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Very intensive expansion of breeding capacities, early weaning of piglets from inadequate microclimatic conditions, and inadequate nutrition in different production categories caused the appearance of production-related technological diseases. Diseases of the digestive organs are a significant part of pig pathology. Of the enteric diseases, great importance belongs to dysentery. It is characterized by long-term germination and a large number of vectors. Two diseases that were previously considered to be atypical forms of dysentery, resulting from a shortened period of medication and resistance of the causative agent to an exemplary antibiotic, today appear as separate entities. The first is so-called proliferative enteropathy, and the second is spirochetal colitis. Both of these diseases are present in pig herds with different management, often in pig herds with high health status, after the elimination of the causative agent of dysentery. Coli infections are present mainly in weaned piglets and appear in the second week after weaning. In our conditions, the disease is diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms, rarely on the basis of pathomorphological changes. On controlled farms (5 commercial farms and 10 extensive breeding farms), a clinical examination of the herd of pigs was performed. Rectal swabs were taken. We separated the sick animals into special boxes and monitored their health. The number of weaned piglets in the weaned category was variable. The number of dead pigs in the fattening category is particularly surprising. The aim of this review is to provide information on bacterial diseases of the digestive organs of weaned piglets in two housing systems and to provide a solution.

Koža svinja je vitalni organ koji predstavlja fizičku barijeru između unutrašnje i spoljašnje sredine. Osim ove osnovne uloge, koža svinja obavlja i niz drugih važnih fizioloških funkcija. Ključna je uloga kože u termoregulaciji, održavanju balansa elektrolita, sintezi vitamina D, imunoregulaciji, antibakterijskoj zaštiti, sekreciji i ekskreciji, te je organ čula dodira (Zimmerman i sar., 2019). U anatomskom smislu, koža svinja vrlo je slična ljudskoj koži, sastoji se od epidermisa, dermisa i hipodermisa (subkutisa). Epidermis, spoljašnji sloj kože, sastoji se od keratinocita organizovanih u nekoliko slojeva, koji je relativno izražene debljine. Dermis se sastoji se od dva sloja: stratum papillare i stratum reticulare, u kojima se nalazi vezivno tkivo, krvni i limfni sudovi, nervi, holokrine lojne žlezde i apokrine znojne žlezde. U subkutisu svinja, nalazi se vrlo zastupljeno masno tkivo. Koža se smatra najvećim organom u telu svinje. Kod novorođene prasadi, koža čini između 10 do 12% ukupne telesne mase, dok kod odraslih svinja taj procenat iznosi oko 7%. Ova kompleksna struktura kože omogućava svinjama da efikasno regulišu svoje fiziološke procese i da se prilagode različitim uslovima okoline (Zimmerman i sar., 2019). Promene na koži svinja javljaju se relativno često, i najčešće su sekunardnog karaktera, i prate neke infektivne bolesti, ali mogu biti i posledica nekih nutritivnih deficita. Morfološki je vrlo teško razlikovati etiopatogenezu ovih promena, jer su često vrlo slične. Pored toga, njihov značaj je i u tome, što se javljaju uobičajeno pre drugih simptoma bolesti, pa tako mogu imati značaj u ranoj dijagnozi bolesti. Promene na koži svinja posebno se lako mogu uočiti kod belih rasa svinja, što kod pigmentiranih rasa nije slučaj. Imajući u vidu da je koža svinja dobro prokrvljena, boja kože svinja će zavisiti od količine krvi u vaskularnom koritu. Kod stresa, dolazi do povišenja krvnog pritiska i pojave hiperemičnih polja na predilekcionim mestima na koži

Trichinellosis is a worldwide zoonosis acquired by consuming raw or improperly cooked meat or meat-derived products from wild and domestic animals infected with larvae of nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. Wild carnivores have major epidemiological role in the sylvatic cycle in Europe, mostly spreading Trichinella spp. within animals through carnivorous activities and by their scavenger behaviour. From four Trichinella species present in Europe (namely T. spiralis, T. britovi, T. nativa and T. pseudospiralis), in Serbia the presence of T. spiralis and T. britovi is confirmed in wild carnivores. Although the status and trends of the populations of wild carnivores in Serbia are stable, enormous expansion of Golden jackal (Canis aureus) population during last 40 years has brought new challenge in the control of Trichinella spp. The aim of our research was to access the prevalence of Trichinella spp. in population of wild carnivores (Golden jackal (Canis aureus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), wild cat (Felis silvestris) and badger (Meles meles) in three districts in Serbia (Braničevski, Sremski and City of Belgrade) and to identify wild carnivore species taking part of the natural transmission cycle of Trichinella spp. in Serbia. A total of 122 tongue muscle tissue samples of animals hunted down during 2022 and 2023 were examined using artificial digestion method. We tested 67 samples from jackal, 43 from foxes, 10 from badgers i 2 from wild cats. The results showed that 26 (21.14 %) were positive for the presence of Trichinella spp. larvae, among them 18 (69.23 %) jackals, 7 (26.92 %) foxes, one (3.85 %) wild cat, while none was positive from badgers. Jackals, foxes and wild cats are involved in Trichinella spp. transmission cycle. Further Trichinella species typing is necessary to better understand modes of transmission and how to prevent spreading from wild to domestic animals.

