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Purpose: This paper aims to propose a method of the safety boundary protection for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the icing conditions. Design/methodology/approach: Forty icing conditions were sampled in the continuous maximum icing conditions in the Appendix C of the Federal Aviation Regulation Part 25. Icing numerical simulations were carried out for the 40 samples and the anti-icing thermal load distribution in full evaporation mode were obtained. Based on the obtained anti-icing thermal load distribution, the surrogated model of the anti-icing thermal load distribution was established with proper orthogonal decomposition and Kriging interpolation. The weather research and forecasting (WRF) model was used for meteorological simulations to obtain the icing meteorological conditions in the target area. With the obtained icing conditions and surrogated model, the anti-icing thermal load distribution in the target area and the variation with time can be determined. According to the energy supply of the UAVs, the graded safety boundaries can be obtained. Findings: The surrogated model can predict the effects of five factors, such as temperature, velocity, pressure, median volume diameter (MVD) and liquid water content (LWC), on the anti-icing thermal load quickly and accurately. The simulated results of the WRF mode agree well with the observed results. The method can obtain the graded safety boundaries. Originality/value: The method has a reference significant for the safety of the UAVs with the limited energy supply in the icing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL-Ts) play a crucial role in solid tumor immunotherapy, their clinical application has been limited because of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, we developed an injectable hydrogel microsphere-integrated training court (MS-ITC) to inspire the function of TIL-Ts and amplify TIL-Ts, through grafting with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies and bovine serum albumin nanoparticles encapsulated with IL-7 and IL-15. MS-ITC provided the T-cell receptor and co-stimulatory signals required for TIL-Ts activation and IL-7/IL-15 signals for TIL-Ts expansion. Afterward, the MS-ITC was injected locally into the osteosarcoma tumor tissue in mice. MS-ITC suppressed the growth of primary osteosarcoma by more than 95 %, accompanied with primed and expanded TIL-Ts in the tumor tissues, compromising significantly increased CD8+ T and memory T cells, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor effect. Together, this work provides an injectable hydrogel microsphere-integrated training platform capable of inspiring TIL-Ts potential for a range of solid tumor immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal revision surgical strategy for patients who develop symptomatic adjacent segment disc degeneration (ASD) is controversial. The risks of intraoperative complications, especially the incidence of dysphagia, were relatively high for revision surgeries. This study was aimed at comparing the efficacy of revision surgery using a traditional plate-cage construct and zero-profile anchored spacer (ROI-C) device in treating symptomatic ASD after initial anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery. Forty-two patients who developed symptomatic ASD were retrospectively analyzed and classified into two groups (plate-cage group and ROI-C group). The clinical and radiological results were compared. We further evaluated the complication of dysphagia and dysphagia-related risk factors in these patients. The JOA and NDI scores, C2-7 lordotic angle, and intervertebral space height were significantly improved after revision surgery in both groups. The operative time and intraoperative blood loss both significantly decreased in the ROI-C group. The incidence of postoperative dysphagia was much lower in the ROI-C group than in the plate-cage group (18.75% vs. 57.69%; P = 0.01). The presence of dysphagia after initial surgery (P = 0.003) and revision surgery type (P = 0.01) was significantly related to the presence of dysphagia after revision surgery. These results indicated that both the plate-cage construct and ROI-C are effective in treating symptomatic ASD. However, compared with the traditional plate-cage construct, ROI-C with less operative time, less blood loss, and lower incidence of dysphagia is more suitable. Furthermore, ROI-C should preferably be used for patients who present with dysphagia after initial cervical surgery. This study will provide clinical guidance for spinal surgeons to choose the zero-profile device in treating specific and complicated cases, which will significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the anti-icing performance of the nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge (NSDBD) plasma actuator. Design/methodology/approach: With the Lagrangian approach and the Messinger model, two different ice shapes known as rime and glaze icing are predicted. The air heating in the boundary layer over a flat plate has been simulated using a phenomenological model of the NSDBD plasma. The NSDBD plasma actuators are planted in the leading edge anti-icing area of NACA0012 airfoil. Combining the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the phenomenological model, the flow field around the airfoil is simulated and the effects of the peak voltage, the pulse repetition frequency and the direction arrangement of the NSDBD on anti-icing performance are numerically investigated, respectively. Findings: The agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data indicates that the present method is accurate. The results show that there is hot air covering the anti-icing area. The increase of the peak voltage and pulse frequency improves the anti-icing performance, and the direction arrangement of NSDBD also influences the anti-icing performance. Originality/value: A numerical strategy is developed combining the icing algorithm with the phenomenological model. The effects of three parameters of NSDBD on anti-icing performance are discussed. The predicted results show that the anti-icing method is effective and may be helpful for the design of the anti-icing system of the unmanned aerial vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short samples of Nb3Al precursor are heated by Ohm heating. The curves of temperature vs heating time are investigated to study the phase reaction of jelly-roll precursor and in situ powder-in-tube precursor during the rapid heating process. A short constant temperature process occurs at about 2000 ∘C. It is proved that the reaction that generates body-centered cubic (BCC) solid solution phase is reversible. For jelly-roll precursor, metallographic images show that no reaction occurs between Nb/Al roll and Nb matrix. Voids and cracks become larger as the precursor is processed for multiple times. For in situ powder-in-tube precursor, Nb and Al powder is not reacted completely. Using smaller original Nb powder and Al powder is good for the formation of BCC solid solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Kyphoplasty has been demonstrated to be minimally invasive and effective in treating osteoporotic vertebral fracture patients with back pain over the level of the fractured vertebrae. Rare studies have reported on thoracolumbar vertebral fracture patients presenting with distal lumbosacral pain (DLP). Whether kyphoplasty had a favorable therapeutic benefit for these patients