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Even before COVID-19 became a global pandemic, journalists and other media workers had been subjected to extremely harsh treatment and various jorms of censorship, including the most brutal form, assassination. Although their rights are guaranteed by international and regional human rights instruments and national laws, journalists remain susceptible to various forms of violence. International and regional human rights instruments (e. g., the UDHR, the ICCPR, and the Banjul Charter) impose obligations on States Parties to ensure respect jor the rights ofjournalists, including their right to life. In the case where state- or non-state actors commit atrocities against journalists andother media workers, States Parties are required to expeditiously and thoroughly investigate each incident and prosecute the perpetrators. Unfortunately, due to political interjerence with thejudiciary system: corruption: intimidation ofpolice, prosecutors,judges, and witnesses; as well as extremely lenient sentences for individuals convicted Ofviolating the rights ofjournalists, victims of these abuses have often .failed to secure .justice from their domestic courts. In such cases, Ablean regional human rights bodies and mechanisms, including the Afkican Human Rights Court, have emerged as courts of last resort for victims of human rights violations, including journalists. The successfill adjudication oj Zongo & Others has revealed the importance ofthe African Human R.ights Court to the protection of human rights in the continent. However, threats against the Court, including the lack offinancial security, the unwillingness of Member States tofinancially support the Court, the failure ofmany States to sign and ratify the African Court Protocol, as well as make Article 34(6) declarations accepting the competence of the Court to receive cases under Article 5(3) ofthe Protocol, and the unwillingness ofsome States to accept and abide by the Court's ruling, have emerged as important challenges to the viability and sustainability ofthe Aftican Human Rights Court. African States, through the African Union, must seek ways to significantly enhance the viability and sustainability of the African Human Rights Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether firms' political activism induces bias in the media coverage of earnings announcements and how such coverage impacts markets. We infer firm political ideology based on employee political contributions and identify firm and manager characteristics associated with distinct ideologies. We find that media outlets negatively slant their coverage of earnings announcements when the political leanings of the outlet are incongruent with the political ideology of the firm. Consistent with slanted coverage affecting market outcomes, we provide evidence that the price reaction to good (bad) earnings news is decreasing (increasing) in the percent of incongruent media outlets covering the earnings announcement. In addition, trading volume and returns volatility are decreasing for good earnings news with the percent of incongruent media outlets. Our results suggest that the prevalent bias across some media outlets in their coverage of political news also affects their coverage of corporate financial events. JEL Classifications: G14; L82; M41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral reasoning among media professionals varies. Historically, advertising professionals score lower on the Defining Issues Test (DIT) than their media colleagues in journalism and public relations. However, the extent to which professional identity impacts media professionals' moral reasoning has yet to be examined. To understand how professional identity influences moral reasoning, if at all, and guided by theories of moral psychology and social identity, 134 advertising practitioners working in the USA participated in an online experiment. While professional identity was not a significant predictor of moral reasoning, an interaction effect between gender and identity priming occurred. This finding suggests that we reconsider moral psychology theory's explanatory power for media practitioners and consider how the complexity of professional identities in concert with gender and professional training, among other variables, interact to affect moral reasoning. In addition, advertising practitioners participating in this experiment scored higher on the DIT than those tested previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, regional mass media has been the least-studied component of the Russian media system; however, beginning from the 2000s, transformations in the nation's political and economic spheres have influenced the position of local media. This paper provides a deeper investigation of the processes and patterns underlying the development of regional mass media in modern Russia. The research is grounded on an analytical review of secondary sources, which is supported by 14 in-depth interviews with media professionals from 5 regions in Russia. The results reveal that Russia's regional media outlets operate both as commercial actors and public service actors. This duality is rooted in several multidirectional and controversial changes in the nation's economic and political systems, as well as in a journalist culture which causes media outlets to have a vague understanding of their places and functions in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature claims that China censors information that has the potential to ignite collective action. This article extends this finding by arguing that Chinese censors respond differently to political challenges than they do to performance challenges. Political challenges call into questioning the Party's leading role, whereas performance challenges are directed at the failures of public goods provisions. A survey experiment of about 60 media professionals finds that censors are inclined to block political challenges and to tolerate criticism of the government's performance. However, when criticism contains both performance and political challenges, censorship is far more likely. By exploring the range of censorship activities, the results suggest that the Chinese regime's reliance on popular support constrains its censorship decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the mid-50's to his death in 1969, Howard Luck Gossage served as advertising's resident gadfly. A successful practitioner through his own unorthodox approach to advertising messages, Gossage above all attempted to raise his colleagues' consciousness to what he saw as advertising's clear abuses -- its basic philosophy of overkill fueled by the poisonous commission system, the subsequent tasteless and irrelevant messages, the clear disregard for the well being of the media, etc. This legacy of theory and practice is, it is contended, clearly relevant to contemporary concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the economic background of labor disputes in the motion picture industry in the U.S. These disputes are basically jurisdictional contested by the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees and the various unions of building trades affiliated with the American Federation of Labor, especially concerning construction works. This situation is complicated by an increasing maladjustment between labor supply and demand. Add to this is the lack of willingness on the part of unions to settle the jurisdictional disputes except on their own terms.