Zoonotic transmission of parasitic infections is frequently overlooked or not fully acknowledged. Humans contract these infections through contaminated food, water, soil, direct animal contact, or through vectors. In Europe, the top five significant foodbome parasites (FBPs) include Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Cryptosporidium spp., all of which are zoonotic. In Serbia, as in many other countries, global food sourcing, increased travel, shifts in culinary habits such as consuming raw vegetables- and undercooking for flavor and nutrient preservation, can increase the risk of foodbome pathogens. In the same time improvements in diagnostic tools are obtained. The aim of this study is to present an overview of FBPs within both human and animal populations in Serbia, including meat inspection practices and strategies for reducing the risk of infection. In Serbia, parasitic zoonoses transmitted through meat consumption, such as Trichinella spp., Echinoccosus spp., Taenia spp., Sarcocystis spp., and Toxoplasma gondii, significantly contribute to illness and/or economic losses. However, foodbome parasites receive less attention compared to other pathogens in Serbia. Human surveillance for most FBPs is passive, although trichinellosis and echinococcosis are notifiable diseases. There is a deficiency in sufficient surveillance programs for these FBPs in animals, with the exception of Trichinella spp., which is subject to active surveillance in susceptible animals as per Serbian regulations. One Health approach to control FBPs involves educating farmers and increasing awareness about parasite contamination in our environment and its health implications. Additionally, enhancing veterinary sanitary measures in animal farming and waste management is crucial.

In Serbia, Trichinellosis remains one of the most important food-borne zoonotic diseases. Advances in pork production systems, control measures, the artificial digestion method and Trichinella Proficiency tests have effectively climate farm pork as a source of trichinellosis. Epidemiological data from the last decades show notable decrease in both human cases and infected animals. Over the years, pork has been the primary source of trichinellosis in Serbia, often associated with family outbreaks. The main risk of infection now arises from consumption of untested backyard pork. When pigs are raised without compliance with hygienic standards and veterinary testing are lacking it increases the likelihood that meat and meat products are potential sources of Trichinella infection. In most numbers of outbreaks in Serbia T. spiralis were the theological agent of infection. According to epidemiological data it is important that consumers of backyard pigs and wild game meat should be educated about risk associated with consumption of untested meat. Control of Trichinella testing QA system in veterinary subjects and regular participation in proficiency tests are essential for ensuring safe food consumers. Furthemore, full integration of veterinary and public health efforts, following the One Health concept, is imperative for effective control measures.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus with a zoonotic character that affects a wide range of bird species, including birds of prey such as hawks, eagles, and owls. Birds are the primary reservoir for WNV, and birds of prey are particularly vulnerable due to their predatory behavior, which may expose them to infected prey species like songbirds or other small animals that carry the virus. In birds of prey, the clinical manifestations of WNV infection can vary from mild or asymptomatic to severe, with symptoms such as weakness, disorientation, inability to fly, and neurological deficits. Some birds may succumb to the infection, especially juvenile or immunocompromised individuals, while others may recover. The susceptibility to WNV makes them useful for monitoring the spread of the virus across regions. However, they do not typically serve as major amplifiers of the virus, compared to some passerine birds, which tend to have higher viremia levels. The spread of WNV among birds of prey raises ecological and conservation concerns, particularly for endangered or vulnerable raptor species. Monitoring WNV outbreaks and managing mosquito populations in wildlife rehabilitation centers and conservation areas are critical strategies to reduce the impact of the virus on raptor populations. Additionally, studying the virus’s effects on these predators provides insight into broader ecosystem health. The study aims at analyzing the current situation and findings regarding the WNV infection in birds of prey in Romania.

Držanje i eksploatacija nerastova na komercijalnim farmama imaju za cilj proizvodnju doza sperme za sopstvenu upotrebu. Životni vek nerastova a samim tim i dužina njihove eksploatacije u velikoj meri zavise od njihovog zdravstvenog stanja. Zbog toga kontrola zdravstvenog stanja nerastova, kontrola kvaliteta sperme za veštačko osemenjavanje kroz nadzor nad celokupnim procesom od uzimanja sperme do kvaliteta osemenjivačke doze, optimizacija ambijentalnih i sveobuhvatnih uslova držanja (smeštaj, mikroklimat, ishrana, napajanje, odnos zaposlenih), predstavljaju važne parametre sa aspekta zdravstvene kontrole samih nerastova, zdravstvene kontrole čitavog zapata ali i ekonomskih parametara produktivnosti farme kao i rentabilnosti čitave proizvodnje. Jedan od često prisutnih zdravstvenih probelma predstavljaju oboljenja lokomotornog sistema nerastova koji na farmama komercijalnog tipa imaju najveće učešće kada su u pitanju uzroci isključenja nerastova iz procesa proizvodnje. Problemi se često javljaju već posle prvog skoka, kao posledica slabe okoštalosti hrsakvice butne kosti (raskrečenost zadnjih nogu). Kod mladih zdravih nerastova šepanje nastaje kao rezltat oštećenja jastučića papaka i prskanja rožine infekcije. Kao posledica smeštaja na betonskoj podlozi javljaju se poremećaji u stavovima nogu, krivljenje distalnih delova ekstremiteta i posledična šepavost, odbijanje skoka i isključenje takvih nerastova na samom početku eksploatacije. U toku eksploatacije nerasta treba omoguciti da ishrana obezbedjuje njegov razvoj i normalnu priplodnu kondiciju. Priplodna kondicija se obezbedjuje precizno normiranom i kontroloisanom ishranom.

Patološke lezije na koži mogu biti posledica primarnog oboljenja kože ili klinička manifestacija sistemske bolesti. Tako na primer, postoje primarne bolesti kože, kod kojih uglavnom nema patoloških promena na unutrašnjim organima. U takve bolesti ubrajamo: nekrozu ušne školjke kod svinja, pitiriasis rosea, boginje svinja i dr. Primarne bolesti kože mogu biti bakterijske, virusne, gljivične, parazitske etiologije, genetske ili idiopatske. Postoje sistemske bolesti koje zahvataju jedan ili više organskih sistema, a koje se mogu manifestovati promenama na koži u koje ubrajamo klasičnu kugu svinja, crveni vetar, dermatitis nefropatija sindrom svinja (PDNS) i dr. U ovom radu dat je pregled različitih oboljenja koja se manifestuju patološkim promenama na koži i ukazano je na mogućnosti diferencijalne dijagnostike.