remains unclear. Purpose To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of kyphoplasty in treating osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral fracture (OTVF) patients with DLP and assess the clinical significance of focal tenderness to palpation in these patients. Material and Methods Thirty-two OTVF patients who only complained of DLP were treated by kyphoplasty. The vertebral heights, local kyphotic angle, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were assessed preoperatively, one day after surgery, and at last follow-up. All patients were evaluated regarding their degree of satisfaction with kyphoplasty. In addition, we compared the therapeutic efficacy of kyphoplasty in patients with and without focal tenderness to palpation. Results All patients successfully underwent kyphoplasty without complications. The vertebral heights, local kyphotic angles, VAS, and ODI scores were all significantly improved after kyphoplasty and maintained at last follow-up in our patients ( P < 0.001). At last follow-up, all patients expressed satisfaction with kyphoplasty. No significant differences in these parameters were detected between patients with and without focal tenderness. Conclusion The possibility of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures in elderly patients complaining of DLP should not be neglected. Kyphoplasty presents a superior benefit in treating OTVF patients with DLP. The absence of focal tenderness does not influence the clinical efficacy in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentiviral‐vector‐based therapies, widely used for treating various diseases, face limitations because of release burst, rapid clearance, and immune activation. Herein, a lentiviral vector delivery platform is proposed utilizing a virus‐engineered microsol electrospun scaffold. Identifying a remarkable upregulation of polypyrimidine tract binding protein1 (PTB) in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats, a scaffold is constructed comprising a hyaluronic acid (HA) core encapsulating brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and a polydopamine (PDA)‐modified linear poly‐l‐lactic acid (PLLA) shell, with shPTB lentiviral vectors (LV‐shPTB) grafted via PDA. In vitro, the LV‐shPTB achieves an infection efficiency of 70%, and the oriented scaffolds significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors, induce the reprogramming of fibroblasts into neurons, and sustain the release of BDNF for over 2 weeks. In vivo, the scaffolds provide physical support and neural guidance, as well as released BDNF and LV‐shPTB. LV‐shPTB delivery leads to the reprogramming of fibroblasts into neurons, and the sustained BDNF delivery maintains the neurons' proliferation and growth, which further promotes the recovery of neurological function in SCI rats. These results demonstrate the potential application of virus‐engineered delivery platforms in SCI treatment and other medical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology to screen additives in lead-acid batteries is critical. We developed a three-electrode system that can rapidly check the dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) and hydrogen evolution of electrodes. The electrode with 2% MXene and 0.2% carbon black shows a better DCA, which indicates its great potential in the start–stop technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the pattern and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil at a site of an organic chemical plant with irregular terrain, we developed a method of soil sampling by subarea that considers topographic features. We divided the site into the west subarea, which had the highest elevation; the southeast subarea (second-highest elevation), and the northeast subarea (lowest elevation). Two- and three-dimensional kriging and principal component analysis (PCA) models were employed to interpret the contamination pattern and spatial distribution of PAH contamination and to calculate the volume of soil contaminated with PAHs. The results show that the total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in each borehole ranged from 0.7 to 4889.5 mg/kg, with an average of 130 mg/kg. The pollutants mainly accumulated in the first layer of the site (0–1 m). Compared with the pollution levels at other chemical plants reported previously, the soil PAH concentrations measured in this study were higher. PCA results show that the explained variations of the first and second components were 88% and 0.9%, respectively. The samples had good separation characteristics between the different subareas and correlation and pertinence within the same subarea are strong. Volumes of soil contaminated with benzo[ a ]pyrene calculated using four different interpolation models were 131,019, 135,365, 142,741, 146,783 m 3 . Three-dimensional kriging that takes into consideration the surface-elevation change showed the lowest root-mean-square error and mean error, as well as higher accuracy compared with the other models. These results are important for defining remediation boundaries and the volume of contaminated soil for sites subjected to risk assessment and remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from chemical plants can cause serious pollution of surrounding agricultural soils. A comprehensive study of agricultural soils was conducted in the vicinity of a chemical plant in China to characterize the soil PAH concentration, as well as their composition and sources. Human health and a screening–level ecological risk assessment were conducted for PAH contamination in agricultural soils. The results showed that the total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs ranged from 250.49 to 9387.26 ng g −1 , with an average of 2780.42 ng g −1 . High molecular weight PAHs (four to six rings) were the dominant component, accounting for more than 60% of all PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization model (PMF) suggested that diesel emissions, coal combustion, coke ovens, and fuel combustion and gasoline emissions were the main sources of PAHs in agricultural soils. The ecological risk assessment results based on the effects range–low (ERL), the effects range–median (ERM), and the ecological screening levels (ESL) indicated that the exposure to ∑ PAH 16 was >ERL, >ERM, and ≥ERL and ESL at 78.1% of the soil sampling stations, and could induce biological effects in mammals. The Bap eq concentrations posed a potential carcinogenic risk to humans. Further risk management and control of soil PAHs in these agricultural soils is required to ensure the safety of the biocoenosis and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) can act as prognostic and diagnostic markers, and potential therapeutic targets. miR-95-3p has been reported to be downregulated in osteosarcoma tissues, but its potential as a serum biomarker has not been assessed in human osteosarcoma. The purpose of the present study was to examine the expression levels of miR-95-3p in serum of patients with osteosarcoma and to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of miR-95-3p. The serum levels of miR-95-3p in osteosarcoma patients were detected by a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Associations between miR-95-3p expression and various clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed using Chi square test. Differences in patient survival were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and a log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used for multivariate analyses of prognostic values. Compared to healthy controls, the expression levels of miR-95-3p in serum of osteosarcoma patients were significantly decreased ( P < 0.0001). Low miR-95-3p expression had significant association with clinical stage ( P < 0.001) and metastasis ( P < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that patients with high miR-95-3p expression survived significantly longer than patients with low miR-95-3p expression ( P = 0.017). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that miR-95-3p expression level ( P = 0.014) was an independent prognostic biomarker for overall survival. Our findings suggested that down-expression of serum miR-95-3p might be associated with poor prognosis of osteosarcoma patients, suggesting that decreased expression of serum miR-95-3p may serve as a valuable diagnostic/prognostic marker for osteosarcoma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs and have been shown to play a crucial role in the osteosarcoma (OS) tumorigenesis and progression. VEGFA is a key regulator of angiogenesis and plays an important role in regulation of tumor metastasis. The objective of this study was to determine whether VEGFA was involved in miR-1-mediated suppression of proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells. The expression levels of miR-1 were significantly lower in OS tumor tissues than those in adjacent normal tissues and in SAOS-2 and U2OS cell lines compared to a normal osteoblast (NHOst) cell line. VEGFA was upregulated in OS tumor tissues and SAOS-2 and U2OS cell lines. The results of CCK-8 assay and transwell assay showed that miR-1 acted as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in U2OS cells. Dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that VEGFA was a direct and functional target gene of miR-1. miR-1 directly inhibits the protein expression of VEGFA via its 3′-UTR. Knockdown of VEGFA by siRNA inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of U2OS cells. Our study suggested the potential inhibitory function of miR-1 in OS cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via inhibiting VEGFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The instantaneously recovered stability and strength following vertebral augmentation prevent continuous micro-motion and further collapse of fractured vertebrae. Despite this, during follow-up of our patients, we observed recompression of augmented vertebrae with significant vertebral height loss and aggravation of local kyphotic deformity.Purpose: To identify the risk factors related to recompression and to evaluate the clinical significance of recompression.Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty-one patients who underwent single-level kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral fractures were retrospectively analyzed and classified into the following two groups: group 1 with recompression and group 2 without recompression. Characteristics of patients and fractured vertebrae were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for recompression. We evaluated the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores in both groups to elucidate the clinical impact.Results: During an average of 20.75 ± 4.43 months of follow-up, 17 augmented vertebrae developed recompression. In the recompression group, vertebral height loss was accompanied by significantly aggravated local kyphotic deformity. The local kyphotic angle differed significantly between the two groups at final follow-up (P = 0.011). However, the VAS and ODI scores were maintained at final follow-up in both groups although the values were slightly higher in group 1. Solid lump distribution pattern (OR = 8.718; P = 0.003) and the degree of vertebral height restoration (OR = 1.260; P < 0.001) were identified as the most important risk factors for recompression.Conclusion: Fractured vertebrae containing solid lump cement and those with more vertebral height restoration are at higher risk of recompression. More attention should be given to these patients considering the aggravated local kyphotic deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured LiFePO4(LFP) electrodes have attractedgreat interest in the Li-ion battery field. Recently there have beendebates on the presence and role of metastable phases during lithiation/delithiation,originating from the apparent high rate capability of LFP batteriesdespite poor electronic/ionic conductivities of bulk LFP and FePO4(FP) phases. Here we report a potentiostatic in situ transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM) study of LFP electrode kinetics during delithiation.Using in situ high-resolution TEM, a Li-sublattice disordered solidsolution zone (SSZ) is observed to form quickly and reach 10–25nm × 20–40 nm in size, different from the sharp LFP|FPinterface observed under other conditions. This 20 nm scale SSZ isquite stable and persists for hundreds of seconds at room temperatureduring our experiments. In contrast to the nanoscopically sharp LFP|FPinterface, the wider SSZ seen here contains no dislocations, so reducedfatigue and enhanced cycle life can be expected along with enhancedrate capability. Our findings suggest that the disordered SSZ coulddominate phase transformation behavior at nonequilibrium conditionwhen high current/voltage is applied; for larger particles, the SSZcould still be important as it provides out-of-equilibrium but atomicallywide avenues for Li+/e–transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature dependence of the first-order Raman scattering in silicon nanowires was studied using an amended phonon confinement model. The experimental band position and linewidth both showed a better agreement with the calculated data if the temperature effect was considered. Furthermore, a slight improvement in crystal quality was observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Quantities of crystalline array-orderly silicon nano-wires (SiNWs) were fabricated using chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) method at low temperature (550–400°C). In the experiments, the decreasing temperature process was used. By means of transmission electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, it was found that the SiNWs were well crystallized. Finally, the growth mechanism of the SiNWs during the decreasing process was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tiny silicon nano-wires (SiNWs) were synthesized on silicon wafers by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. The morphology and structure of tiny SiNWs were analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The results indicate that the tiny SiNWs were part-crystalline structure and were about 3 nm in minimal diameter. Based on the line shift of Raman spectra, the structure transform of the tiny SiNWs was discussed. The defect-inducing growth mechanism will probably provide a new method for the minimum of the one-dimensional nano-materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thin silicon nano-wires (SiNWs) with a diameter of ∼10–20 nm were fabricated by a simple thermal evaporation of silicon wafer at 1523 K. The gold produced by an electrochemical method was covered on the wafer surface as catalyst. It was found that the SiNWs are amorphous and its Raman peak shifted down maybe due to the effect of laser heating and quantum confinement. Finally, a temperature gradient growth model is suggested to explain the growth direction of SiNWs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with