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The accurate prediction of a signal's attenuation is essential for the development of reliable, modern, mobile radio-communication networks. In this study, the accuracies of four propagation models in diverse terrains and environments were analyzed using field measurements along a comprehensive test route. We evaluated the ability of the models—Egli, Okumura, Hata–Davidson, and Longley–Rice—to predict signal propagation in the Very-High-Frequency (VHF) and Ultra-High-Frequency (UHF) bands. Based on a meticulous comparison, we present valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of these models, enhancing coverage-prediction methodologies for evolving mobile radio networks. The Egli model, despite its simplicity, introduces significant inaccuracies due to its assumptions and a lack of consideration for the terrain. The Okumura model, which is widely used in urban areas, requires careful correction selection, while the Hata–Davidson model improves upon the former's weaknesses. The Longley–Rice model excels in flexibility and accuracy, especially in the VHF bands, using topographical data, though it can overestimate the attenuation in shadowed areas. The study concluded that no single model was universally accurate, as each model has its strengths and limitations. It highlights the need for informed model selection based on the terrain's characteristics and specific requirements. The results will be useful to network planners, helping them to design efficient, mobile communication networks with reliable coverage and optimal spectrum utilization. The Longley–Rice model emerged as particularly powerful, offering detailed predictions across diverse environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video calling is one of the most energy-intensive features in apps requiring the simultaneous operation of the mobile camera, display screen, audio speaker, and internet services. This feature impacts a smartphone battery's runtime and lifetime. This paper is the first of its kind experimental study, which quantifies the operating profile (discharge current, temperature, and terminal voltage) of video call feature in multiple widely used social media apps, which include WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Zoom, Skype, WeChat, Google Hangouts, Imo and Viber. One smartphone each of Vivo and Motorola has been evaluated as the manufacturer-provided application programming interface (API) allowed real-time measurement of the operating profile. Results indicate that the video calling feature for Facebook Messenger and Imo is the most energy efficient. In contrast, Google Hangouts is up to 35% more energy-intensive for video calling than other apps. Measurements also show that Vivo's in-service battery temperature is lower than Motorola due to its efficient chipset. For instance, during active Google Hangouts operation for 1 h, Vivo temperature is limited to 46 °C, whereas Motorola temperature rises to 52 °C. Finally, the influence of app algorithms and codecs on energy efficiency is also discussed with regard to operating performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how recombinant innovation is affected by member turnover and organizational learning within a corporate hierarchy. Prior work has overlooked the role of organizational structure in organizational learning, focusing instead on the knowledge provided by individual new hires or on the disruption caused by individual departures. We address this gap by applying March's [March JG (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ. Sci. 2(1):71–87.] mutual learning model to a corporate hierarchy. In doing so, we theorize how the contributions of corporate staff to socializing new employees and to learning from the organizational code may differ from those of the organization's subunit members. Empirically, we examine the learning effects of aggregate corporate and subunit arrivals and departures on novel recombinant innovation by subunits. Using 24 years of Motorola company directories, we construct membership turnover measures for corporate and subunit employees and exploit patent data to capture recombinant innovation. Our results suggest that, whereas the influx of new ideas through arrivals may be critical, breaking the pattern of inertial behavior through departures is more important for recombinant innovation. Corporate departures matter most for recombinant innovation, a result that reflects not only corporate staff's slower individual learning from the organizational code but also its ability to update that code more quickly. In supplementary analyses, we find different effects for technical and nontechnical staff and internal and external arrivals, as well as demonstrate the mutual learning mechanism using internal corporate documents to capture code change. Our study has strong implications for theories of organizational learning, strategic human capital, organization design, and innovation. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1618. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) relay system is one of the emerging technologies. Xiaomi Corporation and Motorola Inc. recently launched indoor wireless power transfer equipment is one of the most promising applications. To tap the potential of the system, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is introduced into the SWIPT relay system. Firstly, the time slot structure of HARQ scheme based on full duplex two-way amplify and forward (AF) SWIPT relay is given, and its retransmission status is analyzed. Secondly, the equivalent signal-to-noise ratio and outage probability of various states are calculated by approximate simplification. Thirdly, the energy harvesting power in each state is calculated. Finally, the energy harvested-throughput sum function is constructed to characterize the performance of energy harvesting and data transmission. Simulation results show that the proposed HARQ scheme has better energy harvested-throughput sum function than the traditional HARQ scheme. When P2 = 22 dB, the maximum sum function is 54.86% (the proposed HARQ scheme) and 52.307% (the traditional HARQ scheme), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software engineering companies such as Motorola have clearly defined, robust processes to ensure overall process and system quality. Using Motorola's approach as a baseline, the authors established a process to determine system complexity to support the Systems Engineering & Integration (SE&I) lifecycle. To quantify complexity, the authors established a process including structural complexity (focused on system form), dynamic complexity (focused on system function), and social complexity (focused on identified stakeholders), the sum of which define complexity points. The authors further expanded the process by defining key metrics and parameters to support evaluation throughout the SE&I phases from concept to operationalization. This process, which utilizes fundamentals of Agile Software Development, allows systems engineers (SEs) and program managers (PMs) to quantitatively compare SE&I phases, systems, or projects of different sizes and dollar values to categorize, assess, forecast lifecycle costs, and performance to improve performance with customer satisfaction in mind. Through a satellite system example, the authors present the metrics to support associated analysis through the SE&I lifecycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones have been recognized as one of the most important technological innovations in human history, and with improving customer satisfaction from 7 to 70 years. Smartphones have become an indispensable part of daily life. Smartphones, approximately firstly put forward by Motorola in 1973, and made available from 1984, have affected almost the world over the years. However, smartphone addiction manifests itself as a pandemic in the 21st century and excessive use of smartphones, accompanied by many health problems. Depression and visual impairment are the most common health problems associated with excessive use of smartphones. The most important problem in the anatomically is the discomfort of the musculoskeletal system. The most reported musculoskeletal system complaint is pain symptom that can be seen in many parts of the body, especially in the fingers, wrist and shoulders. As the duration of smartphone use increases, these complaints also increase. In addition, the use of smartphones affects certain areas of the brain, such as the white matter of the internal capsule and stria terminalis. The excessive use of smartphones and the rapidly decreasing age of use have become important risk factors for public health. Therefore, it is very important to define health complaints related to excessive use of smartphones and provide users with special preventive measures. In this review, the results of limited studies investigating the relationship between smartphone use effect on common health, especially on the musculoskeletal system diseases are brought together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The online availability of sports statistics has helped fuel the massive rise of fantasy sport during the past 25 years. But this possibility was almost stopped in its infancy. By the mid-1990s, as the media landscape evolved to incorporate new web platforms, online sports statistics became a key battleground between U.S. content owners and content distributors. In 1996, the National Basketball Association sued Motorola, America Online, and Sports Team Analysis and Tracking Systems (STATS) for broadcasting real-time score updates through internet-enabled services. The NBA argued that statistics offered a representation of the game itself and were therefore the league's rightful intellectual property. When the NBA eventually lost its case against Motorola, the consequences would irrevocably change the sports media landscape. Real-time score updates were allowed to be posted on websites without leagues' consent, facilitating an explosion of online fantasy sports and related statistical content. Media companies such as ESPN and Fox Sports became leaders in the fantasy sport business. As a precedent-setting court case, NBA v. Motorola thus serves as a pivotal moment in the history of online fantasy sport and, in turn, highlights the relationship between sports statistics, media regulation, and the multi-platform media possibilities of fantasy sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four entrants into the early semiconductor industry-Sprague Electric, Motorola, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories, and Fairchild Semiconductor-displayed remarkably