Animal health surveillance serves as a potent instrument for monitoring disease trends, implementing control measures, and furnishing data essential for risk analysis pertinent to animal and public health objectives. In this regard, epidemiological and laboratory networks assume a crucial role in aggregating data to discern disease dynamics and furnish epidemiological insights regarding specific diseases. Swine influenza A is one of the most common respiratory diseases in pig production around the world, as well as an important respiratory pathogen that affects pig health, welfare, productivity, and has zoonotic potential. Internal biosecurity practices during the pre-weaning period are critical in farms with an endemic presence of swine influenza to prevent infection and stop transmission. Given the rapid expansion of the swine industry, the surveillance and monitoring of infectious diseases necessitate the utilization of economical, efficient, and representative sampling methodologies. Traditional blood sampling, used in veterinary medicine for swine health assessment, is laborious and costly, prompting exploration into alternative sampling techniques. Oral fluid emerges as a viable substitute for serum in pooled sample analyses, particularly for pig viral diseases including swine influenza virus (SIV). The main advantages of oral fluid sampling are: sampling of a bigger number of pigs in a single sample; it allows the search for both antigens (PCR) and antibodies (ELISA); good monitoring system in asymptomatic farms. The main disadvantages of this techniques are: sick animals do not usually interact with ropes; a microbiological culture cannot be performed; storage of the sample is crucial to ensure good results. Meat juice serves as an alternative to serum in serological assays and it was previously used for detection of antibodies against Aujeszky disease virus and African swine fever virus DNA. Potential use of meat juice for the detection swine flu antibodies

Laboratorijska biosigurnost i biobezbednost su osnovne prakse upravljanja biorizikom koje bi trebalo da se primenjuju u svim laboratorijama za biološka istraživanja. Iako su odvojeni koncepti, važno je prepoznati da su oba komplementarna i da dele zajednički cilj: da laboratorija, zajednica i okruženje budu bezbedni i zaštićeni. Kada se razmatraju mere biosigurnosti i biobezbednosti koje se praktikuju u laboratoriji, lako se može videti da sprovođenje određenih aktivnosti bezbednosti pokriva neke aspekte biosigurnosti, dok primena nekih principa i praksi biosigurnosti pojačava biološku bezbednost. Definicija laboratorijske biološke bezbednosti SZO je „principi zadržavanja, tehnologije i prakse koje se primenjuju da bi se sprečilo nenamerno izlaganje patogenima i toksinima, ili njihovo slučajno oslobađanje.” SZO je prvi put predstavila principe laboratorijske biološke bezbednosti 1983. godine prvim izdanjem svog priručnika o laboratorijskoj biološkoj bezbednosti. Laboratorijska biobezbednost je noviji koncept i mnogo je manje poznat mnogim laboratorijama širom sveta. Naime, izraz „biosigurnost” za one u intenzivnom stočarsvu odnosi se na zaštitu životinja od mikrobne kontaminacije. Laboratorijska biobezbednost, kako je definisala SZO, je „zaštita, kontrola i odgovornost unutar laboratorija, kako bi se sprečio njihov neovlašć eni pristup, gubitak, krađa, zloupotreba, preusmeravanje ili namerno oslobađanje”. Alternativno se opisuje kao skup praksi za smanjenje rizika od namerne infekcije kao rezultat zle namere. Oba koncepta imaju zajednički cilj očuvanja bezbednosti ljudi, zajednice i okoline kroz primenu odgovarajućih praksi, tehnologija i procedura u laboratorijama za biološka istraživanja. Implementacija pravilnih mera biosigurnosti i biobezbednosti ključna je za očuvanje integriteta istraživanja, sprečavanje neželjenih incidenata i obezbeđivanje sigurnog okruženja za sve uključene strane., Laboratory biosafety and biosecurity are basic biorisk management practices that should be implemented in all biological research laboratories. Although they are separate concepts, it is important to recognize that both are complementary and share a common goal: to keep the laboratory, community, and environment safe and secure. When considering biosecurity and biosecurity measures practiced in the laboratory, it is easy to see that implementing certain biosecurity activities covers some aspects of biosecurity. In contrast, the application of some biosecurity principles and practices improves biosecurity. The WHO deinition of laboratory biosafety is “the principles of containment, technology, and practices applied to prevent inadvertent exposure to, or accidental release of, pathogens and toxins”. WHO irst introduced the principles of laboratory biosafety in 1983 with the irst edition of its manual on laboratory biosafety. Laboratory biosafety is a newer concept and is much less familiar to many laboratories around the world. Namely, the term “biosecurity” for those in intensive animal husbandry refers to protecting animals from microbial contamination. Laboratory biosecurity, as deined by the WHO, is “the protection, control, and responsibility within the laboratory to prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional release”. Alternatively, it is described as a set of practices to reduce the risk of intentional infection due to malicious intent. Both concepts have in common the preservation of the safety of people, the community, and the environment through the application of appropriate practices, technologies, and procedures in biological research laboratories. Implementing appropriate biosafety and biosecurity measures is critical to preserving research integrity, preventing negative incidents, and ensuring a safe environment for all parties involved.