a diameter of ∼20 nm were synthesized by the thermal evaporation of sulfur powders on silicon wafers. The source of the SiNWs came from the silicon substrates. It is considered that the generated SiS compound assisted the formation of SiNWs. Finally, the Raman shift of SiNWs was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Silicon nano-wires (SiNWs) with diameter of ∼30 nm and length of tens of micrometers on silicon wafers were synthesized by a novel thermal evaporation of zinc sulfide. After thermal evaporation at 1080°C for 1 h, crystalline SiNWs were produced. It was found that the tip of SiNWs contained sulfur, while the other places of SiNWs did not. It is considered that the decomposition of SiS resulted in the formation of SiNWs. On the basis of the facts, a sulfide-assisted growth model of SiNWs was suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Array-ordered single-crystal silicon nanowires were fabricated by the nanochannel-aluminal and CVD method. The average length and diameter of the nanowires is about 10 μm and 60 nm, respectively. A study of the Raman spectrum of the nanowires shows that the Raman shift to low frequency is due to the quantum confinement effect, which is discussed by using the phonon confinement model. Also we determine the peaks of the Raman spectrum to be corresponding to that of crystal silicon (c-Si). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A large-scale crystalline silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with a diameter of ∼30 nm and length of tens of micrometers on Al2O3 templates and silicon wafers were synthesized by the thermal evaporation of silicon monoxide (SiO). The SiNWs were measured by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. It was pointed out that the SiNWs possessed the well crystalline structure. Therefore, it is considered that SiO could be used as Si sources to produce larger-scale SiNWs and crystalline SiNWs may grow from amorphous nuclei. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Tiny SiO2 nano-wires (SiO2-NWs) were synthesized on a p-Si (1 1 1) wafer by the chemical-vapor-deposition method. The minimum diameter of the nano-wires was around 9 nm, and the length was longer than 10 μm. The results of transmission electron microscopy shows that the amorphous nano-wires were composed of Si and O with an approximate atomic ratio of 1:2. Furthermore, the photoluminescence behavior of the SiO2-NWs has been also checked. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The crystallization and the disappearance of the defects and impurity stress of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) after annealing at high temperature (900 °C) have been investigated. The chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) and alumina template technology were used for the synthesis of the SiNWs. Then transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were used to study the crystallization procedure and the disappearance of defects of the SiNWs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Array-orderly single crystal silicon nano-wires (SiNWs) using self-organized nano-holes of anodically oxidized aluminum were fabricated. By field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), the well-orderly single crystal SiNWs arrays were observed. The interval of the SiNWs is excellent symmetrical and consentaneous. The diameter and the length are around 35 nm and 4 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX) indicated that the SiNWs consist of silicon core and silicon oxide sheath mainly. The Raman scattering was also carried out to analyze the structure of the oriented SiNWs. Finally, the growth mechanism of the SiNWs was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Vertebral augmentation, such as vertebroplasty (VP) or kyphoplasty (KP), has been utilized for decades to treat OVCFs; however, the precise impact of this procedure on reducing mortality risk remains a topic of controversy. This study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of vertebral augmentation on mortality in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) using a large-scale meta-analysis. Materials and methods: Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed and Web of Science databases were employed for literature exploration until May 2023. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized as a summary statistic via random-effect models. Statistical analysis was executed using Review Manager 5.3 software. Results: After rigorous screening, a total of five studies with substantial sample sizes were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. The total number of participants included in the study was an 2,421,178, comprising of 42,934 cases of vertebral augmentation and 1,991,244 instances of non-operative management. The surgical intervention was found to be significantly associated with an 18% reduction in the risk of mortality (HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.78, 0.85). Subgroup analysis revealed a remarkable 71% reduction in mortality risk following surgical intervention during short-term follow-up (HR 0.29; 95% CI 0.26, 0.32). Furthermore, KP exhibited a superior and more credible decrease in the risk of mortality when compared to VP treatment. Conclusions: Based on a comprehensive analysis of large samples, vertebral augmentation has been shown to significantly reduce the mortality risk associated with OVCFs, particularly in the early stages following fractures. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that KP is more reliable and effective than VP in terms of mitigating mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Infrared (IR) spectra of the silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with oxide layer are analyzed by introducing the disorder-induced mechanical coupling between the optically active oxygen asymmetric stretch (AS) and inactive oxygen asymmetric stretch (I-AS) modes in terms of the transverse-optic (TO) and longitudinal-optic (LO) vibrational modes. The shapes of the IR spectra are similar to that of the reported SiO2, indicating that the SiNWs possess an oxide layer outside. The TO frequencies of coupled AS and I-AS are experimentally observed as peak at approximately 1085 cm−1 and its shoulder of 1200 cm−1, respectively. The other TO absorption peaks of ∼468 cm−1, ∼480 cm−1, and ∼808 cm−1 are also observed. Furthermore, the intensity of the AS-mode TO band centered at ∼1085 cm−1 decreases while those of silicon lattice absorption peaks are enhanced with the crystalline quality increased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Copper sulfide (Cu2S) micro-tubes with the diameter of ∼1–5 μm and the length of tens of μms were successfully synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation of zinc sulfide powders on copper substrates at ∼700 °C for about 1 h. The atom ratio of element Cu and S (2:1at.