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The current article refers to a problem of stratagems in Chinese business culture. Nowadays study and development of world’s business cultures is one of the key moments of understanding the value of cultural phenomenon of modernity. The development and ability of drafting sly and skillful plans, tricks, logical traps ect., that must bring the interlocutor to a standstill. It is a characteristic feature of Chinese business communication.

The main factors responsible for decrease in the filtration flux (membrane throughput) in removal of pectin substances from an aqueous extract from dog-rose fruits and reasons for membrane contamination were studied. The method for membrane cleaning with distilled water and additional cleaning agents, aqueous solutions of NaOH and HNO3, was optimized.

X-ray diffraction, microscopic, and sorption studies of benzimidazolyl-2-methylcarbamate hydrochloride (BMCHC) with various types of pectin showed that the structure of the mixtures depends on the composition, grinding conditions, and pectin type.

Lipids from roots ofAlthaea nudifloraandA. Armeniacawere studied. The carbohydrate and fatty-acid compositions were found. The lipids ofA. NudifloraandA. Armeniacacontain 22.3 and 12.6%, respectively, of cyclopropenoid fatty acids, the physical chemical properties of which are presented. The optimal degree of grinding, temperature, and raw-material-to-extractant ratio for aqueous extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from althaea roots were chosen from a single statistically significant experiment

The structure of glucofructan GFAS-B has been established on the basis of the results of periodate and chromic oxidation, methylation, and IR and13C NMR spectroscopy.

Glucofructans have been isolated from the onionAllium suvorovii Rgl., and their qualitative chemical compositions and the nature of the bonds between the fructofuranose residues have been determined. It has been established that glucofructan-II is a compound with low toxicity and exhibits a pronounced hypolipidemic activity in relation both to intact animals and to animals with experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

The content of carbohydrates in Allium motor was studied as a function of vegetation period. The qualitative and quantitative compositions and physical chemical properties of sugars soluble in alcohol, water-soluble polysaccharides, pectinic substances, and hemicellulose were characterized. Galacturonan was produced by partial hydrolysis of the pectinic substances.

Some molecular and structural features of apple pectins obtained by various methods have been revealed through an analysis of the results of physical and physicochemical investigations.

Neutral substances, carbohydrates, and microelements from the aerial part of Silene viridiflora in addition to the protein content and its amino-acid composition were determined.

The change in the solubility of some benzimidazole drugs on their mechanical treatment with pectins has been investigated. It has been shown that the rate of desorption of a drug depends both on its structure and on the nature of the pectin.

Polymeric complexes have been obtained by the combined mechanical treatment of enzyme-treated apple pectin and methyl benzimidazol-2 -ylcarbamate, and their physicochemical properties have been studied.

The structures of the glucofructans GFAS-B3 and GFAS-I have been established on the basis of the results of periodate oxidation, methylation, and IR and13C NMR spectroscopies. It has been shown that the glucofructans studied are compounds containing both inulin, (2→1)β, and levan, (2→6)β, glycosidic bonds.

The content and composition of lipids, proteins, flavonoids, and carbohydrates from the aerial part of Rumex K-1 were studied.

The carbohydrate composition of tangarine peel is studied. Water-soluble carbohydrates, pectins, are isolated. Their physicochemical properties are determined. Regulation of the degree of esterification is examined.

Alcohol-soluble carbohydrates, water-soluble polysaccharides, and pectin substances have been isolated from melon juice pulp. The substances isolated have been studied by IR spectroscopy.

The chemical composition of the seed lipids ofAmaranthus caudatus L. has been investigated. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids have been determined. The hydrocarbon components ofA. caudatus have been identified and its alcohol-soluble carbohydrates, water-soluble polysaccharides, and pectin substances have been characterized.

Features of production and influence of the complex forming activity of low-methoxyl pectin (LMP) as a sorbent for heavy metals have been studied. Cation-exchange properties of the LMP in connection with detoxification measures in cases of chronic poisoning have been shown.

A natural source of α-tocopherol — shed plane leaves — has been found. The dynamics of the accumulation of a-tocopherol over the vegetation period of the plant has been studied, and a method has been developed for its isolation and quantitative determination.

Beet pectin has been isolated by the solid phase fermentation method; its physicochemical characteristics are given.