Afrička kuga svinja (African swine fever- AKS) predstavlja ozbiljnu pretnju svinjarskoj industriji širom sveta. Ova bolest, izazvana virusom Afričke kuge svinja (AKSV), prvi put je identifikovana u Africi, ali se od tada proširila na druge kontinente, uključujući Evropu i Aziju. Ovaj DNK virus je karakterističan po tome što je jedini DNK virus koga prenose artropodni vektori, meki krpelji (Acari:Argasidae) roda Ornithodoros. U Evropi, ASFV obično se prenosi putem inficiranih divljih svinja, ali i putem kontaminirane životne sredine, hrane, ljudi i insekata koji su imali kontakt sa zaraženim svinjama. Virus može dugo preživeti u životnoj sredini i otporan je na ekstremne uslove, što olakšava njegovo širenje. Postoje naučni dokazi da je više vrsta artropoda kao što su muve (Diptera: Muscidae) i kulikoidi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) uključeno u mehaničko širenje AKSV. Međutim, i dalje postoje ograničeni podaci o ulozi insekata u epidemiologiji AKS u Evropi. Infekcija svinja sa AKSV može dovesti do širokog spektra kliničkih znakova, uključujući visoku temperaturu, gubitak apetita, kožne promene, teške respiratorne probleme i konačno smrt. Afrička kuga svinja ima značajan ekonomski uticaj na svinjarsku industriju. Štete nastale zbog bolesti uključuju gubitak stoke, pad proizvodnje mesa svinja, povećane troškove suzbijanja bolesti i trgovinski embargo na zemlje zahvaćene bolešću. To može dovesti do ozbiljnih ekonomskih gubitaka za proizvođače, industriju hrane za životinje i povezane sektore. Glavna mera kontrole bolesti usmerena na sprečavanje njenog širenja iako su razvijene vakcine koje su u upotrebi u pojedinim delovima sveta. Kontrola Afričke svinjske kuge zahteva saradnju između vlada, poljoprivrednih organizacija i naučne zajednice. Mere koje se primenjuju uključuju ograničavanje kretanja svinja, poboljšanje higijenskih standarda na farmama, brzu detekciju i uklanjanje zaraženih životinja te edukaciju o rizicima i preventivnim merama. Cilj našeg rada je da doprinese

Askaridoza svinja je parazitsko oboljenje koje izaziva nematoda Ascaris suum Za askaridozu slobodno možemo reći da predstavlja najčešće, najznačajnije i najraširenije parazitsko oboljenje domaćih i divljih svinja. Ova parazitoza ima globalnu rasprostranjenost i ustanovljena je i u organskoj i ekstenzivnoj proizvodnji i na industrijskim farmama svinja. Gubici koji proističu od askaridoze su ravni, čak i veći od mnoštva zaraznih bolesti. Osim velikih zdravstvenih problema koje nanosi svinjarskoj proizvodnji askaridoza je zoonotsko obolenje., Pig ascariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Ascaris suum We can say that ascariasis is the most common, most significant and widespread parasitic disease of domestic and wild pigs. This parasitosis has a global distribution and has been established both in organic and extensive production and in industrial pig farms. Losses from ascariasis are flat, even higher than many infectious diseases. Apart from the major health problems it causes to pig production, ascariasis is a zoonotic disease.key wors: askaridoza, Ascaris suum, svinje.

Komarci (Diptera: Culicidae) su prepoznati kao globalni problem po zdravlje ljudi i životinja, ekonomiju i održivi razvoj. Komarci ometaju ljudsku delatnost što može negativno uticati na kvalitet života. U Srbiji postoji veliki diverzitet autohtonih vrsta komaraca kojima za razvoj pogoduje umerena klima i obilje vodenih staništa, ali i neadekvatno održavane vodene površine kako u ruralnim tako i u urbanim sredinama. Invazivne vrste kao što je azijski tigrasti komarac, Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1895, ali i autohtona vrsta Culex pipiens Linneaus, 1758 uspešno se razmnožavaju čak i u posudama malih dimenzija u kojima se akumuliše voda. Imajući u vidu biologiju ovih vrsta mnogi prirodni i veštački recipijenti vode u urbanim sredinama predstavljaju potencijalna razvojna staništa ovih vrsta što značajno otežava njihovo suzbijanje. Srbija je danas endemsko područje za zoonotske flaviviruse, pre svega virus Zapadnog Nila (West Nile virus – WNV) i Usutu virus čiji su glavni (ali ne i jedini prenosioci) u Evropi komarci vrste Cx. pipiens. Prilikom procene rizika za širenje uzročnika bolesti bitno je identifikovati prisutne vrste komaraca na datom području, a potom i njihove biotipove. Dobro poznavanje biologije komaraca je osnova za procenu rizika i za donošenje odluka o njihovom suzbijanju. Za procenu rizika posebno su značajne determinante kapaciteta vektora i to brojnost populacije komaraca i njihova vektorska kompetentnost. Eksperimentalno je potvrđeno da Ae. albopictus prenosi WNV. Bez obzira na manju efikasnost transmisije u odnosu na Cx. pipiens, njihova velika brojnost daje doprinos u širenju WNV. Uspešno dugogodišnje širenje areala rasprostiranja azijskog tigrastog komarca u Srbiji kao i adaptiranost na umereni klimat u kome ova vrsta prezimljava, otežava kontrolu pojave i širenja WNV. Korišćenjem naučnog pristupa u kontroli vektora i primenom savremenih metoda kao odgovor na precizno identifikovan problem u sredini gde se vrši suzbijanje komaraca, racionalizuje se pot, Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are recognized as a global problem for human and animal health, the economy, and sustainable development. Mosquitoes disrupt human activities, which can significantly negatively impact quality of life and economy. Serbia has a large diversity of indigenous mosquito species that thrive in a moderate climate and abundant water habitats, as well as inadequately maintained water surfaces in both rural and urban areas. Invasive species such as the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895), as well as the indigenous species Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758), successfully breed even in small containers where water accumulates. Considering the biology of these species, many natural and artificial water recipients in urban areas represent potential developmental habitats for these species, significantly complicating their control. Serbia is now an endemic area for zoonotic flaviviruses, primarily the West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus, whose main (but not only) vectors in Europe are mosquitoes of the species Culex pipiens. When assessing the risk of disease spread, it is essential to identify the present mosquito species in a given area, and then their biotypes. A good understanding of mosquito biology is the basis for risk assessment and decision-making regarding their control. Determinants of vector capacity, such as mosquito population abundance and vector competence, are particularly important in risk assessment. It has been experimentally confirmed that Ae. albopictus transmits WNV. Despite its lower transmission efficiency compared to Cx. pipiens, their high abundance contributes to the spread of WNV. The expansion of areas where the Asian tiger mosquito is present in Serbia in a stable population that overwinters is significant for controlling the occurrence and spread of WNV. By using a scientific approach to vector control and implementing modern methods in response to precisely identified problems in environments where mos

Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are the two most widespread and important species of mosquito-borne nematodes, posing a significant threat to veterinary health and particularly affecting canines and felines. While D. immitis causes cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis, D. repens causes subcutaneous infections in dogs and other carnivores. Despite the extensive knowledge on these parasites, little is known about their natural vectors in Serbia. The parasite Setaria tundra, known to infect deer, has not yet been detected in Serbia but has been documented in neighboring countries. Thus, the aim of this study was to (i) further map out Dirofilaria sp. hotspots in the Vojvodina Province and detect S. tundra for the first time, (ii) detect positive mosquito species that can provide insights into how the nematodes spread in Serbia, and (iii) analyze the blood-fed female mosquitoes of species found to be infected, in order to identify the potential source of parasite infection. A total of 2902 female mosquitoes were collected across 73 locations during 2021 and 2022. Molecular biology methods, based on conventional PCR, were used to analyze non-blood-fed (2521 specimens) and blood-fed (381 specimens) female mosquitos, in order to detect filarial nematode presence and identify blood-meal sources, respectively. When the parasite genome was detected, the amplicon (cox1 gene, 650 bp fragment) was sent for Sanger sequencing, further confirming the presence of nematodes and species assignation. D. immitis was detected in three Culex pipiens mosquitoes collected in Zrenjanin (August 2021) and Glogonj and Svetozar Miletić (both in July 2021). Additionally, Setaria tundra was detected in Aedes vexans collected in Iđoš (mid-August 2021) and Aedes caspius, which was collected in Mali Iđoš (end of July 2021). This work identifies two new locations where D. immitis occurs in Vojvodina, and is the first report of S. tundra in Serbian territory. Blood-meal analysis provided insights into the

Covering a significant segment of veterinary medicine, the field of epizootiology deals with disorders of health, production characteristics and welfare in populations of animal species as well as the factors that influence these disorders. Hence, the main direction of epizootiology research refers to these disorders in the populations of those animal species that are economically significant or that have a certain social component. Previous experiences, based on the observation of the epizootiology of economically significant infectious diseases or zoonoses, indicate that it is practically impossible to understand, and therefore suppress, control and eradicate epizootics (and epidemics), without epizootic studies also referring to wild animals. Moreover, by knowing the way of transmission of certain infectious diseases in wild animal populations and implementing suppression, control and eradication measures, in some cases it is possible to completely remove the risk to the health of domestic animals and humans. Sometimes, as in the case of leptospirosis, and due to "Force Majeure" (swamps, ponds and small stagnant water), the measures have a limited effect. However, in the case of rabies, oral vaccination, primarily of foxes, caused a break in the epizootiological chain, i.e. transmission from reservoirs to domestic animals and humans. The study discusses the elements in the composition of three basic epizootiological components (susceptible species, causative factor and environmental factor), which affect the population of wild animals, and in the maintenance and transmission of the most important infectious diseases in the region, bacterial (leptospirosis, tularemia, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, erysipelas, listeriosis, Q fever) and viral (rabies, avian influenza, African and classical swine fever, Morbus Aujszky, distemper, feline panleukopenia) etiologies.

Covering a significant segment of veterinary medicine, the field of epizootiology deals with disorders of health, production characteristics and welfare in populations of animal species as well as the factors that influence these disorders. Hence, the main direction of epizootiology research refers to these disorders in the populations of those animal species that are economically significant or that have a certain social component. Previous experiences, based on the observation of the epizootiology of economically significant infectious diseases or zoonoses, indicate that it is practically impossible to understand, and therefore suppress, control and eradicate epizootics (and epidemics), without epizootic studies also referring to wild animals. Moreover, by knowing the way of transmission of certain infectious diseases in wild animal populations and implementing suppression, control and eradication measures, in some cases it is possible to completely remove the risk to the health of domestic animals and humans. Sometimes, as in the case of leptospirosis, and due to "Force Majeure" (swamps, ponds and small stagnant water), the measures have a limited effect. However, in the case of rabies, oral vaccination, primarily of foxes, caused a break in the epizootiological chain, i.e. transmission from reservoirs to domestic animals and humans. The study discusses the elements in the composition of three basic epizootiological components (susceptible species, causative factor and environmental factor), which affect the population of wild animals, and in the maintenance and transmission of the most important infectious diseases in the region, bacterial (leptospirosis, tularemia, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, erysipelas, listeriosis, Q fever) and viral (rabies, avian influenza, African and classical swine fever, Morbus Aujszky, distemper, feline panleukopenia) etiologies.

Infekcije parazitima predstavljaju značajan zdravstveni problem kod životinja, posebno držanih na zajedničkim pašnjacima, gde se mešaju različite vrste životinja. Uzrokuju ih protozoe, helminti i artropode. Kolika je prevalenca i kojih sve vrsta parazita trenutno ima u Srbiji teško je reći, s obzirom na to da se ovakva istraživanja vrše sporadično. To se pre svega odnosi na autohtone vrste i rase domaćih životinja, koje nisu obuhvaćane uobičajenim merama kontrole parazita. Na osnovu povremenih ispitivanja može se, ipak, steći slika o najčešćim parazitskim infekcijama koje ugrožavaju ove vrste životinja i one će detaljnije biti opisane u daljem tekstu.