%) of single micro-tube confirmed that the micro-tube was Cu2S. The samples were indicated to be composed of monoclinic Cu2S and hexagonal β-Cu2S by X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. From the facts of results, a growth mechanism of copper sulfide micro-tubes was discussed briefly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To overcome the low mechanical strength and difficult bonding of hydrogels to bones which are the major limitations of hydrogels used in bone-regeneration, a new type of calcium polyphosphate incorporated into bioinspired alginate/polyacrylic acid (CPP/PAA-Alg) hybrid double network (DN) hydrogel with both high strength and enhanced osseointergration was prepared by a two-step polymerization with alginate and polyacrylic acid for bone regeneration. The morphology, mechanical properties, swelling, biocompatibility, osseointegration and osteogenic ability of this CPP/PAA-Alg DN hydrogel were investigated. The results show that CPP/PAA-Alg DN hydrogel with highly porous microstructure possesses high water absorption capacity and highly strength properties which meet the requirements of bone repairing. The results of in vitro studies revealed that the CPP/PAA-Alg DN hydrogels can support the spread of cells and promote the cell proliferation. Animal studies demonstrated that the CPP incorporated would enhance the osseointegration of DN hydrogel with host bone at an early stage after implantation to accelerate the regeneration of bone. This research may provide a new way to develop biocompatible biomaterials with high mechanical strength and good osseointegration to meet the needs of bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanowire-on-microrod structured polyaniline (PANI)@FeS2 hybrid was developed via a facile metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived chemical method. The in situ grown PANI nanowires on the surface of pyramidal FeS2 microrods displayed better mechanical flexibility and improved Al-storage performance. The PANI nanowires not only enhanced electron transfer during the electrochemical reaction, but also accommodated the volume expansion of FeS2 during discharge. The PANI@FeS2 hybrid as the cathode in AIBs delivered a reliable battery capacity of 152.8 mA h g−1 along with a Coulombic efficiency of >96.5% after 500 cycles at a current density of 1.5 A g−1. In addition, a high capacity retention of 160.2 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.5 A g−1 at −10 °C was achieved. These findings provide a feasible strategy by constructing a nanowire-on-microrod hybrid that can be applied in high-performance secondary batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thoracolumbar fascia injury (FI) is rarely discussed in osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) patients in previous literature and it is usually neglected and treated as an unmeaning phenomenon. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the thoracolumbar fascia injury and further discuss its clinical significance in the treatment of kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) patients. Methods: Based on the presence or absence of FI, 223 OVF patients were divided into two groups. The demographics of patients with and without FI were compared. The visual analogue scale and Oswestry disability index scores were compared preoperatively and after PKP treatment between these groups. Results: Thoracolumbar fascia injuries were observed in 27.8% of patients. Most FI showed a multi-level distribution pattern which involved a mean of 3.3 levels. Location of fractures, severity of fractures and severity of trauma were significantly different between patients with and without FI. In further comparison, severity of trauma was significantly different between patients with severe and non-severe FI. In patients with FI, VAS and ODI scores of 3 days and 1 month after PKP treatment were significantly worse compared to those without FI. It showed the same trend in VAS and ODI scores in patients with severe FI when compared to those patients with non-severe FI. Conclusions: FI is not rare in OVF patients and presents multiple levels of involvement. The more serious trauma suffered, the more severe thoracolumbar fascia injury presented. The presence of FI which was related to residual acute back pain significantly affected the effectiveness of PKP in treating OVFs. Trial registration: retrospectively registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A foldable battery with high flexibility provides great potential in various wearable electronic devices for health and fitness tracking, chronic disease management, performance monitoring, navigation tracking, and portable gears for soldiers. We report a highly flexible, self‐healing Zn‐ion battery with a free‐standing cathode that is composed of a 3D gear‐like NH4V4O10@C composite on carbon paper. The battery retained a capacity of up to 102.4 mAh g−1 even after being folded 60 times with a high angle of 180°. An aqueous hydrogel consisting polyvinyl alcohol, glycerin and Zn(CF3SO3)2 was used as electrolyte, which showed as high as 580 % tensile strain under a loading weight of 78 N. The battery exhibited a better capacity retention of over 100 mAh g−1 and Coulombic efficiency of over 99.8 % after cutting and twisting to 90°, thereby indicating a great self‐healing performance. The gear‐like geometry greatly improved the volume accommodation due to the increased interval space between the blades and the outward configuration. Meanwhile the Zn2+ ionic conductivity was improved by rapid re‐binding of many existing hydroxy groups from the electrolyte and the enhanced contact surface area and diffusion route from the cathode material. The highly flexible, safe aqueous Zn‐ion battery opens a practical way to power various carry‐on electronics under mechanical agitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common cancer type with both high incidence and mortality. Recent studies have revealed an important role of circRNA in the development of GC. However, more experiments are needed to reveal the precise molecular mechanisms of circRNA in GC development. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict the potential role of circ_PABPC1 in GC and the target proteins of circ_PABPC1. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays were conducted to detect the levels of circ_PABPC1, NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65 (Ser536) and ILK. MTT, Edu staining, cell scratch-wound and trans -well assays were carried out to detect cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The interaction between ILK and circ_PABPC1 was confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull-down and fluorescence in situ hybridization assays. Genetically modified GC cells were injected into mice to evaluate the tumor growth performance. This study found that the high expression of circ_PABPC1 was associated with a poor prognosis of GC. The up-regulation of circ_PABPC1 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. Circ_PABPC1 bound to ILK protein, thereby preventing the degradation of ILK. ILK mediated the effect of circ_PABPC1 on GC cells through activating NF-κB. circ_PABPC1 promotes the malignancy of GC cells through binding to ILK to activate NF-κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recalcitrant nature of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) urges scientists to discover solutions to permanently remove PFAS contaminations from water with less energy in contrast to incineration. Herein, a duo-functional tri-metallic-oxide (f -TMO) hybrid photocatalyst was developed via a facile process, which displayed both high adsorption capacity and high defluorination rate of a series of PFASs including PFOA, PFOS, PFHpA, PFHxA and PFBA due to the generated holes/electrons (h+/e−) and multi-radicals such as O 2 •- and SO 4 •-. Particularly the Langmuir adsorption capacities up to 827.84 and 714.46 mg g−1 along with the adsorption efficiency of 99.8% and 99.4% for PFOS and PFOA were respectively achieved. A defluorination ratio of as high as 