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[Objective] Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process of total saponins from Pfaffia glomerata, providing reference for its further development and utilization. [Method] Taking amaranthaceous plant Pfaffia glomerata as the research object, total saponins were extracted using ultrasound assisted deep eutectic solvent method. Through single factor experiments, the molar ratio of urea to choline chloride, water content, liquid-solid ratio and extraction time were investigated, the total saponin yield was used as the evaluation index, and the Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process of total saponins from Pfaffia glomerata. [Result] The optimal process for ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction of total saponins from Pfaffia glomerata was established with the following parameters: urea to choline chloride ratio of 1:1, water content of 38%, liquid-material ratio of 18:1 (mL:g), and extraction time of 37 minutes. Under the conditions, the total saponin yield achieved was 6.26%. [Conclusion] This method has high extraction efficiency, good repeatability and simple operation, and can be used for the extraction of total saponins from Pfaffia glomerata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

旨在为文冠果壳资源的综合利用提供参考，通过DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基及脂质过氧自由基清除能力研究文冠果壳总皂苷和总黄酮的抗氧化活性,并分析了抗氧化活性与构效关系。结果表明：文冠果壳总皂苷和总黄酮均具有一定的DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基及脂质过氧自由基清除能力，且文冠果壳总黄酮对4种自由基的清除能力均高于文冠果壳总皂苷；构效关系分析表明，文冠果壳总皂苷和总黄酮抗氧化活性差异与其化学结构有关。综上，从文冠果壳中提取总黄酮，并将其作为天然抗氧化剂进行开发，有助于提高文冠果壳资源的综合利用价值。 Aiming to provide a reference for the comprehensive utilization of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge shells resources,the antioxidant activities of total saponins and total flavonoids extracted from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge shells were studied through their scavenging capacities against DPPH free radicals, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxide radicals. The relationship between antioxidant activity and structure-activity of the compounds extracted from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge shells was analyzed.The results indicated that both total saponins and total flavonoids from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge shells had certain scavenging abilities against these four types of free radicals, with the total flavonoids exhibiting higher scavenging capacities than the total saponins for all tested radicals.The structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the differences in antioxidant activity between the total saponins and total flavonoids from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge shells were related to their chemical structures.In conclusion, extracting total flavonoids from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge shells and developing them as natural antioxidants can help enhance the comprehensive utilization value of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge shells resources.

Quinoa saponins are a kind of pentacyclic triterpenoids with important physiological and pharmacological activities. Due to the wide variety and wide polarity span, the conventional purification and separation methods not only require a lot of work, but also easily lead to the omission of some rare saponins. There have been some experimental studies on the purification of quinoa saponins at home and abroad. However, the introduction time of quinoa in China is relatively short, and the related accumulation is relatively weak. In order to better sort out and promote the relevant research on the separation and purification technology of quinoa saponins, it is necessary to summarize the methods for purifying quinoa saponins domestically and internationally, and analyze the key technical points (such as n-butanol extraction, macroporous resin adsorption, C18 chromatographic column purification, HPLC system purification, foam collection purification, ultrafiltration concentration purification, etc.). This paper also introduced the separation methods of monomer saponins from the total saponins, and prospected the significance of bioactivity-oriented separation of saponins monomers. This review has the important reference value for the isolation and purification of quinoa saponins.

