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This research investigates how the social elements of a retail store visit affect shoppers' product interaction and purchase likelihood. The research uses a bivariate model of the shopping process, implemented in a hierarchical Bayes framework, which models the customer and contextual factors driving product touch and purchase simultaneously. A unique video tracking database captures each shopper's path and activities during the store visit. The findings reveal that interactive social influences (e.g., salesperson contact, shopper conversations) tend to slow the shopper down, encourage a longer store visit, and increase product interaction and purchase. When shoppers are part of a larger group, they are influenced more by discussions with companions and less by third parties. Stores with customers present encourage product interaction up to a point, beyond which the density of shoppers interferes with the shopping process. The effects of social influence vary by the salesperson's demographic similarity to the shopper and the type of product category being shopped. Several behavioral cues signal when shoppers are in a potentially high need state and may be good sales prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past empirical studies leave open the question of whether perceived crowding has a positive or a negative effect on shopping outcomes (Eroglu, Machleit, & Barr, 2005; Hui & Bateson, 1991). Based on the premise that shopping is a social phenomenon involving hedonic as well as utilitarian motivation, this study hypothesizes an inverted U-shaped relationship between perceived crowding and consumers' store patronage intentions. Additionally, past research considers the mediating role of emotions in the relationship between perceived crowding and shopping outcomes. In this research, the authors argue that consumers' cognitive evaluations of the store and its merchandise also mediate the perceived crowding−patronage intention relationship. Survey results of actual shoppers (n = 201) in a hypermarket in India demonstrate that there exists an optimal level of crowding that maximises consumers' store patronage intentions. The effect of perceived crowding on patronage intention is mediated by the emotional dimension of pleasure and store evaluation. Further, the effect of perceived crowding on emotions and evaluations appears to be moderated by consumers' optimal stimulation level. In particular, the inverted U-shaped relationship of perceived crowding with pleasure and merchandise evaluation is increasingly manifested with increases in optimal stimulation level. The results also reveal that the effect of pleasure on patronage intention is stronger for individuals who score high on hedonic motivation than for individuals who score low on hedonic motivation. The article provides potential research and managerial implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Through identifying the attributes of a place that have an influence on the patronage behaviour of urban retail customers, this paper presents a conceptual model that proposes direct and indirect antecedents regarding the different retail-related dimensions associated with urban place attractiveness. An empirical study was conducted whereby the model was tested by surveying approximately 500 actual customers at the time they visited a particular town centre for the purposes of shopping. The results showed that the retail tenant mix, the merchandise value, and the atmosphere had a direct impact, and the product range and the sales personnel an indirect impact upon the evaluation of attractiveness. Furthermore, a number of additional effects towards these antecedents were identified with respect to parking conditions, the non-retail tenant mix, manoeuvrability, and orientation. This revealed that retailing activities were a major driver of attractiveness for an urban place. The practical implication of these findings suggests that place marketing activities should be proactive in supporting and enabling retailers in fulfilling their roles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Past research in consumer behavior typically assumes that distraction during the decision process needs to be avoided. However, a common piece of advice given to consumers who have to make complex decisions is to distract their attention away from the decision problem for some moments. The current research shows that distraction can indeed help consumers to differentiate attractive from unattractive products. Yet this occurs only for consumers with a configural mind-set who tend to form coherent representations of products in their memory. For consumers with a featural mind-set, who typically hold mixed product representations, distraction does not affect product evaluations. This implies that it is the specific processing mind-set of consumers that determines whether distraction leads to more product differentiation or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine three sets of established behavioral hypotheses about consumers' in-store behavior using field data on grocery store shopping paths and purchases. Our results provide field evidence for the following empirical regularities. First, as consumers spend more time in the store, they become more purposeful--they are less likely to spend time on exploration and more likely to shop/buy. Second, consistent with "licensing" behavior, after purchasing virtue categories, consumers are more likely to shop at locations that carry vice categories. Third, the presence of other shoppers attracts consumers toward a store zone but reduces consumers' tendency to shop there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research establishes that the innocuous behavior of coupon redemption is capable of eliciting stigma by association. The general finding across four studies shows that the coupon redemption behavior of one consumer results in a second non-coupon-redeeming shopper being stigmatized by association as cheap when a low as compared to a high value coupon is redeemed. More