74.8% with PFOA and a ratio up to 67.6% with PFOS were respectively received. Over 98% PFOA molecules were degraded within as fast as 15 min under initial concentrations ranging from 1 ppb to 1000 ppb, which demonstrates an excellent degradation kinetics. As for the sulfonic acid of PFOS, an as high as 95.5% degradation efficiency was obtained within 300 min. The degradation rates were 4.5 mg L−1 h−1 for PFOA and 0.54 mg L−1 h−1 for PFOS, respectively. In parallel, the f -TMO photocatalyst still exhibited a >96.2% degradation efficiency after eight regeneration cycles. The high physical adsorption capacity and high defluorination rate make this f -TMO catalyst promising applications in removing various PFASs from a broad range of residential and industrial water systems. • High adsorption capacity of 827.8 and 714.5 mg g−1 for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. • High removal efficiency of 99.8% and 99.4% for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. • Defluorination ratios of 74.8% with PFOA and 67.6% with PFOS were received. • Fast degradation kinetics under low PFAS concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-sulfur battery cathodes still remain a challenge on capacity decay due to the shuttle effect even though a series of strategies have been tried. Here we report a novel matryoshka-like CuS@void@Co 3 O 4 architecture of double micro-cubes (μ -cubes) that locks sulfur between the CuS core and the Co 3 O 4 shell. Plenty of existing spaces between the μ -cubes suffice a high loading of sulfur and volumetric accommodation. The robust, double closed cubes configuration greatly enhances the confinement of polysulfides. In parallel, the CuS core increases the electronic conductivity and contributes to additional capacity, while the Co 3 O 4 shell ensures a better interface activity. A high Li+ ion diffusion coefficient is obtained during the sulfur and lithium sulfide transformation. The constructed battery displays an initial capacity up to 1480 mAh g−1, and a Coulombic efficiency (CE) exceeding 99%. A capacity retention higher than 500 mAh g−1 with a CE larger than 99.8% after cycling 400 times at 0.2 C are achieved. In addition, under a temperature of −5 °C, a high capacity of 700 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C after 200 cycles is achieved, indicating a good low-temperature tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow nanostructures have received broad attention for lithium-storage owing to their advantages in accommodating volume-change. However, taking the hollow sphere as an example, the void inside consumes a large volume fraction, resulting in a low material loading. Herein, we present a novel hollow nanosheet using Co 2 SiO 4 as demonstrating example. The Co 2 SiO 4 nanosheets-based anode exhibits a high and stable capacity of 1456 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and an excellent rate-performance after three rounds of cycling. In addition, the dynamic lithiation and delithiation of Co 2 SiO 4 are presented using an in situ transmission electron microscopy technology. Unlabelled Image • A novel hollow Co 2 SiO 4 nanosheet secondary battery anode is presented. • Excellent electrochemical performance with stable capacity and high rate-performance is achievable. • Dynamic lithiation/delithiation is demonstrated using in situ transmission electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multi-scenario ecosystem service value assessment framework for mining-dominated watersheds was established. • Ecosystem service value change was evaluated under four development models. • The role of mining activities in affecting land use/cover change characterized by grassland and cropland loss. Exploring future land use/cover change (LULC) and ecosystem service values (ESV) dynamics is crucial for sustainable development from regional to global scales. However, ESV dynamics is significantly affected by economic development and policy changes, and future projections of ESV are generally characterized by large uncertainties due to complexity in LULC dynamics. Mining activities are supposed to exert significant effects on ESV dynamics, while the patterns and controls of ESV in mining-dominated basins are still less understood, especially under different land-use scenarios. Here, based on multi-source remote sensing data and land-use data in the Fenhe River Basin, we integrated the SD model, Markov model and PLUS model to simulate LULC in the Fenhe River Basin under four scenarios, i.e., the economic development priority (EDP), natural development priority (ND), cultivated land protection priority (CLP), and ecological protection priority (EPP). Based on ESV equivalent coefficient method and geographical detector, we further determined the patterns and controls of ESV. Results showed that construction land and cultivated land were mainly concentrated in the central parts of the basin, and grassland and woodland were concentrated in the edge area of the basin. Over the past two decades, construction land and woodland have experienced significant expansion, while the areas of grasslands and cultivated lands have declined due to mining activities. The high-value and sub-high-value areas of ESV were concentrated in woodland, grassland, reservoir and concentrated water area of mainstream and tributary. The low-value area was mainly located in the gathering area of construction land. The total ESV showed a downward trend with time, and the highest decline in the total ESV under the four land use scenarios was the EDP, while the lowest drop was the EPP. The highest contribution rate of ESV was woodland, which was equivalent to the contribution rate of cultivated land, grassland and water area, totally accounting for 58.54% of the whole ESV. The geographical detector method indicated that distance to the residential area, soil erodibility, distance to the river, soil type and annual average temperature were the main driving factors affecting the spatial patterns of ESV. Our results highlighted the fundamental role of mining activity in affecting LULC characterized by grassland and cultivated land shrinkage, and suggested that mining areas rehabilitation should be given priority in terms of further improving ESV in mining-dominated basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging power batteries with both high volumetric energy density and fast charge/discharge kinetics are required for electric vehicles. The rapid ion/electron transport of mesostructured electrodes enables a high electrochemical activity in secondary batteries. However, the typical low fraction of active materials leads to a low volumetric energy density. Herein, we report a novel biomimetic “bee pupa infilled honeycomb”-structured 3D mesoporous cathode. We found previously the maximum active material filing fraction of an opal template before pinch-off was about 25%, whereas it could be increased to ∼90% with the bee pupa-infilled honeycomb-like architecture. Importantly, even with a high infilling fraction, fast Li+/e− transport kinetics and robust mechanical property were achievable. As the demonstration, a bee pupa infilled honeycomb-shaped Li2MnSiO4/C cathode was constructed, which delivered a high volumetric energy density of 2443 W h L−1. The presented biomimetic bee pupa infilled honeycomb configuration is applicable for a broad set of both cathodes and anodes in high energy density batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-dimensional all-in-one Sn–Co alloy anode