This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of total saponins from the fungal matrix resulting from the dual solid-state fermentation of Hericium erinaceus-Astragalus membranaceus residue (HAMTS) and to determine its antioxidant activity. The content of total saponins before and after fermentation was measured using the vanillin method. A response surface method combined with ultrasonication was employed to optimize the extraction of HAMTS, and the reducing power as well as the scavenging ability against DPPH and ABTS+ free radical of HAMTS were analyzed. The results showed that the content of HAMTS after fermentation was 10.34 mg/g, with an increase of 63.35%. Under the optimal extraction conditions: Liquid-to-solid ratio of 19 mL/g, ultrasonication time of 16 min, ethanol volume fraction of 74%, ultrasonic power of 62 W, the extraction amount of HAMTS was 11.48 mg/g. At a concentration of 10 g/L, the reducing power of HAMTS, as well as the DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates, were 0.80, 96.48%, and 56.12%, respectively. The study indicates that the regression model established in the experiment can be used to predict the extraction amount of HAMTS, and HAMTS exhibits good antioxidant activity, demonstrating the potential for development as a feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to explore the optimal process conditions and in vitro activity for the joint extraction of total saponins and polysaccharides from Shenmei Wuwei powder. The extraction mass fraction of total saponins and polysaccharides of Shenmei Wuwei powder was used as the investigation index by optimizing the extraction solvent concentration and soaking time, the optimal extraction process was determined, and the antioxidant and antitumor activities of Shenmei Wuwei Powder were determined by determining the scavenging rate of hydroxyl radicals and the inhibition rate of nitrite in total saponin extract and polysaccharide extract. The results showed that under optimal parameter conditions, the extraction rates of total saponins in the four chromatographic columns were 92.65%, 98.99%, 102.68%, and 104.31%, the paste yield was 10.00%, and the total saponin content was 34.99 mg/g. The extraction rate of polysaccharides was 93.57%, 98.20%, 100.77% and 101.27%, the ointment yield was 12.55%, and the polysaccharide content in dry extract was 19.20 mg/g. The IC50 values of saponin extract and polysaccharide extract for scavenging hydroxyl radicals were higher than those of control vitamin C, indicating that they had antioxidant activity in vitro and certain nitrite inhibition. The study indicates that the total saponins and polysaccharides are extracted simultaneously by circulating column chromatography from the Shenmei Wuwei powder is high, and the operation is simple and easy, which provides reference value for the development of feed additives in animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese onion (Allium chinense G. Don) is an edible vegetable as well as a traditional Chinese medicine. It is rich in steroidal saponins and possesses broad health benefits. In this study, the optimal extraction protocol of the total saponins from Chinese onion (ACS) was explored, and the content of the total steroidal saponins in ACS reached 56.62%. Network pharmacology was applied to predict the related signalling pathways and targets between the main phytochemicals in ACS and hypercholesterolaemia. Enrichment analysis showed that ACS might intervene hypercholesterolaemia through the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Meanwhile, cholesterol-lowering effects were verified by ACS intervention in high-cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia in Kunming mice. Compared with the model group, the TC and LDL-C levels of mice were decreased and the HDL-C level increased significantly after administration of ACS at a dose of 200 mg kg−1 day−1. The body weight gain, liver index, and atherosclerosis index all decreased dramatically. ACS could significantly reduce the fat content in the liver and reduce the number of fat droplets from the haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of mouse liver. The immunohistochemical staining indicated that ACS could up-regulate the expression of PI3K protein in the liver, thus playing an anti-hypercholesterolaemic role. This study indicated that ACS exhibited significant therapeutic and preventive effects on hypercholesterolaemia, and exerted anti-hypercholesterolaemia through the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a growing trend in modern societies, and the incidence of aging-related obesity has been on a steady rise. The key cause of obesity of older adults is identified as the decreased lipolysis of adipocytes, which in turn can be attributed to the decreased expression of key lipases in senescent adipocytes, but effective clinical measures to enhance the lipase expression are currently lacking. In this work, we studied the influence of the total saponins from Panax japonicus (TSPJs) on the expression of key lipases in senescent adipocytes, which can provide an experimental basis for potentially using TSPJs to address aging-related obesity. We found that TSPJs could regulate lipase expression through the ALK7-SMADs signaling pathway, to restore the lipase expression in senescent adipocytes and thus improve lipolysis.

