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The use of the noun učin (effect) and adjective učinski (effective) in Croatian electrotechnical terminology is examined, covering the period from the publication of Šulek’s Hrvatsko-njemačko-talijanski rječnik znanstvenog nazivlja [Croatian-German-Italian Dictionary of Scientific Terminology] in 1874 until today. It has been established that the term energetska elektronika (energy electronics) encompasses only part of meaning of učinska elektronika (power electronics), that is, the part used in power engineering. The term učinska elektronika is in line with the terminology used in most European languages (e. g. English, German, French, Russian, Italian, Slovenian) and satisfies all the principles of the formation of professional terminology.

This paper will analyse approximately 400 toponyms in Tivat and its vicinity. The introductory part of the paper presents the basic historical and demographic data for the studied area (the settlements Bogdašići, Gornja Lastva, Donja Lastva, Kavač, Lepetane, Mrčevac, and Tivat). The central part of the paper classifies the local toponyms according to motivation and linguistic origin. In addition to the basic Slavic (Croatian) layer, the toponymy of Tivat has preserved various substrate and adstrate traits, mostly of Romanic origin.

The use of exonyms is one of the earliest challenges faced by experts who deal with geographical names on an international level. The prevalent view is that exonyms hinder international communication and their use should therefore be reduced. Another opinion is that exonyms are a constituent part of the vocabulary of the linguistic community that creates and uses them, an important part of cultural heritage and identity, and should therefore not be overlooked. Recently, the idea that a middle ground should be found is gaining traction; according to it, exonyms should be used differently depending on the users’ age groups, the purpose of the publication they appear in, and the type of communication (international or national). Following this view, members of the UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms have reached conclusions regarding the globally shared characteristics of exonyms and the criteria of their use. Three criteria are related to the characteristics of the geographical features for which the exonym is used (type, size, importance, familiarity, and location). Qualitative analysis of the number and distribution of Croatian exonyms in several categories shows that the use of Croatian exonyms is in accordance with these criteria. This means that exonyms are used: a) when a geographical feature has close and traditional ties with the Croatian linguistic community – most commonly features that are geographically nearby; b) when the feature is historically or currently important, globally and/or for Croatian language speakers; c) when the feature covers more than one speaking area.

The goal of this paper is to, in way of interpreting the spirit of the place and using an interdisciplinary approach, present the history of one branch of the Galjuf family, which was seated at Vižovlje Manor in the west part of the Krapina-Zagorje County, several kilometers northwest of Veliko Trgovišće. In this sense, the paper is focused on the biographical data of those family members who were the owners of the manor. The social-architectural status of the manor in view of the terms dvorac and kurija is also discussed, since Croatian professional and scholarly literature has yet to precisely distinguish the meanings of these terms. The basic architectural elements of the manor are described, as are the changes during the observed period, with reference to the current scholarly knowledge about their appearance based on available historical sources. A significant source on social life in the manor and the changes that followed the social-economic developments of that time is the »Spomen-knjiga posjetilaca dvorca u Vižovlju« (Commemorative Visitor Book of Vižovje Manor), one of the rare preserved commemorative books from a Zagorje manor. It is also a paradigmatic portrayal of the life of Zagorje’s minor nobility in the late 18th and the 19th century.

The paper provides an overview of concepts and knowledge about genetic engineering and its development in Croatia and abroad from the second half of the 20th century to the present day. Genetic engineering is the biological term that has undergone the greatest conceptual deformations, and therefore some important concepts are unambiguously explained in the paper. As data and documentation on this are not widely available to the public, a systematic overview of the development of genetic engineering in Croatia as well as the roles of individuals, their interactions and contributions is also presented. As early as the 1970s, the Croatian pharmaceutical industry and research institutions in Croatia produced a wave of biotechnological and genetic engineering research and product development. Various research groups, mostly gathered around the constituents of the University of Zagreb (especially the Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology and the Faculty of Science), the Ruđer Bošković Institute and PLIVA, use recombinant DNA technology for their basic research. In addition to a chronology of events related to genetic engineering, the paper also describes the work and merits of scientists M. Demerec, V. Johanides, M. Alačević, Ž. Trgovčević, Ž. Kućan, S. Jelaska, V. Gamulin, V. Delić, I. Weygand-Đurašević, Z. Zgaga, S. Jelenić, and others in the field of genetic engineering.

The activities of the public health service in Slavonski Brod began already at the time of the Military Border, when a cordon sanitaire and quarantine were established to prevent the transmission of dangerous infectious diseases across the Sava River. However, a more developed form of preventive medicine was introduced during the time of Andrija Štampar, involving the establishment of the School Polyclinic, the holding of public health lectures, and the founding of the Anti-Tuberculosis Dispensary, the Anti-Venereal Clinic, and the Anti-Rabies Station. A major advance was made in 1946, when the Sanitary-Epidemiological Station was established as a separate institution. It proved very successful in combating the post-war epidemic of abdominal typhus, eradicating malaria, and introducing mass vaccination against children’s infectious diseases. A sort of stagnation followed during the 40-year period within the frame of the Medical Centre, especially when compared to the great progress of clinical and diagnostic medicine. Preventive activity developed significantly after the founding of the County Institute of Public Health in 1994. This is particularly applicable to the monitoring and combating of chronic degenerative diseases, malign tumours, protection of schoolchildren and youths, and increasing attention given to addictive disorders among the younger population.

The topic of this paper is the functioning of the healthcare system in Croatia today. Like in Štampar’s time, the healthcare system cannot be separated from politics, economic strength, and social organisation. Referring to the socio-medical issues of today, the paper warns about the lack of human and material resources in modern healthcare.

This paper presents an overview of the history of healthcare and the development of health institutions in Croatia from prehistory till today. The developments in providing care for the sick and infirm in these lands are described based on relevant literature and periodicals. The presented data is a contribution to the research of the systematic history of the Croatian health system.

Velikim zalaganjem Andrije Štampara 1920-ih i 1930-ih došlo je do reorganizacije i unaprjeđivanja zdravstvene službe. Pri tome je golemo značenje imala njegova zamisao o potrebi osnivanja i otvaranja domova zdravlja diljem Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, tj. potonje Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Otvaranjem Doma narodnoga zdravlja u Osijeku s brojnim službama, napose dispanzerskom i protuepidemijskom, osigurana je u gradu na Dravi bolja zdravstvena zaštita stanovništva. Rad Doma narodnoga zdravlja odvijao se potpuno u skladu s tadašnjim programom socijalne medicine koju je zastupao Štampar, koji je do 1930. u nekoliko navrata boravio u Osijeku. U sastavu novootvorenoga Doma narodnoga zdravlja djelovale su gradska i školska poliklinika, sanitarna inspekcija, anti-TBC i kožno‑venerični dispanzer, antitrahomska i antirabična stanica, dječji dispanzer, zubni odjel i Higijenski zavod, dok su pokusne životinje, potrebne za rad zavodskoga bakteriološkog laboratorija, držane – do izgradnje posebne dvorišne zgrade (1958/59) – u dvorišnoj zgradi koja se nalazila uz zgradu u kojoj je danas Odjel neurologije, dakle u sklopu osječke Opće bolnice., The great commitment of Andrija Štampar in the 1920s and 1930s paved the way for the reorganisation and improvement of the public health service. His ideas about the necessity of founding and opening public health centres and stations throughout the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) played a very important role in these efforts. The opening of the Public Health Centre in Osijek, which encompassed numerous services including a dispensary and anti-epidemic service, secured a higher quality of healthcare for the local population. The Public Health Centre functioned fully in accordance with the then programme of social medicine advocated by Štampar, who resided in Osijek several times before 1930. The newly opened Public Health Centre included a city and school polyclinic; a sanitary inspection service; an anti-TB, skin, and venereal diseases dispensary; an anti-trachoma and anti-rabies station; a children’s dispensary; a dental department; and a Hygiene Institute, while the experimental animals necessary for the working of the institute’s bacteriological laboratory were kept – until the construction of a dedicated outbuilding (in 1958/59) – in an outbuilding located next to the building housing the Neurology Department today (part of the Osijek General Hospital).