different performance and behavior. Case studies of the firms demonstrate that the key differences stemmed from the firms' technological goals and activities and their abilities to integrate R&D and manufacturing. These differences can in turn be related to the firms' origins and their different conditions upon entry into the semiconductor industry, which had lasting effects due to constraints on change. While the cases offer limited prescriptions for management, they underscore the importance of technological diversity for an industry's rate of technical advance and, in turn, public policies that support such diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in this special section focus on the topic of roadmapping. Roadmapping emerged from industrial practice more than five decades ago, initially to support integrated product-technology strategy and planning, and championed by firms, such as Motorola and Philips. The first sector level application of the method was in 1991 by the U.S. National Advisory Committee on Semiconductors, leading to the first international application in 1999 with the publication of the highly influential International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Academic interest in the method followed practice, starting in the late 1990s with research groups that had high levels of industrial engagement. Subsequently, there has been a steady growth in both practice and research, with the approach being adopted in a range of sectors, and adapted to address many different strategic goals and organizational contexts. Motivated by continuing developments, this special issue brings together a total of 18 papers covering a diverse range of practice and research perspectives from academia, industry, and government agencies. After a foundational paper setting out definitions, these contributions are organized into five themes: (i) application and practice, (ii) process and methods, (iii) systems design, (iv) policy futures, and (v) digitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water is an essential commodity and in many instances, needs to be treated before it becomes fit for consumption either by humans or industries. Water treatment thus is one of the most common processes that is used across many sectors like municipalities, power plants, petrochem plants and process plants that use water either directly for drinking purpose and fire protection systems, or indirectly as in cooling systems as input for further processing like demineralization. Originally conceived and implemented at Motorola as an improvement tool for manufacturing industry, Six Sigma is a set of proven methods that have found widespread implementation and have successfully optimized processes even in the service sector. This paper is a case research which presents the implementation of the Six Sigma methodologies like DMAIC and SIPOC over a period of one year, in the context of minimizing process costs of a water treatment plant. The paper uses experimental laboratory data and correlates with the implementation in the water treatment plant under dynamic conditions. The results of the successful optimization reveal that cost savings on chemicals come to an impressive 18%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To clarify the different types of data likely to occur in any service or industrial process, the main applicable statistics for each type of data and the Six Sigma metrics that allow characterising and benchmarking organisational processes. Methodology/Approach: A short reference to the statistical process control is carried out, from Shewhart's works to Motorola's achievements, followed by a short discussion of the use of Six Sigma tools as a part of today's total quality approaches, and by a discussion of the continuous, attribute and counting data worlds and their main applications in process analysis. Because many quality professionals may have difficulties dealing with engineering perspectives, a review of main classic and Six Sigma process metrics is done with examples. Complementing discussions, four functions written in the R language are presented, which can deal with real organisational data, or can be used for training purposes. Findings: The functions developed provide useful graphical displays and calculate all necessary metrics, having the ability to let the user provide theoretical values for training activities. Real and simulated case studies help understanding data worlds and respective Six Sigma metrics. Research Limitation/implication: This paper reports an intentionally simple theoretical perspective of Six Sigma metrics and friendly software which is available to all interested professionals on request to the authors. Originality/Value of paper: The paper presents clear definitions of main data types and metrics and is supported by a set of four new functions that can be used by any researcher with a minimum knowledge of the R software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relation of U.S. Judge Richard Posner to U.S. patent law in relation to his opinion in the case Ritchie v Vast Resources, Inc. Topics include Posner's roles in the cases Asahi Glass Co v Pentech Pharmaceuticals, Inc and Apple v Motorola, the relation of the Asahi case to patent law, and the relation of U.S. federal circuit court jurisdiction to legal influence.