The following draws attention to the rather messy and uncertain aspects of international production as well as the increasingly shared turmoil screen media workers face no matter their geographical location. I argue that international production is not just an inevitable consequence of cost cutting and public subsidy but a product of human labor obscured in both popular and scholarly accounts of runaway production. I furthermore highlight the contours of that labor by drawing attention to the work of service producers in Eastern Europe. Looking more closely at conditions 'on the ground' makes visible the demanding and vulnerable nature of that work, and underscores the shifting spatial dynamics of screen media labor worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The mass media may increase stigma against people with mental health problems by reinforcing common stereotypes. Media professionals thus represent a target group for antistigma interventions. This paper aims to review available literature on antistigma interventions for mass media professionals, seeking to clarify what kind of interventions have been found to be effective in reducing mental health stigma among mass media professionals.Method: Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Reviews Library and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts) were systematically searched through March 2017 for studies addressing antistigma interventions on mass media professionals.  Results: A total of 27 studies on antistigma interventions targeted to media professionals were found. Reviewed articles were classified into 3 categories: media-monitoring projects/reporting guidelines ( n = 23), interventions for educating journalists ( n = 2), and interventions for educating journalism students ( n = 2). Overall, antistigma interventions for media professionals seem to have some effect in improving reporting style, thus providing a more balanced portrayal of people with mental health problems: the most promising interventions are contact-based educational approaches and the provision of guidelines by authoritative institutions.Conclusion: It should be useful to promote and disseminate contact-based educational interventions targeted to journalists and to include specific modules on mental health topics in the training curricula of journalism students. However, as research in the field suffers from several limitations, high-quality studies exploring the long-term effect of antistigma interventions for media professionals are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the rise of programs in television instruction in the USA during broadcasting’s postwar expansion period. Beginning in professional schools, television training entered the university first through extension school courses, then in full degree programs. This transition to institutions of higher learning entailed key shifts in demographics, pedagogical orientation, and legitimation strategies, while embroiling television in larger struggles over the shifting boundaries of the postwar humanities. Studying the education of early television workers, I argue, raises key questions about processes of worker professionalization vital for developing research on media industries and media labor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This qualitative study described the lived experience of media workers with disabilities in the United States during postsecondary education and their transition to the professional media workplace. While there is ample literature about disability narratives in media products, there is a significant gap in the research about media workers and students with disabilities. Three participants provided face-to-face interviews and submitted media artifacts that they felt provided abstract representations of their experience. Invariant structural themes that emerged were that participants possessed a high level of self-efficacy, and while their colleges provided supportive environments, they faced discrimination in the media workplace. Additionally, they received few or unhelpful educational accommodations and little guidance from faculty as they transitioned from education to work. Findings suggest a need for faculty training in inclusive pedagogies, review of media curricula that considers students with disabilities, and assistance for students as they progress from postsecondary education to the media workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In three experiments, 32-month-old children (n = 40 for Experiment 1, n = 36 for Experiment 2) and 24-month-old children (n = 33 for Experiment 3) were asked to judge the credibility of information presented on a touchscreen device. The information was delivered by a familiar and an unfamiliar media character. Two app conditions varied on which character was accurate in naming familiar fruits. Then both characters labeled four novel fruits with nonsense words. Feedback about the accuracy of the characters’ labels of the familiar fruits was provided in Experiments 1 and 3, but no such feedback was provided in Experiment 2. Children were more likely to endorse the accurate character as the correct labeler of the novel fruits, regardless of prior familiarity with the character, the feedback presented in the touchscreen application, or the age of the child. Parent scaffolding affected only the 24-month-old children. The results reveal that very young children can make relatively sophisticated judgments about the credibility of information encountered on touchscreen devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tragic result of the repressive media environment in Fiji has been a huge brain drain within the industry. Many of the best and experienced media workers most have left or been forced out. In fact, Australia and New Zealand have benefitted by the migration of some of Fiji's senior media workers from as far back as 1987, the year of the first two military coups by Lieutenant-Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, and more so in the past