The key goal of this paper is to compare quality and efficiency indicators of the level of healthcare services in the Republic of Croatia to other EU countries using the ‘Euro Health Consumer Index (EHCI)’ analysis, published by the renowned Swedish company Health Powerhouse. The mentioned company publishes a new edition of the EHCI annually, comparing trends of certain indicators or groups of indicators for each country. Due to the great heritage of Prof. Andrija Štampar and his followers, the Republic of Croatia is well-known in Europe and beyond as a pioneer of today’s model of primary healthcare and preventive activities. Unfortunately, according to the EHCI, after years of insufficient funding and an unsupervised education model, the Croatia shows the worst scores precisely in the indicators related to prevention quality. It is also important to mention that the poor results of prevention-based activities have a strong pharmacoeconomic impact; it is widely known that one kuna invested in prevention and primary healthcare is equivalent to 10 kunas invested in hospital treatment.

Vojakovac je središte male parohije koja se nalazi sjeverno od Križevaca na južnim obroncima Kalnika. Pravoslavno stanovništvo je na tome području u većem broju doseljeno tijekom XVI. stoljeća. U radu se donosi pregled demografskoga razvoja parohije Vojakovac te se zaključuje da je broj Srba u parohiji Vojakovac tijekom XX. stoljeća opao zbog stradanja u Drugom svjetskom ratu, zbog iseljavanja u velike gradove, zbog asimilacije i zbog etnomimikrije. Rad donosi informacije o uzrocima umiranja na području parohije Vojakovac u različitim periodima tijekom XX. stoljeća. Podatci se donose na temelju matičnih knjiga umrlih parohije Vojakovac koje se nalaze u Arhivi Srpske pravoslavne crkve Mitropolije zagrebačko-ljubljanske u Zagrebu. Rad se također bavi i običajima prilikom umiranja u Kalničkom prigorju i u Podravini kod Srba i kod Hrvata., Vojakovac is the centre of a small parish located north of Križevci, on the southern slopes of Kalnik. The Orthodox population settled in that area in larger numbers during the 16th century. The author offers an overview of the demographic development of the parish Vojakovac, and concludes that the number of Serbs in the parish fell during the 20th century due to World War II related deaths, migration to larger urban areas, assimilation, and ethnomimicry. He also presents information on the causes of death in the parish in various periods during the 20th century. This data was drawn from registers of deaths of the parish Vojakovac, which are kept in the Archive of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Metropolitanate of Zagreb and Ljubljana in Zagreb. The author also examines customs related to death and dying in the foothills of Kalnik and in the Podravina region, among both Serbs and Croats.

Tuberculosis was a major health problem in Split between the two world wars. Scientific publications, journals, and local newspapers played an important role in health ducation as one of the preventive treatment methods of this nefarious disease, which is based on Štampar’s sociomedical ideas, as well as in shattering prejudices and raising popular awareness of how to face the consequences of the disease. This paper establishes the existence of a continuity in the creation of recorded public knowledge relevant to this topic, with particular reference to the role of mass media such as Novo doba and Jadranski dnevnik. Novo doba was a very important political-informative weekly newspaper published from 1918 until 22 April 1941. Jadranski dnevnik was published from 1934 to 1938. Both papers successfully performed their social function of providing information, shaping public opinion, and spreading knowledge, transferring all the complexity and necessity of modernisation practices that were changing Split and making it into a modern city. Among these modernisation practices was the struggle against tuberculosis as a serious socio-medical problem.

Public enlightenment and civic education were Štampar’s obsessions since the beginnings of his career, but he also showed great interest in improving health education in schools as well as in teaching at faculties of medicine and providing long-term education of graduate physicians. He was first recommended for professorship as early as 1922, but it was only after the founding of the Banovina (Banate) of Croatia that he was granted a license for working at the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb. He was 51 at the time. Soon afterwards, in 1940, he became Dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb but, unfortunately, World War II interrupted his career. He was interned in Austria during the war and, after its end, continued working as a university professor and director of the School of Public Health. In 1947, he became involved in undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the School of Public Health. From 1952 until his death in summer 1958, he was elected five times in a row as Dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb. During that time, he founded the second faculty of medicine in Croatia, in Rijeka in 1956. He also opened a college for nurses within the frame of the Faculty of Medicine in the mid-1950s, and introduced a two-year school for nurses, which they attended after completing elementary education. Thus, A. Štampar was effectively involved in faculty teaching for only 15 years, mainly towards the end of his life: two years before World War II and 13 years after it. Nevertheless, his work left a deep trace, above all in the form of constant efforts to affirm preventive medicine, hygiene, and social medicine.

In early May 1941, three Serbs were killed by a group of young Ustasha militiamen assigned to the local headquarters of the Ustasha movement in the Croatian city of Karlovac. The affair, known as »the Vujičić case« after its best known victim, attorney and politician Milan Vujičić, was hushed up at that time, but the case left a deeper imprint on historical studies than some of the larger atrocities committed during the period. The case was reopened in early 1947, upon the extradition of Vladimir Židovec to Yugoslavia. Židovec was the secretary of the local Ustaša HQ at the time of the crime, and afterwards a diplomat in the Independent State of Croatia (ISC). Subjected to harsh interrogation by the Yugoslav Udba secret police, Židovec offered to collaborate and authored a lengthy but tainted testimony. He claimed that his antagonist and formal local superior Ante Nikšić, afterwards an ISC diplomat and minister of the interior, initiated the crime. In spite of various important deficiencies of the inquiry, the thesis that Nikšić had instigated the murder of his personal friend Vujičić has been reiterated over the years. It has been incorporated into reference manuals as a proven fact, and has even been contextualized on a larger scale. This article therefore strives to reconsider the case on the basis of some new elements. While offering no final answers, it points to various incongruences of the present interpretation.

U ovome se radu obrađuje petstotinjak toponima u Kotorskome zaljevu. U uvodnome se dijelu članka iznose temeljni povijesni i demografski podatci. U središnjemu se dijelu mjesni toponimi razvrstavaju prema motivaciji i s obzirom na jezično postanje. Motivacijski se toponimija Kotorskoga zaljeva izdvaja po iznadprosječnomu udjelu toponima antroponimskoga postanja te toponima uvjetovanih titularima crkava, među kojima se izdvaja toponim Sutorman (sanctus Romanus), prežitak rane romansko-slavenske simbioze., The paper deals with around 500 toponyms in the Bay of Kotor. In the introdoctury part of the paper, basic historic and demographic data are given. In the main part, the toponyms are categorised according to motivation and etymology. The Bay of Kotor has an above-average share of toponyms derived from personal names as well as toponyms motivated by church titularies. In this category, the toponym Sutorman (sanctus Romanus) stands out as a relict of the old Romanic and Slavic symbiosis.

