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1. Comparison of the mutational profiles of neuroendocrine breast tumours, invasive ductal carcinomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas

Author: Peeter Karihtala, Katja Porvari, Nelli Roininen, Sari Voutilainen, Johanna Mattson, Päivi Heikkilä, Kirsi-Maria Haapasaari, and Katri Selander
Subjects: Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract: Abstract The pathophysiology and the optimal treatment of breast neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are unknown. We compared the mutational profiles of breast NETs (n = 53) with those of 724 publicly available invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and 98 pancreatic NET (PNET) cases. The only significantly different pathogenetic or unknown variant rate between breast NETs and IDCs was detected in the TP53 (11.3% in breast NETs and 41% in IDCs, adjusted p value 0.027) and ADCK2 (9.4% in breast NETs vs. 0.28% in IDCs, adjusted p value 0.045) genes. Between breast NETs and PNETs, different pathogenetic or unknown variant frequencies were detected in 30 genes. For example, MEN1 was mutated in only 6% of breast NETs and 37% in PNETs (adjusted p value 0.00050), and GATA3 pathogenetic or unknown variants were only found in 17.0% of breast NETs and 0% in PNETs (adjusted p value 0.0010). The most commonly affected oncogenic pathways in the breast NET cases were PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NOTCH and RTK-RAS pathways. Breast NETs had typically clock-like mutational signatures and signatures associated with defective DNA mismatch repair in their mutational landscape. Our results suggest that the breast NET mutational profile more closely resembles that of IDCs than that of PNETs. These results also revealed several potentially druggable targets, such as MMRd, in breast NETs. In conclusion, breast NETs are indeed a separate breast cancer entity, but their optimal treatment remains to be elucidated.
Published: 2022
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2. Gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease: Temporal stability and relations to disease progressionResearch in context

Author: Velma T.E. Aho, Pedro A.B. Pereira, Sari Voutilainen, Lars Paulin, Eero Pekkonen, Petri Auvinen, and Filip Scheperjans
Subjects: Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Background: Several publications have described differences in cross-sectional comparisons of gut microbiota between patients with Parkinson's disease and control subjects, with considerable variability of the reported differentially abundant taxa. The temporal stability of such microbiota alterations and their relationship to disease progression have not been previously studied with a high-throughput sequencing based approach. Methods: We collected clinical data and stool samples from 64 Parkinson's patients and 64 control subjects twice, on average 2·25 years apart. Disease progression was evaluated based on changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and Levodopa Equivalent Dose, and microbiota were characterized with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Findings: We compared patients to controls, and patients with stable disease to those with faster progression. There were significant differences between microbial communities of patients and controls when corrected for confounders, but not between timepoints. Specific bacterial taxa that differed between patients and controls at both timepoints included several previously reported ones, such as Roseburia, Prevotella and Bifidobacterium. In progression comparisons, differentially abundant taxa were inconsistent across methods and timepoints, but there was some support for a different distribution of enterotypes and a decreased abundance of Prevotella in faster-progressing patients. Interpretation: The previously detected gut microbiota differences between Parkinson's patients and controls persisted after 2 years. While we found some evidence for a connection between microbiota and disease progression, a longer follow-up period is required to confirm these findings. Keywords: Parkinson's disease, Gut microbiota, Gut-brain-axis, Disease progression
Published: 2019
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3. Kuopio birth cohort – design of a Finnish joint research effort for identification of environmental and lifestyle risk factors for the wellbeing of the mother and the newborn child

Author: Pasi Huuskonen, Leea Keski-Nisula, Seppo Heinonen, Sari Voutilainen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Juha Pekkanen, Jussi Lampi, Soili M Lehto, Hannariikka Haaparanta, Antti-Pekka Elomaa, Raimo Voutilainen, Katri Backman, Hannu Kokki, Kirsti Kumpulainen, Jussi Paananen, Kirsi Vähäkangas, and Markku Pasanen
Subjects: Birth weight, Environmental health, Foetus, Maternal smoking, Mental health, Metabolism, Gynecology and obstetrics, RG1-991
Abstract: Abstract Background A Finnish joint research effort Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) seeks to evaluate the effects of genetics, epigenetics and different risk factors (medication, nutrition, lifestyle factors and environmental aspects) during pregnancy on the somatic and psychological health status of the mother and the child. Methods KuBiCo will ultimately include information on 10,000 mother-child pairs who have given their informed consent to participate in this cohort. Identification of foetal health risk factors that can potentially later manifest as disease requires a repository of relevant biological samples and a flexible open up-to-date data handling system to register, store and analyse biological, clinical and questionnaire-based data. KuBiCo includes coded questionnaire-based maternal background data gathered before, during and after the pregnancy and bio-banking of maternal and foetal samples that will be stored in deep freezers. Data from the questionnaires and biological samples will be collected into one electronic database. KuBiCo consists of several work packages which are complementary to each other: Maternal, foetal and placental metabolism and omics; Paediatrics; Mental wellbeing; Prenatal period and delivery; Analgesics and anaesthetics during peripartum period; Environmental effects; Nutrition; and Research ethics. Discussion This report describes the set-up of the KuBiCo and descriptive analysis from 3532 parturients on response frequencies and feedback to KuBiCo questionnaires gathered from June 2012 to April 2016. Additionally, we describe basic demographic data of the participants (n = 1172). Based on the comparison of demographic data between official national statistics and our descriptive analysis, KuBiCo represents a cross-section of Finnish pregnant women.
Published: 2018
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4. Evolutionary methods for variable selection in the epidemiological modeling of cardiovascular diseases

Author: Christina Brester, Jussi Kauhanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Sari Voutilainen, Mauno Rönkkö, Kimmo Ronkainen, Eugene Semenkin, and Mikko Kolehmainen
Subjects: Variable selection, Cardiovascular disease, Predictive modeling, Kuopio ischemic heart disease risk factor study, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Analysis, QA299.6-433
Abstract: Abstract Background The redundancy of information is becoming a critical issue for epidemiologists. High-dimensional datasets require new effective variable selection methods to be developed. This study implements an advanced evolutionary variable selection method which is applied for cardiovascular predictive modeling. The epidemiological follow-up study KIHD (Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study) was used to compare the designed variable selection method based on an evolutionary search with conventional stepwise selection. The sample contains in total 433 predictor variables and a response variable indicating incidents of cardiovascular diseases for 1465 study subjects. Results The effectiveness of variable selection methods was investigated in combination with two models: Generalized Linear Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine. We managed to decrease the number of variables from 433 to 38 and save the predictive ability of the models used. Their performance was evaluated with an F-score metric. At most, we gained 65.6% and 67.4% of the F-score before and after variable selection respectively. All the results were averaged over 5-folds of a cross-validation procedure. Conclusions The presented evolutionary variable selection method allows a reduced set of variables to be chosen which are relevant to predicting cardiovascular diseases. A reference list of the most meaningful variables is introduced to be used as a basis for new epidemiological studies. In general, the multicollinearity of variables enables different combinations of predictors to be used and the same performance of models to be attained.
Published: 2018
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5. Food and Nutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of Finnish Vegans and Non-Vegetarians.

Author: Anna-Liisa Elorinne, Georg Alfthan, Iris Erlund, Hanna Kivimäki, Annukka Paju, Irma Salminen, Ursula Turpeinen, Sari Voutilainen, and Juha Laakso
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BACKGROUND:Vegetarian and vegan diets have become more popular among adolescents and young adults. However, few studies have investigated the nutritional status of vegans, who may be at risk of nutritional deficiencies. OBJECTIVE:To compare dietary intake and nutritional status of Finnish long-term vegans and non-vegetarians. METHODS:Dietary intake and supplement use were estimated using three-day dietary records. Nutritional status was assessed by measuring biomarkers in plasma, serum, and urine samples. Vegans' (n = 22) data was compared with those of sex- and age-matched non-vegetarians (n = 19). RESULTS:All vegans adhered strictly to their diet; however, individual variability was marked in food consumption and supplementation habits. Dietary intakes of key nutrients, vitamins B12 and D, were lower (P < 0.001) in vegans than in non-vegetarians. Nutritional biomarker measurements showed lower concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), iodine and selenium (corrected for multiple comparisons, P < 0.001), Vegans showed more favorable fatty acid profiles (P < 0.001) as well as much higher concentrations of polyphenols such as genistein and daidzein (P < 0.001). Eicosapentaenoic acid proportions in vegans were higher than expected. The median concentration of iodine in urine was below the recommended levels in both groups. CONCLUSIONS:Long-term consumption of a vegan diet was associated with some favorable laboratory measures but also with lowered concentrations of key nutrients compared to reference values. This study highlights the need for nutritional guidance to vegans.
Published: 2016
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6. Glucose Metabolism Effects of Vitamin D in Prediabetes: The VitDmet Randomized Placebo-Controlled Supplementation Study

Author: Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Sari Voutilainen, Tarja Nurmi, Jaakko Mursu, Vanessa D. F. de Mello, Ursula Schwab, Martti Hakumäki, Kari Pulkki, and Matti Uusitupa
Subjects: Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, RC648-665
Abstract: Epidemiological evidence suggests a role for vitamin D in type 2 diabetes prevention. We investigated the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on glucose metabolism and inflammation in subjects with prediabetes. A 5-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention with three arms (placebo, 40 μg/d, or 80 μg/d vitamin D3) was carried out among sixty-eight overweight (BMI 25–35) and aging (≥60 years) subjects from Finland, with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] < 75 nmol/L and either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Analyses included 66 subjects who completed the trial. Glucose metabolism was evaluated by fasting and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test-derived indices and glycated hemoglobin. Inflammation was evaluated by high-sensitive C-reactive protein and five cytokines. Although a dose-dependent increase in serum 25(OH)D3 over the supplementation period was observed (P trend < 0.001), there were no other statistically significant differences in changes in the 13 glucose homeostasis indicators between the study groups other than increase in the 120 min glucose concentration (P trend = 0.021) and a decreasing trend both in 30 min plasma insulin (P trend = 0.030) and glycated hemoglobin (P trend = 0.024) concentrations. A borderline statistically significant decreasing trend in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist concentration was observed (P = 0.070). Vitamin D3 supplementation does not improve glucose metabolism in ageing subjects with prediabetes but may have modest anti-inflammatory effects.
Published: 2015
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7. Primary vitamin D target genes allow a categorization of possible benefits of vitamin D₃ supplementation.

Author: Carsten Carlberg, Sabine Seuter, Vanessa D F de Mello, Ursula Schwab, Sari Voutilainen, Kari Pulkki, Tarja Nurmi, Jyrki Virtanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, and Matti Uusitupa
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of developing a number of diseases. Here we investigated samples from 71 pre-diabetic individuals of the VitDmet study, a 5-month high dose vitamin D3 intervention trial during Finnish winter, for their changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentrations and the expression of primary vitamin D target genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and adipose tissue. A negative correlation between serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and 25(OH)D3 suggested an overall normal physiological vitamin D response among the participants. The genes CD14 and thrombomodulin (THBD) are up-regulated primary vitamin D targets and showed to be suitable gene expression markers for vitamin D signaling in both primary tissues. However, in a ranking of the samples concerning their expected response to vitamin D only the top half showed a positive correlation between the changes of CD14 or THBD mRNA and serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations. Interestingly, this categorization allows unmasking a negative correlation between changes in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and the inflammation marker interleukin 6. We propose the genes CD14 and THBD as transcriptomic biomarkers, from which the effects of a vitamin D3 supplementation can be evaluated. These biomarkers allow the classification of subjects into those, who might benefit from a vitamin D3 supplementation, and others who do not.
Published: 2013
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8. Serum long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mercury, and risk of sudden cardiac death in men: a prospective population-based study.

Author: Jyrki K Virtanen, Jari A Laukkanen, Jaakko Mursu, Sari Voutilainen, and Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: ObjectivesFish consumption has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), especially sudden cardiac death (SCD). Fish is the major source of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. It is also a major source of methylmercury, which was associated with increased risk of CVD in this study population. Impact of interaction between long-chain n-3 PUFA and methylmercury on the SCD risk is unknown.MethodsA total of 1857 men from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study, aged 42-60 years and free of CVD at baseline in 1984-1989, were studied. Serum long-chain n-3 PUFA was used as the marker for long-chain n-3 PUFA intake and hair mercury as the marker for mercury exposure.ResultsDuring the mean follow-up of 20.1 years, 91 SCD events occurred. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models, serum long-chain n-3 PUFA concentration was not associated with the risk of SCD until hair mercury was accounted for; then the hazard ratio (HR) in the highest vs. lowest tertile was 0.54 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32 to 0.91, p for trend = 0.046]. When the analyses were stratified by hair mercury content, among those with lower hair mercury, each 0.5 percentage unit increase in the serum long-chain n-3 PUFA was associated with HR of 0.77 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.93), whereas no association was seen among those with higher hair mercury (p for interaction = 0.01). Among the individual long-chain n-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid was most strongly associated with the risk.ConclusionHigh exposure to mercury may reduce the benefits of long-chain n-3 PUFA on SCD.
Published: 2012
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9. Alcohol consumption and dietary patterns: the FinDrink study.

Author: Timothy O Fawehinmi, Jenni Ilomäki, Sari Voutilainen, and Jussi Kauhanen
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The aim of this population-based study was to investigate differences in dietary patterns in relation to the level of alcohol consumption among Finnish adults. This study was part of the FinDrink project, an epidemiologic study on alcohol use among Finnish population. It utilized data from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. A total of 1720 subjects comprising of 816 men and 904 women aged 53-73 years were included in the study in 1998-2001. Food intake was collected via a 4-day food diary method. Self-reported alcohol consumption was assessed with quantity-frequency method based on the Nordic Alcohol Consumption Inventory. Weekly alcohol consumption was categorized into three groups: non-drinkers (
Published: 2012
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10. Functional COMT Val158Met polymorphism, risk of acute coronary events and serum homocysteine: the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study.

Author: Sari Voutilainen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Maarit Korhonen, Jaakko Mursu, Jyrki K Virtanen, Pertti Happonen, Georg Alfthan, Iris Erlund, Kari E North, M J Mosher, Jussi Kauhanen, Jari Tiihonen, George A Kaplan, and Jukka T Salonen
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The role of circulating levels of total homocysteine tHcy in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) is still under debate. One reason for conflicting results between previous studies on homocysteine and heart diseases could be consequence of different interactions between homocysteine and genes in different study populations. Many genetic factors play a role in folate-homocysteine metabolism, like functional polymorphism (Val108Met) in the Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene.Our aim was to examine the role of COMT Val158Met polymorphism and interaction of this polymorphism with serum tHcy and folate concentration on the risk of acute coronary and events in middle-aged men from eastern Finland. A population-based prospective cohort of 792 men aged 46-64 years was examined as part of the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. During an average follow-up of 9.3 years, there were 69 acute coronary events in men with no previous history of CHD. When comparing the COMT low activity genotype with the others, we found an age and examination year adjusted hazard rate ratio (HRR) of 1.73 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-2.79), and an age, examination year, serum LDL and HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentration, systolic blood pressure and smoking adjusted HRR of 1.77 (95% CI, 1.05-2.77). Although serum tHcy concentration was not statistically significantly associated with acute coronary events (HRR for the highest third versus others 1.52, 95% CI, 0.93-2.49), subjects with both high serum tHcy and the COMT low activity genotype had an additionally increased adjusted risk of HRR 2.94 (95% CI 1.50-5.76) as compared with other men.This prospective cohort study suggests that the functional COMT Val158Met polymorphism is associated with increased risk of acute coronary events and it may interact with high serum tHcy levels.
Published: 2007
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11. Catechol-o-methyltransferase gene polymorphism modifies the effect of coffee intake on incidence of acute coronary events.