eight years since the Voreqe Bainimarama coup in December 2006. Those who have remained have either been moved to non-controversial roles or mellowed to the point of silence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I explore the conditions of the media in Italy by taking into consideration a variety of elements: the context of media legislation and media concentration that have favoured the interests of Silvio Berlusconi, and the role of progressive agency (media professionals, citizens' groups) as they worked within those constraints to keep alive the flames of democracy during the ‘Berlusconi era’. This perspective is intended to provide an alternative interpretation to what has become the prevailing view of contemporary Italy: an ‘abnormal’ country; the ‘Sick Man of Europe’; worse yet: a country of ‘servants’. The framework of analysis includes the influence of the media-magnate-turned-politician on media legislation and the television sector, but also evaluates the important roles that media professionals and citizens have played to improve pluralism. The article argues that despite extreme levels of media concentration and an unprecedented conflict of interests, a commitment to engage in political discourse has continued to characterise Italy's political culture. This commitment has been expressed by a multiplicity of actors, from journalists and media professionals to citizens' organisations and media activists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article contributes to the critical study of media industries by introducing the concept ‘discerned savvy.’ Through interviews with editors of the US men’s lifestyle magazines GQ, Esquire, and Details, I identify an informal process by which workers in media production cultures accrue knowledge about the preferences of their superiors and then accordingly narrow the range of creative ideas that they propose throughout the production process. The identification of this knowledge, which I call discerned savvy, aims to help media scholars theorize how creative workers’ agency may be subtly circumscribed in ways that maintain the hegemony of particular textual forms and ideologies in cultural industries even in the absence of formal policy and directly articulated expectations regarding creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article responds to the claim that there is a critical neglect of age and ageing across media and television studies. It does so by arguing an exploration of the insights from the fields of critical gerontology/Age Studies and Media Studies allows critical scrutiny of the intersection between populist stereotyping of age, the pedagogic function of the makeover culture, and the prevailing public policy discourses that place responsibility on individuals, notably women, to hold back their old age. This article extends the argument that the pedagogical function of the makeover is to train us into culturally inhabitable bodies, to claim that age shapes what corporeal and cultural dwellings are currently intelligible. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While all media workers face challenges particular to flexible specialization in a networked economy, there are differences in career outcomes for men and women, which occur as a result of gendered work cultures. Within media production these gendered contexts manifest through three main factors, which compromise women workers and can eventually cause them to exit their professions mid-career. Women leave media work because of a combination of the gendered nature of work cultures, the informalisation of the sector and structural restrictions placed on women’s agency to participate in networks. The interplay of these factors ultimately creates an impossible bind for many female media workers forcing them to exit media work. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the embracement in 2012 and 2013 at the federal appellate court level and vestiges of an increasingly blurry dichotomy between media and nonmedia defendants on the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. Topics discussed include heightened pleading requirements in defamation law, incorporation of the actual arguments from the defendants, and impact of the status of the defendant as a media or nonmedia entity in the digital era.

This article explores the provision in the UK of pre-vocational and vocational media courses targeted at academic underachievers. Such courses typically claim to offer routes into employment for socially disadvantaged young people. These assertions have gathered force in recent years with the advent of digital media, and associated claims about their potential for promoting democratic participation and creativity. The article begins with a brief look at the history of provision in this sector since the 1980s, and the critical debates that have surrounded it. It then moves on to look at claims about the 'empowering' possibilities of digital media technologies, and at the changing nature of employment in the media and creative industries. The article then focuses on the most recent initiative in this field, the ill-fated Creative and Media Diploma. Drawing on interviews with teachers and some limited classroom observation, it points to some significant gaps between the rhetoric that surrounded the introduction of this new course and the difficult realities encountered by the teachers who adopted it. It points to several reasons for the ultimate demise of the qualification, not least to do with the fundamental incoherence of the Diploma's aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented in which the author argues that humanities scholars should be included in the media industry branch of Cinema and Media Studies (CMS) scholarship. The social, cultural, and aesthetic aspects of the mass media industry are discussed, as well as cultural capital, the hermeneutical aspects of industry, and the racial demographics of media employees. Gender politics, embodiment, and rhizomatic networks in industry are also mentioned.