Background Postoperative sore throat (POST) is one of the common mild but unpleasant postoperative complications after general anaesthesia. There is evidence that Glycyrrhiza Radix can effectively reduce the incidence of POST, but its effective fraction remains unclear. Objective To screen the effective fraction of Glycyrrhiza Radix on preventing respiratory tract injury induced by endotracheal intubation. Methods From April 2021 to July 2022, 60 SPF-grade Wistar rats were randomized into the control group, endotracheal intubation group, lidocaine group, total polysaccharides group, total saponins group, total flavonoids group based on random number table method, with 10 rats in each group. The endotracheal intubation model was prepared for all groups except the control group. Before intubation, each treatment group was sprayed with a solution consisting of 1% lidocaine, total polysaccharides, total saponins, and total flavonoids at 1 mL/100 g (by body weight) to permeate the uvula and peri-soft palate tissue of rats, respectively. The control and endotracheal intubation groups were sprayed with an equal volume of 0.9% saline. After 2 hours of mechanical ventilation, the endotracheal tube was removed, and the pharyngeal mucosa tissues and blood samples of rats were collected under deep anesthesia. Pathological changes of rat pharyngeal mucosa and the expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) ; the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines including serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) , interleukin-2 (IL-2) , interleukin-4 (IL-4) , interleukin-10 (IL-10) , oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD) , malondialdehyde (MDA) , total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) , and stress hormones including cortisol (Cor) , epinephrine (E) , and norepinephrine (NE) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Results HE staining showed mucosal shedding and severe damage of submucosal structure accompanied by a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the endotracheal intubation group; while milder damage of mucosal structure and less inflammatory cells were significantly reduced in the total saponins group. ELISA results showed that compared with the control group, the levels of TNF-α and IL-2 in the serum of rats increased significantly, and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 decreased significantly in the endotracheal intubation group (P

Objective: To study the total saponins in the extract of endophytic fungus C15 from Actinidia arguta root and their effects on the apoptosis of hepatoma HepG 2 and Huh-7 cells, and to explore the possible mechanism. Methods: The effects of total saponins of AARTS (Total Saponins from the roots of Actinidia arguta, AARTS) and C15TS (C15 Total Saponins, C15TS) on the cell viabilities of HepG 2 and Huh-7 hepatoma cells were determined by CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) method; The cell migration and invasion abilities were detected by cell scratch assay and Transwell assay; Western Blot (WB) was used to detect the expression levels of three apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3) in HepG 2 and Huh-7 hepatoma cells; Annexin V-FITC/PI staining was used to detect the apoptotic period of HepG 2 and Huh-7 cells. Results: According to cell viability tests, AARTS and C15TS inhibited the viabilities of HepG 2 and Huh-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations ranging from 50 to 400 μg/mL. The cell scratch test showed that the concentration of AARTS and C15TS at 200 and 400 μg/mL could decreased the migration abilities of HepG 2 and Huh-7 cells. In Transwell assay, AARTS and C15TS at concentrations of 200 and 400 μg/mL inhibited the invasion abilities of HepG 2 and Huh-7 cells. In WB experiment, after incubation with 200 and 400 μg/mL AARTS and C15TS for 24 h, the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 protein increased in HepG 2 and Huh-7 cells, while the expression of Bcl-2 protein decreased. In the Annexin V-FITC/PI staining experiment, both the AARTS groups and the C15TS groups with concentrations of 200 and 400 μg/mL had the abilities to promote the apoptosis of HepG 2 and Huh-7 cells, and the apoptosis was mostly early. Conclusion: Similar to AARTS, the C15TS can also inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG 2 and Huh-7 cells, and promote cell apoptosis, which may be related to P53 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) is a serious obstacle to oncologic treatment. Mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) exhibits stronger pharmacological effects than cultivated ginseng (CG) mainly due to the differences in ginsenosides. However, the material basis and the underlying mechanism of the protective effects of total saponins of MCG (TSMCG) against DIC are unclear. Objectives: We aimed to elucidate the material basis and the pharmacodynamic effects of TSMCG on DIC as well as the underlying mechanisms. Methods: To comprehensively analyze the effective substances, the chemical components of TSMCG and their prototypes or metabolites in vivo were characterized through UHPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS. Then, an absorbed component–target–disease network was established to explore the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of TSMCG against DIC. H9c2 cells were employed for pharmacodynamic assays. The mechanism was verified by Western blot and molecular docking simulations. Results: A total of 56 main ginsenosides were identified in TSMCG, including 27 ginsenosides of PPD type, 15 ginsenosides of PPT type, two ginsenosides of OA types, and 12 ginsenosides of other types. Moreover, 55 ginsenoside prototypes or metabolites in vivo were tentatively characterized. Ginsenoside Ra1, a differential