Author: Pertti Happonen, Sari Voutilainen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, and Jukka T Salonen
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of coffee intake as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) has been debated for decades. We examined whether the relationship between coffee intake and incidence of CHD events is dependent on the metabolism of circulating catecholamines, as determined by functional polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In a cohort of 773 men who were 42 to 60 years old and free of symptomatic CHD at baseline in 1984-89, 78 participants experienced an acute coronary event during an average follow-up of 13 years. In logistic regression adjusting for age, smoking, family history of CHD, vitamin C deficiency, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol concentration, and diabetes, the odds ratio (90% confidence interval) comparing heavy coffee drinkers with the low activity COMT genotype with those with the high activity or heterozygotic genotypes was 3.2 (1.2-8.4). Urinary adrenaline excretion increased with increasing coffee intake, being over two-fold in heavy drinkers compared with nondrinkers (p = 0.008 for trend). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy coffee consumption increases the incidence of acute coronary events in men with low but not high COMT activity. Further studies are required to determine to which extent circulating catecholamines mediate the relationship between coffee intake and CHD.
Published: 2006
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12. Expression of markers of stem cell characteristics, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, basal-like phenotype, proliferation, and androgen receptor in metaplastic breast cancer and their prognostic impact

Author: Sari Voutilainen, Mika Sampo, Johanna Mattson, Heli Nevanlinna, Päivi Heikkilä, Carl Blomqvist, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HUS Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medicum, and Clinicum
Subjects: Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, CARCINOMA, 3122 Cancers, Breast Neoplasms, Vimentin, Metaplastic breast cancer, Stem cell marker, 03 medical and health sciences, Basal (phylogenetics), vimentin, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Cancer stem cell, Biomarkers, Tumor, Humans, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, CD44, Cell Proliferation, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, business.industry, Hematology, General Medicine, Prognosis, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Androgen receptor, Phenotype, Oncology, Receptors, Androgen, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Neoplastic Stem Cells, PHASE-II, biology.protein, Cancer research, Female, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, basal-like breast cancer, business, AR
Abstract: Background Metaplastic breast cancer (MpBC) is a heterogeneous subtype of invasive mammary carcinoma associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell characteristics. Data regarding prognostic markers and potentially actionable targets for therapy are still limited. The present study aimed to characterize the immunohistochemical landscape of this rare malignancy and to identify potential prognostic factors and targets for therapy. Material and methods A total of 75 patients diagnosed with MpBC over a 15-year period were included in the study. We performed immunohistochemical analyses for Ki-67 (MIB-1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cytokeratin 5/6, vimentin, CD44, and androgen receptor (AR) and correlated their expression with clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes. The p-values for survival analyses were corrected for multiple testing (threshold 0.01). Results Most tumors expressed CK5/6 (73%), EGFR (59%), CD44 (81%), and vimentin (87%). Eighty-nine percent had a high Ki-67 index. Eighty-four percent were classified as basal-like (CK 5/6 or EGFR positive). AR was expressed in 21% of the tumors. The basal-like phenotype was significantly (p = 0.009) associated with inferior disease-free (DFS) and breast-cancer-specific overall survival (BCOS) with borderline significance (p = 0.01). In addition, a low Ki-67 index was associated with improved DFS (p = 0.033) and BCOS (p = 0.03). Conclusion Most MpBCs express basal markers (CK5/6, EGFR), epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker vimentin, and the stem cell marker CD44. Expression of basal-like markers was significantly related to inferior DFS. All the 11 patients with a lack of expression of basal markers survived without relapse.
Published: 2021
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13. Dietary intake of choline and phosphatidylcholine and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Jyrki K. Virtanen, Sari Voutilainen, and Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Short Communication, Medicine (miscellaneous), 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Type 2 diabetes, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Choline, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Eating, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk factor, Prospective study, Prospective cohort study, Finland, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, medicine.disease, Diet, Phosphatidylcholine, chemistry, Quartile, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Relative risk, Phosphatidylcholines, Population study, business, Record linkage
Abstract: Purpose To investigate associations of total dietary choline intake and its major dietary form, phosphatidylcholine, with type 2 diabetes risk. Methods We included 2332 men aged 42–60 years at baseline in 1984–1989 from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study in eastern Finland. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-d food recording at baseline. Type 2 diabetes diagnosis was based on self-administered questionnaires, fasting and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose measurements, or by record linkage to national health registries. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for statistical analysis. Results During the mean 19.3-year follow-up, 432 men had type 2 diabetes diagnosis. After multivariable adjustments, those in the highest vs. lowest choline intake quartile had 25% (95% CI 2–43%) lower relative risk (P trend across quartiles = 0.02) and those in the highest vs. lowest phosphatidylcholine quartile had 41% (95% CI 22–55%) lower relative risk (P trend Conclusions Higher choline intake, especially phosphatidylcholine, was associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk among men.
Published: 2020

14. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Luxia Zhang, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Kairit Mikkel, Tiina Vlasoff, Eruke E. Egbagbe, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Ilona Nenko, Magdalena Klimek, Mathilde Savy, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Alfonso Siani, Luís Lopes, Vanina Bongard, Gregor Jurak, Jacqueline F. Price, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Maria Lc Iurilli, Rainford J. Wilks, Bontha V. Babu, Fereidoun Azizi, Harunobu Nakamura, Marialaura Bonaccio, Angela Döring, Zhenyu Zhang, Naser Ahmadi, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Clive Osmond, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Robert J. Adams, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Reina Engle-Stone, Atul Trivedi, Shoichiro Tsugane, Niels Møller, Jorge Bezerra, Dénes Molnár, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Badreya Al-Lahou, J. Jaime Miranda, Bahram Mohajer, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Lital Keinan Boker, Eero Kajantie, Martin Gulliford, Maties Torrent, Sumit Bharadwaj, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Zbigniew Gaciong, Nayu Ikeda, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Marc J. Gunter, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Eman Aly, Ambady Ramachandran, Nils Lehmann, Soile E. Puhakka, Giovanni Veronesi, Hongsheng Bi, Eiji Oda, Jia Li Duan, Per Tynelius, José María Huerta, Janne Schurmann Tolstrup, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Hanno Ulmer, Shukri F. Mohamed, Anthony Kafatos, Suyeon Park, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Bin Zhou, May Soe Aung, Lars Bo Andersen, Erfan Ghasemi, René Charles Sylva, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Luc Dauchet, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Angela Chetrit, Dan Zhu, Valérie Deschamps, Ko Ko Zaw, Peter Vollenweider, Tomas Vega, Yves Martin-Prével, Mahfuzar Rahman, Dorja Vočanec, Roman Topor-Madry, Vinay Nangia, Herculina S. Kruger, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Aleksander Giwercman, Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Cecilia Björkelund, Tatjana Hejgaard, Maria Puiu, Maria Benedetta Donati, Andrew Wong, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Dermot O'Reilly, Bahareh Kheiri, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susanne R. de Rooij, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Günther Fink, José R. Banegas, Michele Monroy-Valle, Drude Molbo, Mahmudur Rahman, Hynek Pikhart, Rafael N. Pichardo, Massimo Salvetti, Hui Cai, Sarah Filippi, Georg Posch, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Katsuyasu Kouda, Joana Carvalho, Gailute Bernotiene, Hannu Uusitalo, Thein Thein Htay, Felix Kaducu, Maigeng Zhou, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Michel Joffres, Sabina Zambon, Ronald D. Gregor, Vayia Rarra, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Loreto Santa Marina, Galina Obreja, Rudolf Kaaks, Aya Mostafa, Maria do Carmo Franco, Beata Gurzkowska, Chien-Jen Chen, Marie Moitry, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Xiangjun Wang, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Imperia Brajkovich, Fangfang Chen, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Holly E. Syddall, Cecily Kelleher, Michael Tornaritis, Ningli Wang, Lutgarde Thijs, Marjolein Visser, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, María José Tormo, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Norbert Amougou, Emmanuella Magriplis, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, Jingli Gao, Stig E. Bojesen, Giuseppe Grosso, Seongjun Ha, Lauren Lissner, Mikhail Benet, Anastasia Markaki, Sanjay Rampal, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Angelique Chan, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Annamari Lundqvist, Philippe Amouyel, Kristyna Zejglicova, Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou, João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Carl Lachat, Kai-Uwe Saum, Vilma Irazola, Leng Huat Foo, Óscar Lopes, Dickman Gareta, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Ruzena Kubinova, Terho Lehtimäki, Mario V. Capanzana, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Shuohua Chen, Arvind Pandey, Luigi Palmieri, Roya Kelishadi, Srinivasan Kannan, Jie Mi, Robert Beaglehole, Liliana Dacica, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Peter Ueda, Isti Ilmiati Fujiati, Hermann Pohlabeln, Morten Sodemann, Jytte Halkjær, Zbigniew Kułaga, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Henry Völzke, Karolina Milkowska, Zahra Mohammadi, Belgin Ünal, Magda Gasull, George S. Stergiou, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Seppo Koskinen, James E. Bennett, Marcela González-Gross, Virginija Dulskiene, Idris Guessous, Assembekov Batyrbek, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jeannette Lee, Josep Redon, Bihungum Bista, Luisa M Macieira, Johan Sundström, Andres Metspalu, Lariane M Ono, Flora A. Ukoli, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Andrea Gualtieri, Trevor S. Ferguson, Félicité Tchibindat, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tuyen D Le, Alison J. Hayes, Abdul Basit, Chandini Nekkantti, Teresa Norat, Eunice Ugel, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Garry L. Jennings, Aline Meirhaeghe, Kaare Christensen, Päivi Mäki, Xu Lin, Ali Esmaeili, Joanna Baran, Aneta Grajda, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Martin Bobak, Iuliia A Rusakova, Keiu Nelis, Damian K Francis, Guansheng Ma, Axel C. Carlsson, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, N Capkova, Zumin Shi, Maria Turley, Imelda A. Agdeppa, Helena I. S. 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Patel, Reynaldo Martorell, Ching-Yu Cheng, Stine Schramm, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Jacek Jóźwiak, Radwan Qasrawi, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Son Thai Pham, Simona Giampaoli, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Merete Osler, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, Giota Touloumi, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Luis Serra-Majem, Jonathan E. Shaw, Belong Cho, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Salvador Villalpando, Yuki Fujita, Tiffany K. Gill, Nish Chaturvedi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Deepak Amarapurkar, Deepa Weerasekera, Diana A. Santos, Marjeta Majer, Herman Schargrodsky, Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Ebrahim Eftekhar, Jesús Vioque, Marisa K. Sophiea, Teresa Shamah-Levy, María Dolores Chirlaque, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Stefan Söderberg, Isabel O. Oliveira, Joanne Katz, Xingwang Ye, Christophe Tzourio, Marie Zins, Aneta Weres, Ulrich Keil, Haiquan Xu, Akihiro Yoshihara, Rachel Dankner, Gabriella Gruden, Maroje Sorić, Hanspeter Stamm, Kim Overvad, Yanping Li, Carsten Oliver Schmidt, Christa L. Lilly, Veikko Salomaa, Gilad Twig, Senthil K Vasan, Qian Wang, Liufu Cui, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Sylvain Sebert, Wilma M. Hopman, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Ari Voutilainen, Peter Schnohr, Jerzy Chudek, Katia Vergetti Bloch, Vincenzo Capuano, Jyh Eiin Wong, Torben Jørgensen, Anja Schienkiewitz, Nader Saki, Carolina Tarqui-Mamani, Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção, Kazi M. Jamil, Juraci Almeida Cesar, Pedro J Ortiz, Delphine De Smedt, Luciana Zaccagni, Lynne M. 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Günay Can , Ana Paula C Cândido , Felicia Cañete , Mario V Capanzana , Nadežda Capková , Eduardo Capuano , Vincenzo Capuano , Marloes Cardol , Viviane C Cardoso , Axel C Carlsson , Esteban Carmuega , Joana Carvalho , José A Casajús , Felipe F Casanueva , Ertugrul Celikcan , Laura Censi , Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza , Juraci A Cesar , Snehalatha Chamukuttan , Angelique W Chan , Queenie Chan , Himanshu K Chaturvedi , Nish Chaturvedi , Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim , Miao Li Chee , Chien-Jen Chen , Fangfang Chen , Huashuai Chen , Shuohua Chen , Zhengming Chen , Ching-Yu Cheng , Bahman Cheraghian , Angela Chetrit , Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener , Arnaud Chiolero , Shu-Ti Chiou , María-Dolores Chirlaque , Belong Cho , Kaare Christensen , Diego G Christofaro , Jerzy Chudek , Renata Cifkova , Michelle Cilia , Eliza Cinteza , Frank Claessens , Janine Clarke , Els Clays , Emmanuel Cohen , Hans Concin , Susana C Confortin , Cyrus Cooper , Tara C Coppinger , Eva Corpeleijn , Simona Costanzo , Dominique Cottel , Chris Cowell , Cora L Craig , Amelia C Crampin , Ana B Crujeiras , Semánová Csilla , Alexandra M Cucu , Liufu Cui , Felipe V Cureau , Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska , Graziella D'Arrigo , Eleonora d'Orsi , Liliana Dacica , María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra , Jean Dallongeville , Camilla T Damsgaard , Rachel Dankner , Thomas M Dantoft , Parasmani Dasgupta , Saeed Dastgiri , Luc Dauchet , Kairat Davletov , Guy De Backer , Dirk De Bacquer , Giovanni de Gaetano , Stefaan De Henauw , Paula Duarte de Oliveira , David De Ridder , Karin De Ridder , Susanne R de Rooij , Delphine De Smedt , Mohan Deepa , Alexander D Deev , Vincent Jr DeGennaro , Abbas Dehghan , Hélène Delisle , Francis Delpeuch , Stefaan Demarest , Elaine Dennison , Katarzyna Dereń , Valérie Deschamps , Meghnath Dhimal , Augusto F Di Castelnuovo , Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa , María Elena Díaz-Sánchez , Alejandro Diaz , Zivka Dika , Shirin Djalalinia , Visnja Djordjic , Ha Tp Do , Annette J Dobson , Maria Benedetta Donati , 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, Daniel Fernández-Bergés , Daniel Ferrante , Thomas Ferrao , Marika Ferrari , Marco M Ferrario , Catterina Ferreccio , Eldridge Ferrer , Jean Ferrieres , Thamara Hubler Figueiró , Anna Fijalkowska , Günther Fink , Krista Fischer , Leng Huat Foo , Maria Forsner , Heba M Fouad , Damian K Francis , Maria do Carmo Franco , Ruth Frikke-Schmidt , Guillermo Frontera , Flavio D Fuchs , Sandra C Fuchs , Isti I Fujiati , Yuki Fujita , Matsuda Fumihiko , Takuro Furusawa , Zbigniew Gaciong , Mihai Gafencu , Andrzej Galbarczyk , Henrike Galenkamp , Daniela Galeone , Myriam Galfo , Fabio Galvano , Jingli Gao , Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera , Marta García-Solano , Dickman Gareta , Sarah P Garnett , Jean-Michel Gaspoz , Magda Gasull , Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya , Anelise Reis Gaya , Andrea Gazzinelli , Ulrike Gehring , Harald Geiger , Johanna M Geleijnse , Ali Ghanbari , Erfan Ghasemi , Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea , Simona Giampaoli , Francesco Gianfagna , Tiffany K Gill , Jonathan Giovannelli , Glen 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, Zhanna Kalmatayeva , Ofra Kalter-Leibovici , Yves Kameli , Freja B Kampmann , Kodanda R Kanala , Srinivasan Kannan , Efthymios Kapantais , Argyro Karakosta , Line L Kårhus , Khem B Karki , Marzieh Katibeh , Joanne Katz , Peter T Katzmarzyk , Jussi Kauhanen , Prabhdeep Kaur , Maryam Kavousi , Gyulli M Kazakbaeva , Ulrich Keil , Lital Keinan Boker , Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi , Roya Kelishadi , Cecily Kelleher , Han Cg Kemper , Andre P Kengne , Maryam Keramati , Alina Kerimkulova , Mathilde Kersting , Timothy Key , Yousef Saleh Khader , Davood Khalili , Kay-Tee Khaw , Bahareh Kheiri , Motahareh Kheradmand , Alireza Khosravi , Ilse Msl Khouw , Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer , Stefan Kiechl , Japhet Killewo , Dong Wook Kim , Hyeon Chang Kim , Jeongseon Kim , Jenny M Kindblom , Heidi Klakk , Magdalena Klimek , Jeannette Klimont , Jurate Klumbiene , Michael Knoflach , Bhawesh Koirala , Elin Kolle , Patrick Kolsteren , Jürgen König , Raija Korpelainen , Paul Korrovits , Magdalena Korzycka , 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Van Schoor , Irene Gm van Valkengoed , Dirk Vanderschueren , Diego Vanuzzo , Anette Varbo , Gregorio Varela-Moreiras , Patricia Varona-Pérez , Senthil K Vasan , Tomas Vega , Toomas Veidebaum , Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez , Biruta Velika , Giovanni Veronesi , Wm Monique Verschuren , Cesar G Victora , Giovanni Viegi , Lucie Viet , Salvador Villalpando , Paolo Vineis , Jesus Vioque , Jyrki K Virtanen , Marjolein Visser , Sophie Visvikis-Siest , Bharathi Viswanathan , Mihaela Vladulescu , Tiina Vlasoff , Dorja Vocanec , Peter Vollenweider , Henry Völzke , Ari Voutilainen , Sari Voutilainen , Martine Vrijheid , Tanja Gm Vrijkotte , Alisha N Wade , Aline Wagner , Thomas Waldhör , Janette Walton , Elvis Oa Wambiya , Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar , Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud , Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior , Ming-Dong Wang , Ningli Wang , Qian Wang , Xiangjun Wang , Ya Xing Wang , Ying-Wei Wang , S Goya Wannamethee , Nicholas Wareham , Adelheid Weber , Niels Wedderkopp , Deepa Weerasekera , Daniel Weghuber , Wenbin Wei , Aneta Weres , Bo Werner , Peter H Whincup , Kurt Widhalm , Indah S Widyahening , Andrzej Wiecek , Rainford J Wilks , Johann Willeit , Peter Willeit , Julianne Williams , Tom Wilsgaard , Bogdan Wojtyniak , Roy A Wong-McClure , Andrew Wong , Jyh Eiin Wong , Tien Yin Wong , Jean Woo , Mark Woodward , Frederick C Wu , Jianfeng Wu , Li Juan Wu , Shouling Wu , Haiquan Xu , Liang Xu , Nor Azwany Yaacob , Uruwan Yamborisut , Weili Yan , Ling Yang , Xiaoguang Yang , Yang Yang , Nazan Yardim , Mehdi Yaseri , Tabara Yasuharu , Xingwang Ye , Panayiotis K Yiallouros , Moein Yoosefi , Akihiro Yoshihara , Qi Sheng You , San-Lin You , Novie O Younger-Coleman , Safiah Md Yusof , Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff , Luciana Zaccagni , Vassilis Zafiropulos , Ahmad A Zainuddin , Seyed Rasoul Zakavi , Farhad Zamani , Sabina Zambon , Antonis Zampelas , Hana Zamrazilová , Maria Elisa Zapata , Abdul Hamid Zargar , Ko Ko Zaw , Tomasz Zdrojewski , Kristyna Zejglicova , Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic , Yi Zeng 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Paola, Nauck, Matthia, Neal, William A, Nejatizadeh, Azim, Nekkantti, Chandini, Nelis, Keiu, Nelis, Lii, Nenko, Ilona, Neovius, Martin, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Chung T, Nguyen, Nguyen D, Nguyen, Quang Ngoc, Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E, Nikitin, Yury P, Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A, Nogueira, Helena, Norat, Teresa, Nordendahl, Maria, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Noto, Davide, Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Nuhoglu, Irfan, Nurk, Eha, O'Neill, Terence W, O'Reilly, Dermot, Obreja, Galina, Ochimana, Caleb, Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M, Oda, Eiji, Oh, Kyungwon, Ohara, Kumiko, Ohlsson, Clae, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Örn, Olinto, Maria Teresa A, Oliveira, Isabel O, Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, Ong, Sok King, Ono, Lariane M, Ordunez, Pedro, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P, Ortiz, Pedro J, Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M, Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A, Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Elli, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Padez, Cristina, Pagkalos, Ioanni, Pahomova, Elena, de Paiva, Karina Mary, Pajak, Andrzej, Palli, Domenico, Palloni, Alberto, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Arvind, Panza, Francesco, Papandreou, Dimitrio, Park, Soon-Woo, Park, Suyeon, Parnell, Winsome R, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Pascanu, Ionela M, Pasquet, Patrick, Patel, Nikhil D, Pecin, Ivan, Pednekar, Mangesh S, Peer, Nasheeta, Pei, Gao, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C, Peres, Marco A, Pérez-Farinós, Napoleón, Pérez, Cynthia M, Peterkova, Valentina, Peters, Annette, Petersmann, Astrid, Petkeviciene, Janina, Petrauskiene, Ausra, Pettenuzzo, Emanuela, Peykari, Niloofar, Pham, Son Thai, Pichardo, Rafael N, Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeot, Iri, Pikhart, Hynek, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Pistelli, Francesco, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Pizarro, Andreia N, Plans-Rubió, Pedro, Poh, Bee Koon, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Pop, Raluca M, Popovic, Stevo R, Porta, Miquel, Posch, Georg, Poudyal, Anil, Poulimeneas, Dimitrio, Pouraram, Hamed, Pourfarzi, Farhad, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Alison J, Price, Jacqueline F, Providencia, Rui, Puder, Jardena J, Pudule, Iveta, Puhakka, Soile E, Puiu, Maria, Punab, Margu, Qasrawi, Radwan F, Qorbani, Mostafa, Bao, Tran Quoc, Radic, Ivana, Radisauskas, Ricarda, Rahimikazerooni, Salar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mahmudur, Raitakari, Olli, Raj, Manu, Rakhimova, Ellina, Rakhmatulloev, Sherali, Rakovac, Ivo, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramke, Jacqueline, Ramos, Elisabete, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rampal, Sanjay, Rarra, Vayia, Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A, Rasmussen, Mette, Rech, Cassiano Ricardo, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M, Regecová, Valéria, Revilla, Lui, Rezaianzadeh, Abba, Ribas-Barba, Lourde, Ribeiro, Robespierre, Riboli, Elio, Richter, Adrian, Rigo, Fernando, Rinaldo, Natascia, de Wit, Tobias F Rinke, Rito, Ana, Ritti-Dias, Raphael M, Rivera, Juan A, Robitaille, Cynthia, Roccaldo, Romana, Rodrigues, Daniela, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, María, Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A, Roggenbuck, Ulla, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa, Romaguera, Dora, Romeo, Elisabetta L, Rosario, Rafaela V, Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Roy, Joel GR, Rubinstein, Adolfo, Rühli, Frank J, Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Ruiz-Castell, Maria, Moreno, Emma Ruiz, Rusakova, Iuliia A, Jonsson, Kenisha Russell, Russo, Paola, Rust, Petra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sacchini, Elena, Sachdev, Harshpal S, Sadjadi, Alireza, Safarpour, Ali Reza, Safiri, Saeid, Saki, Nader, Salanave, Benoit, Martinez, Eduardo Salazar, Salmerón, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T, Salvetti, Massimo, Samoutian, Margarita, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Sandjaja, null, Sans, Susana, Marina, Loreto Santa, Santos, Diana A, Santos, Ina S, Santos, Lèlita C, Santos, Maria Paula, Santos, Osvaldo, Santos, Rute, Sanz, Sara Santo, Saramies, Jouko L, Sardinha, Luis B, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savva, Savva, Savy, Mathilde, Sawada, Norie, Sbaraini, Mariana, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D, Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath, Schargrodsky, Herman, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Carsten O, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schnohr, Peter, Schöttker, Ben, Schramm, Sara, Schramm, Stine, Schröder, Helmut, Schultsz, Constance, Schutte, Aletta E, Sein, Aye Aye, Selamat, Rusidah, Sember, Vedrana, Sen, Abhijit, Senbanjo, Idowu O, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Sequera, Victor, Serra-Majem, Lui, Servais, Jennifer, Ševcíková, Ludmila, Shalnova, Svetlana A, Shamah-Levy, Teresa, Shamshirgaran, Morteza, Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam, Sharafkhah, Maryam, Sharma, Sanjib K, Shaw, Jonathan E, Shayanrad, Amaneh, Shayesteh, Ali Akbar, Shengelia, Lela, Shi, Zumin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shin, Dong Wook, Shirani, Majid, Shiri, Rahman, Shrestha, Namuna, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M, Silva, Antonio M, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A, Sjöberg, Agneta, Sjöström, Michael, Skodje, Gry, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, So, Hung-Kwan, Soares, Fernanda Cunha, Sobek, Grzegorz, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Söderberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti YE, Soemantri, Agustinu, Sofat, Reecha, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Sørgjerd, Elin P, Jérome, Charles Sossa, Soto-Rojas, Victoria E, Soumaré, Aïcha, Sovic, Slavica, Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente, Sparrenberger, Karen, Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A, Stamm, Hanspeter, Stathopoulou, Maria G, Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Stevanovic, Ranko, Stieber, Jutta, Stöckl, Dori, Stocks, Tanja, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stoyanova, Ekaterina, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sturua, Lela, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Suka, Machi, Sun, Chien-An, Sundström, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Swinburn, Boyd A, Sy, Rody G, Syddall, Holly E, Sylva, René Charle, Szklo, Moyse, Szponar, Lucjan, Tai, E Shyong, Tammesoo, Mari-Lii, Tamosiunas, Abdona, Tan, Eng Joo, Tang, Xun, Tanrygulyyeva, Maya, Tanser, Frank, Tao, Yong, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B, Braunerová, Radka Taxová, Taylor, Anne, Taylor, Julie, Tchibindat, Félicité, Tebar, William R, Tell, Grethe S, Tello, Tania, Tham, Yih Chung, Thankappan, KR, Theobald, Holger, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thijs, Lutgarde, Thomas, Nihal, Thuesen, Betina H, Tichá, Lubica, Timmermans, Erik J, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolonen, Hanna K, Tolstrup, Janne S, Topbas, Murat, Topór-Madry, Roman, Torheim, Liv Elin, Tormo, María José, Tornaritis, Michael J, Torrent, Matie, Torres-Collado, Laura, Toselli, Stefania, Touloumi, Giota, Traissac, Pierre, Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Trichopoulos, Dimitrio, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh TH, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tuliakova, Azaliia M, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Turley, Maria L, Twig, Gilad, Tynelius, Per, Tzotzas, Themistokli, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora AM, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Uysal, Nalan, Vaitkeviciute, Justina, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Herck, Koen, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K, Vega, Toma, Veidebaum, Tooma, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Victora, Cesar G, Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Villalpando, Salvador, Vineis, Paolo, Vioque, Jesu, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Voutilainen, Sari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja GM, Wade, Alisha N, Wagner, Aline, Waldhör, Thoma, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis OA, Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nichola, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niel, Weerasekera, Deepa, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Md Yusof, Safiah, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassili, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antoni, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Ko Zaw, Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Ezzati, Majid, Filippi, Sarah, Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Population -- Health aspects, Leanness, Baixo peso/Underweight, none, Double burden, alipainoisuus, tulotaso, global health, systematic analysis, Sedentary behaviors, RC1200, Prospective associations, 0302 clinical medicine, underweight, nälänhätä, Biology (General), skin and connective tissue diseases, Children, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Body mass index, Human Nutrition & Health, education.field_of_study, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, ylipaino, General Medicine, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, World health, Medicine, A100 Pre-clinical Medicine, Population distribution, medicine.medical_specialty, QH301-705.5, Science, Socio-culturale, Nursing, Social sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Thinness, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, BMI, epidemiology, obesity, None, Humans, Obesidade/Obesity, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, education, VLAG, US adults, Omvårdnad, body mass index, malnutrition, obesity, underweight, nutritional and metabolic diseases, medicine.disease, terveellisyys, Obesity, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Risk Factors, General Biochemistry, WIAS, lihavuus, RA, Demography, N.A, double burden, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, alueelliset erot, Nutrition and Disease, Animal Nutrition, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medizin, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Change distribution of body mass index, RA0421, Voeding en Ziekte, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Global health, Índice de massa corporal/Body Mass Index, 030212 general & internal medicine, Underweight, painoindeksi, 2. Zero hunger, General Neuroscience, aliravitsemus, elintarvikkeet, health, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Diervoeding, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.03 [https], Chinese adults, pooled analysis, medicine.symptom, Diet quality, B120 Physiology, Research Article, trends, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.03 [https], prevalence, Population, Mothers, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 3121 Internal medicine, medicine, Life Science, ddc:610, 3125 Otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, kehonkoostumus, Nutrition, Australian adults, General Immunology and Microbiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.04 [https], Ciências sociais, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, Epidemiology and Global Health, sense organs, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions., Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, peer-reviewed
Published: 2021
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15. Comparison of the mutational profiles of neuroendocrine breast tumours, invasive ductal carcinomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas

Author: Peeter Karihtala, Katja Porvari, Nelli Roininen, Sari Voutilainen, Johanna Mattson, Päivi Heikkilä, Kirsi-Maria Haapasaari, Katri Selander, Department of Oncology, Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, and University of Helsinki
Subjects: SIGNALING PATHWAYS, Cancer Research, LANDSCAPE, GATA3, 3122 Cancers, SOMATIC MUTATIONS, CANCER, Molecular Biology
Abstract: The pathophysiology and the optimal treatment of breast neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are unknown. We compared the mutational profiles of breast NETs (n = 53) with those of 724 publicly available invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and 98 pancreatic NET (PNET) cases. The only significantly different pathogenetic or unknown variant rate between breast NETs and IDCs was detected in the TP53 (11.3% in breast NETs and 41% in IDCs, adjusted p value 0.027) and ADCK2 (9.4% in breast NETs vs. 0.28% in IDCs, adjusted p value 0.045) genes. Between breast NETs and PNETs, different pathogenetic or unknown variant frequencies were detected in 30 genes. For example, MEN1 was mutated in only 6% of breast NETs and 37% in PNETs (adjusted p value 0.00050), and GATA3 pathogenetic or unknown variants were only found in 17.0% of breast NETs and 0% in PNETs (adjusted p value 0.0010). The most commonly affected oncogenic pathways in the breast NET cases were PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NOTCH and RTK-RAS pathways. Breast NETs had typically clock-like mutational signatures and signatures associated with defective DNA mismatch repair in their mutational landscape. Our results suggest that the breast NET mutational profile more closely resembles that of IDCs than that of PNETs. These results also revealed several potentially druggable targets, such as MMRd, in breast NETs. In conclusion, breast NETs are indeed a separate breast cancer entity, but their optimal treatment remains to be elucidated.
Published: 2021

16. Associations of dietary choline intake with risk of incident dementia and with cognitive performance: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Eija Lönnroos, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Heli E K Virtanen, Sari Voutilainen, Jukka T. Salonen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, and Maija P T Ylilauri
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Eggs, Apolipoprotein E4, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), Lower risk, Choline, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cognition, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Dementia, Prospective Studies, Cognitive decline, Risk factor, education, Finland, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Diet, chemistry, Phosphatidylcholines, Population study, Alzheimer's disease, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background Moderate egg intake has been associated with better cognitive performance in observational studies. This association may be due to the rich content of choline, especially phosphatidylcholine, in eggs because choline has been suggested to have a role in the prevention of cognitive decline. Objectives We investigated the associations of dietary choline intake with the risk of incident dementia and with cognitive performance in middle-aged and older men in the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Methods A population-based sample of 2497 dementia-free men aged 42-60 y was examined in 1984-1989. A subset of 482 men completed 5 different cognitive performance tests 4 y later. Dementia and Alzheimer disease diagnoses were retrieved from Finnish health registers. Dietary intakes were assessed with the use of 4-d food records at baseline. Cox regression and ANCOVA were used for the analyses. All analyses were also stratified by the apolipoprotein E phenotype (APOE-e4 compared with other phenotypes). These data were available for 1259 men. Results The mean ± SD total choline intake was 431 ± 88 mg/d, of which 188 ± 63 mg/d was phosphatidylcholine. During a 21.9-y follow-up, 337 men were diagnosed with dementia. Those in the highest compared with the lowest phosphatidylcholine intake quartile had 28% (95% CI: 1%, 48%; P-trend = 0.02 across quartiles) lower multivariable-adjusted risk of incident dementia. Total choline intake had no association with the risk of incident dementia. However, both total choline and phosphatidylcholine intakes were associated with better performance in cognitive tests assessing frontal and temporal lobe functioning. For example, higher intakes were associated with better performance in verbal fluency and memory functions. The APOE phenotype had little or no impact on the associations. Conclusion Higher phosphatidylcholine intake was associated with lower risk of incident dementia and better cognitive performance in men in eastern Finland. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03221127.
Published: 2019
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17. Egg consumption, cholesterol intake, and risk of incident stroke in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Sudhir Kurl, Anna M Abdollahi, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Jukka T. Salonen, Heli E K Virtanen, Sari Voutilainen, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, and Department of Public Health
Subjects: Adult, Male, Apolipoprotein E, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), apolipoprotein e4, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Cholesterol, Dietary, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, eggs, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Risk factor, Prospective cohort study, education, Stroke, Finland, METAANALYSIS, DIETARY-CHOLESTEROL, education.field_of_study, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, cholesterol, Cardiorespiratory fitness, ASSOCIATION, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, stroke, POLYMORPHISM, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Diet, Phenotype, Blood pressure, MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, Quartile, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE, 3143 Nutrition, CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS, business, prospective study
Abstract: Background: Epidemiologic studies suggest inverse associations between consumption of egg, a major source of dietary cholesterol, and stroke. However, the evidence of the relation remains limited, especially among carriers of apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), which influences cholesterol metabolism. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate associations of egg and cholesterol intakes with risk of stroke and with the major stroke risk factor, blood pressure, inmiddle-aged and older men from eastern Finland and whether apoE phenotype could modify these associations. Methods: A total of 1950 men aged 42-60 y in 1984-1989 were included at the baseline examinations of the prospective population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Data on apoE phenotype were available for 1015 men. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-d food records at baseline and incident stroke events were assessed by record linkage to hospital discharge registries. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate associations with stroke risk. Associations with baseline blood pressure were evaluated with ANCOVA. Results: During the mean +/- SD follow-up of 21.2 +/- 7.2 y, there were 217 incidences of any stroke: 166 of ischemic stroke and 55 of hemorrhagic stroke. Comparing the highest egg intake quartile with the lowest, the multivariable-adjusted HRs were 0.81 for total stroke (95% CI: 0.54, 1.23; P-trend = 0.32), 0.84 for ischemic stroke (95% CI: 0.53, 1.34; P-trend = 0.44), and 0.75 for hemorrhagic stroke (95% CI: 0.32, 1.77; P-trend = 0.40). The respective HRs for the highest cholesterol intake quartile compared with the lowest were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.32; P-trend = 0.42), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.46, 1.20; P-trend = 0.32), and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.45, 2.66; P-trend = 0.75). Diastolic blood pressure was 1.6 mm Hg (P-trend = 0.04) lower in the highest egg intake quartile compared with the lowest, but there were no associations with systolic blood pressure or with cholesterol intake. ApoE phenotype (32% had apoE4 phenotype) did not modify the associations. Conclusion: Neither egg nor cholesterol intakes were associated with stroke risk in this cohort, regardless of apoE phenotype. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03221127.
Published: 2019
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18. Gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease: Temporal stability and relations to disease progression

Author: Eero Pekkonen, Filip Scheperjans, Lars Paulin, Petri Auvinen, Sari Voutilainen, Velma T. E. Aho, Pedro A. B. Pereira, HUS Neurocenter, Institute of Biotechnology, Neurologian yksikkö, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, BioMag Laboratory, DNA Sequencing and Genomics, University Management, Doctoral Programme in Food Chain and Health, Doctoral Programme in Integrative Life Science, Doctoral Programme in Microbiology and Biotechnology, and Department of Neurosciences
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Levodopa, SYMPTOMS, Research paper, Parkinson's disease, Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres [D99] [Sciences de la santé humaine], Gut–brain axis, Physiology, CONSTIPATION, Gut microbiota, Disease, Gut flora, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, medicine, Prevotella, Humans, NASAL, SCALE, Multidisciplinary, general & others [D99] [Human health sciences], Aged, biology, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Parkinson Disease, Biodiversity, Sequence Analysis, DNA, General Medicine, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, DYSFUNCTION, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Gut-brain-axis, Case-Control Studies, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Disease Progression, Female, Enterotype, Disease Susceptibility, Metagenomics, Roseburia, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background: Several publications have described differences in cross-sectional comparisons of gut microbiota between patients with Parkinson's disease and control subjects, with considerable variability of the reported differentially abundant taxa. The temporal stability of such microbiota alterations and their relationship to disease progression have not been previously studied with a high-throughput sequencing based approach. Methods: We collected clinical data and stool samples from 64 Parkinson's patients and 64 control subjects twice, on average 2.25 years apart. Disease progression was evaluated based on changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and Levodopa Equivalent Dose, and microbiota were characterized with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Findings: We compared patients to controls, and patients with stable disease to those with faster progression. There were significant differences between microbial communities of patients and controls when corrected for confounders, but not between timepoints. Specific bacterial taxa that differed between patients and controls at both timepoints included several previously reported ones, such as Roseburia, Prevotella and Bifidobacterium. In progression comparisons, differentially abundant taxa were inconsistent across methods and timepoints, but there was some support for a different distribution of enterotypes and a decreased abundance of Prevotella in faster-progressing patients. Interpretation: The previously detected gut microbiota differences between Parkinson's patients and controls persisted after 2 years. While we found some evidence for a connection between microbiota and disease progression, a longer follow-up period is required to confirm these findings. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Published: 2019
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19. Dietary proteins and protein sources and risk of death: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Maija P T Ylilauri, Jaakko Mursu, Petra Kokko, Sari Voutilainen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jukka T. Salonen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Heli E K Virtanen, and Timo T Koskinen
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Meat, Population, Myocardial Ischemia, Medicine (miscellaneous), Physiology, Type 2 diabetes, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Plant Proteins, Dietary, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Neoplasms, Diabetes mellitus, Animal Proteins, Dietary, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Myocardial infarction, Risk factor, education, Prospective cohort study, Finland, Proportional Hazards Models, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Feeding Behavior, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Diet, 3. Good health, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Cardiovascular Diseases, Plant protein, Population study, Dietary Proteins, Energy Intake, business
Abstract: Background Previous studies investigating protein intake in relation to mortality have provided conflicting results. Objective We investigated the associations of dietary protein and protein sources with risk of disease death in the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Methods The study population consisted of 2641 Finnish men, aged 42-60 y at baseline in 1984-1989. We estimated protein intakes with 4-d dietary records at baseline and collected data on disease deaths from the national Causes of Death Register. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs. Results During the average follow-up of 22.3 y, we observed 1225 deaths due to disease. Higher intakes of total protein and animal protein had borderline statistically significant associations with increased mortality risk: multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) in the highest compared with the lowest quartile for total protein intake = 1.17 (0.99, 1.39; P-trend across quartiles = 0.07) and for animal protein intake = 1.13 (0.95, 1.35; P-trend = 0.04). Higher animal-to-plant protein ratio (extreme-quartile HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.49; P-trend = 0.01) and higher meat intake (extreme-quartile HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47; P-trend = 0.01) were associated with increased mortality. When evaluated based on disease history at baseline, the association of total protein with mortality appeared more evident among those with a history of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer (n = 1094) compared with those without disease history (n = 1547) (P-interaction = 0.05 or 0.07, depending on the model). Intakes of fish, eggs, dairy, or plant protein sources were not associated with mortality. Conclusions Higher ratio of animal to plant protein in diet and higher meat intake were associated with increased mortality risk. Higher total protein intake appeared to be associated with mortality mainly among those with a predisposing disease. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03221127.
Published: 2019
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20. Author response: Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Zahra Mohammadi, Abdul Basit, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Soile E. Puhakka, Hongsheng Bi, Ari Voutilainen, Davood Khalili, Bin Zhou, Dermot O'Reilly, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Bahareh Kheiri, Thein Thein Htay, Simona Giampaoli, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Simona Bo, Peter Schnohr, Jerzy Chudek, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Katia Vergetti Bloch, Vincenzo Capuano, Holly E. Syddall, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Leng Huat Foo, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Merete Osler, Laura Torres-Collado, Manu Raj, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Susi Kriemler, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Aneta Grajda, Anette Varbo, Kazem Mohammad, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Shu Ti Chiou, Iuliia A Rusakova, Jyh Eiin Wong, Torben Jørgensen, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Hamid Hakimi, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Yanina Zócalo, Freda Pitakaka, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Marie Kunešová, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Yannis Manios, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Yufang Bi, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Sibel Gogen, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kristine H. Allin, Ana Azevedo, Line Tang Møllehave, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Gretchen A Stevens, Dickman Gareta, Holger Theobald, Anja Schienkiewitz, Bekbolat Zholdin, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Ulla Roggenbuck, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Eero Kajantie, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Mary Simon, Prakash C. Gupta, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Cristina Padez, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Sarah P. Garnett, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Suhad Bahijri, Christina Mavrogianni, Mihaela Vladulescu, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Rui Ornelas, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Slawomir Koziel, Shohreh Naderimagham, Jari Jokelainen, Stephen T. 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Minderico, Betina H. Thuesen, Queenie Chan, Ulf Ekelund, Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar, Line Lund Kårhus, Cihangir Erem, Amina Barkat, Maria Paula Santos, Fernanda Cunha Soares, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Allan G. Hill, Honor Bixby, Benoît Salanave, Joana Carvalho, Maigeng Zhou, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Roy A Wong-McClure, Kim F. Michaelsen, Doris Stöckl, Rosalynn Siantar, Jouko Saramies, José R. Banegas, Quang Ngoc La, Uruwan Yamborisut, Parinaz Mehdipour, Farhad Pourfarzi, Sudha Ramachandra Rao, Katsuyasu Kouda, Chien-Jen Chen, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Martin Nankap, Allan Linneberg, Ronald D. Gregor, Rudolf Kaaks, Maria do Carmo Franco, Marta García-Solano, Beata Gurzkowska, Bahman Cheraghian, Stefaan De Henauw, Daniel Ferrante, Johanna A. Otero, Jamila Abubakar Garba, Antonio Pedro Graça, Sumit Bharadwaj, Shiqi Zhen, Xiu-Hua Guo, Prashant Mathur, Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias, Kouamelan Doua, Esteban Carmuega, Majid Shirani, Przemyslaw Slusarczyk, Petra Rust, Visnja Djordjic, Farahnaz Joukar, Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir, Leila Houti, Nayu Ikeda, Imperia Brajkovich, Amirabbas Momenan, Erik J. Timmermans, Marcin Rutkowski, Biruta Velika, Joana Araújo, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Christa L. Lilly, Per Tynelius, Michael Tornaritis, Anne Juolevi, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Carl Lachat, Kai-Uwe Saum, Espen Bjertness, Ana P. Ortiz, Joel G. R. Roy, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Michelle Holdsworth, Niels Wedderkopp, Johan Van der Heyden, Mukharram M. Bikbov, Hsien-Ho Lin, Eva Corpeleijn, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Michala Lustigová, Tuyen D Le, Teresa Norat, Hana Zamrazilová, Garry Brian, Tien Yin Wong, Rosa Haghshenas, Clive Osmond, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Vilma Irazola, Olli T. Raitakari, Marco Aurélio Peres, Terho Lehtimäki, Shuohua Chen, Dimitrios Papandreou, Robert J. Adams, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Luisa M Macieira, Félicité Tchibindat, Lital Keinan Boker, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Morten Sodemann, Jytte Halkjær, Zbigniew Kułaga, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Farshad Farzadfar, N Capkova, Zumin Shi, Maria Turley, Zbigniew Gaciong, Giovanni Veronesi, Martin McKee, Veikko Salomaa, Gilad Twig, Elisabetta L. Romeo, Peter Kristensen, Grazyna Jasienska, Victor Guillermo Sequera, Mario V. Capanzana, Con Burns, Emanuela Pettenuzzo, Ming-Dong Wang, Jonathan Giovannelli, Stela McLachlan, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Stefania Toselli, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Senthil K Vasan, Sara Schramm, Xenophon Theodoridis, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Guillermo Frontera, Rahul Malhotra, Thomas Ferrao, Dongfeng Gu, Tomas Vega, Hynek Pikhart, Päivi Mäki, Heba Fouad, Vilnis Dzerve, Christina Howitt, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Jenny M. Kindblom, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, G. K. Mini, Qian Wang, Liufu Cui, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Sylvain Sebert, Vilmundur Gudnason, Loreto Santa Marina, Kairat Davletov, Afshin Ostovar, Niloofar Peykari, Nicholas J. Wareham, Wilma M. Hopman, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Jussi Kauhanen, Breige A. McNulty, Alina Kerimkulova, Youcef Laid, Claes Ohlsson, Stefan Kiechl, Alicia Matijasevich, Boban Mugoša, Srinivasan Kannan, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Shahla AlDhukair, Cynthia M. Pérez, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Dominique Hange, João Luiz Bastos, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Thomas Waldhör, Ioannis Pagkalos, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Peter Vollenweider, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Aya Mostafa, Fangfang Chen, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Arvind Pandey, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Rusidah Selamat, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paul Korrovits, Paola Nardone, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Alberto Barceló, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Constance Schultsz, Frank J Rühli, Santiago F. Gomez, Tara Coppinger, Muhammad Islam, Pierre Traissac, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irfan Nuhoglu, Rui Providência, Bernard Maire, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Sinead Brophy, Daniela Pierannunzio, Cristina Taddei, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Abdullah Alkandari, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Sudhir Kowlessur, Bagher Larijani, Cynthia Robitaille, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Noor Ani Ahmad, Anar Dushpanova, Agustinus Soemantri, Susana Sans, Ionela Pascanu, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Inger Ariansen, Abhijit Sen, Sergej M. Ostojic, Silvana Donoso, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Michael Knoflach, Moein Yoosefi, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Bethlehem D. Solomon, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, Son Thai Pham, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Giota Touloumi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Yi Song, Jianfeng Wu, Jeannette Klimont, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Hoang Van Minh, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Martine Vrijheid, Susana Cararo Confortin, Antonis Zampelas, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ausra Petrauskiene, Juha Auvinen, Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Magdalena Klimek, Luís Lopes, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Maria Lc Iurilli, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Rainford J. Wilks, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Hanno Ulmer, Deepak Amarapurkar, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Massimo Salvetti, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Sabina Zambon, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, Lauren Lissner, Kamarul Imran Musa, Deepa Weerasekera, Bihungum Bista, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, and Alison J. Hayes
Subjects: education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Distribution (economics), medicine.disease, Obesity, Geography, medicine, Underweight, medicine.symptom, education, business, Body mass index, Demography
Published: 2020
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21. Intake of fermented and non-fermented dairy products and risk of incident CHD: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Heli E K Virtanen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Timo T Koskinen, Jaakko Mursu, and Sari Voutilainen
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Cultured Milk Products, Population, Myocardial Ischemia, Medicine (miscellaneous), Lower risk, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, Risk Factors, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, Prospective Studies, Risk factor, education, Finland, Proportional Hazards Models, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Incidence, Hazard ratio, Confounding, Absolute risk reduction, Middle Aged, Dietary Fats, Diet Records, Diet, Quartile, Dairy Products, business, Cohort study
Abstract: Recent dairy product studies have suggested that fermented rather than non-fermented dairy products might provide benefits on cardiovascular health, but the evidence is inconclusive. Therefore, we investigated whether fermented and non-fermented dairy products have distinct associations with the risk of incident CHD in a population with high dairy product intake. The present study included a total of 1981 men, aged 42–60 years, from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, with no CHD at baseline. Dietary intakes were assessed with instructed 4-d food records. We used Cox’s proportional hazards regression model to estimate the associations with the risk of CHD. Fatal and non-fatal CHD events were ascertained from national registries. During a mean follow-up of 20·1 years, 472 CHD events were recorded. Median intakes were 105 g/d for fermented (87 % low-fat products) and 466 g/d for non-fermented dairy products (60 % low-fat products). After adjusting for potential confounders, those in the highest (v. lowest) intake quartile of fermented dairy products had 27 % (95 % CI 5, 44; P-trend=0·02) lower risk of CHD. In contrast, those in the highest intake quartile of non-fermented dairy products had 52 % (95 % CI 13, 104; P-trend=0·003) higher risk of CHD. When analysed based on fat content, low-fat (P-trend=0·03), but high-fat fermented dairy and low-fat or high-fat non-fermented dairy products had no association. These results suggest that fermented and non-fermented dairy products can have opposite associations with the risk of CHD.
Published: 2018
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22. Serum n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of death: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Jyrki K. Virtanen, Jaakko Mursu, Jason H Y Wu, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, and Sari Voutilainen
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Medicine (miscellaneous), Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Lower risk, Body Mass Index, Linoleic Acid, 03 medical and health sciences, 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, Neoplasms, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, gamma-Linolenic Acid, Risk factor, Cause of death, chemistry.chemical_classification, Cancer Death Rate, Arachidonic Acid, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Incidence, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Diet, Socioeconomic Factors, chemistry, Cardiovascular Diseases, Population study, business, Biomarkers, Follow-Up Studies, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: The cardioprotective properties of linoleic acid (LA), a major n-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), have been recognized, but less is known about its associations with other causes of death. Relatively little is also known about how the minor n-6 PUFAs-γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA)-relate to mortality risk.We investigated the associations of serum n-6 PUFAs, an objective biomarker of exposure, with risk of death in middle-aged and older men and whether disease history modifies the associations.We included 2480 men from the prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, aged 42-60 y at baseline in 1984-1989. The stratified analyses by baseline disease status included 1019 men with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, or diabetes and 1461 men without a history of disease.During the mean follow-up of 22.4 y, 1143 deaths due to disease occurred. Of these, 575 were CVD deaths, 317 were cancer deaths, and 251 were other-cause deaths. A higher serum LA concentration was associated with a lower risk of death from any cause (multivariable-adjusted HR for the highest compared with the lowest quintile: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.71; P-trend 0.001) and with deaths due to CVD (extreme-quintile HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.74; P-trend 0.001) and non-CVD or noncancer causes (HR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.76; P-trend = 0.001). Serum AA had similar, although weaker, inverse associations. Serum GLA and DGLA were not associated with risk of death, and none of the fatty acids were associated with cancer mortality. The results were generally similar among those with or without a history of major chronic disease (P-interaction 0.13).Our findings showed an inverse association of a higher biomarker of LA intake with total and CVD mortality and little concern for risk, thus supporting the current dietary recommendations to increase LA intake for CVD prevention. The finding of an inverse association of serum AA with the risk of death needs replication in other populations.
Published: 2018
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23. Molecular evaluation of vitamin D responsiveness of healthy young adults