After more than 100 years of existence, Norway’s Great Norwegian Encyclopedia went through a major crisis between 2010 and 2014, as the transformation to the new, digital reality became commercially unviable to the publishing house that owned it. The country’s universities came together, formed The Great Norwegian Encyclopedia Association, and created a new editorial team, which has transformed the encyclopedia into an online success with high-quality articles assessed and updated by some of Norway’s leading scholars. The partnership with academia, a purpose-made publishing software, a decentralized production model, and confidence in the original brand have been keys to building this public service encyclopedia that other, likeminded institutions across Europe can learn from., Nakon više od 100 godina postojanja, Velika norveška enciklopedija doživjela je veliku krizu u razdoblju od 2010. do 2014. jer je tranzicija u novu, digitalnu stvarnost postala komercijalno neodrživom za njezina izdavača. Stoga je zajedničkom inicijativom norveških sveučilišta osnovano udruženje Great Norwegian Encyclopedia Association te novo uredništvo. Ono je preobrazilo enciklopediju u uspješno online izdanje s ažuriranim, visokokvalitetnim člancima koje su razmotrili i ažurirali vodeći norveški znanstvenici. Partnerstvo s akademskom zajednicom, namjenski softver, decentralizirani model proizvodnje i pozitivna reputacija izvornoga izdanja pokazali su se ključnima za izgradnju ove opće enciklopedije, čije bi iskustvo moglo biti od velike koristi za institucije sličnih namjera diljem Europe.

In this study, the development of the main current of encyclopedism in Serbia, the one in the Serbian language, is presented through publishing companies and other organisations that deal with producing encyclopedias, such as the cultural institution Matica srpska (Matrix Serbica). Encyclopedic work in Republic of Serbia is only partially accompanied by institutionalization, even though the idea of founding an encyclopedic institute modelled after the Institute of Lexicography in Zagreb (Republic of Croatia), such as the one initiated by the Službeni glasnik (Official Gazette) public enterprise, has been present since the start of the 21st century. The article deals with the views and procedures of individual companies and institutions as well as professional and political factors related to the central encyclopedic institution. Not only does the author present elements for the evaluation of some of the significant encyclopedic works, especially the Vojna enciklopedija (Military Encyclopedia; first edition 1958–1969, second edition 1970–1976), but also touches on some of the general questions of metalexicography and bibliography. Due to the type of activities and editions of organizations written about in this work, the author also examines the field of Serbian language lexicography.

Thanks to numerous innovative technologies and methods, the Information Age has brought new challenges, but also new opportunities, to the cultural and scientific sector, for both the development and the presentation of its primary activities. More importantly, it paved the way for new networking possibilities through inter-institutional and multidisciplinary collaborative projects, based on linking together analogous needs, efforts, and ideas. The goal of this paper is to present and examine the opportunities for cooperation in a virtual environment between related institutions, gathered around a common project involving the development of a collaborative portal about eminent and meritorious persons. We shall present the project through three basic phases of development: the inception of the idea and the launching of the national pilot project ‘Znameniti i zaslužni Hrvati’ (Eminent Croats) that resulted in the creation of the portal Znameniti.hr; the one-year European project funded by the DARIAH–ERIC consortium that enabled the establishment of regional cooperation and the creating of the portal EminentPeople.eu; and the preparation of a new international project considering the European perspectives of this portal.

This paper analyses the occurrence and lexicographic representation of professional nouns and noun phrases in Croatian general and terminological dictionaries. The focus of study are E-dictionaries and terminological databases. The authors determine in which fields such terms occur, whether both members of a feminine-masculine pair are present, and how the terms are defined. They present a model for the compilation of entries of such headwords on the example of linguistic terminology as well as examining how such terms are represented in the Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik. In this way, the results of the work within the frame of the projects Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik and Male and Female in the Croatian Language are combined, and the difference among entries in general e-dictionaries and terminological database is shown.

Prof. Plohl set down the basis for the electrification of the Sava Banate (banovina) and in doing so significantly contributed to the improvement of the wealth, health, and education of the poorest households, especially in rural areas. He founded the Banal Electrical Company (Bansko električno poduzeće – BEP) in October 1937 and served as its chairman until his tragic death in September 1939. Together with the Peasants’ Concord (Seljačka sloga) organisation, within two years he managed to electrify the Vojni Križ Municipality, initiate he construction of the hydroelectric power station in Tribalj, and set down a plan for electrifying the Sušak–Zagreb railway. He managed to decrease the cost of electrifying rural households five- to sixfold! The owners of electrification companies feared they would lose their planned income and thus employed engineer Ivo Radulović, director of Elektra–Sušak, to hold professional lectures in which he would discredit the BEP’s tenets of electrification. This paper also describes in detail a heated polemic between Plohl and Radulović that developed in the newspapers.

Based on the current understanding of the term ‘invention’, this paper examines the originality of three of Faust Vrančić’s inventions. The first invention studied in the paper is the parachute; it is concluded that Faust did not invent it, but made an exceptional technical contribution to its design that is very similar to modern technical solutions. Since he is widely considered the inventor of the parachute, many will be surprised to learn that this is, in fact, not true. The second analysed invention, which is insufficiently publicised today, is Vrančić’s tide mill. His idea was not new, as it had been employed long before his lifetime, especially in Ireland and England. The innovation in Vrančić’s mill is the use of the bidirectional tidal current, with the water wheel being constructed in such a way as to always turn in the same direction regardless of the tidal current. The third innovation, involving Vrančić’s solution to the application of stators and rotors on windmills that enables harnessing the wind from any direction, is today used in turbines for various fluids (water, steam, gases).

This paper offers an overview of the creation and development of Croatian technological and natural science terminology. The context in which terminology – language and its component concepts, terms, and definitions – developed has been determined, and then been applied to professional terminology. The development of Croatian professional terminology, from its spontaneous appearance in general language, its first recording in early Croatian dictionaries, through the first professional books from the time when the Croatian language was introduced into schools, to its application at the time of economic development and the development of higher education, has been examined. The principles of professional terminology formation, the principles of translating from other languages, and the rules of applying such terminology have been set down. The paper concludes with a description of how these research results were applied to the selection and formation of terminology in the Tehnički leksikon (Lexicon of Technology), linked to the terminology in world languages.

The bibliography encompasses all articles published in the 13-volume Tehnička enciklopedija (Encyclopaedia of Technology) of the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography in the 1963–1997 period. Apart from a list of articles, the bibliography also contains an index of personal names and an index of fields of science.

The founding of the Polytechnic in Zagreb in 1919 marked the beginning of the organised activity and development of higher technical education in Croatia. This in turn prompted the development of the Zagreb university, which comprised a series of engineering faculties, successors of the organisational units (departments) of the Polytechnic, from 1926 the Faculty of Engineering. This paper offers a chronological overview of the establishment, development, and activities of these two institutions as the bearers of the modern development of technology and engineering sciences in Croatia in the first half of the 20th century, their organisation, division into separate organisational units, and prominent experts, professors, and doyens of Croatian engineering, who were the bearers of their activities until the eventual division and cessation of activity of this unified institution of higher technical education in Croatia.

Azithromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic that, after 40 years of success, is still considered a golden standard for a type of antibiotic called azalides. After the 1970s, as the development of a new antibiotic that would have a more powerful effect on gram-negative bacteria than erythromycin A and clarithromycin, be stable in an acid environment, and absorb well was underway, in Croatia a research team of the Zagreb pharmaceutical company PLIVA led by Dr S. Đokić synthesised a new macrolide antibiotic in 1979–81. This article offers an overview of the full contribution of PLIVA’s research team to the discovery and production of azithromycin through their own technological process. In order to better understand the climate in which PLIVA’s scientists worked, one should recall the summaries of their research, based on their contribution to world pharmaceutical heritage through the history of macrolide antibiotic research. An overview of the azithromycin research process is presented through systematic notes. The contribution of Prof. Nenad Ban to the discovery of the way azithromycin binds to ribosomes is highlighted, while a study of his earliest and a collection of his newer writings are used to refer to the anti-inflammatory effect of azithromycin and valorise new data on its use.