compound between MCG and CG, could be metabolized by oxidation and deglycosylation. Network pharmacology showed that AKT1, p53, and STAT3 are core targets of 62 intersecting genes. Molecular docking results indicated that most of the ginsenosides have favorable affinity with these core targets. After doxorubicin exposure, TSMCG could increase cell viability and inhibit apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. Conclusion: Our work reveals a novel comprehensive strategy to study the material basis of the protective effects of TSMCG against DIC and the underlying mechanisms through integrating in vivo substance identification, metabolic profiling, network pharmacology, pharmacodynamic evaluation, and mechanism verification. Chemical recognition of total saponins of mountain cultivated ginseng (TSMCG) was performed by UHPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS, and 56 main ginsenosides were identified. The metabolic fate of TSMCG in vivo was partially revealed, and 55 ginsenoside prototypes or metabolites were tentatively characterized. A strategy combining in vivo absorbed component identification and network pharmacology was established to explore the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of TSMCG against doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity. Finally, the underlying mechanisms were verified by in vivo and in vitro experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some fungal endophytes isolated from P. ginseng may present a new method of obtaining saponins. This experiment aimed to optimize the total saponin yield produced through in vitro fermentation by an endophytic fungus and analyze its saponin species in the fermented extract. Methods: Fermentation protocols were optimized with a uniform design and verified through regression analysis to maximize the total saponin yield. The saponin types under optimal fermentation conditions were then identified and analyzed using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Results: The Trametes versicolor strain NSJ105 (gene accession number: OR144428) isolated from wild ginseng could produce total saponins. The total saponin yield could be increased more than two-fold through the optimization of fermentation conditions. The concentration of the total saponins achieved by the verified protocol 105-DP was close to the predicted value. The fermentation conditions of the 105-DP protocol were as follows: potato concentration 97.3 mg/mL, glucose concentration 20.6 mg/mL, inoculum volume 2.1%, fermentation broth pH 2.1, fermentation temperature 29.2 °C, and fermentation time 6 d. It was detected and analyzed that the fermented extract of 105-DP contained the ginsenosides Rf and Rb3. Conclusion: The endophytic fungus Trametes versicolor strain NSJ105 has potential application value in saponin production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to explore the nutritional value and active function of Akebia trifoliata pericarp, the main nutritional components contents of protein, fat, total sugar, reducing sugar, 8 mineral elements, total flavonoids, total phenols and total saponins were determined by using Kjeldahl method, acid hydrolysis, phenol sulfuric acid method, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method, ICP-AES method, NaNO2-AlCl3 method, Folin-ciocalten and vanillin-perchloric acid. The antioxidant capacity of pericarp extracts was also evaluated. The results showed that the contents of protein (8.16%±0.11%), reducing sugar (19.31%±0.21%) and total sugar (32.61%±0.18%) in the peel of Akebia trifoliata were high, and the pectin content determined by gravimetric method was (20.08%±0.20%). Among the eight nutrient elements measured, K content was the richest (14061.17 μg/g DW), followed by Ca (4959.28 μg/g DW). The orders of the contents of eight mineral elements were K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Na>Cu>Zn. The contents of total flavonoids, polyphenolics and saponins were (20.58±0.12), (31.53±0.18) and (45.20±12.04) mg/g DW, respectively. The scavenging capabilities of extraction on the free radicals of DPPH and ABTS+ were also investigated. When the scavenging rate reached to 50%, the IC50 values on DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals scavenging were 0.049, 0.052 mg/mL, respectively. The scavenging ability of extracts in Akebia trifoliata pericarp was dose-dependent. The contents of total flavonoids, total polyphenols and total saponins had strong and positive correlations with antioxidant activity (P

To optimize the extraction process of total saponins and polysaccharides of the jujube kernel and study its antioxidant effect, Box-behnken method was used to optimize the extraction process of total saponins and polysaccharides from semen ziziphi spinosae, and three antioxidant detection methods were used to study the antioxidant effects of different processed products of semen ziziphi spinosae. The results show that optimal extraction conditions of total saponins are as follows ultrasonic power 228.5 W, liquid-solid ratio 70:1,ethanol volume fraction 10%, and extraction time 21.1 min. The best extraction process of polysaccharides: ultrasonic power 200 W, liquid-solid ratio 70:1,ethanol volume fraction 21.2%, and extraction time 27.7 min. The total saponin content of stir-fried semen ziziphi spinosae is higher, and the polysaccharide content of raw-stir-fried semen ziziphi spinosae is higher. The total saponins and polysaccharides of semen ziziphi spinosae have certain antioxidant capacity. The optimized process can provide a basis for the