is reported for the first time, which delivers a high capacity along with a stable coulombic efficiency as well as good temperature tolerance. The binder-free electrode eliminates the complexity of conventional slurry preparation while maintaining an integrated scaffold, which provides space to accommodate volume expansion, as confirmed by an in situ transmission electron microscopy study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel battery hybrid composite anode consisting of tin nanoparticles encapsulated by double nets of carbon matrixes is presented. The improved electron transfer and volume change accommodation are confirmed via density functional theory modeling and in situ transmission electron microscopy observations, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the efficacy of secondary balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) for new vertebral compression fracture (NVCF) of previously non-fractured, non-treated vertebrae after previous BKP and to compare the therapeutic effect between patients with single-level adjacent NVCF and remote NVCF.Methods: We retrospectively studied patients with single-level NVCF after initial BKP in our hospital from January 2007 to August 2014. The mean follow-up time from secondary BKP was 13.78 ± 3.18 (12-24) months. Visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were assessed prior to the initial BKP, one day after initial BKP, prior to the secondary BKP, one day after the secondary BKP, and at last follow-up. Kyphotic angle and vertebral heights were also compared for secondary BKP. Data were compared between patients with adjacent NVCF and remote NVCF.Results: 36 patients were investigated. Compared with pre-operative value of initial and secondary BKP, patients in both groups gained statistical significant improvements for VAS and ODI after initial and secondary BKP, respectively (P < 0.05), and this improvement maintained at final follow-up. No statistical difference in VAS was found between the 2 groups after initial BKP and prior to the secondary BKP (P > 0.05), but patients in remote NVCF group achieved better VAS score than patients in adjacent NVCF group after the secondary BKP and at the final follow-up (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were detected in ODI between the 2 groups prior to the initial BKP, one day after initial BKP, prior to the secondary BKP and 1 day after the secondary BKP (P > 0.05), but the ODI scores were higher in adjacent NVCF group than in remote NVCF at last follow-up (P < 0.05). Kyphotic angle and vertebral heights were significantly restored and maintained after secondary BKP within groups, respectively.Conclusions: Secondary BKP is an effective procedure for treating NVCF after initial BKP. Patients with new fracture in remote level gain slightly better pain relief than those in the adjacent level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various Co-N-C catalysts including nanoparticles and single-atom sites were prepared using a low-temperature synthetic strategy by vacuum calcining with high exposure of the active sites and low energy consumption. When used in the formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation reaction, the obtained single-atom sites catalyst displayed high catalytic activity with a high H 2 production rate of 27,361 mL·g−1·h−1. Moreover, the single-atom sites catalysts can still exhibit astonished catalytic performance in 88% FA (cheapest commercially available grade of FA) due to their super stability and special mechanism of reaction. From TEM, XRD, HAADF-STEM, XPS, and XANES characterization, the atomically dispersed active sites in the single-atom sites catalysts caused by strong metal-nitrogen coordination is believed to be the key to the success of this reaction. Moreover, the mechanism difference between nanoparticles and single-atom sites on aqueous formic acid dehydrogenation over coblat catalyst was illustrated. The mechanism of SAC and NP catalyst were both discussed through contrast experiment and isotope effect experiment. Finally confirmed the reaction proceeds through the HCO 2 − dehydrogenation path on NP catalyst and HCO 2 H dehydrogenation path on SAC. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) are minimally invasive and effective vertebral augmentation techniques for managing osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Recent meta-analyses have compared the incidence of secondary vertebral fractures between patients treated with vertebral augmentation techniques or conservative treatment; however, the inclusions were not thorough and rigorous enough, and the effects of each technique on the incidence of secondary vertebral fractures remain unclear.Purpose: To perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies with more rigorous inclusion criteria on the effects of vertebral augmentation techniques and conservative treatment for OVCF on the incidence of secondary vertebral fractures.Material and Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SpringerLink, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library database were searched for relevant original articles comparing the incidence of secondary vertebral fractures between vertebral augmentation techniques and conservative treatment for patients with OVCFs. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs) were identified. The methodological qualities of the studies were evaluated, relevant data were extracted and recorded, and an appropriate meta-analysis was conducted.Results: A total of 13 articles were included. The pooled results from included studies showed no statistically significant differences in the incidence of secondary vertebral fractures between patients treated with vertebral augmentation techniques and conservative treatment. Subgroup analysis comparing different study designs, durations of symptoms, follow-up times, races of patients, and techniques were conducted, and no significant differences in the incidence of secondary fractures were identified (P > 0.05). No obvious publication bias was detected by either Begg's test (P = 0.360 > 0.05) or Egger's test (P = 0.373 > 0.05).Conclusion: Despite current thinking in the field that vertebral augmentation procedures may increase the incidence of secondary fractures, we found no differences in the incidence of secondary fractures between vertebral augmentation techniques and conservative treatment for patients with OVCFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Onion-like carbon (OLC), also known as carbon onions, is an attractive material for electrical energy storage in regards to high rate, high power applications. We report the most up to date, systematic, and extensive study of the electrochemical behavior of carbon onions in aqueous (1M sulfuric acid, H2SO4) and organic (1M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, TEA-BF4, and 1M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, TBA-BF4, in acetonitrile) electrolytes. The physical and electrical properties of OLC are studied as a function of the synthesis temperature and compared with diamond soot, carbon black, and activated carbon. To obtain a molecular scale picture of the processes at the OLC-electrolyte interface, we supplement the experimental work with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of carbon onions in organic electrolytes. The capacitive performance of OLC exceeds other carbon materials at high charge/discharge rates (up to 50Vs−1; time constant τ ∼10ms). OLC produced from