Hrvatska tehnička baština, povijest i sadašnje stanje tehnike u Hrvatskoj razmjerno su slabo istraženi i dokumentirani u literaturi, a napose nedostaju pregledna, sintetska djela o tom području. Takvo se stanje djelomice odrazilo i u suvremenoj hrvatskoj enciklopedistici. Za razliku od Pomorske ili Šumarske enciklopedije Leksikografskoga zavoda (LZ), Tehnička enciklopedija (TE), koja je kao kapitalno djelo u 13 svezaka dugo bila nezaobilazna literatura studenata tehničkih fakulteta, usredotočila se na makropedijsko tumačenje općih tehničkih pojmova, dok je sustavna obradba povijesti i sadašnjega stanja u Hrvatskoj izostala. Novi projekt LZ-a Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija (HTE) nastavlja se na TE te predstavlja njezinu nadopunu, uključujući nacionalne teme, obrađujući u člancima opće pojmove, biografije, poduzeća te ustanove, časopise i udruge, nastojeći pritom tekstove prilagoditi najširem krugu korisnika. Projekt HTE oslanja se na vrijednosti tradicionalnoga enciklopedičkoga koncepta organizacije i diseminacije konsolidiranoga znanja, prilagođene digitalnomu dobu, te usporedno dolazi u tiskanom i mrežnom izdanju. Očekuje se da će takav pristup pridonijeti boljemu poznavanju hrvatske tehnike, a time i njezinoj boljoj percepciji u kulturnom i društvenom kontekstu., The technological heritage of Croatia, the history and current state of technology in Croatia are relatively poorly researched and documented in literature, and overviews regarding this field are noticeably absent. This state of affairs is partially reflected in contemporary Croatian encyclopaedics. In contrast to the Pomorska enciklopedija (Maritime Encyclopaedia) or Šumarska enciklopedija (Encyclopaedia of Forestry) of the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography, the Tehnička enciklopedija (TE – Encyclopaedia of Technology), a major work encompassing 13 volumes and long-time indispensable reference book for students of faculties of engineering, focused on macropeadic interpretation of general technological terms without a systematic examination of the history and current state of affairs in Croatia. The Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija (HTE – Croatian encyclopaedia of Technology) continues the TE and serves to complement it, including national topics and containing articles covering general terms, biographies, companies and institutions, journals and associations, striving to adapt the texts to a broader circle of users. The HTE project builds upon the values of the traditional encyclopaedic concept of organising and disseminating consolidated knowledge, adapted to the digital age, and is simultaneously published in printed and electronic form. It is expected that this approach will contribute towards increasing familiarity with Croatian technology and thus improve its perception in a cultural and social context).

Mechanical engineering started to become distinct from classical mechanics on the turn of the 18th to the 19th century, i.e. at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, prompted by the establishment of polytechnics in Europe. In Croatia, mechanical engineering began to develop in the second half of the 19th century, intensifying after the establishment of the Royal Polytechnic in Zagreb in 1919. This paper also presents the biographies of distinguished Croatian and foreign scientists who contributed to the development of mechanical engineering in Croatia in the 20th century.

The Urbanonimia of Ukraine in the Context of DecommunizationThis article concerns the changing situation regarding toponyms in Ukraine, from the country’s regaining of independence to the present day. The article identifies two waves of decommunization. The first occured between the regaining independence in 1991 and 1995. The second wave began with the Revolution of Dignity in 2013–2014 and continues to this day. In the second part of the article, toponyms connected with Poland are presented and the reasons behind their creation are explained. Toponimia miejska na Ukrainie w kontekście dekomunizacjiArtykuł traktuje o sytuacji w zakresie zmian toponimów na Ukrainie od czasu odzyskania niepodległości do dnia dzisiejszego. Autorzy wyróżniają dwie fale dekomunizacji, pierwszą od odzyskania przez Ukrainę niepodległości w 1991 roku do 1995 roku. Druga fala rozpoczęła się wraz z rewolucją godności w latach 2013-2014 i trwa do dziś. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawiono toponimy związane z Polską, a także uzasadnienie ich powstania.

Battle of Narratives: Political Memes During the 2019 Ukrainian Presidential ElectionThe article highlights the peculiarities of political internet memes as information units that shape public opinion. The article also examines the role of memes in society. The research material includes creolized memes (including both verbal and visual elements) about the Ukrainian politicians Petro Poroshenko and Volodymyr Zelenskyi. These memes were created in 2019 during the Ukrainian presidential election. The article firstly focuses on the verbal aspects of the memes and their semantic and functional features. In addition, the peculiarities of opponent image construction are analysed. The article then examines the influence of Ukrainian politicians on the conduct of the “meme war”. The article also sheds light on the role which memes play in the polarization of society. Wojna narratywów: memy polityczne podczas wyborów prezydenckich na Ukrainie w 2019 rokuArtykuł przedstawia cechy politycznych memów internetowych jako jednostek informacji wpływających na świadomość ludzi, a także wyjaśnia ich rolę w społeczeństwie. Materiałem badań były kreolizowane memy (obecność elementów słownych i ikonicznych) o Piotrze Poroszence i Włodzimierzu Zełenskim, wygenerowane podczas kampanii prezydenckiej na Ukrainie w 2019 roku. Główny nacisk położono na werbalny aspekt memu, jego cechy semantyczne i funkcjonalne, przeanalizowano specyfikę konstruowania wizerunku przeciwnika, podkreślono znaczenie ukraińskich polityków w prowadzeniu „wojny memetycznej” oraz wyjaśniono rolę memów w polaryzowaniu społeczeństwa.

Expanding WordNet with Gloss and Polysemy Links for Evocation Strength RecognitionEvocation – a phenomenon of sense associations going beyond standard (lexico)-semantic relations – is difficult to recognise for natural language processing systems. Machine learning models give predictions which are only moderately correlated with the evocation strength. It is believed that ordinary graph measures are not as good at this task as methods based on vector representations. The paper proposes a new method of enriching the WordNet structure with weighted polysemy and gloss links, and proves that Dijkstra’s algorithm performs equally as well as other more sophisticated measures when set together with such expanded structures. Rozszerzenie WordNetu o glosy i relacje polisemiczne na potrzeby rozpoznawania siły ewokacjiEwokacja – zjawisko skojarzeń zmysłowych wykraczających poza standardowe (leksykalne) relacje semantyczne – jest trudne do rozpoznania dla systemów przetwarzania języka naturalnego. Modele uczenia maszynowego dają prognozy tylko umiarkowanie skorelowane z siłą ewokacji. Uważa się, że zwykłe miary grafowe nie są tak dobre w tym zadaniu, jak metody oparte na reprezentacjach wektorowych. Proponujemy nową metodę wzbogacania struktury WordNet o polisemie ważone i linki połysku i udowadniamy, że algorytm Dijkstry zestawiony z tak rozbudowanymi strukturami działa a także inne, bardziej wyrafinowane środki.