An essay is presented in which the authors discuss scholarly research on media industries such as film, television, and journalism in terms of political economy. Reductionism, the study of unionized laborers in media industries, and the social and political aspects of mass media are discussed, as well as feminist criticism of women in the media and collaboration between cultural and social researchers.

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The article presents a study done in 2011 at the University of Karachi in Pakistan which looks at the differences between the informational needs of mass media organization workers who work in offices and of those who work in the field, focusing on radio, newspaper, and television media workers. It discusses the different sources of information, including dictionaries, almanacs, and online databases, and notes that printed material, especially organizational and business reports, are preferred by all those surveyed.

Lewin's (1947) organizational development theory says that after an organization reorganizes and downsizes, it "refreezes" to prechange comfort levels. This study of 2,159 newspaper layoff survivors indicates they perceive that refreezing at this time would be problematic because it would result in a journalism of mediocrity, more focused on quantity rather than quality. In light of previous research, the reduction of newsroom staff also alters the product attributes. In this case it may perpetuate the downward spiral of lost circulation and advertising revenue. The results indicate that for those employees experiencing a decline in trust, morale, satisfaction and commitment, newspapers are creating production-line journalism that is seen as void of purpose and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of various information channels, the awareness of the existence of information sources, ways used for disseminating information and use of libraries among media professionals in Karachi. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection for the survey. Data was gathered from 185 media professionals who belonged to three types of media houses (T.V, radio and newspaper). Findings indicate that library is the most used channel among newspaper professionals and television professionals. Reference service and newspaper clipping service are the most favorable information services in the library. Media professionals get to know of the information sources through common knowledge and review articles. Internet is the channel, which is being used increasingly by media practitioners; however use of Internet among newspaper practitioners is high as compared to radio and television practitioners. Quite surprisingly, the use of libraries among radio practitioners was found to be particularly low. All groups of the practitioners mentioned reading of book reviews published in newspapers to know the existence of an information source. This study would be helpful for librarians and information specialists, who are working in media house libraries for library planning and designing of library services in their parent organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disintegration of military regimes and one-party rule occurring across Africa in the early 1990s allowed for the mushrooming of numerous new media initiatives and the resuscitation of hitherto dormant media operations. The enthusiasm was fuelled by promises of freedom of speech and prospects of the media becoming an autonomous fourth actor on the public stage. It was envisioned by many that the media would reject the ethos prevailing under hegemonic rule and adopt international norms. But nearly two decades later, media people and their organisations in sub-Saharan Africa are still entangled in a labyrinth of ethical dilemma. One of the big issues begging further research and reflection is whether to localise or globalise ethical discourse and practice. How far should indigenous cultural values inform journalism ethics? And, how can this be negotiated in a rapidly globalising environment? This paper uses the Zambian experience to advance the position that glocalisation - the hybridisation of ethical norms between the local and the global -provides the most enduring and acceptable foundation for ethical theorising and practice available to media professionals on the continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding audiovisual material for reuse in new programs is an important activity for news producers, documentary makers, and other media professionals. Such professionals are typically served by an audiovisual broadcast archive. We report on a study of the transaction logs of one such archive. The analysis includes an investigation of commercial orders made by the media professionals and a characterization of sessions, queries, and the content of terms recorded in the logs. One of our key findings is that there is a strong demand for short pieces of audiovisual material in the archive. In addition, while searchers are generally able to quickly navigate to a usable audiovisual broadcast, it takes them longer to place an order when purchasing a subsection of a broadcast than when purchasing an entire broadcast. Another key finding is that queries predominantly consist of (parts of) broadcast titles and of proper names. Our observations imply that it may be beneficial to increase support for fine-grained access to audiovisual material, for example, through manual segmentation or content-based analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common denominator in all civic meetings regardless of the area where the place the risk they bear by journalists and other media workers, as they frequently occur in various forms of attack cameramen from fan groups and political demonstrators ostrašćenih. The paper present the observation that a significant number of incidents result of insufficient training and preparation of media workers to react and prevent incidents. The paper suggest a methodology of activity of representatives of electronic media, television and radio with a public gathering of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many stereotypes of new media workers exist: they are exemplary of the future of work and of working in the new economy; their work is emotional; their passion for new media translates into creativity in the production process. Of course, none of these stereotypes paints a full picture. This article proposes that a study of the micropolitics of a new media production process, which explores the articulation of the emotional with commercial imperatives, results in a different story about new media work and points to some of the many complexities of making new media objects. The article further suggests that there is a need for a nuanced unpacking of the concepts of emotional and affective labour, which recognizes the different, sometimes opposing affects and emotions that drive new media work. It concludes that the science and technology studies' term 'interpretative flexibility' provides a useful conceptual tool with which to conceive of the complex emotional and commercial imperatives that drive new media work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the business perspectives on work within news organizations by reviewing literature. It mentions that through this review, opportunities of overlapping between media and communication literature are depicted. It notes that work in media companies is examined through using concepts and theories of economics and business literature. It also emphasizes that the portion of the literature which deals with organizational workload stirs questions of structure, process, and operations while those portion which deals with work aspects raises questions around the design of work.