important, the research identifies a number of factors that protect a non-coupon-redeeming shopper from the undesirable experience of stigma by association, even during another shopper's redemption of a low value coupon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws upon the utopian studies literature to integrate two strands of contemporary consumer research, the study of place and space and the analysis of consumer/marketer relations. Based on a longitudinal study of a festival shopping mall, we provide an emergent theory of how the utopian marketplace is experienced, a theory that hinges around three interlinked conceptual categories: sensing displace, creating playspace, and performing artscape, which are subverted by the center management's maladroit refreshment of the retail offer. The relevance of this theorization for place-based scholarship, together with its implications for researchers of consumer/marketer relations, is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feature central to the success of e-commerce Web sites is the design of an effective interface to present product information. However, the suitability of the prevalent information formats in supporting various online shopping tasks is not known. Using the cognitive fit theory as the theoretical framework, we developed a research model to investigate the fit between information format and shopping task, and examine its influence on consumers' online shopping performance and perceptions of shopping experience. The competition for attention theory from the marketing literature and the scanpath theory from vision research were employed to support the analyses. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of two types of information formats (list versus matrix) in the context of two types of shopping tasks (searching versus browsing). The results show that when there is a match between the information format and the shopping task, consumers can search the information space more efficiently and have better recall of product information. Specifically, the list format better supports browsing tasks, and the matrix format facilitates searching tasks. However, a match between the information format and the shopping task has no effect on cognitive effort or attitude toward using the Web site. Overall, this research supports the application of the cognitive fit theory to the study of Web interface design. It also demonstrates the value in integrating findings from cognitive science and vision research to understand the processes involved. As the information format has been shown to affect consumers' online shopping behavior, even when the information content is held constant, the practical implications for Web site designers include providing both types of information format on their Web sites and matching the appropriate information format to the individual consumer's task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of religious value systems has long been recognized in sociology and psychology but is not yet fully acknowledged in consumer research. Studies in the marketing literature suggest that religion is a key element of culture, influencing both behaviour and purchasing decisions. This paper examines the influence of religion on consumer choice and is based on the proposition that adherence to a particular religious faith significantly influences shopping behaviour. Using the purchase of a television as the basis, the research examines the contrasting shopping behaviour of Hindus, Muslims and Catholics. The results suggest that religious affiliation should be included in future cross-cultural research and that there is considerable potential for extending research into the influence of religious affiliation on consumer behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumers of the 21st Century can purchase goods and services by many off-site methods as well as by the 'traditional' mode of shopping in person. It is time to look again at the key feature that makes the traditional method popular for many consumers: the opportunity to mix with other people during the retail/service experience. This article reviews the extant literature on on-site consumer interactions, especially conversations consumers have with fellow consumers and employees. Out of the review, three inter-related strategic perspectives are proposed which store-based retail/service provides must take to compete for customer loyalty in the new millennium. They are: (1) view on-site consumers as a valuable (willing and able) human resource, (2) plan to facilitate consumer-to-consumer interactions and (3) accept some social responsibility for the quality of these interactions. There are still some significant gaps in our understanding of the social and communal elements of service experiences. A focus for future research is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the revitalization of intra-urban centres, this review focuses on consumers' perceptions of the physical environment with emphasis on the tangible elements in the external shopping environment. Based on the typologies of environmental elements, a systematic review of 59 retailing articles by means of content analysis was conducted. Several design and ambient elements were identified as relevant to consumers, but an in-depth understanding of their effects is needed to enhance the attractiveness of intra-urban centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the shopping behavior of consumers with lower incomes. The author focuses on research that indicates that customers with lower incomes have a more restricted shopping scope. A related study, conducted in Jerusalem, Israel, suggests that the aforementioned consumers generally have a limited knowledge market conditions. The purchasing behaviors exhibited by lower-income consumers are compared to those of high-income consumers. Additional research related to the decision making processes of consumers is discussed. A model proposed by David L. Huff, that can be used to analyze consumer behavior, is also examined.