Na osnovu istraživanja u svetu i kod nas oboljenja parazitske etiologije dominiraju kod ovaca i koza i po prevalenci i po incidenci, praćena su značajnim morbiditetom i umerenim mortalitetom. Osnovni cilj programa kontrole parazitskih infekcija jeste podizanje zdravstvenog statusa ovaca i koza u Republici Srbiji. Spre- čavanjem pojave i širenja parazitskih infekcija preduzimanjem određenih preventivnih mera ima osnovni zadatak smanjenje prevalencije parazita, čime se postiže da na klanice dospe što manji broj inficiranih životinja. Primena ovog integrisanog koncepta kontrole infekcije parazitima zahteva sistematsko praćenje infekcije na pašnjacima, farmama i klanicama pre i posle primenjenih mera. Biosigurnost, dobrobit, dobra proizvođačka praksa i analiza rizika na kriti«nim kontrolnim tač- kama na farmama i na pašnjacima su veoma značajani elementi za intenzivnu proizvodnju ovaca i koza. Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera presudna je u zaštiti zdravlja malih preživara i uspeha proizvodnje.

Coenurosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval forms of Taenia multiceps which are great host's animals from the family of canids. The disease is global distribution but is most present in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Africa and Australia. Larvae exhibit tropism toward brain tissue, and cysts are usually located in the left hemisphere of the brain of small ruminants. Involvement of the brain can cause increased intracranial pressure, seizures, loss of consciousness, and focal neurologic deficits. During 2022 we examinee one flocks of 78 milking sheep reared on hilly pastures located below the Zmajevac hill (397 m), between the branches of the Osimćki mountains and the river Zapadna Morava, at an altitude of 178 m. Symptoms of ataxia, such as unsteady gait and stumbling, and depression were observed in 12 animals. In 5 sheep, continuous aimless or circular movement, wandering, was also manifested. In addition to these symptoms, in one sheep that died, visual disturbances were observed depression and unilateral blindness. All affected sheep were slaughtered and a pathoanatomical examination was performed. In the brain of all animals we revealed the presence of infestation with one to four coenuri 4.1-5.5 cm in size. The sites of predilection were the left hemisphere (48%), followed by the right hemisphere (40%) and the cerebellum (12%). The coenurus has a thin wall surrounding a single cavity that contains a clear fluid. When the cysts were opened, numerous scoleces were found inside, from 2 to 3 mm in diameter attached to the cyst wall. Each scolex has four circular suckers and two rows of hooks on a rostellum. The hook lengths are 147 to 165 µm and 87 to 125 µm.The results show that C. cerebralis was a major cause of the nervous manifestations of coenurosis in clinically affected sheep.

Poznato je da je anisakijaza jedna od važih zoonoza koje prenose ribe. Ličinke roda Anisakis prema svojim morfološkim značajkama mogu se identificirati kao Anisakis tip I ili tip II. Ličinke Anisakis L3 ranije su prijavljene na srpskim tržištima iz različitih vrsta riba. Uzorak uvezenog duboko smrznutog argentinskog oslića (Merluccius hubbsi, Linnaeus 1758), za kojeg se sumnjalo da je zaražen parazitima, nadležna je sluzba poslala u laboratorij. Parazitoloski pregled uzorka od 10 riba na prisutnost ličinki Anisakis u unutarnjim organima obavljen je vizualno pod stereomikroskopom. Zatim su iznutrice i epaksijalni i hipoksijalni mišići uklonjeni i odvojeno digestirani u otopini pepsin/HCl. Uzorci su potom mikroskopski pregledani u Petrijevim zdjelicama kako bi se otkrile i prebrojale ličinke. U trbušnoj supljini otkriveno je izmedu 10 i 14 ličinki po ribi. Izolirane Anisakis spp. ličinke su isprane u 0,9% otopini NaCl i isprane u 70% alkoholu i ledenoj octenoj kiselini radi mikroskopskog promatranja i morfoloske studije, koja je uključivala bilježenje prisutnosti zuba na prednjem kraju iventrikula jednjaka u prvoj trećini i stražnjem kraju larva, koja varira između morfotipa I i II.Otkrivene ličinke su svjetlosnim mikroskopom identificirane na temelju morfoloskih kriterija kao Anisakis ličinke trećeg stadija (L3) tip I., It is known that anisakiasis is one of the important fish-borne zoonotic diseases. Based on their morphological features, larvae of the genus Anisakis can be identified as Anisakis type Ior typeII. The Anisakis L3 larvae had been previously reported in Serbia from different fish species. The sample of imported deep-frozen Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi, Linnaeus 1758), which was suspected with parasite infection, was sent to the laboratory by the governing authority. A parasitological examination of sample consisting of 10 fish, for the presence of Anisakis larvae in the viscera was visually performed under a stereomicroscope. Then, the viscera and epaxial and hypaxial muscles were removed and separately digested in pepsin/HCl solution. Samples were then examined microscopically in Petri dishes to detect and count the larvae. Between 10 and 14 larvae per fish were detected in the abdominal cavity. solated Anisakis spp. larvae were washed in 0.9% NaCl solution and rinsed in 70% alcohol and glacial acetic acid for microscopic observation and morphological study, which included notingthe presence of a boringtooth at the anterior end and oesophageal ventricle in the first third and posterior end of the larva, which varies between morphotypes IandII.The detected larvae were identified as based on distinct morphological criteria as Anisakis third-stage larvae (L3) type Ivia light microscopy.