development and application of jujube kernel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge husk is a waste material produced during the cultivation of this plant. Here, the process conditions for extracting total saponins from X. sorbifolia Bunge husk as a raw material were optimized using single-factor ultrasonic cell fragmentation combined with the response surface methodology. The antioxidant activity of the extracted total saponins was evaluated using DPPH· and ABTS+· scavenging and Fe2+ chelating assays. Further, the inhibitory effects of the extracted total saponins on the proliferation of HepG2 and A549 cells were analyzed using the CCK-8 assay. The optimum extraction conditions for total saponins from X. sorbifolia Bunge husk were as follows: 65% ethanol volume fraction, 35:1 solvent-to-solid ratio, 200 W ultrasonic power, 35 min ultrasonic treatment duration, and 50 °C ultrasonic treatment temperature; under these conditions, the total saponin yield reached 14.95mg/g.Antioxidant assays showed that at the total saponin concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, the DPPH- andABTS+ scavenging rates were 91.35% and 82.63%, respectively.Moreover, at the total saponin concentration of 0.10 mg/mL, the Fe2+ chelating rate was 88.01%. Total saponin concentration was significantly correlated with ABTS+· scavenging and Fe2+ chelating potential (p<0.01). At the total saponins concentration of 120 μg/mL, the survival rates of HepG2 and A549 cells were 10.95% and 2.04%, with the IC50 values of 79.30 and 63 μg/mL, respectively. Thus, ultrasonic cell fragmentation is an efficient technology for extracting total saponins from X. sorbifolia Bunge husk. Total saponins extracted from X. sorbifolia Bunge husk exhibit potent antioxidant and antitumor activities. This article provides a methodological reference for the effective utilization of X. sorbifolia Bunge waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some fungal endophytes isolated from P. ginseng may present a new method of obtaining saponins. This experiment aimed to optimize the total saponin yield produced through in vitro fermentation by an endophytic fungus and analyze its saponin species in the fermented extract. Methods: Fermentation protocols were optimized with a uniform design and verified through regression analysis to maximize the total saponin yield. The saponin types under optimal fermentation conditions were then identified and analyzed using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Results: The Trametes versicolor strain NSJ105 (gene accession number: OR144428) isolated from wild ginseng could produce total saponins. The total saponin yield could be increased more than two-fold through the optimization of fermentation conditions. The concentration of the total saponins achieved by the verified protocol 105-DP was close to the predicted value. The fermentation conditions of the 105-DP protocol were as follows: potato concentration 97.3 mg/mL, glucose concentration 20.6 mg/mL, inoculum volume 2.1%, fermentation broth pH 2.1, fermentation temperature 29.2 °C, and fermentation time 6 d. It was detected and analyzed that the fermented extract of 105-DP contained the ginsenosides Rf and Rb3. Conclusion: The endophytic fungus Trametes versicolor strain NSJ105 has potential application value in saponin production.

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Objective: To screen for α-glucosidase inhibitor active compounds in the total saponins of Baibiandou (Lablab Semen Album) based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS technology and to evaluate its hypoglycemic activity in vivo. Methods: Acarbose was used as the positive control, and the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) was used as the evaluation index of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity to establish an in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition model. Further, UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS technology was used to screen and identify the active compounds of α-glucosidase inhibitors in the total saponins of Baibiandou (Lablab Semen Album) in order to further verify the activity of the main active monomer and to perform homologous modeling and molecular docking of yeast-derived α-glucosidase and human-derived α-glucosidase, while the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated in diabetic mice. Results: This study successfully identified 15 compounds with potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, including Chikusetsusaponin IVa, from the total saponins of Baibiandou (Lablab Semen Album). Simultaneously, we verified the activity of the main active monomer Chikusetsusaponin IVa, and showed that it has strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The α-glucosidase inhibitory concentration IC50 was (565.2 ± 1.026) μg/mL, and the IC50 of acarbose, which was lower than the positive control, was (706.6 ± 1.058) μg/mL. The docking energies of Chikusetsusaponin IVa were – 6.1 and – 7.7 kcal/mol with yeast-derived α-glucosidase and human-derived α-glucosidase molecules, respectively. Both showed strong binding activity, and the levels of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), UREA, Creatinine (CREA), and cholesterol (CHO) were significantly decreased by Chikusetsusaponin IVa (P < 0.05). In addition, it could repair damaged liver and pancreas cells of diabetic mice to some extent. Conclusion: This study provides a basis for screening α-glucosidase inhibitors and structural modifications of the total saponins of Baibiandou (Lablab Semen Album).