The Sociolinguistic Aspect of Ukrainian Russian Child Bilingualism on the Basis of a Survey of Ukrainian FamiliesThe article explores the linguistic situation in Ukraine, where a key sociolinguistic peculiarity is the large-scale spread of various types of Ukrainian–Russian bilingualism. A special focus is put on bilingualism among children speaking two closely related languages, which represents a current language situation beyond any historical or political context. The article describes the peculiarities of the formation of child bilingualism, which are a result of the changing priorities of the primary and secondary tools of communication. The article presents the findings of a survey covering the family environment, undertaken in order to identify key trends in children's speech in Ukraine. This knowledge subsequently allows for the tracing of the correlation between a mother tongue / parents' second language, the language of family communication, and the national language in Ukraine. Moreover, it helps when it comes to the decision of whether or not to introduce bilingual practices in the early stages of the linguistic personality formation of a child. The concept of a ‘bilingual linguistic personality' is covered, and certain aspects pertaining to how bilingual children perceive the world are listed. The article takes into consideration the issues and criteria of the ‘mother tongue' concept in bilingual settings. The notion of ‘linguistic code switching' is characterized, as well as its impact on the formation of bilingual communicative competence in children. A focus is laid on the use of mixed forms of Ukrainian–Russian bilingualism in the context of the communicative practices of bilingual children. The article also examines a peculiar type of bilingualism, typical of a certain category of bilingual pre-schoolers and primary school children, in which each party of a communicative act tends to preserve their dominant language in an informal setting. Socjolingwistyczny aspekt ukraińsko-rosyjskiej dwujęzyczności dzieci na podstawie badań rodzin ukraińskichW artykule przedstawiona zostaje sytuacja językowa na Ukrainie, gdzie kluczową osobliwością socjolingwistyczną jest masowe rozprzestrzenianie się różnych typów i rodzajów dwujęzyczności ukraińsko-rosyjskiej. Szczególny nacisk kładzie się na dwujęzyczność dzieci, posługujących się blisko spokrewnionymi językami, która reprezentuje rzeczywistą sytuację językową poza jakimkolwiek kontekstem historycznym lub politycznym. Opisano specyfikę formowania się dwujęzyczności dzieci przez pryzmat zmieniającego się priorytetu pierwotnego i wtórnego medium społecznego dla dziecka. Wyniki badania obejmują środowisko rodzinne, którego analiza jest metodą identyfikacji kluczowych trendów w mowie dzieci na Ukrainie, co pozwala następnie na śledzenie korelacji między językiem ojczystym / drugim językiem rodziców, językiem komunikacji rodzinnej a językiem narodowym na Ukrainie. Ponadto pomaga rozważyć możliwość wprowadzenia / niewprowadzania praktyk dwujęzycznych na wczesnych etapach kształtowania się osobowości językowej dziecka. Omówiono też koncepcję „dwujęzycznej osobowości językowej” i wymieniono pewne aspekty postrzegania świata przez dzieci dwujęzyczne. Rozważono kwestie i kryteria koncepcji „języka ojczystego” w środowiskach dwujęzycznych. Scharakteryzowano pojęcie „przełączania kodu językowego”, a także jego wpływ na kształtowanie się dwujęzycznych kompetencji komunikacyjnych u dzieci. Nacisk położono na wykorzystanie mieszanych form dwujęzyczności ukraińsko-rosyjskiej w kontekście praktyk komunikacyjnych dzieci dwujęzycznych. Poddano analizie osobliwy typ dwujęzyczności, typowy dla pewnej kategorii dwujęzycznych przedszkolaków i dzieci ze szkół podstawowych, kiedy każda strona aktu komunikacji ma tendencję do zachowania swojego dominującego języka w nieformalnym otoczeniu.

Larysa Masenko, “Surzhyk: Mizh Movoju i Jazykom”. Vydavnychyĭ Dim “Kiievo-Mohylians'ka Akademiia”, Kyiv 2019, Ss. 232The reviewed monography is the first vast paper on the phenomenon of the Ukrainian–Russian linguistic contacts. The second edition is extended to include new scientific publications and completed with the respondents answers. The study as a whole depicts the etymology of the name of the phenomenon (Surzhyk), tries to place the phenomenon in the theory of linguistic contacts and gives examples of the use in the respondents answers, literature and the Internet. Larysa Masenko, “Surzhyk: Mizh movoju i jazykom”. Vydavnychyĭ dim “Kiievo-Mohylians'ka Akademiia”, Kyiv 2019, ss. 232Recenzowana monografia jest pierwszą obszerną pracą nad zjawiskiem kontaktów językowych ukraińsko-rosyjskich. Druga edycja jest bardziej rozbudowana o nowe prace naukowe i zilustrowana odpowiedziami respondentów.

The Perception and Comprehension of Audiovisual Advertisements Among Learners of PolishThe main aim of this article is to examine the extent to which international learners of the Polish language are able to understand audio-visual advertisements based on idiomatic phrases. To answer this question, research was conducted amongst students of B2 level or higher, according to the Common European Framework of References for Languages (Council of Europe, 2002). This paper joins two distinct but inseparable disciplines in this field of study – namely marketing and language – in order to demonstrate audio-visual commercial advertising as a language discourse. Postrzeganie i rozumienie reklam audiowizualnych wśród uczących się języka polskiego jako obcegoCelem artykułu jest zbadanie, w jakim stopniu uczący się języka polskiego jako obcego są w stanie zrozumieć audiowizualne przekazy reklamowe, oparte na związkach idiomatycznych. Aby odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, przeprowadzono badania wśród studentów na poziomie B2 lub wyższym, zgodnie z Europejskim systemem kształcenia językowego (Rada Europy, 2002). Artykuł ten łączy dwie odrębne, ale nierozłączne dyscypliny nauki – marketing i lingwistykę – w celu przedstawienia reklamy audiowizualnej jako dyskursu językowego.

Le nom propre est un exemple probant de l’interaction entre langue et société. Il est utilisé pour désigner une entité spécifique et unique. Faisant sienne la théorie selon laquelle les noms propres ont un sens, cet article explore l’évolution de leur utilisation comme verbes dénominaux en anglais (par exemple le verbe boycott) et notamment comment se construit leur sens. Bien que cette étude confirme dans une certaine mesure l’impact du contexte historique sur l’utilisation des noms propres comme verbes, suggérant ainsi que ce type de verbe dénominal puisse être une fenêtre sur une culture et une société, il défend surtout l’idée que la structure sémantique à la base de l’utilisation des noms propres comme verbes est relativement stable à travers le temps, et qu’elle reste fortement contrainte par le type de nom propre utilisé qui, à son tour, détermine la chaîne métonymique qui pourra s’appliquer pour former le sens du verbe. Proper names are good examples of the interaction between language and society. They are used to refer to specific and unique entities. Taking side with the thesis which states that proper names have a meaning, this article explores the evolution of the use of proper names as denominal verbs in English (boycott for instance) with a specific focus on how their meaning is generated. Although this study confirms to a certain extent the impact of the historical context on the use of proper names as verbs and, as a result, suggests that this type of denominal verb serves as a window to a culture and society, it mostly argues that the semantic structure underlying the use of proper names as verbs is relatively stable through time and heavily constrained by the type of proper name used which in turn defines the chain of metonymies which can operate to form the meaning of the verb.