Author: Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Tarja Nurmi, Jaakko Mursu, Carsten Carlberg, Jussi Pihlajamäki, Sabine Seuter, Antonio Neme, Jyrki K. Virtanen, and Sari Voutilainen
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Vitamin, medicine.medical_specialty, Calcitriol, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Clinical Biochemistry, Parathyroid hormone, Biology, Biochemistry, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Calcitriol receptor, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Internal medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, medicine, Humans, Molecular Biology, Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Vitamins, Cell Biology, 3. Good health, rap GTP-Binding Proteins, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Parathyroid Hormone, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Molecular Medicine, Female, medicine.drug
Abstract: Vitamin D3 has via its metabolites 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) direct effects on the transcriptome and the epigenome of most human cells. In the VitDbol study we exposed 35 healthy young adults to an oral vitamin D3 dose (2000μg) or placebo and took blood samples directly before the supplementation as well as at days 1, 2 and 30. Within 24h the vitamin D3 intake raised the average serum levels of both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 by approximately 20%. However, we observed large inter-individual differences in these serum levels, reflected by the average ratios between 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations ranging from 277 to 1365. Interestingly, average serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels increased at day 1 by some 10% but then decreased within the following four weeks to levels 5% below baseline. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were isolated at the same time points we determined vitamin D-modulated chromatin accessibility by FAIRE-qPCR at selected genomic loci. This method is well suited to evaluate both short-term and long-term in vivo effects of vitamin D on the epigenome of human subjects. The differential vitamin D responsiveness of the VitDbol study participants was determined via individual changes in their PTH levels or chromatin accessibility in relation to alterations in 25(OH)D3 concentrations. This led to the segregation of the subjects into 14 high, 11 mid and 10 low responders. In summary, the vitamin D responsiveness classification provides additional information compared to a vitamin D status assessment based on single 25(OH)D3 serum measurements. The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02063334).
Published: 2017
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24. Serum dihomo-γ-linolenic acid level is inversely associated with the risk of depression. A 21-year follow-up study in general population men

Author: Anu Ruusunen, Tarja Nurmi, Soili M. Lehto, Teymoor Yary, Jussi Kauhanen, Tommi Tolmunen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Sari Voutilainen, School of Medicine / Clinical Nutrition, and School of Medicine / Public Health,School of Medicine / Clinical Medicine
Subjects: Adult, Male, Serum, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Lower risk, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Fatty acids, Prospective study, Risk factor, Prospective cohort study, education, Finland, Depression (differential diagnoses), Inflammation, education.field_of_study, Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, biology, Depression, business.industry, Incidence, Hazard ratio, C-reactive protein, Middle Aged, DGLA, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, C-Reactive Protein, Endocrinology, chemistry, biology.protein, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background Depression is a major public health challenge worldwide, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n-3 PUFAs, have been found to inversely associate with the risk of depression. However, only few cross-sectional studies have investigated the association between dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), an n-6 PUFA with anti-inflammatory effects, and depression. The aims of the present study were to examine an association between serum DGLA and the risk of depression, and to study whether the potential association is mediated via inflammation. Methods A 20-year prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) follow-up study was conducted from 1984 to 1989 with 2179 middle-aged and older Finnish men (42–60 years old at baseline). The baseline concentrations of serum fatty acids, including DGLA, were determined. A hospital discharge diagnosis of depression was used as the main outcome and obtained from linkage to National Hospital Discharge Register. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured to assess inflammation. Results An inverse association between serum DGLA concentration and incidence of depression was found after adjustment for several potential confounders (Hazard ratio HR 0.53, CI 0.36–0.79, P=0.002). The association between DGLA and depression was not dependent on inflammation (P-interaction=0.618). Limitations Our findings may not be generalizable to individuals below middle-age or women. Moreover, we were unable to consider cases with mild depression in the longitudinal setting. Conclusions Higher serum DGLA concentrations may predict lower risk of develop depression in elderly men. Further studies are warranted to address potential mechanisms as mechanism behind this association remains unclear., final draft, peerReviewed
Published: 2017
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25. The dynamic course of peripartum depression across pregnancy and childbirth

Author: Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Markku Pasanen, Kirsti Kumpulainen, Soili M. Lehto, Sari Voutilainen, Tsachi Ein-Dor, Aleksi Ruohomäki, Leea Keski-Nisula, Sharon Dekel, Juha Pekkanen, Seppo Heinonen, Jussi Lampi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinicum, HUS Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Public Health, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, and Department of Psychiatry
Subjects: Postpartum depression, SYMPTOMS, Databases, Factual, Poison control, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Childbirth, POSTNATAL DEPRESSION, Depression (differential diagnoses), Finland, SCALE, Obstetrics, 3. Good health, PREVALENCE, Psychiatry and Mental health, GROWTH, Female, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Prospective sample, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Mothers, Depression, Postpartum, ANTENATAL DEPRESSION, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Peripartum Period, Humans, Growth modeling, Symptom trajectory, PERINATAL DEPRESSION, Biological Psychiatry, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Depressive Disorder, Peripartum depression, business.industry, POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION, RESILIENCE, medicine.disease, Mental health, 030227 psychiatry, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Antenatal depression, TRAJECTORIES, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Perinatal Depression
Abstract: Objective Peripartum depression (PPD) pertaining to depression in pregnancy and postpartum is one of the most common complications around childbirth with enduring adverse effects on mother and child health. Although psychiatric symptoms may improve or worsen over time, relatively little is known about the course of PPD symptoms and possible fluctuations. Methods We applied a person-centered approach to examine PPD symptom patterns across pregnancy and childbirth. 824 women were assessed at three time points: first trimester (T1), third trimester (T2), and again at eight weeks (T3) postpartum. We assessed PPD symptoms, maternal mental health history, and childbirth variables. Results Growth mixture modeling (GMM) analysis revealed four discrete PPD symptom trajectory classes including chronic PPD (1.1%), delayed (10.2%), recovered (7.2%), and resilient (81.5%). Delivery complications were associated with chronic PPD but also with the recovered PPD trajectory class. History of mental health disorders was associated with chronic PPD and the delayed PPD class. Conclusion The findings underscore that significant changes in a woman's depression level can occur across pregnancy and childbirth. While a minority of women experience chronic PDD, for others depression symptoms appear to significantly alleviate over time, suggesting a form of recovery. Our findings support a personalized medicine approach based on the woman's symptom trajectory. Future research is warranted to identify the mechanisms underlying modifications in PPD symptoms severity and those implicated in recovery.
Published: 2019

26. Associations of circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes:a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies

Author: Matti Marklund, Sari Voutilainen, Claudine Berr, Nicholas J. Wareham, Dariush Mozaffarian, Albert Koulman, Cécilia Samieri, Ingeborg A. Brouwer, Jenna Veenstra, Amanda M. Fretts, Luc Djoussé, David S. Siscovick, V. Gudnason, Lynne E. Wagenknecht, Lyn M. Steffen, Maria Lankinen, Michael Y. Tsai, Nathan L. Tintle, Nona Sotoodehnia, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Fumiaki Imamura, Barbara McKnight, Catherine Helmer, Kuo-Liong Chien, Kerry L. M. Wong, Jason H Y Wu, Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Bill Harris, Chaoyu Yu, Renata Micha, Matti Uusitupa, Tamara B. Harris, Kalina Rajaobelina, Nita G. Forouhi, Alexis C. Wood, Waqas Qureshi, Rachel A. Murphy, Markku Laakso, Brian T. Steffen, Anya Kalsbeek, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit [Seattle, WA, USA] (Department of Medicine), University of Washington [Seattle], MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit [Bristol, Royaume-Uni] (MRC IEU), University of Bristol [Bristol], Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-Institute of Metabolic Science, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), National Institute on Aging [Bethesda, USA] (NIA), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), MRC epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, NIHR Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Epidémiologie, santé publique et développement, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR99-ISPED, Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland., School of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology in Minnesota [Rochester], Mayo Clinic, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Neuropsychiatrie : recherche épidémiologique et clinique (PSNREC), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Berr, Claudine, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Nutrition and Health, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, and APH - Mental Health
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Percentile, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medicine (miscellaneous), Lignoceric acid, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Type 2 diabetes, Lower risk, Logistic regression, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Eicosanoic Acids, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Medicine, Humans, saturated fatty acids, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, 030304 developmental biology, Aged, 2. Zero hunger, Aged, 80 and over, 0303 health sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium, diabetes, business.industry, Fatty Acids, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, very-long-chain saturated fatty acids, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], meta-analysis, Original Research Communications, chemistry, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Meta-analysis, Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND:Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of different chain lengths have unique metabolic and biological effects, and a small number of recent studies suggest that higher circulating concentrations of the very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0) are associated with a lower risk of diabetes. Confirmation of these findings in a large and diverse population is needed.OBJECTIVE:We investigated the associations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident type 2 diabetes in prospective studies.METHODS:Twelve studies that are part of the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium participated in the analysis. Using Cox or logistic regression within studies and an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis across studies, we examined the associations of VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident diabetes among 51,431 participants.RESULTS:There were 14,276 cases of incident diabetes across participating studies. Higher circulating concentrations of 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 were each associated with a lower risk of incident diabetes. Pooling across cohorts, the RR (95% CI) for incident diabetes comparing the 90th percentile to the 10th percentile was 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) for 20:0, 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) for 22:0, and 0.75 (0.69, 0.83) for 24:0 after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, adiposity, and other health factors. Results were fully attenuated in exploratory models that adjusted for circulating 16:0 and triglycerides.CONCLUSIONS:Results from this pooled analysis indicate that higher concentrations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 are each associated with a lower risk of diabetes.
Published: 2019
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27. Serum n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase activities, and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Teymoor Yary, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Tarja Nurmi, Anu Ruusunen, Sari Voutilainen, and Jyrki K. Virtanen
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Linoleic acid, Myocardial Ischemia, Medicine (miscellaneous), 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Type 2 diabetes, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biology, Lower risk, Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase, Linoleic Acid, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, gamma-Linolenic Acid, gamma-Linolenic acid, Risk factor, Finland, Proportional Hazards Models, chemistry.chemical_classification, Arachidonic Acid, Nutrition and Dietetics, Glucose Tolerance Test, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Zinc, Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, chemistry, Multivariate Analysis, Linoleoyl-CoA desaturase, Follow-Up Studies, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: BACKGROUND The role of n-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconclusive. In addition, little is known about how factors involved in PUFA metabolism, such as zinc, may affect the associations. OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations of serum n-6 PUFAs and activities of enzymes involved in PUFA metabolism, Δ5 desaturase (D5D) and Δ6 desaturase (D6D), with T2D risk to determine whether serum zinc concentrations could modify these associations. DESIGN The study included 2189 men from the prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, aged 42-60 y and free of T2D at baseline in 1984-1989. T2D was assessed by self-administered questionnaires, by fasting and 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance test blood glucose measurement at re-examination rounds 4, 11, and 20 y after baseline, and by record linkage to the hospital discharge registry and the reimbursement register on diabetes medication expenses. Multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze associations. RESULTS During the average follow-up of 19.3 y, 417 men developed T2D. Those with higher estimated D5D activity (extreme-quartile HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.74; P-trend < 0.001) and higher concentrations of total n-6 PUFAs (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.73; P-trend < 0.001), linoleic acid (LA; HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.70; P-trend < 0.001), and arachidonic acid (AA; HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.85; P-trend = 0.007) had a lower risk and those with higher concentrations of γ-linolenic acid (GLA; HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.68; P = 0.021) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.84; P-trend = 0.005) and higher D6D activity had a higher (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.97; P-trend < 0.001) multivariate-adjusted risk of T2D. Zinc mainly modified the association with GLA on T2D risk, with a higher risk observed among those with serum zinc concentrations above the median (P-interaction = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Higher serum total n-6 PUFA, LA, and AA concentrations and estimated D5D activity were associated with a lower risk of incident T2D, and higher GLA and DGLA concentrations and estimated D6D activity were associated with a higher risk. In addition, a higher serum zinc concentration modified the association of GLA on the risk of T2D.
Published: 2016
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28. Association between serum long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive performance in elderly men and women: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Sari Voutilainen, Jussi Kauhanen, D'Ascoli Ta, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, and Jaakko Mursu
Subjects: Adult, Male, Vitamin, medicine.medical_specialty, Calorie, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Cross-sectional study, Apolipoprotein E4, Myocardial Ischemia, Medicine (miscellaneous), Neuropsychological Tests, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cognition, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Animals, Humans, Medicine, Geriatric Assessment, Finland, Aged, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Fishes, Mercury, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Obesity, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Cross-Sectional Studies, Endocrinology, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Seafood, chemistry, Docosahexaenoic acid, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Female, business, Body mass index, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Hair, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: Fish intake and the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in fish have been suggested to lower the risk of cognitive decline. We assessed whether serum long-chain omega-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with performance on neuropsychological tests in an older population and whether exposure to methylmercury, mainly from fish, or apolipoprotein-E4 (Apo-E4) phenotype can modify the associations.A total of 768 participants from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were included. Cognitive function was measured using five neuropsychological tests: the Trail Making Test, the Verbal Fluency Test, the Selective Reminding Test, the Visual Reproduction Test and the Mini Mental State Exam. Multivariate-adjusted analysis of covariance and linear regression were used to analyze the cross-sectional associations.We found statistically significant associations between serum EPA+DPA+DHA and better performance in the Trail Making Test and the Verbal Fluency Test. The individual associations with EPA and DHA were similar with the findings with EPA+DPA+DHA, although the associations with DHA were stronger. No associations were observed with serum DPA. Pubic hair mercury content was associated only with a worse performance in the Trail Making Test, and mercury had only little impact on the associations between the serum PUFAs and cognitive performance. Apo-E4 phenotype did not modify the associations with PUFAs or mercury.Higher serum long-chain omega-3 PUFA concentrations were associated with better performance on neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe functioning in older men and women. Mercury exposure or Apo-E4 phenotype had little impact on cognitive performance.
Published: 2016
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29. Kuopio birth cohort – design of a Finnish joint research effort for identification of environmental and lifestyle risk factors for the wellbeing of the mother and the newborn child

Author: Jussi Paananen, Soili M. Lehto, Kirsti Kumpulainen, Jussi Lampi, Leea Keski-Nisula, Hannariikka Haaparanta, Hannu Kokki, Sari Voutilainen, Pasi Huuskonen, Katri Backman, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Juha Pekkanen, Markku Pasanen, Raimo Voutilainen, Seppo Heinonen, Antti-Pekka Elomaa, Kirsi Vähäkangas, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinicum, Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Medicum, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, and HUS Gynecology and Obstetrics
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Research design, Placenta, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Informed consent, 030212 general & internal medicine, Finland, Maternal smoking, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Foetus, CANCER, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Environmental health, Maternal Exposure, Research Design, DISEASES, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Cohort, Mental health, Female, HEALTH, SMOKING, Cohort study, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Mothers, Environment, lcsh:Gynecology and obstetrics, Research ethics, 03 medical and health sciences, RATIO, Birth weight, medicine, Humans, EXPOSURE, Life Style, lcsh:RG1-991, Nutrition, Descriptive statistics, business.industry, Public health, Infant, Newborn, Paediatrics, medicine.disease, Pregnancy Complications, Metabolism, 030104 developmental biology, Family medicine, business
Abstract: Background: A Finnish joint research effort Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) seeks to evaluate the effects of genetics, epigenetics and different risk factors (medication, nutrition, lifestyle factors and environmental aspects) during pregnancy on the somatic and psychological health status of the mother and the child. Methods: KuBiCo will ultimately include information on 10,000 mother-child pairs who have given their informed consent to participate in this cohort. Identification of foetal health risk factors that can potentially later manifest as disease requires a repository of relevant biological samples and a flexible open up-to-date data handling system to register, store and analyse biological, clinical and questionnaire-based data. KuBiCo includes coded questionnaire-based maternal background data gathered before, during and after the pregnancy and bio-banking of maternal and foetal samples that will be stored in deep freezers. Data from the questionnaires and biological samples will be collected into one electronic database. KuBiCo consists of several work packages which are complementary to each other: Maternal, foetal and placental metabolism and omits; Paediatrics; Mental wellbeing; Prenatal period and delivery; Analgesics and anaesthetics during peripartum period; Environmental effects; Nutrition; and Research ethics. Discussion: This report describes the set-up of the KuBiCo and descriptive analysis from 3532 parturients on response frequencies and feedback to KuBiCo questionnaires gathered from June 2012 to April 2016. Additionally, we describe basic demographic data of the participants (n = 1172). Based on the comparison of demographic data between official national statistics and our descriptive analysis, KuBiCo represents a cross-section of Finnish pregnant women.
Published: 2018
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30. Evolutionary methods for variable selection in the epidemiological modeling of cardiovascular diseases

Author: Kimmo Ronkainen, Mikko Kolehmainen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Eugene Semenkin, Jussi Kauhanen, Christina Brester, Mauno Rönkkö, and Sari Voutilainen
Subjects: Variable selection, Computer science, Sample (statistics), Feature selection, lcsh:Analysis, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Logistic regression, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Statistics, Genetics, 030212 general & internal medicine, Molecular Biology, Research, lcsh:QA299.6-433, Kuopio ischemic heart disease risk factor study, Stepwise regression, Cardiovascular disease, Predictive modeling, Computer Science Applications, Support vector machine, Computational Mathematics, Variable (computer science), Computational Theory and Mathematics, Multicollinearity, lcsh:R858-859.7, Metric (unit)
Abstract: Background The redundancy of information is becoming a critical issue for epidemiologists. High-dimensional datasets require new effective variable selection methods to be developed. This study implements an advanced evolutionary variable selection method which is applied for cardiovascular predictive modeling. The epidemiological follow-up study KIHD (Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study) was used to compare the designed variable selection method based on an evolutionary search with conventional stepwise selection. The sample contains in total 433 predictor variables and a response variable indicating incidents of cardiovascular diseases for 1465 study subjects. Results The effectiveness of variable selection methods was investigated in combination with two models: Generalized Linear Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine. We managed to decrease the number of variables from 433 to 38 and save the predictive ability of the models used. Their performance was evaluated with an F-score metric. At most, we gained 65.6% and 67.4% of the F-score before and after variable selection respectively. All the results were averaged over 5-folds of a cross-validation procedure. Conclusions The presented evolutionary variable selection method allows a reduced set of variables to be chosen which are relevant to predicting cardiovascular diseases. A reference list of the most meaningful variables is introduced to be used as a basis for new epidemiological studies. In general, the multicollinearity of variables enables different combinations of predictors to be used and the same performance of models to be attained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13040-018-0180-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018
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31. Intake of Different Dietary Proteins and Risk of Heart Failure in Men

Author: Jaakko Mursu, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Sari Voutilainen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Timo T Koskinen, and Heli E K Virtanen
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Plant protein, Heart failure, Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, Ischaemic heart disease, Risk factor, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Prospective cohort study, business, Cardiovascular mortality
Abstract: Background: Animal and plant protein intakes have indicated opposite associations with cardiovascular mortality risk. Whether dietary proteins are associated with risk of heart failure (HF) is unclear. Thus, we examined the associations of proteins from different food sources with risk of HF. Methods and Results: The study included 2441 men aged 42 to 60 years at the baseline examinations in 1984 to 1989 in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Protein intakes at baseline were assessed with 4-day dietary records. Data on incident HF cases were obtained from national registers. HF risk according to protein intake was estimated by Cox proportional hazard ratios. During the mean follow-up of 22.2 years, 334 incident HF cases occurred. Higher intake of total protein indicated a trend toward increased risk of HF (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio in the highest versus lowest quartile=1.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.95–1.85; P -trend=0.05). The associations between specific types and sources of protein with incident HF were consistent with this overall finding although not all associations reached statistical significance. For example, the hazard ratio in the highest versus lowest quartile was 1.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.00–2.03; P -trend=0.07) for total animal protein and 1.17 (95% confidence interval: 0.72–1.91; P -trend=0.35) for total plant protein. Conclusions: In middle-aged men, higher protein intake was marginally associated with increased risk of HF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT03221127
Published: 2018
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32. Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Depression in a General Middle-Aged to Elderly Population in Finland

Author: Sari Voutilainen, Anu Ruusunen, M. Vidgren, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Tarja Nurmi, Tommi Tolmunen, and Jyrki K. Virtanen
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Cross-sectional study, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), Logistic regression, Gastroenterology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Risk factor, Vitamin D, education, Depression (differential diagnoses), Depressive symptoms, Finland, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Depression, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Endocrinology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Geriatrics and Gerontology, business
Abstract: Low concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] have been postulated to associate with an increased prevalence of depression. As there are a limited number of publications on this issue, we examined the association between serum 25(OH)D and depression in a general middle-aged or older population. A population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 1602 men and women from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD) in Eastern Finland, aged 53-73 y in 1998-2001, were analysed. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the DSM-III depression scale, and those individuals who had scores over 4 (range 0-12) or had reported undergoing current antidepressant therapy, were considered as suffering from depression. Associations were estimated in serum 25(OH)D tertiles using logistic regression. Among the participants, 183 subjects (11.4%) were considered to have depression. The mean age of the subjects was 62.6 years (SD 6.4, range 53.4- 73.8 years). The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 43.8 nmol/L (SD 17.7, range 8.5-112.8 nmol/L), concentrations
Published: 2018

33. Metabolic Profiling of High Egg Consumption and the Associated Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Finnish Men

Author: Jussi Paananen, Kati Hanhineva, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Sari Voutilainen, Stefania Noerman, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Tarja Nurmi, Marko Lehtonen, Olli Kärkkäinen, and Anton Mattsson
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Population, Physiology, Type 2 diabetes, Lower risk, 03 medical and health sciences, Risk Factors, eggs, Humans, Medicine, education, Finland, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, education.field_of_study, ta112, business.industry, Incidence, Middle Aged, Serum samples, medicine.disease, Egg intake, metabolomics, 030104 developmental biology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Case-Control Studies, Ischaemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes, business, serum, Biomarkers, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract: SCOPE: Higher egg intake was previously associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the prospective, population‐based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD) in eastern Finland. Potential compounds that can explain this association are explored using nontargeted LC‐MS‐based metabolic profiling. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty‐nine baseline serum samples from the KIHD are analyzed in four groups: subjects with higher (mean intake one egg per day) or lower (mean intake two eggs per week) egg intake who developed T2D (cases) or remained heatlhy (controls) during the mean follow‐up of 19.3 years. Different serum profiles of subjects who had either higher or lower egg intakes, and of those who developed type 2 diabetes or remained healthy, are observed. The higher baseline tyrosine level predicts higher odds of T2D (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.45, 2.60; p < 0.001; FDR 0.023) along with an unknown hexose‐containing compound (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.57, 2.88; p < 0.001; FDR 0.005). Certain predominant metabolites in T2D cases are correlated positively with ones in the lower‐egg‐intake group and negatively with ones in the higher‐egg‐intake group. CONCLUSION: Our current findings may underline some potential metabolites that can explain how egg intake is associated with a lower risk of T2D.
Published: 2018

34. Egg consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Jyrki K. Virtanen, Sari Voutilainen, Jaakko Mursu, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, and Heli E K Virtanen
Subjects: Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system diseases, Eggs, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), Blood sugar, Type 2 diabetes, Lower risk, Body Mass Index, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Insulin, Prospective Studies, Risk factor, education, Prospective cohort study, Finland, Triglycerides, Aged, education.field_of_study, Glucose tolerance test, Nutrition and Dietetics, Apolipoprotein A-I, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Glucose Tolerance Test, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Diet, C-Reactive Protein, Nutrition Assessment, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Linear Models, Cardiology, Energy Intake, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: BACKGROUND The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing around the world. Eggs are a major source of cholesterol, which has been associated with elevated blood glucose and an increased risk of T2D. However, there are limited and conflicting data from prospective population studies on the association between egg consumption and risk of T2D. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between egg consumption and risk of incident T2D in middle-aged and older men from eastern Finland. DESIGN The study included 2332 men aged 42-60 y in 1984-1989 at the baseline examinations of the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-d food records at baseline. Incident T2D was assessed by self-administered questionnaires; by fasting and 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance-test blood glucose measurement at re-examination rounds 4, 11, and 20 y after baseline; and by record linkage to a hospital discharge registry and reimbursement register of diabetes medication expenses. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate associations with the risk of incident T2D. Associations with the metabolic risk markers at baseline and at the 4-y examinations were analyzed by ANCOVA. RESULTS During an average follow-up of 19.3 y, 432 men developed T2D. After adjustment for potential confounders, those in the highest compared with the lowest egg intake quartile had a 38% (95% CI: 18%, 53%; P-trend across quartiles
Published: 2015
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35. Serum ferritin and glucose homeostasis: change in the association by glycaemic state