The total saponins from Panax japonicus inhibit the expression of ALK7 and decrease the expression of phosphorylated SMAD2/3, thus increasing the expression of ATGL and the phosphorylation of HSL to ultimately promote lipolysis. [Display omitted] • Total saponins from Panax Japonicus could revitalize the aging-related decline in lipolysis by increasing the expression of lipase in senescent adipocytes. • Total saponins from Panax Japonicus regulate the expression of SMADs through ALK7, thus affecting the downstream lipases ATGL and HSL to ultimately strengthen lipolysis. • Total saponins from Panax Japonicus was separated from Panax Japnicus by the extraction and separation method, and A was proved to have good lipid-lowering activity through research. Aging is a growing trend in modern societies, and the incidence of aging-related obesity has been on a steady rise. The key cause of obesity of older adults is identified as the decreased lipolysis of adipocytes, which in turn can be attributed to the decreased expression of key lipases in senescent adipocytes, but effective clinical measures to enhance the lipase expression are currently lacking. In this work, we studied the influence of the total saponins from Panax japonicus (TSPJs) on the expression of key lipases in senescent adipocytes, which can provide an experimental basis for potentially using TSPJs to address aging-related obesity. We found that TSPJs could regulate lipase expression through the ALK7-SMADs signaling pathway, to restore the lipase expression in senescent adipocytes and thus improve lipolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the experiment, acacia flower was used as raw material. Single factor test and response surface test were used to optimize the conditions of extraction of total saponins, the antioxidant activity of total saponins extract was investigated. The results showed that when the liquid-solid ratio was 20 mL/g, the ultrasonic frequency was 80 W, the ethanol volume fraction was 80%, the extraction time was 30 min, and the extraction temperature was 50 ℃, the maximum extraction rate of total saponins was 17.740%, which was very closed to 17.742% predicted by the system. When the total saponins concentration of acacia flower was 5 g/L, the scavenging rate of ABTS＋ free radicals was 86.11%, the scavenging rate of hydroxyl free radicals was 82.92%, the scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals was 67.93%, and the scavenging rate of superoxide anion was 29.19%. The experiment indicates that the total saponins of acacia flower have good antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abrus cantoniensis Hance (AC), an abrus cantoniensis herb, is a Chinese medicinal herb used for the treatment of hepatitis. Total saponins extracted from AC (ACS) are a compound of triterpenoid saponins, which have protective properties against both chemical and immunological liver injuries. Nevertheless, ACS has not been proven to have an influence on drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This study used network pharmacology and experiments to investigate the effects of ACS on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury. The targets associated with ACS and DILI were obtained from online databases. Cytoscape software was utilized to construct a "compound-target" network. In addition, Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were used to analyze the related signaling pathways impacted by ACS. AutoDock Vina was utilized to evaluate the binding affinity between bioactive compounds and the key targets. To validate the findings of network pharmacology, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted. Cell viability assay, transaminase activity detection, immunofluorescence assay, immunohistochemistry staining, RT-qPCR, and western blotting were utilized to explore the effects of ACS. 25 active compounds and 217 targets of ACS were screened, of which 94 common targets were considered as potential targets for ACS treating APAP-induced liver injury. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the effects of ACS exert their effects on liver injury through suppressing inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Molecular docking results demonstrated that core active compounds of ACS were successfully docked to core targets such as CASP3, BCL2L1, MAPK8, MAPK14, PTGS2, and NOS2. In vitro experiments showed that ACS effectively attenuated APAP-induced damage through suppressing transaminase activity and attenuating apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated that ACS alleviated pathological changes in APAP-treated mice and attenuated inflammatory response. Additionally, ACS downregulated the expression of iNOS, COX2, and Caspase-3, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. ACS also suppressed the MAPK signaling pathway. This study demonstrated that ACS is a hepatoprotective drug through the combination of network pharmacology and in vitro and in vivo experiments. The findings reveal that ACS effectively attenuate APAP-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation through inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway. Consequently, this research offers novel evidence supporting the potential preventive efficacy of ACS. [Display omitted] • The mechanism of ACS on DILI was predicted by network pharmacology. • ACS attenuate APAP-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. • ACS may exert hepatoprotective activities via MAPK/NF-κB pathway regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet (BP) active compound, BP total saponins (BPTS), on MDA-MB-231 cells, and investigate the underlying mechanism regarding BPTS-mediated attenuation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Methods The effect of BPTS on cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis and migration on MDA-MB-231 cells at three different concentrations was investigated. A CCK-8 assay, wound-healing assay and flow cytometry were used to demonstrate the effects of BPTS. Additionally, expression of the primary members of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was assessed using western blotting. To verify the underlying mechanisms, a PI3K inhibitor and an mTOR inhibitor were used. Results BPTS inhibited proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC50 value of 10 μg/mL at 48 h. BPTS inhibited migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, and the western blot results demonstrated that BPTS reduced p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR protein expression levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, the results were confirmed using a PI3K inhibitor and an mTOR inhibitor. BPTS decreased proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells possibly through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions The results highlight the therapeutic potential of BPTS for treating patients with triple-negative breast cancer.

Dipacus asperoides (DA), a traditional perennial herb, has distributed wildly in China, especially Wuhe Xuduan known as genuine herb. To evaluate DA’s quality, we collected ten samples from eight counties in Enshi and determined the contents of total saponins (TS) and asperosaponin VI (Asp. VI) using vanillin - glacial acetic acid - perchloric acid with spectrophotometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) separately. Subsequently, we carried out the optimization extraction of TS, Asp. VI and several organic acids such as loganic acid (LA), chlorogenic acid (ChA) and caffeic acid (CA) in the cultivated DA root grown at Hefeng and the optimized method was applied to detect the contents of TS, LA, ChA, CA and Asp. VI in flowers, leaves, stem and root of the wild and cultured DA. The results showed that DA grown at Hefeng was superior to the other samples according to the two characteristic components. In addition, grown at the same place of Hefeng, the content of Asp. VI in cultivated DA was 84% higher than that of the wild one. Moreover, leaves and flowers were rich in TS, Asp. VI and some organic acids, second only to that of root, suggesting that flowers and leaves of DA would be employed for further application.