International audience; In this exploratory study, we seek to compare two adjectival suffixes from a diachronic perspective: the native -some suffix and the imported Romance suffix -able. We aim to provide answers to these questions: in terms of competition, what evidence shows that -able can be viewed as a direct competitor to -some? Also, what other influences may have contributed to its decline (many other adjectival suffixes form competitors (-ful, -ish, -ly)? Other than increasing morphosemantic competition, can subjectification explain the successfulness of -able? We consider several hypotheses based on our data, explaining the shift in the landscape of adjectival suffixation and the apparently resulting decline of -some suffixation. Firstly, a semantic study of key words shows that Vable derivatives and Vsome derivatives differ in their semantic makeup, in that -able adjectives have a passive sense, whereas some adjectives in Vsome have an active sense (TENDENCY TO category, such as meddlesome [1615] “prone to meddling”), but are also compatible with a passive sense occurring (INTENDED FOR category) as in ticklesome “apt to be tickled”). This active passive alternation may have led to semantic instability, loss of transparency, and resulting loss of productivity (as suggested in the frequency- productivity chain proposed in Fernandez-Dominguez [2010: 202]). Secondly, a corpus study in multiple corpora (EHBO, COHA, Project Gutenberg OEC, COCA), as well as the OED data, both suggest that -some adjectives have a low frequency of usage over all periods of English. This low token frequency would have likely slowed propagation and therefore contributed to the decline in availability of the pattern. Finally, it is possible that -some declined due to direct pressure from -able. This hypothesis is however difficult to establish for multiple reasons: 1) blocking is a gradient phenomenon, rather than a cut-and-dried pressure; 2) the highly different frequency of usage of -some and -able in historical and contemporary corpora make it difficult to compare on a large scale; 3) other pressures exist, which haven’t been included in this study, such as other suffixations which may also have caused a chain reaction of adaptation within the language system. To test this, we conducted several case studies comparing active-oriented -some adjectives (in the TENDENCY TO category, such as meddlesome) and then passive adjectives (in the INTENDED FOR category, such as ticklesome) with Vable alternates. The conclusions reached were threefold. Overall, -some can be seen as semantically instable compared to -able: active-passive reinterpretation occurs in a number of -some adjectives (winsome, fearsome). On the other hand, -able has a more predictable semantic pattern, having mostly passive-oriented senses. Secondly, existing-some adjectives have a low token frequency as shown by extensive corpus searches, and this is verified in all periods, except for the 1850s where -some adjective formation increased out of a deliberate attempt to increase native suffixation. Finally, despite this lack of usage, -some has not become obsolete and opaque, and remains an active suffix. This begs the question of what register-specific contexts favour the use of -some adjectives.; Cette étude exploratoire vise à considérer un cas de compétition suffixale historique, entre le suffixe natif germanique -some et le suffixe roman -able emprunté au français. L’objectif est de répondre aux questions suivantes : quelles sont les preuves de la compétition entre -some et -able ? Quelles sont les autres influences qui ont pu contribuer au déclin du suffixe -some (tels que les autres suffixes adjectivaux -ful, -ish, -ly) ? Outre les facteurs morphosémantiques, peut-on envisager le succès de -able comme un cas de subjectification ? Nous considérons ainsi trois hypothèses fondées sur nos données : tout d’abord, une analyse sémantique des mots clés de 261 adjectifs en -some collectés dans le OED montre que les dérivés Vsome ont tendance à avoir un sens tantôt actif (meddlesome [1615] “prone to meddling”), tantôt passif (ticklesome “apt to be tickled”), alors que ceux en Vable ont un sens essentiellement actif. On peut ainsi formuler l’hypothèse que Vsome a perdu de sa transparence, et en conséquence en productivité (selon Fernandez-Dominguez [2010 : 202]). Ensuite, une analyse en corpus (EHBO, COHA, Project Gutenberg OEC, COCA), associée aux données du OED, montre que le suffixe -some n’a jamais donné lieu à une forte fréquence d’usage. Cette faible fréquence a pu contribuer à l’absence de propagation et ainsi le déclin de la productivité du suffixe. Enfin, il est possible que le déclin de -some soit corrélé au succès du suffixe -able. Toutefois plusieurs facteurs rendent difficile la vérification de cette hypothèse : 1) l’existence d’une suffixation synonyme ne suffit pas à expliquer le déclin d’un suffixe ; 2) la faible fréquence d’usage de -some par rapport à -able rend difficile des analyses quantitatives ; 3) il existe bien évidemment de nombreuses contraintes, telles que l’existence de multiples suffixes synonymes. Nous avons donc procédé à des études de cas afin de comparer des adjectifs en -some de type actif (tels que meddlesome) et des adjectifs de type passif (ticklesome) avec les contreparties adjectivales en -able. Trois conclusions s’imposent. Tout d’abord, -some est bien plus instable du point de vue sémantique avec des réinterprétations actif-passif existantes pour la même forme (winsome, fearsome), alors que -able est très stable. Ensuite la faible fréquence d’usage de -some est confirmée sur l’ensemble de la période 1000-2000. Enfin, malgré tout, le suffixe-some reste productif, autrement dit n’est pas devenu obsolète pour autant. Cela laisse donc en suspens la question de la spécificité de la suffixation en -some, notamment d’un point de vue de registre et de contexte d’usage.

La métaphore est reconnue comme un mécanisme important de changement lexical et sémantique et est un outil particulièrement productif pour créer de nouveaux euphémismes afin de mentionner des sujets tabous (Crespo Fernández [2006]). Cet article se concentre sur les métaphores de la mort, et plus particulièrement sur l’influence possible qu’ont les interactions entre la métaphore et la métonymie sur la nature X-phémistique (Allan & Burridge [1991], [2006]) des métaphores de la mort et sur leur utilisation euphémistique continue en langue anglaise. Il s’appuie sur 122 occurrences métaphoriques tirées de trois séries télévisées différentes (Six Feet Under, House, M.D. et Grey’s Anatomy), recueillies selon les recommandations du groupe Pragglejaz [2007]. Un nombre important d’occurrences de métaphores de la mort (principalement celles utilisant des domaines sources tels que journey, loss, ou rest, par exemple) ont tendance à être figées et plutôt euphémiques, ce qui semble confirmer ce qui était indiqué ou suggéré dans des travaux antérieurs (voir Allan & Burridge [1991], [2006], Bultinck [1998] ou Crespo Fernández [2006]). Il semble que les interactions entre métonymie et métaphore (voir Goossens [2002], Geeraerts [2002], Ruiz de Mendoza & Galera-Masegosa [2011], Kövecses [2013]) expliquent en partie la nature euphémique de ces métaphores : en raison de l’omniprésence de la dichotomie corps-esprit dans les religions et les cultures occidentales, les métaphores de la mort sont souvent combinées à des métonymies dans lesquelles une personne décédée est soit conceptualisée comme un corps mort, soit comme une âme. Les conceptualisations du corps mort ont tendance à être dysphémiques (comme dans les réalisations des métaphores a dead body is rotting food) tandis que les conceptualisations de l’âme du défunt ont tendance à être euphémiques (comme dans les réalisations des métaphores death is a journey). Il s’agit également de prendre en compte la dimension diachronique des X-phémismes dans la mesure où certains emplois sont attestés depuis le XIIe siècle ; le processus d’usure de l’euphémisme (qui pourrait être défini comme le phénomène de changement lexical résultant de l’évolution sémantique des euphémismes existants) semble être plus lent pour les métaphores de la mort, qui ont tendance à être combinées à des métonymies (comme a person is a soul), que pour les métaphores d’autres domaines tabous. Metaphor is recognised as a prominent mechanism of lexical semantic change and is a particularly productive tool to create new euphemisms to mention taboo topics (Crespo Fernández [2006]). This paper focuses on death metaphors, and more specifically on the possible influence of the interactions between metaphor and metonymy on the X-phemistic nature (Allan & Burridge [1991], [2006]) of death metaphors and their continuous euphemistic use in the English language. It relies on 122 metaphorical occurrences drawn from 3 different TV series (Six Feet Under, House, M.D., and Grey’s Anatomy), collected following the recommendations of the Pragglejaz group [2007]. A significant amount of death metaphorical occurrences (mostly those using source domains such as journey, loss or rest, for example) tend to be conventionalised and rather euphemistic, which seems to confirm what was indicated or suggested in previous works (see Allan & Burridge [1991], [2006], Bultinck [1998] or Crespo Fernández [2006]). I argue that the interactions between metonymy and metaphor (see Goossens [2002], Geeraerts [2002], Ruiz de Mendoza & Galera-Masegosa [2011], Kövecses [2013]) partly account for the euphemistic nature of those metaphors: because of the pervasiveness of the mind-body dichotomy in Western religions and cultures, death metaphors are often combined to metonymies in which a dead person is either conceptualised as a dead body or as a soul. The former tend to be dysphemistic (as in realizations of the dead body is rotting food metaphors) while the latter tend to be euphemistic (as in realizations of death is a journey metaphors). I also focus on the diachronic dimension of X-phemisms as some occurrences were first attested over 8 centuries ago; I suggest that the euphemism treadmill (which could be defined as the phenomenon of lexical change resulting from the semantic evolution of existing euphemisms) seems to be slower for death metaphors, which tend to be combined to metonymies (such as a person is a soul), than for metaphors used to mention other taboo domains.