This research proposes that negotiators consider each other's payoffs in their evaluation of potential settlements beyond the level necessary to maintain the bargaining relationship. We further hypothesize that the way in which negotiators weight their opponents' payoffs, relative to their own, is a function of characteristics of the relationship and of the bargainers' personalities. Specifically, we consider liking of the other party, payoff expectations, satisfaction with past settlements, the likelihood of future negotiations, egocentricity, and power orientation. We demonstrate the impact of these factors on the satisfaction negotiators derive from profiting more and less than their opponents using data from an experiment in which subjects negotiate with computer-simulated opponents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tactile behavior is a basic communication form as well as an expression of interpersonal involvement. This article presents three studies offering evidence for the positive role of casual interpersonal touch on consumer behavior. More specifically, it provides initial support for the view that tactile stimulation in various consumer behavior situations enhances the positive feeling for and evaluation of both the external stimuli and the touching source. Further, customers touched by a requester tend to comply more than customers in no-touch conditions. Implications for consumer behavior theory and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage Village, home of the PTL ministry, is the focus for a study of consumer behavior involving an explicit synthesis of worship and shopping. The present investigation seeks to better understand the way these pursuits, seemingly philosophically opposed, are brought together for joint consumption. Notions of pilgrimage and sacralization of the secular are useful constructs in examining this merger of religion and consumption, but a priori formulations must be modified to more fully explain the behavior of consumers at Heritage Village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four experiments and one study were conducted to test the hypothesis that stimuli associated with spending can elicit spending responses. In all experiments, credit card stimuli were either present or absent in situations in which subjects were given an opportunity to spend. Credit card stimuli directed spending such that the probability, speed, or magnitude of spending was enhanced in the presence of credit card cues. A conditioning explanation was used to interpret the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the development of interest in consumer socialization. Major policy and conceptual issues are posed, and research in several areas of study is reviewed. Directions for research are specified in three key areas: consumer socialization processes, content of learning, and permanence of early learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'You can't have too much romance', according to the advertising by-line of Mills and Boon. This paper flirts with the carnality of consumption, casts a sidelong glance at the erotics of exchange and draws a discreet veil over the dirty mackintosh wearers of marketing. Campbell s much-vaunted 'romantic ethic' of consumer society is also dallied with and salacious turnouts about the relationship between marketing and romanticism are egregiously spread. Don't tell anyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What types of shoppers are most loyal to their local retail area? What types are most likely to travel long distances in order to shop in other areas? What do these out-of-town shoppers buy? This analysis of out-of-town shopping by the residents of a small Pennsylvania city investigates the relationship between shoppers' personal characteristics and attitudes toward local market conditions and their movements outside their local retail area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been successfully applied to gather customers’ shopping habits from their motion paths and other behavioral data. The customers’ behavioral data can be used for marketing purposes, such as improving the store layout or optimizing targeted promotions to specific customers. Some data mining techniques, such as clustering algorithms can be used to discover customers’ hidden behaviors from their shopping paths. However, shopping path data has peculiar challenges, including variable length, sequential data, and the need for a special distance measure. Due to these challenges, traditional clustering algorithms cannot be applied to shopping path data. In this paper, we analyze customer behavior from their shopping path data by using a clustering algorithm. We propose a new distance measure for shopping path data, called the Operation edit distance, to solve the aforementioned problems. The proposed distance method enables the RFID customer shopping path data to be processed effectively using clustering algorithms. We have collected a real-world shopping path data from a retail store and applied our method to the dataset. The proposed method effectively determined customers’ shopping patterns from the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shopping and retail trade play an important role in the economy, yet shopping activities and associated on-street parking and disruptions to traffic could substantially contribute to congestion in the megacities of the developing and emerging countries. This research investigates and quantifies the effects of shopping and related road-side frictions and disruptions on congestion in a city. We make use of minute by minute GPS tracking data of vehicles and a unique policy of different shopping closure days in different areas of the city, which allows the separation of shopping related congestion effects from commute and other effects. Results show that average speed increased by 18.5% on weekdays when shopping centres were closed. The differences in speed in the different zones can also be qualitatively related with the density of shopping centres in those zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Few