Author: Ayodele Lagundoye, Jussi Kauhanen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Jaakko Mursu, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Sari Voutilainen, and Alex Aregbesola
Subjects: education.field_of_study, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Cross-sectional study, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Population, Case-control study, Type 2 diabetes, medicine.disease, Endocrinology, Insulin resistance, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Glucose homeostasis, Prediabetes, education, business
Abstract: Background Data on the association between body iron and glucose homeostasis by the three glycaemic states are scarce. Thus, we investigated the association between body iron as assessed by a serum ferritin concentration and glucose homeostasis using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA-BcF) in different glycaemic states. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 2541 men aged 42–60 years in 1984–1989 in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Subjects were classified into the three glycaemic states, normoglycaemia, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D), by fasting plasma glucose measurements and the information collected at study visit. The association between serum ferritin quartiles and HOMA-IR and HOMA-BcF for each glycaemic state was examined by analysis of covariance and linear regression analysis. Results The mean age and serum ferritin concentrations were 53.1 years (standard deviation = 5.7, range = 42.0–61.3 years) and 166.2 µg/L (standard deviation = 141.7, range = 11–960 µg/L), respectively. After multivariable adjustments, a weak and direct association was observed between serum ferritin quartiles and HOMA-IR in normoglycaemia (P-trend = 0.001) but a direct association in prediabetes (P-trend = 0.007) and in T2D (P-trend = 0.078). In HOMA-BcF, the association was weak and direct in normoglycaemia (P-trend = 0.003), direct in prediabetes (P-trend = 0.005) and inverse in T2D (P-trend = 0.105). Strongest associations were observed in prediabetes (β = 0.25, 95% confidence interval = 0.14–0.36 and P = 0.004 in HOMA-IR; β = 0.23, 95% confidence interval = 0.15–0.31 and P = 0.008 in HOMA-BcF) after a 100-µg/L increase in serum ferritin (log-transformed). Conclusions These data suggest that both the strength and the direction of the association between body iron stores and glucose homeostasis are dependent on the glycaemic state of the population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: 2015
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36. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, serum zinc, delta-5- and delta-6-desaturase activities and incident metabolic syndrome

Author: Tarja Nurmi, Teymoor Yary, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Anu Ruusunen, Sari Voutilainen, and Jyrki K. Virtanen
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Blood Glucose, Fatty Acid Desaturases, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Linoleic acid, Medicine (miscellaneous), 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Lower risk, Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, medicine, Humans, Insulin, Prospective Studies, Finland, Triglycerides, chemistry.chemical_classification, Metabolic Syndrome, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Incidence, Fatty Acids, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Delta-6-desaturase, Diet, Zinc, Endocrinology, chemistry, Arachidonic acid, Metabolic syndrome, business, Body mass index, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background The associations of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with metabolic syndrome have been poorly explored. We investigated the associations of the serum n-6 PUFA and the activities of enzymes involved in the PUFA metabolism, delta-5-desaturase (D5D) and delta-6-desaturase (D6D) with risk of incident metabolic syndrome. We also investigated whether zinc, a cofactor for these enzymes, modifies these associations. Methods A prospective follow-up study was conducted on 661 men who were aged 42–60 years old at baseline in 1984–1989 and who were re-examined in 1998–2001. Results Men in the highest versus the lowest serum total omega-6 PUFA tertile had a 70% lower multivariate-adjusted risk of incident metabolic syndrome [odds ratio (OR) = 0.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.18–0.51, Ptrend < 0.001]. Inverse associations were also observed for linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and D5D activity. By contrast, men in the highest tertile of D6D activity had an 84% higher risk (OR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.15–2.94, Ptrend = 0.008). Similar associations were observed with many of the metabolic syndrome components at the re-examinations. Most associations were attenuated after adjustment for body mass index. Finally, the associations of D6D and LA were stronger among those with a higher serum zinc concentration. Conclusions Higher serum total n-6 PUFA, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid concentrations and D5D activity were associated with a lower risk of developing metabolic syndrome and higher D6D activity was associated with a higher risk. The role of zinc also needs to be investigated in other populations.
Published: 2017

37. Intake of different dietary proteins and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Petra Kokko, Sari Voutilainen, Jaakko Mursu, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Heli E K Virtanen, Timo T Koskinen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, and School of Medicine / Public Health,School of Medicine / Biomedicine
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Blood Glucose, Male, Egg protein, Medicine (miscellaneous), Physiology, Type 2 diabetes, Body Mass Index, plant protein, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Insulin, Prospective Studies, Registries, Prospective cohort study, Blood Glucose Measurement, Finland, Plant Proteins, Nutrition and Dietetics, Incidence, Confounding, Hazard ratio, Middle Aged, Diet Records, Plant protein, type 2 diabetes, Dietary Proteins, prospective study, medicine.medical_specialty, Meat, 03 medical and health sciences, dietary protein, Internal medicine, eggs, medicine, Animals, Humans, Risk factor, Proportional Hazards Models, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Egg Proteins, Glucose Tolerance Test, medicine.disease, Diet, Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, animal protein, Dairy Products, business, Energy Intake
Abstract: Article, The roles of different dietary proteins in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain unclear. We investigated the associations of dietary proteins with the risk of incident T2D in Finnish men from the prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The study included 2332 men aged 42–60 years at the baseline examinations in 1984–1989. Protein intakes were calculated from 4-d dietary records. Incident T2D was determined by self-administered questionnaires, fasting blood glucose measurements, 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests, and with national registers. The multivariable-adjusted risk of T2D on the basis of protein intakes was compared by the Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR). During the mean follow-up of 19·3 years, 432 incident T2D cases were identified. Total, animal, meat or dairy product protein intakes were not associated with risk of T2D when the potential confounders were accounted for. Plant (multivariable-adjusted extreme-quartile HR 0·65; 95 % CI 0·42, 1·00; P trend 0·04) and egg (HR 0·67; 95 % CI 0·44, 1·00; P trend 0·03) protein intakes were associated with a decreased risk of T2D. Adjustments for BMI, plasma glucose and serum insulin slightly attenuated associations. Replacing 1 % energy from carbohydrates with energy from protein was associated with a 5 % (95 % CI 0, 11) increased risk of T2D, but adjustment for fibre intake attenuated the association. Replacing 1 % of energy from animal protein with energy from plant protein was associated with 18 % (95 % CI 0, 32) decreased risk of T2D. This association remained after adjusting for BMI. In conclusion, favouring plant and egg proteins appeared to be beneficial in preventing T2D., final draft, peerReviewed
Published: 2017

38. Abstract MP049: Fermented vs. Non-fermented Dairy and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Timo Koskinen, Heli E Virtanen, Sari Voutilainen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jaakko Mursu, and Jyrki K Virtanen
Subjects: Physiology (medical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract: Introduction: Most of the recent dairy studies, including multiple meta-analyses, show either no relationship or an inverse association between total dairy intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Some of these studies have suggested that especially fermented rather than non-fermented dairy might provide benefits on cardiovascular health, but the data is inconclusive. Also, the average dairy intake has been modest in many study populations, which reduces the generalizability of the findings to populations with high dairy intake. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that fermented and non-fermented dairy products have distinct associations with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in men from eastern Finland, a population with high intake of dairy products. Methods: A total of 1981 men from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study from eastern Finland, aged 42-60 years, with no CHD at baseline, were included. The consumption of foods was assessed with instructed 4-day food recording by household measures. Dairy products with fat content Results: The mean±SD intakes were 733±375 g/d for total, 187±218 g/d for fermented and 546±345 g/d for non-fermented dairy. Low-fat products comprised 87% (162±218 g/d) of the fermented and 43% (317±291 g/d) of the non-fermented dairy intake. During the mean follow-up of 20.1 years, 472 CHD events occurred. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) in the highest (>280 g) vs. the lowest (727 g) vs. the lowest ( Conclusions: Our results suggest that low-fat fermented dairy products are associated with a lower risk of CHD, whereas low-fat non-fermented dairy products are associated with a higher risk in a population with high intake of dairy products.
Published: 2017
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39. Abstract MP070: Saturated Fat Intake by Food Source and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Timo T Koskinen, Sari Voutilainen, Heli E K Virtanen, Jaakko Mursu, and Jyrki K. Virtanen
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, food and beverages, Coronary heart disease, Saturated fat intake, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Epidemiology, medicine, Cardiology, Etiology, Ischaemic heart disease, Risk factor, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Introduction: The epidemiological evidence of the role of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the etiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) is inconsistent. However, the proportions of different SFAs in different foods vary, and food sources of SFA (such as dairy and meat products) have had distinct associations with risk of CHD and its risk factors. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that SFA from different food sources have distinct associations with CHD risk in men. Methods: A total of 1981 men from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study from eastern Finland, aged 42-60 years and free of CHD at baseline, were included. The consumption of foods was assessed with instructed 4-day food recording by household measures. Dietary intakes were adjusted for total energy using the residuals method. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses included age, examination year, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, family history of CHD, smoking, education, leisure-time physical activity, and intakes of alcohol, energy, fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and fruits, berries and vegetables. Fatal and nonfatal CHD events were ascertained from national registries, with no loss to follow-up. Results: The mean±SD total SFA intake was 49.1±10.4 g/d (18.1 E%). SFA from dairy (16.1±7.7 g/d, excluding butter), butter (16.0±11.1 g/d), plant sources (6.7±5.0 g/d), processed red meat (4.7±4.2 g/d), and unprocessed red meat (3.6±2.7 g/d) contributed most to the total intake. During the mean follow-up of 19.6 years, 458 CHD events occurred. The extreme-quartile hazard ratios (95% CIs) were 1.08 (0.79-1.47, P-trend=0.57) for the highest vs. the lowest quartile of total SFA, 0.99 (0.75-1.32, P-trend=0.93) for total dairy SFA, 1.17 (0.84-1.63, P-trend=0.45) for butter SFA, 0.96 (95% CI 0.70-1.32, P-trend=0.62) for plant SFA, 1.09 (0.82-1.44, P-trend=0.76) for processed red meat SFA, and 1.15 (0.88-1.49, P-trend=0.29) for SFA from unprocessed red meat. Only SFA from fermented dairy (mean±SD intake 4.6±4.6 g/d) was associated with the risk (hazard ratio in the highest vs. the lowest quartile 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.91, P-trend=0.02). The associations were not appreciably different with a shorter, 10-y follow-up (199 cases). Conclusions: Our results suggest an overall non-significant role for SFA intake in the CHD risk and little difference in the associations with SFA from various food sources. Because milk is the raw material in all dairy products, the inverse association with fermented dairy likely reflects other constituents in these products than SFA.
Published: 2017
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40. Abstract P168: Animal & Dairy Protein Intakes Associate With Increased Risk of Heart Failure in Men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Sari Voutilainen, Jaakko Mursu, Heli E K Virtanen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, and Timo T Koskinen
Subjects: Increased risk, business.industry, Physiology (medical), Heart failure, Red meat, %22">Fish , Physiology, Medicine, Ischaemic heart disease, Risk factor, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.disease
Abstract: Introduction: Different protein sources, such as processed red meat and fish have indicated distinct associations with risk of heart failure. Whether these distinct associations are partly due to the differences in proteins themselves remains unclear. Thus, we examined the associations of proteins from different food sources with risk of heart failure in Finnish male subjects. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that proteins from different dietary sources would have distinct associations with heart failure risk. Methods: The study included 2441 men aged 42-60 y at the baseline examinations in 1984-1989 in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Protein intakes at baseline were assessed with 4-d dietary records. Data on incident heart failure cases were obtained from national registers. The multivariable-adjusted risk of heart failure according to protein intake was estimated by Cox proportional hazard ratios. Multivariable analyses included age, examination year, education, income, family history of ischaemic heart disease, smoking, leisure-time physical activity, and intakes of alcohol, energy, fiber, and saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans fatty acids. Results: During the mean follow-up time of 22.2 y, 334 incident cases of heart failure occurred. Total protein (multivariable-adjusted extreme-quartile HR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.04-2.00, P-trend 0.01), animal protein (HR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.12-2.17, P-trend 0.01) and dairy protein (HR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.11-2.11, P-trend 0.01) intakes were associated with increased risk of heart failure. Especially protein from fermented dairy products associated with higher risk (HR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.08-2.02, P-trend 0.002). Adjustment for the potential effect mediators [body mass index and diseases or medications (coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, lipid-lowering or heart medications) at baseline and during the follow-up] slightly attenuated the associations, but associations of animal, dairy and fermented dairy protein remained statistically significant. Plant protein intake had no association with heart failure risk (HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.63-1.59, P-trend 0.82). Conclusions: Our data suggest that high intake of protein, especially from animal and dairy sources, may increase the risk of heart failure.
Published: 2017
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41. Association of follicle-stimulating hormone levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in older postmenopausal women

Author: Sari Voutilainen, Elizabeth R. Bertone-Johnson, Leo Niskanen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Kimmo Ronkainen, Jussi Kauhanen, Tarja Nurmi, Jaakko Mursu, and Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
Subjects: Blood Glucose, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, General Mathematics, medicine.medical_treatment, Population, Type 2 diabetes, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, Follicle-stimulating hormone, 0302 clinical medicine, Insulin resistance, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, Humans, Insulin, Prospective Studies, education, Finland, Aged, education.field_of_study, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, Incidence, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Menopause, Postmenopause, Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Metabolic syndrome, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Insulin Resistance, business, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: OBJECTIVE Recent studies of perimenopausal women have observed associations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels with markers of insulin resistance, independent of estradiol. Whether FSH is related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in older women who have completed the menopause transition remains unknown. We assessed the association of FSH levels with diabetes and measures of insulin resistance among 588 postmenopausal Finnish women. METHODS Study participants were aged 53 to 73 years and not using hormone therapy at baseline (1998-2001) when FSH was measured. Prevalence of T2D was assessed at baseline, along with fasting insulin and glucose levels. Incident T2D, and insulin and glucose levels were assessed 7 to 9 years later at follow-up examination. RESULTS After adjustment for age, estradiol, body mass index, smoking, lipids levels, and other factors, women with higher FSH (>50 IU/L) had a lower prevalence of T2D (odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.86) than women with lower FSH. Each 1 unit increase in FSH level was associated with a significant 1.9% lower risk of T2D (95% CI 0.966-0.997, P = 0.02). Higher FSH was associated with marginally significant lower incidence of T2D at follow-up (hazard ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.27-1.02). Baseline FSH levels were inversely correlated with fasting insulin and glucose levels at both baseline and follow-up visits (all P
Published: 2017

42. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with higher risk of frequent headache in middle-aged and older men

Author: Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Rashid Giniatullin, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Jussi Kauhanen, Pekka Mäntyselkä, Jaakko Mursu, Tarja Nurmi, Sari Voutilainen, and School of Medicine / Public Health,School of Medicine / Clinical Nutrition,School of Medicine / Biomedicine
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Cross-sectional study, Population, Article, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Risk factor, Vitamin D, education, Finland, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Headache, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Vitamin D Deficiency, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Population study, Headaches, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cohort study
Abstract: Article, Vitamin D has been suggested to have a role in various neurovascular diseases, but the data regarding headache is inconclusive. Our aim was to investigate the associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], a marker for vitamin D status, and risk of frequent headache. The study population consisted of 2601 men from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD) from eastern Finland, aged 42–60 years in 1984–1989. The cross-sectional associations with prevalence of self-reported frequent headache (defined as weekly or daily headaches) were estimated with multivariable-adjusted odds ratios. The average serum 25(OH) concentration was 43.4 nmol/L (SD 18.9, min-max 7.8–136.1 nmol/L). A total of 250 men (9.6%) reported frequent headache. The average serum 25(OH)D concentration among those with frequent headache was 38.3 nmol/L (SD 18.8) and 43.9 nmol/L (SD 18.9) among those without frequent headache, after adjustment for age and year and month of blood draw (P for difference, published version, peerReviewed
Published: 2017
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43. Dietary patterns are associated with the prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms and the risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression in middle-aged or older Finnish men

Author: Jaakko Mursu, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Anu Ruusunen, Sari Voutilainen, Soili M. Lehto, Jussi Kauhanen, and Tommi Tolmunen
Subjects: Male, Gerontology, medicine.medical_specialty, Cross-sectional study, Population, Lower risk, Risk Assessment, Food group, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Prospective Studies, education, Prospective cohort study, Finland, Depression (differential diagnoses), Aged, education.field_of_study, Depression, business.industry, Feeding Behavior, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Patient Discharge, Diet, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Population study, Factor Analysis, Statistical, business
Abstract: Background Previous studies assessing the role of dietary factors in depression have mainly focused on nutrients, while the association between dietary patterns and depression is less studied. Objective The aim was to assess the role of dietary patterns in depression in both cross-sectional and prospective analyses. Design The study population consisted of 1003 Finnish middle-aged or older men from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Food consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in 1991–1993 and dietary patterns from 25 predefined food groups were extracted by factor analysis. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the self-administered Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale, cut-off point of five or more indicating elevated depressive symptoms. Results Altogether 72 (7.2%) subjects had elevated depressive symptoms. Three dietary patterns were identified: “prudent”, “Western” and “mixed”. In cross-sectional analysis, after adjustments for age, examination year, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, marital status, leisure-time physical activity , history of mental illness and cardiovascular disease the prudent dietary pattern was associated with a 25% lower prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.99; P =0.036), whereas the Western dietary pattern was associated with increased prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.84; P =0.011). In the prospective analysis (16.5 follow-up years), the prudent dietary pattern was inversely associated with the risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression (HR: 0.66; 95% CI 0.47, 0.93; P =0.018). Conclusions Adherence to healthy dietary pattern is associated with lower risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression.
Published: 2014
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44. Intake of fruit, berries, and vegetables and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Jyrki K. Virtanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jaakko Mursu, Sari Voutilainen, and Tarja Nurmi
Subjects: Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Myocardial Ischemia, Medicine (miscellaneous), Coronary Artery Disease, Type 2 diabetes, White People, Body Mass Index, Waist–hip ratio, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Vegetables, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Food science, Risk factor, education, Finland, Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, education.field_of_study, Nutrition and Dietetics, Waist-Hip Ratio, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Feeding Behavior, Glucose Tolerance Test, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Impaired fasting glucose, Nutrition Assessment, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fruit, Energy Intake, business, Body mass index, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background Although higher intakes of fruit, berries, and vegetables (FBV) have been associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in some observational studies, the evidence is limited and inconclusive. Objective We assessed the relation of FBV intake and T2D incidence in Finnish men. Design We studied 2332 men from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study who were aged 42-60 y and free of T2D or impaired fasting glucose at baseline in 1984-1989. Food intake was assessed with 4-d food recording. T2D was assessed by using self-administered questionnaires, a fasting blood glucose measurement, a 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance test, and record linkage to a reimbursement register on diabetes medication expenses. In the Cox proportional hazards model, HRs for T2D were computed for the highest compared with lowest quartiles of FBV intake adjusted for age, examination year, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, smoking, education, physical activity, family history of diabetes, and energy and alcohol intakes. Results During the mean follow-up time of 19.3 y, 432 new cases of T2D occurred. For the total FBV intake (with the exclusion of potatoes and fruit and berry juices), the extreme-quartile multivariable-adjusted HR for T2D was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.02; P-trend = 0.15). In the analysis for FBV components, berries had a corresponding HR of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.88; P-trend = 0.003), whereas no significant associations were shown for fruit, fruit and berry juices, and vegetables. Conclusion Fruit and vegetables, particularly berries, may reduce risk of T2D in men.
Published: 2014
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45. Dietary zinc intake and the risk of depression in middle-aged men: A 20-year prospective follow-up study

Author: Soili M. Lehto, Jussi Kauhanen, Sari Voutilainen, Tommi Tolmunen, Anu Ruusunen, and Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Physical exercise, Dietary zinc, Zinc intake, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Psychiatry, education, Prospective cohort study, Finland, Depression (differential diagnoses), education.field_of_study, Depression, Proportional hazards model, business.industry, Follow up studies, Middle Aged, Diet, Zinc, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Dietary Supplements, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background Zinc is an immunomodulatory trace element suggested to be beneficial in the augmentation of antidepressant therapy. Cross-sectional studies have also suggested an association between low dietary zinc and depression. This study examined the association between dietary zinc intake and depression in a prospective setting in initially depression-free men during a 20-year follow-up. Methods The study formed a part of the population-based Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, and comprised 2317 Finnish men aged 42–61 years. Zinc intake was assessed at baseline by a 4-d food record. Baseline depression severity was recorded with the Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale. In the prospective setting, depression was defined as having received a hospital discharge diagnosis of unipolar depressive disorder. Individuals who at baseline had elevated depressive symptoms were excluded (n=283). Results Altogether, 60 (2.7%) individuals received a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression during the 20-year follow-up. In Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, baseline depression severity, smoking, alcohol use, physical exercise and the use of dietary supplements, belonging to the lowest tertile of energy-adjusted zinc intake was not associated with an increased depression risk (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.59–1.90). Limitations These observations may not be generalizable to women, or to individuals with a depression level not warranting hospitalization. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a low dietary zinc intake may not longitudinally precede depression in men. Dietary zinc intake may not have relevance for the prevention of depression in middle-aged men with a sufficient dietary zinc intake.
Published: 2013
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46. Association of dietary cholesterol and egg intakes with the risk of incident dementia or Alzheimer disease: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Sari Voutilainen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Maija P T Ylilauri, Jukka T. Salonen, Tiino T. Koskinen, Jaakko Mursu, Heli E K Virtanen, and Eija Lönnroos
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Apolipoprotein E, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Eggs, Population, Trail Making Test, Apolipoprotein E4, Myocardial Ischemia, Medicine (miscellaneous), Neuropsychological Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Cholesterol, Dietary, 03 medical and health sciences, Executive Function, Apolipoproteins E, Cognition, Alzheimer Disease, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Dementia, Animals, Humans, Prospective Studies, Cognitive decline, Risk factor, education, Finland, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Linear Models, Population study, Alzheimer's disease, Energy Intake, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background There is little information about the associations of intakes of cholesterol and eggs, a major source of dietary cholesterol, with the risk of cognitive decline in general populations or in carriers of apolipoprotein E ɛ4 (APO-E4), a major risk factor for dementia. Objective We investigated the associations of cholesterol and egg intakes with incident dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older men from Eastern Finland. Design A total of 2497 dementia-free men, aged 42-60 y in 1984-1989 at the baseline examinations of the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, were included in the study. Information on the apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) phenotype was available for 1259 men. Data on cognitive performance tests at the 4-y re-examinations were available for 480 men. Dietary intakes were assessed with the use of 4-d food records at baseline. Dementia and AD diagnoses were based on Finnish health registers. Cox regression and ANCOVA were used for the analyses. Results During the 21.9-y follow-up, 337 men were diagnosed with dementia, and 266 men were diagnosed with AD. Neither cholesterol nor egg intake was associated with a higher risk of incident dementia or AD. For example, when evaluated continuously, each intake of 100 mg cholesterol/d was associated with a multivariable-adjusted HR of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.02) for incident dementia, and each additional 0.5 egg (27 g)/d was associated with an HR of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.01). However, egg intake was associated with better performance on neuropsychological tests of the frontal lobe and executive functioning, the Trail Making Test, and the Verbal Fluency Test. The Apo-E4 phenotype did not modify the associations of cholesterol or egg intake (P-interactions > 0.11). Conclusions Neither cholesterol nor egg intake is associated with an increased risk of incident dementia or AD in Eastern Finnish men. Instead, moderate egg intake may have a beneficial association with certain areas of cognitive performance.
Published: 2016

47. 64. Veganism as a choice: Experiences and food strategies in transitioning to a vegan diet

Author: Anna-Liisa Elorinne, Juha Laakso, M. Kantola, and Sari Voutilainen
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Vegan Diet, 030212 general & internal medicine, Food science, Psychology
Published: 2016
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48. ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acid biomarkers and coronary heart disease: Pooling project of 19 cohort studies

Author: Matti Marklund, Michael Y. Tsai, Mohammad Yawar Yakoob, Stephanie E. Chiuve, Pascale Barberger-Gateau, Eric B. Rimm, Amanda M. Fretts, Robert Luben, Mark Woodward, Eliseo Guallar, Chisa Matsumoto, Lyn M. Steffen, Ulf Risérus, Dariush Mozaffarian, David S. Siscovick, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Kay-Tee Khaw, Jian-Min Yuan, Lars Lind, Jose Gómez-Aracena, Paulo H M Chaves, Sari Voutilainen, Rob M. van Dam, Woon-Puay Koh, Graham G. Giles, Maria Wennberg, Cécilia Samieri, Luicito dela Cruz, Meir J. Stampfer, Walter C. Willett, Luc Djoussé, Brian T. Steffen, Stella Aslibekyan, Ingegerd Johansson, Catherine Helmer, Jason H Y Wu, Allison M. Hodge, Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Jan-Håkan Jansson, Liana C Del Gobbo, Frank B. Hu, Xia Zhou, Tosh Tanaka, Erik Ingelsson, Alexis C. Frazier-Wood, Hannia Campos, Paul W. Franks, Kiesha Prem, and Fumiaki Imamura
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Heart disease, Coronary Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Gastroenterology, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Odds Ratio, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Myocardial infarction, chemistry.chemical_classification, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, alpha-Linolenic acid, business.industry, Incidence, alpha-Linolenic Acid, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, Eicosapentaenoic acid, chemistry, Docosahexaenoic acid, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Female, business, Biomarkers, Cohort study, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: Importance: The role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. Most prior longitudinal studies evaluated self-reported consumption rather than biomarkers. Objective: To evaluate biomarkers of seafood-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω-3) and plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3ω-3) for incident CHD. Data Sources: A global consortium of 19 studies identified by November 2014. Study Selection: Available prospective (cohort, nested case-control) or retrospective studies with circulating or tissue ω-3 biomarkers and ascertained CHD. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Each study conducted standardized, individual-level analysis using harmonized models, exposures, outcomes, and covariates. Findings were centrally pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was examined by age, sex, race, diabetes, statins, aspirin, ω-6 levels, and FADS desaturase genes. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incident total CHD, fatal CHD, and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). Results: The 19 studies comprised 16 countries, 45 637 unique individuals, and 7973 total CHD, 2781 fatal CHD, and 7157 nonfatal MI events, with ω-3 measures in total plasma, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and adipose tissue. Median age at baseline was 59 years (range, 18-97 years), and 28 660 (62.8%) were male. In continuous (per 1-SD increase) multivariable-adjusted analyses, the ω-3 biomarkers ALA, DPA, and DHA were associated with a lower risk of fatal CHD, with relative risks (RRs) of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.98) for ALA, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.96) for DPA, and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.96) for DHA. Although DPA was associated with a lower risk of total CHD (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.99), ALA (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.95-1.05), EPA (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87-1.02), and DHA (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-1.00) were not. Significant associations with nonfatal MI were not evident. Associations appeared generally stronger in phospholipids and total plasma. Restricted cubic splines did not identify evidence of nonlinearity in dose responses. Conclusions and Relevance: On the basis of available studies of free-living populations globally, biomarker concentrations of seafood and plant-derived ω-3 fatty acids are associated with a modestly lower incidence of fatal CHD.
Published: 2016

49. Association between serum zinc and later development of metabolic syndrome in middle aged and older men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Author: Sari Voutilainen, Anu Ruusunen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jyrki K. Virtanen, and Teymoor Yary
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Waist, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Myocardial Ischemia, White People, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk factor, National Cholesterol Education Program, Finland, Triglycerides, Metabolic Syndrome, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Cholesterol, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Confounding, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Zinc, Endocrinology, Logistic Models, chemistry, Female, Metabolic syndrome, Waist Circumference, business, Lipoprotein, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Objective The aim of this study was to investigate associations of serum zinc with incident metabolic syndrome and its components in middle-aged and older Finnish men. Methods An 11-y prospective follow-up study conducted among 683 men from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study who were 42 to 60 y old at baseline in 1984 to 1989. The main outcome was incident metabolic syndrome, defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria. Other outcomes were the individual components of the NCEP metabolic syndrome: Fasting blood glucose, serum triacylglycerols, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertension, and waist circumference. Results During the average follow-up of 11 y, 139 men (20.4%) developed metabolic syndrome. Those in the highest tertile of serum zinc had 84% higher risk (95% confidence interval 12 to 201%, P trend across tertiles = 0.015) to develop metabolic syndrome compared with those in the lowest tertile, after adjustment for several potential confounders. The association between serum zinc and incident metabolic syndrome was attenuated by adjustment for waist circumference, serum HDL cholesterol, or hypertension. Serum zinc was also directly associated with higher waist circumference and hypertension and inversely associated with HDL cholesterol at the 11 y examinations. Conclusions We found a direct association between serum zinc and incidence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older eastern Finnish men. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms.
Published: 2016

50. Follicle stimulating hormone levels and subclinical atherosclerosis in older postmenopausal women

Author: Sari Voutilainen, Tarja Nurmi, Jussi Kauhanen, Elizabeth R. Bertone-Johnson, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Kimmo Ronkainen, Jaakko Mursu, and Leo Niskanen
Subjects: Carotid atherosclerosis, medicine.medical_specialty, Postmenopausal women, Heart disease, business.industry, medicine.disease, Activin a, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Endocrinology, Intima-media thickness, Subclinical atherosclerosis, Internal medicine, medicine, Myocardial infarction, business
Published: 2016
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