Cet article propose une étude diachronique du développement sémantique de l’intensifieur way en anglais américain. D’après la littérature, la fonction d’intensifieur de way dérive de l’emploi adverbial du marqueur spatial (a)way, mais l’hypothèse développée dans cet article est que ce n’est pas là son unique source de développement sémantique. Cette hypothèse se fonde sur une analyse de données extraites du Corpus of Historical American English. En suggérant que le sens de haut degré de way prend sa source dans plusieurs constructions, cet article se distingue de la plupart des études de cas sur le changement linguistique qui se concentrent généralement sur une seule construction. Une autre hypothèse avancée est que plusieurs mécanismes ou causes de changement sémantique ont joué un rôle dans le changement ayant conduit à l’emploi de way en tant qu’intensifieur, à savoir la métaphorisation, le processus d’inférence pragmatique et l’analogisation, motivée par des constructions sémantiquement proches, notamment la construction de degré . Une approche diachronique de la grammaire des constructions soulignera l’importance de l’architecture de la grammaire dans le processus de constructionalisation qui requiert que l’on s’intéresse à des constructions reflétant différents niveaux de schématicité pour comprendre le changement sémantique en jeu. This article explores the diachronic semantic development of the intensifier way in American English. It has been claimed in the literature that the intensifying function of way derives from the use of spatial adverbial (a)way, but I propose that this may not be the only semantic source involved. This assumption is based on an examination of corpus data extracted from the Corpus of Historical American English. By suggesting that the high degree meaning of way originates from several source constructions, this article contrasts with most case studies on language change which generally focus on just one construction. It is also argued that several mechanisms or causes of semantic change may have played a part in the shift to intensifier function, i.e. metaphorization, pragmatic inferencing and analogization, motivated by semantically related constructions, most prominently the degree modifier construction . A Diachronic Construction Grammar approach will highlight the importance of the architecture of grammar in the process of constructionalization which demands paying attention to constructions at various levels of schematicity to understand the semantic change under study here.

This paper analyses a large dataset of Middle English vocabulary from nine domains which has been arranged into a semantic hierarchy. It focuses on the distribution of French-origin borrowings at various levels of technicality and at various levels of co-hyponymic density (i.e. the number of words per sense). Overall, results show that French loanwords are concentrated in higher proportions at the hypernymic (or more general) level rather than at the hyponymic (or more technical) level. These findings run counter to the orthodox view that borrowings are used to fill lexical gaps for new technical terms in a semantic field. Cette contribution analyse un important ensemble de données comprenant du vocabulaire moyen anglais de neuf domaines, organisé en hiérarchie sémantique. Notre recherche se concentre sur la distribution des emprunts d’origine française parmi les niveaux de technicité et les niveaux de richesse lexicale (à savoir le nombre de cohyponymes par sens). Globalement, nos résultats montrent que les emprunts français se trouvent en plus grande proportion au niveau hyperonymique (ou plus général) plutôt qu’hyponymique (ou plus technique). Ces observations vont à l’encontre du point de vue orthodoxe que les emprunts comblent les lacunes lexicales en fournissant de nouveaux termes techniques dans un champ sémantique.

The Current Status of the Polish Language in Ivano-Frankivsk (Formerly Stanislaviv)This paper analyses the present status of the Polish language in the Ukrainian city of Ivano-Frankivsk (formerly Stanislaviv) and the challenges which it faces. The Polish language is a minority language in the city. National identity statistics from the censuses of 1931 and 2001 are analysed. The paper examines the following institutions and areas of Polish language usage and vitality: the activities of the Centre for Polish Culture and European Dialogue in Ivano-Frankivsk, Polish societies, religion, family and education. Język polski w Iwano-Frankiwsku (dawny Stanisławów). Stan obecnyAnalizowane są obszary funkcjonowania i perspektywy funkcjonowania języka polskiego we współczesnym ukraińskim mieście Iwano-Frankiwsk (dawny Stanisławów). Język polski w regionie jest językiem mniejszości narodowej. Przeanalizowano dane statystyczne według narodowości ze spisu z 1931 r. i ostatniego spisu z 2001 r. Obszary funkcjonowania i żywotności języka polskiego to: działalność Centrum Kultury Polskiej i Dialogu Europejskiego w Iwano-Frankiwsku, języka polskiego w społeczeństwie polonijnym, sferze religijnej, rodzinie i edukacji.

This select bibliography lists a number of references which will be useful to all scholars wishing to keep abreast of a variety of recent discussions on diachronic lexical semantics.

The Functional-Cognitive Category of Femininity in Modern UkrainianThe article describes in detail the latest feminine nouns of professions, job titles, and other activities. These nouns form part of the lexico-semantic system of Ukrainian and at the same time demonstrate its continuous dynamics. These neo-derivatives are actively used in modern Ukrainian media texts, contributing to the modernization and liberalization of the text, and to the creation of gender-linguistic balance. The need to involve feminitives in linguistic use is indicated by their codification in the new Ukrainian Orthography, although in previous editions they were ignored. These arguments and the focus on the idea of bilateral interpretation (semantics as dominant and formal), including in the context of anthropocentrism and active communication, form the basis for the development of the functional-cognitive category of femininity. Research into derivatology and semantic syntax make it possible to consider feminine personal nouns as elements with certain semantic-syntactic features, representing a profound and comprehensive aspect of the research. This is supplemented by the lexico-semantic classification of these units. The specific characteristics of Ukrainian-language names are identified by a detailed study of the means of expressing femininity – suffixes and case forms of feminine personal nouns – and their codified use. This set of features serves as the basis for the interpretation of the category of femininity as an abstract concept that generally denotes units with the meaning of feminine gender and combines three grammemes with a narrower categorical meaning: feminitive subjectivity; feminitive objectivity; and feminitive addressant, which form a certain hierarchy and semantic-cognitive paradigm. Kategoria funkcjonalno-kognitywna kobiecości we współczesnym języku ukraińskimW artykule opisano najnowsze rzeczowniki rodzaju żeńskiego zawodów, tytułów zawodowych i innych czynności. Rzeczowniki te stanowiąc część systemu leksykalno-semantycznego języka ukraińskiego, świadczą o dynamice rozwoju języka ukraińskiego. Te neopodchodne formacje są często wykorzystywane we współczesnych ukraińskich tekstach medialnych, co przyczynia się do modernizacji i liberalizacji tekstu oraz wytworzenia równowagi płciowo-językowej. Na potrzebę włączenia cechy kobiecości do języka wskazuje ich kodyfikacja uwzględniona w nowej „ortografii ukraińskiej”. Wcześniejsze edycje tę kwestię pomijały. Te argumenty oraz skupienie się na idei interpretacji dwukierunkowej (semantyka jako dominująca i formalna, uzupełniająca pierwszą), w tym w kontekście antropocentryzmu i aktywnej komunikacji, stanowią podstawę rozwoju funkcjonalno-poznawczej kategorii kobiecości. Badania nad derywatologią i składnią semantyczną umożliwiają uznanie tych rzeczowników za elementy o pewnych cechach semantyczno-składniowych, reprezentujących głęboki i kompleksowy aspekt badań. Specyficzne cechy nazw żeńskich w języku ukraińskim są identyfikowane w szczegółowym badaniu sposobów wyrażania kobiecości, z uwzględnieniem takich elementów, jak przyrostki czy budowa imion żeńskich oraz ich skodyfikowane użycie. Ten zestaw cech posłużył za podstawę do interpretacji kategorii kobiecości jako abstrakcyjnej koncepcji, która ogólnie oznaczając jednostki ze znaczeniem płci żeńskiej, łączy w sobie trzy obszary o węższym kategorycznym znaczeniu: feminitywa podmiotowe, feminitywa obiektywne i feminitywa adresowe, tworzące określoną hierarchię oraz paradygmat semantyczno-poznawczy.