An experiment has been carried out for determination of source of digital audio recording using audio latency feature of mobile phones. The legal requirement of the source correspondence with the audio recordings in question has driven the necessity of such study. The evaluation is based on 300 audio recordings recorded with ten mobile handsets of MOTOROLA make but different model in three different format "3gp", "wav" and "m4a" format (ten audio recording in each format) recorded in stereo signal at 16 kHz and in different recording sessions using EASY VOICE RECORDER application. Adobe audition 3.0 software is used for analysis. The analysis of audio latency has been carried out in a set of ten mobile handsets having multimedia capability. The result of this study shows that the audio latency of mobile handsets of same make but different model carry the specific feature of latency and such audio latency is robust for establishing the source of audio recordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Treatment decisions in inflammatory bowel diseases are increasingly based on longitudinal tracking of calprotectin results. Many hospital laboratories measure calprotectin levels in sent-in stool samples with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Several manufacturers introduced a lateral flow–based test with software application that turns a smartphone camera into a reader for quantitative measurements. We compared three home tests (IBDoc, QuantonCal and CalproSmart) and companion ELISA tests (fCAL, IDK-Calprotectin and Calprotectin-ALP) to see if measurement pairs agreed sufficiently. Design: A method comparison study was conducted with stool samples from patients with active or quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Medical students without any specific laboratory training carried out the home tests with two iOS (iPhone 6 and 7) and two Android devices (Samsung Galaxy S6 and Motorola Moto G5 Plus). Two experienced laboratory technicians measured the calprotectin concentration with the ELISA method. Primary outcome was test agreement (defined as percentage of paired measurements within predefined limits of difference). Secondary outcome included reading error rate (RER) per smartphone type. Results: We performed 1440 smartphone readings and 120 ELISA tests. In the low calprotectin range (≤500 μg/g) IBDoc, QuantOnCal and CalproSmart showed 87%, 82% and 76% agreement with their companion ELISAs. In the high range (>500 μg/g) the agreement was 37%, 19% and 37%, respectively. CalproSmart and QuantOnCal had significantly higher RERs than IBDoc (respectively 5.8% and 4.8%, versus 1.9%). Forty-three percent of reading errors was on the Motorola device, in particular with the QuantOnCal application. Conclusions: All three calprotectin home tests and companion ELISAs agreed sufficiently when concentrations are ≤500 μg/g. To minimize wrongful interpretation of calprotectin changes over time it is essential to always use the home test and companion ELISA of one and the same manufacturer. Manufacturers should explicitly evaluate and report the suitability of commonly used smartphones for quantitative calprotectin readings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global business environment of the 1990s provides both challenge and opportunity to human resource development to become an integral player in helping implement business strategy. The results of two best practice studies suggest that some leading firms such as 3M and Motorola are doing just that. At these companies current strategic business issues are the drivers of flexible and opportunistic executive development activities. Naturally occurring on-the-job experiences are consciously utilized in such a way that helping executives to develop becomes an integral part of conducting business. The implications of linking executive development to business strategy for practice and for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global business environment of the 1990s provides both challenge and opportunity to human resource development to become an integral player in helping implement business strategy. The results of two best practice studies suggest that some leading firms such as 3M and Motorola are doing just that. At these companies current strategic business issues are the drivers of flexible and opportunistic executive development activities. Naturally occurring on-the-job experiences are consciously utilized in such a way that helping executives to develop becomes an integral part of conducting business. The implications of linking executive development to business strategy for practice and for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the importance quality, strategy, and competitiveness to the success of an organization. Corporate strategy trends of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s are discussed. The influence of Michael Porter's "Competitive Strategy" in the 1980s is mentioned. Corporate competitiveness between U.S. industries and those of Japan is looked at. Due to the changing character of competition, the definition of corporate strategy is being revised. The issue of quality has become a common denominator in many of the discussions on competitiveness and strategy, with some suggesting that quality needs to be the focal point for all operational activities. Xerox, Lands' End, and Motorola are all looked at to demonstrate the perspective of companies concerned with the quality of products.

The article looks at Japan's international trade practices, noting the tension between Japan and the U.S. as Japan's economic status grows closer to becoming a competitive threat. The author notes that the Japanese market is significantly more closed than the markets of most of the other advanced industrial nations. The unique character of Japanese business organizations and their distinctive relationships with one another and with the Japanese government provide major impediments to Japanese market accessibility. The entry of Motorola into the Japanese telecommunications market and their interaction with Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) is discussed.