detonation soot has a performance similar to that of OLC from highly purified nanodiamond. While OLC produced at 1500°C has the largest specific surface area, OLC produced at 1800°C has the highest conductivity and shows the best capacitive performance at high rates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Multifunctional bone scaffold materials have been produced from a biodegradable polymer, poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA), and 1–10% wt of octadecylamine-functionalized nanodiamond (ND-ODA) via solution casting followed by compression molding. By comparison to pure PLLA, the addition of 10% wt of ND-ODA resulted in a significant improvement of the mechanical properties of the composite matrix, including a 280% increase in the strain at failure and a 310% increase in fracture energy in tensile tests. The biomimetic process of bonelike apatite growth on the ND-ODA/PLLA scaffolds was studied using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The enhanced mechanical properties and the increased mineralization capability with higher ND-ODA concentration suggest that these biodegradable composites may potentially be useful for a variety of biomedical applications, including scaffolds for orthopedic regenerative engineering. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Crystalline boron oxide nanowires have been synthesized on silicon substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process without the use of catalysts or templates. It is pointed out that the boron oxide nanowires are cubic and single crystalline, and the diameter of the nanowires is in the range of 20–. Some of the nanowires branched, and the diameters of the branches and stems of the branched boron oxide nanowires are in the range of 20–80 and 100–, respectively. The crystallinity, morphology, and structure features of the as-prepared boron oxide nanowires were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. Furthermore, Raman spectrum and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the nanowires were also investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A sol–gel process and a nanochannel aluminium template were employed to fabricate an orderly array of ZnO nanowires. The ZnO nanowires, with a hexagonal structure, were identified by means of x-ray diffraction and selected-area electron diffraction. The arrays of ZnO nanowires were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the diameters of the ZnO nanowires are very uniform, at about 60 nm. Furthermore, high-resolution TEM provides lattice images of {100, {002 and {101 planes in the nanowires, indicating that the nanowires are well crystallized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La1−xCaxMnO3 (LCMO) nanowires were prepared using a simple sol–gel process and nano-channel alumina (NCA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) indicate that the nanowires are of monoclinic perovskite structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the diameters of nanowires are around 30 nm. Furthermore, high-resolution TEM reveals a clear lattice image of {0 2 1} planes in a LCMO nanowire. It can be expected that the method presented in this Letter is also appropriate for the preparation of nanowires of other mono-component or multi-component oxides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Soil arsenic (As) pollution around large-scale As mine contaminated sites is of great concern, but there have been no detailed reports about them in China. A comprehensive study was conducted to determine the soil pollution characteristics and the multiple potential risks to the environment and the ecosystem of a large-scale arsenic slag contaminated site in southwest China. A total of 2,816 samples from three soil layers were collected and the As concentration was determined. The results showed that the As concentrations in the soil samples were highly variable and ranged from not detectable (N.D.) to 76,400.00 mg/kg, with a mean concentration of 1,205.97 mg/kg. The estimation of the mean value for the potential ecological risk index (E r) was 606, which indicated that there was a potential severe ecological risk, and over 39% of the samples were in the high ecological risk category (E r ≥ 80). The geoaccumulation index (I geo) results showed that the As levels ranged from uncontaminated (I geo < 0) to very strongly polluted (I geo = 11.3), and the proportion of samples that were strongly polluted and above (I geo ≥ 3) was 30.8%. The As content in the surface water may have increased due to the migration of pollutants in the site soil, especially within a migration distance of 200 m. The migration prediction results showed that the As residue and contaminated soil at the site posed a considerable risk of contaminating a downstream drinking water reservoir that is about to be built because it will be the main receptor for the site. The groundwater beneath the site had little effect on the As content in the surface water after its migration and posed a low risk to the receptor. The results from this study can help prevent potential cumulative risk and improve the implementation of effective environmental risk controls at large-scale As mine contaminated sites. • The first study on soil As pollution in a large-scale arsenic slag site in China. • A systemic environmental risk assessment of site soil pollution was conducted. • Arsenic slag storage prompts As to be enriched, which bring high ecological risk. • Environmental risk of soil As was high to the drinking water reservoir. • Most of the environmental risks were due to the production area soil pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) disease can cause lower back pain. However, the change of lactic acid content during disc degeneration process still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the change of the content of lactic acid is associated with depletion of degenerative intervertebral disc extracellular matrix.Methods: A total of 18 miniature pigs were equally divided into annular lesion surgery (AL) and sham group. The lateral superficial annulus fibrosus (AF) of T12-L4 discs in AL group were penetrated by 3.5 mm trepan with the depth of 3 mm, the same IVD were only exposed without any injury in the sham group. At 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration was evaluated by magnetic resonance, histological and biochemical analysis.Results: No obvious degeneration was found in sham group. However, disc degeneration was found and gradually worsened in AL group after surgery. Histological analysis showed that the AF was rupture and disorder, the number of cells in nucleus pulposus (NP) was decreased in AL group. Compared with the sham group, the extent of type II collagen (Col-II) and aggrecan in NP tissue was dramatically decreased in AL group, consistent with the results of Col -II immunohistochemistry staining and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Besides, the gene expression of matrix metallopeptidase 3 and 13 also continuous increased in AL group. The amount of lactic acid and nerve growth factor in NP tissue was gradually increased after operation in AL group.Conclusions: The content of lactic acid gradually increased after annular lesion, associated with the damage of AF structural and the decrease of Col -II and aggrecan in NP tissue, which leading to the disc degeneration. Depletion of extracellular matrix is consistent with lactic acid accumulation inside of IVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]