The Actualisation of the L'viv Dialect in the Works of Yurii Vynnychuk The article offers an analysis of the actualisation of Ukrainian vocabulary, primarily in the Galician dialect. Yurii Vynnychuk's novels Tsenzor sniv (Eng. Dream Censor ) and Tango smerti (Eng. The Tango of Death ) have been chosen as sources for this research. Particular attention is paid to vocabulary for naming abstract notions, some polite words, and vocabulary relating to L'viv domestic life. Furthermore, the semantic structure and stylistic features of the actualised L'viv dialect are identified. The results indicate that the vocabulary in Yurii Vynnychuk's novels was used to describe life in L'viv during the interwar period. In addition, an analysis of modern dictionaries demonstrates that Galician vocabulary, and the L'viv dialect in particular, are returning to the core of the lexical system. Aktualizacja lwowskiego koine w powieściach Jurija Vynnychuka Artykul poświecony jest aktualizacji slownictwa galicyjskiego. Materialem badawczym są powieści Jurija Vynnychuka Cenzor sniv (2013) i Tango smerti (2016), na ktorych podstawie autor charakteryzuje glowne grupy lwowskiego koine, wyrozniając slownictwo abstrakcyjne, domowe, indywidualne wzory etykiety i wiele innych. Określa funkcje zaktualizowanego slownictwa w tekstach literackich oraz analizuje reprezentacje jednostek leksykalnych we wspolczesnych slownikach jezyka ukrainskiego. Ponadto w artykule dokonana zostala analiza osobliwości opisu uzywanych skrotow slownikowych badanych leksemow.

Les constituants linguistiques servant à l’expression spatiale du chemin sont souvent mobilisés dans des constructions schématiques plus abstraites au terme d’un processus diachronique de constructionalisation. C’est le cas de la construction intensifiante way too en anglais, dont je retrace ici l’origine à une construction antérieure away too. Par ailleurs, l’émergence d’une construction schématique s’accompagne d’une variation de la fréquence des types, c’est-à-dire du nombre d’éléments linguistiques qu’elle reçoit comme argument. Si l’évolution de la fréquence brute lors d’une constructionalisation a depuis longtemps fait l’objet d’une perspective quantitative, ce n’est pas le cas de la fréquence des types. Je montre que la fréquence des types et la fréquence brute sont liées tout au cours de l’évolution par une organisation spécifique, régie par une loi de Zipf dont le coefficient évolue avec le temps, et qui range les différents types suivant leur fréquence de collocation dans la construction d’une manière non seulement robuste au cours du temps, mais également d’une variété d’anglais à l’autre. The linguistic constituents that come to express path are often co-opted into more abstract schematic constructions through a diachronic process known as constructionalization. This applies to the way too intensifier construction, whose origin I retrace to a former away too construction. Moreover, the emergence of a schematic construction is associated with an evolution of its type frequency (the total number of different linguistic units that fill the free slot of the construction). Although the evolution of the token frequency throughout a constructionalization process has already been studied from a quantitative perspective, the type frequency has not received such an empirical characterization. I show that the type and token frequencies are related with one another through a Zipf’s law, whose coefficient varies with time, and which sorts the different types according to their collocate frequency in a way that is robust both across time and across varieties of English.

Non-Verbal Means of Communication in the Representation of the Emotional State of Joy in Modern English Fictional DiscourseThis article concerns the study of the non-verbal means of communication designating the emotional state of joy which are present in fictional discourse. The functional peculiarities of non-verbal means designating the emotional state of joy are specified. It is proved that the register of non-verbal components indicating joy includes facial expressions, gestures, phonation, and the like. The subsystems of kinesic and phonatory non-verbal components are the dominant ones. Fictional discourse including representations of joy contains both verbal and non-verbal means of designating the emotional state, functioning either separately or in interaction. This interaction is based on the concept of emotional valence and is represented in repetition, contradiction, substitution, complementation, emphasis and regulation. In an utterance, non-verbal means can occur in the initial, medial, and final positions. The most common models of the occurrence of non-verbal components denoting joy in utterances are revealed. Niewerbalne środki komunikacji w przedstawieniu emocjonalnego stanu radości we współczesnym angielskim dyskursie fikcyjnymArtykuł dotyczy badań niewerbalnych środków komunikacji na oznaczenie emocjonalnego stanu radości, które są obecne w dyskursie nienaukowym. Określono osobliwości funkcjonalne środków niewerbalnych, oznaczających stan emocjonalny radości. Udowodniono, że rejestr niewerbalnych elementów wskazujących na radość obejmuje mimikę, gesty, fonację i tym podobne. Podsystemy kinestetyczne i fonatory są w pozycji dominującej. Dyskurs fikcyjny, w tym reprezentacje radości zawierają zarówno werbalne, jak i niewerbalne środki na określenie stanu emocjonalnego, funkcjonującego oddzielnie lub w interakcji. Ta interakcja opiera się na koncepcji wartościowości emocjonalnej i jest reprezentowana przez powtórzenie, zaprzeczenie, zastąpienie, uzupełnienie, uwydatnienie i regulację. W wypowiedzi niewerbalne środki mogą występować w pozycjach początkowych, środkowych i końcowych. Są ujawniane najbardziej powszechne modele występowania elementów niewerbalnych oznaczających radość w wypowiedziach.

This article examines the etymology of the word gibbon, which is not yet clear. The article presents a phonemic analysis using the ALINE algorithm which suggests that the root word is Northern Aslian kbɔɲ, used by Menraq communities in the heart of Peninsular Malaysia. This article reviews morphological, ethno-geographical, semantic, historical and linguistic evidence that supports this hypothesis. The article proposes Malay as an intermediary, noting that several other Aslian words entered European languages via Malay.

Cette contribution porte sur les adjectifs modifiant les noms emotion and feeling en anglais britannique et américain. Nous cherchons à démontrer que bien que les deux noms renvoient aux affects et qu’ils soient souvent présentés comme synonymes, ce ne sont pas des équivalents sémantiques. L’étude des collocations qu’ils forment avec les adjectifs suggère que emotion renvoie à une expérience pré-sémantique, alors que feeling désigne des affects qui ont fait l’objet d’un traitement cognitif plus élaboré. Cette contribution montre également que les caractéristiques sémantiques des deux substantifs reflètent leur morphologie et leur évolution historique. This paper analyzes the adjectives modifying the substantives emotion and feeling in contemporary American and British English. It argues that although the two nouns refer to affects and are treated as synonyms in dictionary definitions, they are not semantic equivalents. The study of their collocations with adjectives shows that emotion refers to pre-semantic experience, whereas feeling designates affects that have been the object of a more elaborate cognitive treatment. This paper also aims to show that the semantic characteristics of the two substantives reflect their morphology and their historical evolution.