through the dry cooling process. The final method of bio-coke can be done coke dry quenching to prevent the occurrence of cracks in the coke, increase coke strength, and less chemical activity during cooling. Redwood charcoal with particle size (10, 25, 50, and 80) mesh is blending with coking coal. The mixing, composition of coal with redwood charcoal is 90:10. Blended briquettes with the addition of molasses and wood tar are processed by re-carbonization at 1100 °C for 4 hours. Bio-coke charcoal 50 mesh has bulk density of 1071.44 kg/m3. The strength of bio-coke increases as bulk density increases. The maximum size of the redwood charcoal particles of the study on 50 mesh generated a compressive strength of 4.87 MPa.

Today, microalgae have been attracting as promising raw material for biofuel production. Hydrothermal liquefaction is a proposed technology to convert microalgae biomass into liquid fuels, called bio-crude oil. This study investigated the effect of biomass weight-water volume ratio (1:20, 1:30, 1:40), temperature (200, 225, 250 °C) and residence time (10, 20, 30 minutes) on bio-crude oil yield of non-catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction from Indonesian microalgae Skeletonema sp. The highest bio-crude oil yield was 2.20%, obtained at at biomass weight-water volume ratio of 1:20, temperature of 250 oC and residence time of 10 minutes. The highest component of bio-crude oil was hydrocarbon (37.20 %). The low product yield was caused by the longer process residence time (especially in cooling step), low amount of carbon-hydrogen content and high amount of oxygen-ash content in biomass.

The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters of coal and water hyacinth blend have been investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis. Those of pure coal and pure water hyacinth were also each studied as a comparison. The coal sample was taken from a Sub-district of Gunung Panjang, Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The as-received sample was ground to be a mesh size of 60. The sample of water hyacinth originated from Dams of Selorejo and Sengguruh, district of Malang, Indonesia. The raw material was cleaned with water and subsequently cut and dried at the temperature of around 85 °C for 6 hours. The dried biomass was then crushed and sieved at a size of 60 mesh as well. The blended fuel was composed of coal and water hyacinth in a mass ratio of 40:60 (wt%). The thermogravimetric experiment was performed for the coal, the water hyacinth, and their blend under the instrumentality of thermal analyzer at a single heating rate of 40 °C/min. The sample was heated up from 27 to 1000 °C with a nitrogen flow rate of 100 ml/min. Thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were obtained. The kinetic evaluation was performed under the fitting method of Coats-Redfern. The results indicated that three stages of decomposition process were encountered during thermal degradation of the individual samples of coal and water hyacinth, as well as their blend. The addition of 60% water hyacinth to the coal provoked the thermal degradation toward the lesser temperature and forced the increase of maximum mass loss rate. The activation energy went to decrease together with the increasing of water hyacinth fraction, i.e., 84.02, 66.72, and 44.45 kJ/mol for respectively the coal, blended fuel, and water hyacinth. These results could be valuable in designing and developing of the reactor of the thermal conversion system on an industrial scale.

Present scenario requires methods for treatment of industrially waste water polluted with hazardous chemicals and dyes. This work reports efficient utilization of nano-ceramic ‘hydroxyapatite’ for degradation of Indigo Carmine dye present in waste water under ultra violet light illumination. The photo-catalytic experiment is carried out via artificially polluting water with Indigo Carmine dye at three different dye concentration (5, 10, and 20 mg/L) in presence of hydroxyapatite nano-powder (25 mg). After 180 min ultra violet light illumination, almost 63, 61 and 43 % dye degradation is observed in above dye solution. Treatment of such dye polluted water is necessary for making it usable water for society and for the development of sustainable ecosystem.

There is a lot of energy potential in biomass wastes in Indonesia, and one of those is rice husk. This research will create a suitable model for drying and pyrolysis zones in rice husk gasification. The single particle model is chosen as the model since it can help to observe conversion happened within a particle in detail. This is important because with that, we can understand the compositions of pyrolysis gas, char, and primary tar in drying and pyrolysis zones in rice husk gasification. To validate the model, air flow rate is chosen as the variable that would be varied. The objectives of this research are to check whether the model is suitable for modelling drying and pyrolysis zones in rice husk gasification as well as to understand the effects of air flow rate in the product compositions using the simulation. The results show that the primary tar content is increasing by the increase of air flow rate, while the pyrolysis gas content is decreasing, and the char content is constant. The results show that the numerical model is considerably suitable for modelling drying and pyrolysis zones in rice husk gasification.

The research which had been conducted in March–June 2019 had the purpose of determining the effect of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) on BOD and COD levels in Krebet Sugar Mill wastewater with phytoremediation technique. The research used the posttest-only control group design. Liquid waste experiments were taken at three points on the waste stream using water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) with three repetitions. Data analysis using statistical description by comparing each data obtained from the treatments with controls. The results of the study showed that the Krebet Sugar Mill wastewater treatment using water spinach plants (phytoremediation technique) was able to reduce BOD parameters by 5.49 mg/L at the first point; 2.53 mg/L at the second point; and 5.20 mg/L at the third point; while COD parameters was 7.79 mg/L at the first point; 12.56 mg/L at the second point; and 12.15 mg/L at the third point. The conclusion of this research is the phytoremediation technique using water spinach plants influential can reduce the levels of BOD and COD in liquid waste.