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Background/Aims: Total saponins of Aralia elata (Miq) Seem (AS) from the Chinese traditional herb Long ya Aralia chinensis L. reportedly provide cardioprotective effects, but the exact mechanisms require further study. Previous studies have showed that myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury (MIRI) was related to calcium homeostasis imbalance and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate protective effects of AS on MIRI. Methods: After administrating AS for 5 days, the left anterior descending artery coronary artery of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was ligated for 30 min. After 48 h of reperfusion, haemodynamics, Evans blue/ 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, masson staining and the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected to assess MIRI. ATPase activity and Western Blot were used to study the mechanisms. Results: Compared with IR group, AS treatment groups could significantly reduce myocardial infarct size; improve myocardial pathologic progress; decrease content of LDH, CK, and MDA; increase content of SOD; and restore the activities of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, Na+-K+-ATPase, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCA), and calcineurin (CaN). AS treatment groups also significantly up-regulated the expression of GRP78, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and Bax, and down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, all similar to the effects of ERS. Conclusion: These findings illustrated that AS could prevent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and reduce calcium homeostasis imbalance and ERS-related apoptosis.

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The seed pericarp of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa) contains a mixture of triterpenoid saponins conferring undesired organoleptic properties. In this study, we evaluated saponin content and their corresponding sapogenins in 114 different quinoa accessions. Relative saponin content ranged from 0.22 to 15.04 mg/g of seed dry weight among the genotypes studied and the genotype effect was significant (p < 0.001). About 75% of the genotypes could be classified as low-saponin content lines which is promising in view of ongoing plant breeding efforts. In addition to the quantitative determination of saponins, metabolic profiling was performed by LC-FTICR-MS and LC-MS/MS. We obtained highly accurate mass estimation from ion spectra allowing the identification of twelve saponins of the oleanane type. These differ in their aglycons and in the number and type of glycoside units. Interestingly, we identified a saponin compound that, to our knowledge, had not been reported previously. Our study highlights that there is considerable variability concerning saponin content in quinoa, which contributes to the valorization of genetic resources towards the identification of genotypes that could be utilized in current and future quinoa breeding programs.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet (BP) active compound, BP total saponins (BPTS), on MDA-MB-231 cells, and investigate the underlying mechanism regarding BPTS-mediated attenuation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Methods: The effect of BPTS on cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis and migration on MDA-MB-231 cells at three different concentrations was investigated. A CCK-8 assay, wound-healing assay and flow cytometry were used to demonstrate the effects of BPTS. Additionally, expression of the primary members of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was assessed using western blotting. To verify the underlying mechanisms, a PI3K inhibitor and an mTOR inhibitor were used. Results: BPTS inhibited proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC50 value of 10 μg/mL at 48 h. BPTS inhibited migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, and the western blot results demonstrated that BPTS reduced p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR protein expression levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, the results were confirmed using a PI3K inhibitor and an mTOR inhibitor. BPTS decreased proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells possibly through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions: The results highlight the therapeutic potential of BPTS for treating patients with triple-negative breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] The research aimed to evaluate impacts of diseases on quality of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis. [Methods]Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to determine and contrast content of total saponins in root, stem and leaf from healthy and diseased plants. Infrared characteristic absorption peaks of healthy and diseased plants were found by infrared fingerprint method for comparative analysis.[Results]Total saponins content in root sample J4 of healthy plant reached 4. 89% and was the highest, while it was 0. 13% in stem sample J11 of healthy plant and was the lowest. Total saponins content in root sample B1 of diseased plant was 1. 68% and was the highest, while it was 0. 1% in stem sample B7 of diseased plant and was the lowest. In healthy and diseased plants, total saponins content in root was significantly higher than that in stem and leaf. Content of total saponins in root from healthy plant was significantly higher than that from diseased plant, and there was little difference in stem and leaf of healthy and diseased plants. Root sample Jg of healthy plant had obvious C-O characteristic vibration of polysaccharides and glycosides and absorption peak of O-H bending vibration in steroidal saponin near 1 160. 02 cm-1, while diseased plant had no obvious absorption peak. Near 861. 97 and 768. 