The temperature dependence of the isobaric specific heat has been examined over the range 90–300 K for ethyl cyanoacetate. Phase transitions are detected whose type is dependent on the solid-state structure. The mechanisms giving the various structures are discussed.

In Uzbekistan and Moldova 542 children born of HBsAg carriers were immunized against hepatitis B (with vaccine Engerix B according to the immunization schedule of 4 injections). Anti-HBs antibodies in protective titers were detected by EIA and RIA techniques in 76.7% of children aged 4-5 months after the 3rd injection, in 95.7% of children aged 15-16 months and in 90.0% of children aged 2-2.5 years after the 4th (booster) injection. In the control group (117 nonimmunized children born of HBs carriers) observed during the same period anti-HBs antibodies were detected significantly less frequently (in 7.3%, 11.6% and 12.9% of these children respectively). 1-2 months after the course of immunization was completed 74.1% of the immunized children had high anti-HBs antibody titers (exceeding 1000 IU/ml) with their subsequent decrease by 2-2.5 years of age. In the control group these figures were 27.1% and 29.0% respectively. The index of immunization effectiveness obtained by the comparison of the hepatitis B morbidity rates in both groups was 7.8. No postvaccinal complications were registered.

The authors report a bacteriostatic effect of He-Ne laser irradiation on Tb growth. Endovascular blood irradiation used in 85 tuberculous patients induced no side effects. Ten-twelve sessions relieved the symptoms of tuberculosis-related intoxication, reduced the infiltration and destruction, promoted abacillosis. Laser irradiation holds promise in management of torpid infection and hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin. The highest effect occurred in infiltrative tuberculosis.

It is known that rose fruit contains biologically active compounds (vitamins B 2, C, K, and P, carotene, organic adds, flavonoids, and tannin substances), which are responsible for healing properties [1---6], but there is no information on their carbohydrate content. We have investigated the carbohydrate composition of the fi'uit of Rosa canina. A comparative study was made of the carbohydrate compositions of the fruit (FR), of an aqueous extract (AER), and of the pulp remaining after the production of the preparation Kholam~ (PR). As a result we found the compositions of the alcohol-soluble fraction (ASF), of the water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPSs), and of the pectin substances (PSs) (Table 1). The commintlted air--dry raw material (FR and PR) was treated with 82% alcohol (1:2) twice for 1 h each time at the boil, and the combined extracts were concentrated, giving the total ASF (Table 1). By paper chromatography of the ASF of the FR (system 1, butan-l-olmpyridine---water (6:4:3), Ffltrak FN-11 paper) we detected glucose and sucrose. The WSPSs were extracted with water at 20~ twice for 2 h each. The extracts were evaporated under vacuum and were precipitated with isopropyl alcohol (1:2) (see Table 1). The precipitate of WSPSs formed a light cream-colored water-soluble powder giving a negative reaction for starch with iodine. The aqueous extract from the rose was precipitated with alcohol. The supernatant liquid was evaporated, the yield of ASF was determined (9.1%), and this was separated preparatively by PC for the quantitative determination of glucose (63.1% ) and fructose (35.2%). The precipitate obtained was treated with water at 20~ for 2 h, giving the WSPSs (1.69% on the raw material). The insoluble part consisted of the pectin substances (0.47% on the raw material). In the products of complete acid hydrolysis ( 1 N H2SO 4, 36 h) of the FR and AER we detected (PC, system 1) glucose and fructose in mounts of 2.1, 97.8 and 3.7, 96.2%, respectively.

Water-soluble pigments have been isolated from the epigeal parts of some Amaranthaceae species. A method for their production has been developed and the amounts of the main coloring substances in them have been determined. Protein components have been isolated by the subsequent treatment of the residual raw material, and their amino acid compositions have been determined.

The composition of the fruiting body ofPleurotus ostreatus has been studied. The total neutral lipids and phospholipids have been isolated. In the neutral lipids, free fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and sterol and triterpenol esters predominated. In the phospholipids, the main components were phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines. The qualitative compositions of the sugars and the pectin are given.

The carbohydrate compositions of all the organs ofAllium suvorovii Rgl have been determined and it has been established that the bulk of the fructose accumulates in its bulbs. The dynamics of the accumulation of glucofructans in the bulbs has been studied and it has been found that this accumulation is a maximum in the dormancy stage.