Parvoviruses are among the major animal pathogens that can cause considerable health disorders ranging from subclinical to lethal in domestic and wild animals. Golden jackal (Canis aureus), an expanding European species, is a reservoir of many pathogens, including vector-borne diseases and zoonoses. Given the importance of parvovirus infections in dogs and cats, this study aimed to unfold the virus prevalence and molecular characterisation in the golden jackal population in Serbia. The spleen samples from 68 hunted jackals during 2022/2023 were tested for the VP2-specific genome region of Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 by PCR. BLAST analysis of partial VP2 sequences obtained from three animals (4.4%) revealed the highest similarity to Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1, genogroup Feline panleukopenia virus, which is the second report on FPV infection in jackals. Based on specific amino acid residues within partial VP2, the jackals’ Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 was also classified as FPV. One jackal’s strain showed two synonymous mutations at positions 699 and 1167. Although species cross-transmission could not be established, jackals’ health should be maintained by preventing the transmission of viruses to native species and vice versa. Although jackals are considered pests, their role as natural cleaners is of greater importance. Therefore, further monitoring of their health is needed to understand the influence of infectious diseases on population dynamics and to determine the relationship between domestic predators and jackals and the direction of crossspecies transmission.

Klasa Trematoda, u narodu poznatija kao metlji, obuhvata parazite čije telo nije segmentisano na člančiće i poseduju organe za pričršćivanja u vidu jakih muskuloznih pijavki. Kod svinja parazitira mali broj trematoda od kojih je većina u adultnom obliku a neke se nalaze incistirane u larvarnom stadijumu najčešće u mišićima svinja. U Evropi je prisutan mali broj trematoda ali su one zato u Aziji u velikom broju prisutne u patologiji svinja i ljudi. Ovde će mo dati prikaz najznačajnih zoonotske trematoda svinja: Alaria alata, Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocelium dendriticum, Fasciolopsis buski, Clonorchis sinensis i Opisthorchis felineus.

During study of gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in Serbia, performed from 2010 to 2020 we collected fecal samples from 470 herds in various part of Serbia. Samples were colected at monthly intervals and we examined more than 6500 faecal samples. Examination was performed using standard coprological technique. During ten years 738 sheep and goats we were examined by post-mortem examination. Determination of adult parasites and eggs of parasites were done by morphological characteristic. During these investigations, the following GI helminths were found in sheep:: Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta, Ostertagia trifurcata, Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia occidentalis, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Nematodirus filicoliis, Nematodirus spathiger, Nematodirus abnormalis, Cooperia curticei, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia zurnabada, Skrjabinema ovis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Chabertia ovina. In goats, the presence has been establishedOstertagia circumcincta, O. ostertagi, Ostertagia occidentalis, Trichostrongylus axei, T. Colubriformis, T. capricola, Nematodirus spathiger, N. filicollis, Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Skrjabinema ovis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum venulosum i Cooperia curticei. The intensity of infection and polyparasitsm was monitored in relation to the age of sheep and goats. It was found that in younger animals intensity of infection was lower than that of older animals. The dynamics of the first appearance of established gastrointestinal strongylid species in both populations of small ruminants was as follows: in March in sheep faeces we have occurred eggs of Ostertagia sp., Trichostrongylus sp. and Nematodirus sp.. In May, were observed infection withBunostomum sp. and Chabertia spp. (ovina);. During June we had first record of Skrjabinema sp.

The mosquito-borne zoonotic flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are endemic in many European countries and emerged in Germany in recent years. Due to the increasing overlap of their distribution areas and their similar epidemiology, coinfections of WNV and USUV are possible. Indeed, coinfections in vertebrate hosts as a rare event have already been reported from some countries including Germany. However, it is largely unknown whether and to what extent coinfections could affect the vector competence of mosquitoes for WNV and USUV. For this purpose, the mosquito species Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, Culex pipiens biotype molestus, and Aedes vexans were orally infected in mono- and simultaneous coinfections with German strains of WNV and USUV. Mosquitoes were incubated for 14 days at 26°C, 85% relative humidity, and a 16 : 8 light-dark photocycle, before they were dissected and forced to salivate. The results showed a decrease in USUV susceptibility in Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, an increase in USUV susceptibility in Aedes vexans, and no obvious interaction between both viruses in Culex pipiens biotype molestus. Vector competence for WNV appeared to be unaffected by a simultaneous occurrence of USUV in all tested mosquito species. Coinfections with both viruses were only found in Culex mosquitoes, and cotransmission of WNV and USUV was observed in Culex pipiens biotype molestus. Overall, our results show that viral interactions between WNV and USUV vary between mosquito species, and that the interaction mainly occurs during infection and replication in the mosquito midgut. The results of this study confirm that to fully understand the interaction between WNV and USUV, studies with various mosquito species are necessary. In addition, we found that even mosquito species with a low susceptibility to both viruses, such as Ae. vexans, can play a role in their transmission in areas with cocirculation.

The mosquito-borne flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) pose a significant threat to the health of humans and animals. Both viruses co-circulate in numerous European countries including Germany. Due to their overlapping host and vector ranges, there is a high risk of co-infections. However, it is largely unknown if WNV and USUV interact and how this might influence their epidemiology. Therefore, in-vitro infection experiments in mammalian (Vero B4), goose (GN-R) and mosquito cell lines (C6/36, CT) were performed to investigate potential effects of co-infections in vectors and vertebrate hosts. The growth kinetics of German and other European WNV and USUV strains were determined and compared. Subsequently, simultaneous co-infections were performed with selected WNV and USUV strains. The results show that the growth of USUV was suppressed by WNV in all cell lines. This effect was independent of the virus lineage but depended on the set WNV titre. The replication of WNV also decreased in co-infection scenarios on vertebrate cells. Overall, co-infections might lead to a decreased growth of USUV in mosquitoes and of both viruses in vertebrate hosts. These interactions can strongly affect the epidemiology of USUV and WNV in areas where they co-circulate.