07 cm-1, root sample Jg of healthy plant had significant C-C stretching vibration in sugar ring and characteristic absorption peak of characteristic vibration of steroidal saponin, while root sample Bg of diseased plant had no obvious characteristic peak. [Conclusions] Diseases significantly affected composition and content of total saponins and steroidal saponins from P. polyphylla var. chinensis, further affecting quality of P. polyphylla var. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bergenia ciliata of family Saxifragaceae is known as Kodiya or Pashanbheda in Dhanolti (Uttranchal). It is a second good source of bergenin after Bergenia ligulata. It has many medicinal properties such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic. B. ciliata is used mainly for kidney disorder. Its phytochemical constituents are Gallic acid, Tannic acid, (-)-3-0- Galloylepicatechin, (-)-3-0-Galloylcatechin, (+)-Catechin, Gallicin. The bioactive compounds that are produced by plants are collectively called as Phytochemicals. The phytochemical ingredients are plant derived compounds which protect the plants from environmental stresses, including insects, bacteria, fungus and weather changes. Though phytochemicals are not considered essential nutrients, it has become apparent that they offer many health benefits to the plants. It is well-known that plants produce these chemicals to protect themselves but recent research demonstrates that they can also protect humans against diseases. There are more than thousand known phytochemicals and they offer protection to many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease and alzheimer's. The aim of the present study is to examine B. ciliata rhizomes for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total saponins and alkaloids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids ects. It is expected that the important phytochemical properties recognized by our study in the indigenous medicinal plants will be very useful in the curing of various diseases when taken along with our food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax notoginseng is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, and dried flower buds of P. notoginseng (FBP) have also been used as a medicine or tea for a long time. The pharmacological effects of FBP include antihypertensive, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects. The compounds in FBP include saponins, flavonoids, volatile oils, and polysaccharides. The total saponins are the principal bioactive components. In modern applications, FBP is used to treat hypertension and tinnitus. There have been many studies on FBP and its effects in recent years, and it has attracted much attention in the medical field. This review summarizes the chemical components, pharmacological action, and clinical uses of FBP comprehensively to provide the references of deeper studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cynanchum wallichii Wight, is a traditional Chinese medicine herb, which is rich in saponins and has varieties of pharmacological activities. In this study, a standardized C. wallichii extract was established and the anti-tumor activity of the total saponins was evaluated by MTT assay. The extraction conditions of the standardized extract was optimized using response surface methodology. The experimental value was in good agreement (the yield 4.28%) with predicted values. The total saponins of the extract showed significant anti-tumor activity against three human tumor cell lines (A549, HepG2 and MCF-7), especially for MCF-7 (IC50. 67.63 μg/mL) cells in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ethnopharmacological relevance Trillium tschonoskii rhizome (TTR), a medicinal herb, has been traditionally used to treat traumatic brain injury and headache in China. Although the potential neuroprotective efficacy of TTR has gained increasing interest, the pharmacological mechanism remains unclear. Steroid saponins are the main bioactive components of the herb. Aim of the study To investigate the protective and repair-promoting effects of the total saponins from TTR (TSTT) on grey and white matter damages in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assay. Materials and methods Ischemic stroke was induced by MCAO. TSTT and Ginaton (positive control) were administered orally to rats 6 h after stroke and daily thereafter. After 15 days of treatment, the survival rate of each group was calculated. We then conducted neurological deficit scores and beam walking test to access the neurological function after ischemic stroke. Subsequently, T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and T2 relaxometry mapping were performed to measure infarct volume and grey and white matter integrity, respectively. Moreover, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was carried out to evaluate the grey and white matter microstructural damage. Additionally, arterial spin labelling (ASL) - cerebral blood flow (CBF) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images provided dynamic information about vascular hemodynamic dysfunction after ischemic stroke. Finally, haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was carried out to evaluate the stroke-induced pathological changes in the brain. Results The survival rate and neurological behavioural outcomes (Bederson scores and beam walking tests) were markedly ameliorated by TSTT (65 mg/kg) treatment within 15 days after ischemic stroke. Moreover, T2WI and T2 relaxometry mapping showed that TSTT (65 mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct volume and attenuated grey and white matter injury, respectively, which was confirmed by histopathological evaluation of brain tissue. The results obtained from DTI showed that TSTT (65 mg/kg) not only significantly alleviated axonal damage and demyelination, but also promoted axonal remodelling and re-myelination. In addition, TSTT treatment also enhanced vascular signal density and increased CBF in rats after MCAO. Conclusion Our results suggested the potential protective and repair-promoting effects of TSTT on grey and white matter from damage induced by ischemia. This study provides a modern pharmacological basis for the application of TSTT in managing ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]