The pectin substances of the beet extracted by solutions of hydrochloric and nitric acids were more highly methoxylated than those extracted by oxalic acid. The galacturonic acid contents of the PcSs scarcely differed, with the exception of the PcSs extracted by the H2C204 solution. All the beet PcSs contained acetyl groups and a predominating amount of carboxy groups, in contrast to apple and citrus pectins. These factors were responsible for the low gelling power of the beet pectin and for its capacity for sorbing heavy-metal ions. The monosaccharide compositions of all the PcSs were identical, as could be seen from an analysis of their hydrolysates (2 N H2SO4, 48 h). In all the hydrolysates, PC (butanol-pyridine-water (6:4:3)) revealed the presence of galacturonic acid, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, and traces of glucose, which is characteristic for the class of pectin substances. After the extraction of the PcSs, we extracted hemicellulose (HMC) with a 10% caustic soda solution. The yield of polysaccharide was 2.21%. GalUA, Ara, Gal, Xyl, and Rha were detected in a hydrolysate by PC. Thus, pectin substances and hemiceUulose have been extracted from the pulp of local varieties of sugar beet. A physicochemical characterization of the PcSs has been made, and the monosaccharide compositions of the beet pectin and hemicellulose have been determined.

1. The amounts of glucofructans in 15 species of plants of the genusAllium L. growing in Central Asia have been studied. 2. The polydispersity of all the glucofructans isolated has been established. Fractionation of the glucofructan fromA. sativum L. yielded homogeneous fractions with mol. wt. 1900 and 5000. On the basis of their IR spectra and the results of periodate oxidation, they have been assigned to the glucofructans of the inulin type.

By fractionating the total glucofructan from the bulbs ofAllium sativum L. a homogeneous glucofructan with a molecular weight of 2300 has been isolated. On the basis of its characteristics, a comparison of IR and13C NMR spectra, and the results of periodate and chromium trioxide oxidation and of methylation, it has been established that this glucofructan is a new type of compound of this class, containing both inulin (2 → 1) and levan (2 → 6) glycosidic bonds.

The group carbohydrate composition of the bulbs ofAllium coeruleum Pall. have been studied. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the glucofructans, pectin substances, and hemicelluloses isolated have been determined and their physicochemical characteristics are reported. A general formula for the glucofructan fromA. coeruleum bulbs is given on the basis of the results of periodate oxidation, methylation, and IR, and13C NMR spectroscopy.

A glucomannan has been isolated from the tubers ofArum korolkovii Regel. It has been shown that the polysaccharide contains O-acetyl groups and consists mainly of (1 → 4)-β-linked aldohexopyranose units of glucose and mannose in a ratio of 1:1.6. The nonreducing ends of the glucomannan are glucose residues, and branching is localized at C2 and C3 of mannose.

The carbohydrate components of the bulbs ofAllium cepa L. (white variety) have been characterized. It has been established that the main carbohydrate component is the ethanol-soluble fraction. Information has been obtained on the elementary compositions and origin of a number of fragments in the mass spectrum of the peracetate of 1F-kestose.

Water-soluble polysaccharides have been isolated from the bulbs ofAllium longicuspis Rgl. By fractionating the combined water-soluble polysaccharides, homogeneous polysaccharides with molecular weights of 15,500 and 5100 have been isolated. It has been shown by spectral and chemical methods that they consist of glucofructans of a mixed type containing glycosidic bonds of the inulin (2 → 1) and levan (2→6) types in a ratio of 2.1:1.

Reaferon, the analog of human alpha 2-interferon obtained by gene engineering techniques, was studied with a view to its use for the prevention of hepatitis A. The study involved children of preschool age in Tashkent. In a strictly controlled trial children aged 2-6 years received the preparation orally in a dose of 1 X 10(6) I. U. or the diluent alone used as placebo. The preparation was administered to 1,100 children and the placebo to 1,078 children. The preparation and placebo were administered twice a week for two months. On the whole, during that period hepatitis A morbidity in both test and control groups of children was the same (5.1% and 4.9% respectively), but among children of nursery age receiving Reaferon the incidence of hepatitis A and acute respiratory viral infections was lower than among those receiving the placebo, though this difference was statistically significant only for cases of acute respiratory infections.

Esophagoscopic evidence of chronic esophagitis of varying degree was found in 60% of the total number of 1348 examined males living in a region with high incidence of esophageal cancer. The high incidence of chronic esophagitis corroborates the hypothesis that this disease is a precursor of esophageal cancer.