Listeria monocytogenes je fakultativni, intracelularni, gram-pozitivni štapić koji je odgovoran za pojavu listerioze. Oboljenje obično nastaje konzumiranjem hrane koja je kontaminirana listerijom, posebno mlečnih proizvoda, lisnatog povrća, ribe i mesa. Listeria se može naći u domaćinstvu, restoranima i drugim mestima kao što su prodavnice ili fabrike za preradu hrane. Patogen je sveprisutan, jer se može naći u zemljištu, vodi i vegetaciji kao i u digestivnom traktu ljudi. Namirnice koje imaju najveću stopu infekcija povezanih sa L. monocytogenes uključuju: sirove klice, nepasterizovano mleko, meki sirevi, hladno meso, hladne viršle i dimljeni morski plodovi. L. monocytogenes raste na temperaturama frižidera, tačnije, niske temperature indukuju enzime kao što je RNK helikaza koja poboljšava aktivnost i replikaciju L. monocytogenes na niskim temperaturama dok sposobnost proizvodnje biofilma povećava sposobnost L. monocytogenes da preživi u teškim uslovima. Ona takođe koristi flagele na nižim temperaturama koje joj omogućavaju da se pokreće i uhvati za enterocite u ranoj fazi infekcije koje se gube kada je bakterija duže izložena višim temperaturama. Ljudi koji su u najvećem riziku da budu pogođeni listeriozom su trudnice, mala deca, odrasli stariji od 60 godina i osobe sa oslabljenim imunološkim sistemom. Praćenje smernica za bezbednost hrane može smanjiti šansu za dobijanje i širenje listerioze. Nadzor listerioze kod ljudi u EU se fokusira na invazivne oblike L. monocytoges infekcija, koja se uglavnom manifestuje kao septikemija, simptomi slični gripu, meningitis ili spontani pobačaj. Dijagnoza listerijskih infekcija kod ljudi se generalno sprovodi kultivacijom uzoraka krvi, cerebrospinalne tečnosti i vaginalnih briseva ili detekcijom nukleinske kiseline. Prema Centru za kontrolu bolesti (CDC), otprilike 1.600 ljudi oboli od listerioze svake godine, a oko 260 ljudi umre od te bolesti. Bolest je najčešća kod trudnica, odojčadi, imunokompromitovanih i stariji, Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative, intracellular, gram-positive rod which is responsible for the occurrence of listeriosis. Illness is usually caused by eating food contaminated with listeria, especially dairy products, leafy greens, fish and meat. Listeria can be found in households, restaurants, and other places such as grocery stores or food processing plants. The pathogen is ubiquitous, as it can be found in soil, water and vegetation as well as in the digestive tract of humans. Foods that have the highest rates of L. monocytogenes related infections include: raw sprouts, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, cold meats, cold hot dogs, and smoked seafood. L. monocytogenes grows at refrigerator temperatures, specifically, low temperatures induce enzymes such as RNA helicase that enhances the activity and replication of L. monocytogenes at low temperatures while the ability to produce biofilms increases the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in harsh conditions. It also uses flagella at lower temperatures that allow it to move and latch on to enterocytes early in the infection, which are lost when the bacterium is exposed to higher temperatures for longer. The people most at risk of contracting listeriosis are pregnant women, young children, adults over 60, and people with weakened immune systems. Following food safety guidelines can reduce the chance of getting and spreading listeriosis. Surveillance of human listeriosis in the EU focuses on invasive forms of L. monocytoges infections, which mainly manifest as septicaemia, flu-like symptoms, meningitis or abortion. Diagnosis of listeria infections in humans is generally performed by culture of blood samples, cerebrospinal fluid, and vaginal swabs or by nucleic acid detection. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 1,600 people contract listeriosis each year, and about 260 people die from the disease. The disease is most common in pregnant women, infants, the immunocompromised and

Afrička kuga svinja (AKS) je virusna hemoragična bolest domaćih i divljih svinja koja se širi u Evropi sa istoka na zapad kontinuirano od 2007. godine kada je virus unesen u Gruziju putem otpada iz luke. Jedna je od najznačajnijih bolesti svinja kada se u obzir uzmu posledice po zdravlje životinja, ekonomske štete i posledice po društvo u celini. Odsustvo specifične terapije i mogućnosti za vakcinaciju kod svinja u Evropi svrstava ovu bolest kao prioritetnu za sprečavanje njene pojave, suzbijanje širenja i iskorenjivanje, ali i nameće potrebu za daljim istraživanjima osobina virusa afričke kuge svinja i njegovog odnosa sa vektorima i domaćinom. Virus afričke kuge svinja je DNK virus iz familije Asfarviridae i roda Asfivirus, čija transmisija je dokazana kod nekoliko vrsta mekih krpelja iz roda Ornithodoros što ovaj virus svrstava u grupu arbovirusa (virusa koje prenose artropodni vektori- arthropod-borne virus). Prisustvo mekih-argasidnih krpelja roda Ornithodoros u Evropi je ograničeno na vrstu Ornithodoros erraticus i na uska područja južnog dela Evrope (Španija). Dokazano je da tvrdi krpelji, najrasprostranjenije vrste krpelja u Evropi nisu biološki vektori virusa afričke kuge svinja. Međutim, postoji mogućnost prenosa virusa afričke kuge svinja putem niza artropodnih vektora na primer iz familija Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, Tabanidae, Muscidae o čijoj se ulozi u prenosu virusa afričke kuge svinja i epidemiologiji bolesti malo zna. Cilj ovog rada je da prikaže trenutna saznanja o najčešće označenim potencijalnim artropodnim vrstama vektora virusa afričke kuge svinja u Evropi i Republici Srbiji.