This study focused on the implementation of new media technology from a journalist perspective by applying a theoretical model of change management to blogging. A convenience sample of journalist-bloggers was conducted at the local media level (newspaper, radio, and television). Data indicated negative and pessimistic views on the part of journalist respondents in terms of the value of blogging, its practice, its contribution to their professional development, and its contribution to the success of the media outlet. These attitudes suggested a high level of resistance that could have consequences for blogging implementation and success. Implications in terms of the effectiveness of implementation and proactive managerial strategies were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aims were to investigate the prevalence of perceived sleep quality and insufficient sleep complaints, and to analyze whether self-reported bruxism was associated with perceptions of sleep, and awake consequences of disturbed sleep, while controlling confounding factors relative to poor sleep. Methods: A standardized questionnaire was mailed to all employees of the Finnish Broadcasting Company with irregular shift work (n = 750) and to an equal number of randomly selected controls in the same company with regular eight-hour daytime work. Results: The response rate in the irregular shift work group was 82.3% (56.6% men) and in the regular daytime work group 34.3% (46.7% men). Self-reported bruxism occurred frequently (often or continually) in 10.6% of all subjects. Altogether 16.8% reported difficulties initiating sleep (DIS), 43.6% disrupted sleep (DS), and 10.3% early morning awakenings (EMA). The corresponding figures for non-restorative sleep (NRS), tiredness, and sleep deprivation (SLD) were 36.2%, 26.1%, and 23.7%, respectively. According to logistic regression, female gender was a significant independent factor for all insomnia symptoms, and older age for DS and EMA. Frequent bruxism was significantly associated with DIS (p = 0.019) and DS (p = 0.021). Dissatisfaction with current work shift schedule and frequent bruxism were both significant independent factors for all variables describing insufficient sleep consequences. Conclusion: Self-reported bruxism may indicate sleep problems and their adherent awake consequences in non-patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the state of media violence in Nepal. It notes the sensitivities of political leaders to free speech concerns post-Jana Andolan or People's Movement. It discusses two new facets of media violence, the expansion of media targets to the entire chain of news production and dissemination, and a shift in the populace that it is acceptable for individuals to physically assault the media. It emphasizes the importance of building physical and structural security of the media.

The article focuses on the laws that regulate post-employment non-compete contracts for media employees. The contract restricts an employee from accepting a job at any competing place of business for one year. The contracts has been described by court as a possible form of industrial peonage. Non-compete agreements have been challenged by employees on the ground that they are unreasonable and, therefore, unenforceable under state common law. To determine whether a contract was reasonable, courts examined a variety of interdependent variables in the employee contracts.