studies have examined how customers respond to the mere presence of others in the shopping environment, and only one article (Söderlund, ) has investigated the unique impact that employee presence has on key customer outcomes. Söderlund ( ) found that customers entering a store with an employee present (vs. absent) reported significantly higher levels of customer satisfaction, with their increased levels of pleasurable feelings mediating this effect. However, similar to the majority of theorizing on customer satisfaction, that article was restricted to data collected in a Western society. Given the rapid economic growth in many Asian regions, there is a need to examine the applicability of such Western‐based findings from an Asian perspective, and hence include participants from Eastern societies. Accordingly, the present research investigated whether Söderlund's ( ) results could be replicated among Asian customers. The current work also sought to extend prior findings beyond pleasure and customer satisfaction while simultaneously documenting a boundary condition for the hitherto positive employee mere presence effects. To this end, two between‐subjects experiments with a total sample of 498 Chinese customers were conducted. Study 1, which involved a shopping situation in a clothing store, replicated Söderlund's ( ) main results and further found that employee mere presence (vs. absence) had a significant positive impact on customers’ loyalty intentions. These results were reversed in Study 2, in which the shopping situation involved the purchase of an embarrassing product. Under such circumstances, employee presence (vs. absence) consistently produced negative effects on customers’ levels of pleasure, satisfaction, and loyalty intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research fills a gap in the retailing literature regarding physical proximity while shopping. Most research in this area examines perceived crowding or social presence and largely ignores issues of distance. Using four studies we explore the impact of the physical proximity of an employee to a shopper. Contrary to common belief, we show that such encroachments can increase consumers’ acceptance feelings and their purchase intentions. We illustrate how these results are consistent with social identity theory. The results show a shopper can have higher purchase intentions the closer an employee physically gets to them due to an increase in feelings of acceptance. This result is strengthened when being included to an in-group is important to the shopper. The negative effects of feeling anxious in a purchase situation can also be buffered the closer an employee gets. Finally, the positive relationship of felt acceptance to purchase intentions is most critical when the product being purchased is perceived as less expressive. These results have important implications to our understanding of shopper behavior and reactions to physical proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with the Callonian approach in economic sociology, this paper introduces the concept of “fairtradization” to analyze the assemblages of human agents, material devices, and discourses through which the fair trade market is enacted. We argue that the retail setting is a key site for the enactment of particular versions of “fair trade,” focusing on a case study of the newly designed world shops in Flanders (Belgium). We reveal that the new shop design – aimed to address particular overflows resulting from the mainstreaming of fair trade – constitutes a multivocal shopping environment that enables four analytically distinct enactments of fair trade shopping. Our analytical approach opens up a more dynamic and complex understanding of fair trade beyond the unidirectional diagnosis of mainstreaming. More generally, it provides support for a radically performative view of consumption markets, pointing to the importance of retail settings as socio-material spaces for their enactment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Yachts, watches, sport cars, hunting rifles, all those goods represent most of the time a hedonist purchase done by Men. Nevertheless, things have changed. Women have an important impact on the final purchase decision. Researchers demonstrated the influence of husband and wife considering the determinants of role structure such as empathy or involvement (Burns and Granbois, 1977). Hofstede showed the importance of gender differences organized through a role-separation in everyday life. However, by exploring the role of consumer, gender codes are decreasingly important. Nowadays, a product that was masculine, might be highly purchased by women, who have growing influence on the purchasing decision of their partner. Who the final decision belongs to? The findings of the paper show the strong gender influence on luxury products. Generally, this paper will deal a lot with gender stereotypes as they can be found in the customers base of luxury brands. While the luxury market targets men or women through their products and services, our research shows the influence of client’s environment on the shopping experience and behavior. This article will focus on the power of women within the decision-making process depending on the culture. Generally, when men have the power on the product in itself, women have the ability to influence the decision on particular aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a software-as-a-service application that prevents shoplifting using image analysis and enterprise resource planning (ERP). In Japan, the total damage due to shoplifting has reached [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aims to empirically test and explain shoppers’ purchase behavior in a retail store by applying the strength model of self-control.Design/methodology/approach A pretest was used to identify shoppers’ purchase change behavior based on 500 average shoppers, followed by a main study based on another set of 166 average shoppers, to test the proposed hypotheses.Findings As shoppers stay shorter in a grocery store, they tend to change their purchase decisions more frequently. In addition, this study results reveal that three behavioral variables, namely, shoppers’ changed purchase decisions, shopping duration and walking distance, significantly predict their overall spending.Research limitations/implications The findings from the current study are limited to a designated superstore conducted for this study only. From a managerial viewpoint, the author suggests that giving shoppers more choice options and encouraging them to spend more time and walk further in a grocery store, depleting their self-control resources, can be an effective strategy in increasing sales. Yet, excessive efforts for these ideas can also cause shoppers’ massive returns once they return to the normal state with sufficient self-control resources.Originality/value The current study empirically confirms the applicability of the strength model of self-control through field studies designed to increase the external validity of the findings. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this research is the first to apply and empirically test the strength model of self-control in the field to explain shopper behavior and highlight the importance of understanding shoppers’ changed purchase decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trakya University, Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty E-Journal / Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-dergi is the property of T.C. Trakya Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shopper marketing as a discipline is focusing on shopper behavior at the store. This area is also catching attention of researchers. Family's influence, spouses' influence and children's influence has been widely studied in consumer behavior studies, but few of them focus on influence of co-shopper in the retail environment (Seth, 1974, Assel 1987, Terry and Rao 1992, Ford et al, 1995). In high value and involved purchase (in this case consumer durable) situation the paper attempts: Firstly, to understand the influence of shoppers' group on the purchasing decision at the point of purchase. Secondly, to reveal how the composition of shoppers' group influences the purchase decision at POP and role of individual group members. Lastly, capture the decision-making process and search stereotypes role/ roles in members in the shoppers' group. Integrating an observation study, along with 20 exit interviews of shopper groups, this research delves into this area. The result reveals that shopper behavior differs not just by active co-shopper or primary, but also secondary shoppers in the store. Shopping behavior is largely dependent on relationship with the co-shopper. It is also defined by the dynamics played in the purchase of high involvement product like consumer durables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since 2009, the green Keyhole symbol has been a joint Nordic initiative for signalling healthfulness of specific food products. In 2014, the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries carried out a campaign aimed mainly at men over 35 with a low level of education, encouraging them to use the Keyhole in their shopping process. The objective of the study is to evaluate the campaign by measuring its effect on consumer behaviour in the store.Methods: The impact of the Keyhole campaign was measured in selected retail stores. Sales data were analysed to ascertain whether sales of Keyhole labelled products changed during and after the campaign. Observations and interviews were conducted in the same stores.Results: The campaign had a positive effect on sales of Keyhole-labelled products in two out of three retail chains investigated. In these two retail chains, sales of Keyhole labelled products rose by about 20%. In the third chain, there was a slight decrease of sales of Keyhole labelled products. The effect differed considerably between product categories. Analysis of the interview data indicated that by the end of the campaign, shoppers with a short education had a higher likelihood of mentioning health as a purchase motive, and there was a higher general tendency to look for nutrition information.Conclusions: Results suggest that the campaign did have effects on shopper behaviour and that it is possible to address shoppers with a short education by a tailored campaign. However, long-term effect of the campaign was not ascertained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years an increasing consumer interest in shopping in alternative food chains can be observed also in the Czech Republic. For the successful development of alternative food networks, it is important to understand what motivates consumers to shop there. This paper is aimed to define and discuss the key aspects of the preference determinants of AFN shoppers. The empirical analysis was conducted on 333 shoppers at two alternative food chains in Brno, Czech Republic. The consumer survey was designed to examine cognitive, normative and affective determinants of preference for purchased food. First findings confirm, that by the shopping at alternative food chains consumers demonstrate preferences not only for fresh and tasty food, but also their normative position of willingness to support local production and community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine consumers' forgetting to buy items they intended to buy. We show that the propensity to forget depends on the types of items consumers intend to purchase and the way consumers shop. Consumers may shop using a memory-based search by recalling their planned purchases from memory and directly searching for the products. For example, consumers may use the search function at an online store. Alternatively, consumers may use a stimulus-based search by systematically moving through a store, visually scanning the inventory and selecting the required items as they are encountered. Using an online shopping paradigm, we show that consumers are more likely to forget the items they infrequently buy when using the memory-based search, but not when using the stimulus-based search. In fact, when using the stimulus-based search, consumers are sometimes even better able to remember the items they infrequently (vs. frequently) buy. Moreover, consumers fail to take these factors into account when predicting their memory. As a result, they do not take appropriate actions to prevent forgetting (e.g., using a shopping list). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze how channel characteristics influence the channel attitudes of multi-channel research shoppers. In addition, the study also considers consumers' complex shopping behaviors that involve using one channel for search and another for purchase simultaneously. Survey data were collected from 191 consumers with recent (i.e., in the last 3 months) multi-channel experiences. Qualified respondents had either searched in physical retail stores and purchased on the Internet or searched on the Internet and subsequently purchased in physical retail stores. The research hypotheses were examined using multiple regression analysis. The results show that customer perceptions of channel characteristics drive channel choice attitudes. Importantly, we find the significance of channel characteristics varies between the Internet and the physical channel. The research findings deepen our understanding of shopping behaviors in the multi-channel context. Practitioners may use the findings to manage the characteristics of the complementary channels while also designing marketing programs to create positive consumer attitudes toward search and purchase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study segments grocery shoppers seeking to maximize shopping value and minimize the investment of time, money, and effort. The literature lacks investigations of grocery shoppers based on shopping activities; therefore, this study aims to fill the gap. Data were obtained from 751 respondents who recently made a smart grocery shopping purchase. The cluster analysis to segment grocery shoppers yielded three types: spontaneous smart shoppers, apathetic smart shoppers, and involved smart shoppers. The segments differ across generational cohorts, consumer characteristics, postpurchase evaluations, and shopping values. Conclusions can assist marketers in tailoring their strategies for each segment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of the current research was to examine the influence of consumer shopping styles on Indian consumers' attitude toward services offered by shopping websites. Online service factors like product information, refunds, transactions, ability to return and exchange products, ability to cancel orders, and customer support services were examined. Unlike research findings from other countries, it was found that different consumer styles had no influence on consumers' online service attitude. Only a quality-conscious shopping style influenced consumers' website service attitude. The findings can help online shopping firms and retailers in understanding fears and apprehensions of consumers regarding online service. Service-related factors like refunds, product delivery, information availability, customer service, and financial transactions can be modified to improve consumers' attitudes toward online shopping websites. Future research can address issues related to consumer attitudes toward website features, layout, design, displays, and pictorial images. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The changes in social, economic and political life affect the style of self expression of the individuals in public sphere. With the capitalist system, the manners of interaction and relations of an individual in public sphere are well organized and reformed. The consumption culture has highly converted the individual's such activities like work, entertainment, shopping and having rest in daily activities. Shopping malls have great effects in this conversion of the individual's activities in different fields. The recent increase in the number of shopping malls not only reformed the shopping manners of consumers or the consumption activities, but also enable individuals belonging to different social classes meet at the same public sphere and socialize. Moreover, they reconstruct their social selves and their identities with the attractive physical structures of shopping malls, different architectural qualities and popular spaces and shops appealing to every one. This article aims to present the socio-economic profiles of the consumers using three different shopping malls in three different quarters of Denizli. The sample of this research constitutes 300 consumers using Forum Çamlık, Teras Park and Sümer Park shopping malls. The questionnaire is applied to the sample group and the relation between the versions are analyzed with the chi-square test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption practices of the elite have received a great deal of attention from historians over the years. The role of women (and gender) is mostly considered in the context of married couples, and therefore at a particular stage in the life cycle, with emphasis placed on the complementary role of husband and wife in the household economy. We know less about the consumption behaviour of single women, especially the ways in which this developed over their life course, singleness being seen as a passing stage rather than a long-term condition for many elite women. This article takes a case-study approach to explore in detail how consumption and shopping behaviour were shaped by gender, status and family, and how the relative importance of these changed over the life course of the individual. It focuses in particular on what was bought from whom and the factors shaping the choice of supplier, and argues that single status gave women freedom to act, but that this was framed by the obligations of status and the constraints of family. Landownership, of course, brought responsibilities as well as opportunities that shaped spending; but family as lineage was especially important in shaping patterns and geographies of spending. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]