The article presents a profile of Danuša Serafínová, an interdisciplinary expert in the field of mass media and journalism. Topics discussed include analyses of contemporary periodicals as well as through specific journalistic praxes within particular stages of modern and postmodern society; theoretical reflection on the benefits and negatives of these media on human and social life; and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the establishment of the first Czechoslovak Republic.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine health-related risk and salutogenic factors and to use these to construct prediction models for future self-rated health (SRH), i.e. find possible characteristics predicting individuals improving or worsening in SRH over time (0-12 months). Methods: A prospective study was conducted with measurements (physiological markers and self-ratings) at 0, 6 and 12 months, involving 303 employees (187 men and 116 women, age 23-64) from four information technology and two media companies. Results: There were a multitude of statistically significant cross-sectional correlations (Spearman's Rho) between SRH and other self-ratings as well as physiological markers. Predictors of future SRH were baseline ratings of SRH, self-esteem and social support (logistic regression), and SRH, sleep quality and sense of coherence (linear regression). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that baseline SRH and other self-ratings are predictive of future SRH. It is cautiously implied that SRH, self-esteem, social support, sleep quality and sense of coherence might be predictors of future SRH and therefore possibly also of various future health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a conceptual framework for filling a void in the research on convergence and for extending research into gatekeeping and diffusion of innovation. It offers the convergence continuum as a dynamic model that defines news convergence as a series of behavior-based activities illustrating the interaction and cooperation stages of staff members at newspapers, television stations, and Web organizations with news partnerships. The continuum's components provide media professionals with a better understanding of an evolutionary trend in their industry as they develop cross-media alliances. This article makes no attempt to quantify convergence efforts or any of the theories and concepts that inform the efforts; instead, it is an attempt to develop the conceptual and empirical tools needed to conduct such studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A standardized questionnaire was mailed to all employees of the Finnish Broadcasting Company with irregular shift work ( n =750) and to an equal number of randomly selected controls in the same company with regular 8-hour daytime work. The aims were to investigate the prevalence and severity of perceived orofacial pain (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis II) and to analyze whether current orofacial pain was associated with reported bruxism and insomnia symptoms (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–IV and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders Revised). The response rate in the irregular shift-work group was 82.3% (56.6% men) and in the regular daytime-work group 34.3% (46.7% men). Current orofacial pain was found overall in 19.6%, of which 88.3% had experienced the pain over 6 months. All claimed that their pain fluctuated. No subjects with chronic orofacial pain reported disabling pain, and grades III and IV were not found. Insomnia symptoms and frequent bruxism were significantly more prevalent in chronic pain grade II than in lower grades. According to logistic regression, current orofacial pain was significantly positively associated with frequent bruxism ( p [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of the producer of fiction in television production. The duties of a producer is crucial in television, as they personify the overall image of a television network. It provides historical details about the television producer, beginning with the 1950s in the United States. The television producer is not only responsible for the creative decision making process, but also acts as a project manager. The article also provides an analysis of the hierarchy within television production.

This study of seventy-seven dailies between 25,000 and 100,000 circulation found publicly held daily newspapers produced higher profit margins than did privately held dailies. Public ownership and higher profits were associated with smaller newsroom staffs. Public ownership was positively related with starting salaries. Also, the presence of competition was positively correlated with newsroom size and starting salary. The impact of profitability on newsroom size was progressively greater for newspapers with higher-than-average profit margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Years after September 11, 2001 have registered a radical change in global politic. Citizens of Western democracies have been finding themselves viciously horrified by the fact of attacks on the U.S., and the Western response to these attacks. The November 2003 issue of the periodical "Media International Australia incorporating Culture & Policy," published by Australia & New Zealand Communication Association, has delved into analysis of this theme of changing expressions of media and society after these terror attacks. The wealth of papers offered, and the passion of the public debates emblazon the fact that the issue has struck a nerve in academia, and in professional media circles.

Given the varied claims made about the new economy and its implications for the organization of work and life, this article critically evaluates some conceptualizations of the new economy and then explores how the new media sector has materialized and been experienced by people working in Brighton and Hove, a new media hub. New technologies and patterns of working allow the temporal and spatial boundaries of paid work to be extended, potentially allowing more people, especially those with caring responsibilities, to become involved, possibly leading to a reduction in gender inequality. This article, based on 55 in-depth interviews with new media owners, managers and some employees in small and micro enterprises, evaluates this claim. Reference is made to the gender-differentiated patterns of ownership and earnings; flexible working patterns, long hours and homeworking and considers whether these working patterns are compatible with a work-life balance. The results indicate that while new media creates new opportunities for people to combine interesting paid work with caring responsibilities, a marked gender imbalance remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates whether organized labor can challenge the pro-corporate representations of strikes and labor struggles of the news media. Analysis of print media coverage of the United Parcel Service of America Inc. strike in 1997; Key role of the mobilization of public opinion and class solidarity in changing the tone of reporting; Assessment of the democratizing potential of a politicized labor movement.