306 results on '"Goodman RM"'
Search Results
2. Collaborative community empowerment: an illustration of a six-step process.
- Author
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Yoo S, Weed NE, Lempa ML, Mbondo M, Shada RE, and Goodman RM
- Abstract
This article illustrates a method used in a community empowerment project where community members and university facilitators collaborated to increase the capacity of the community. The method may have practical uses in collaborations with community groups. The six-step process enabled the community groups to accomplish their short-term community goals: developing effective after-school programs and resolving problems of damaged homes and blighted properties in a relatively short time and continuing on their collaborative work. Having a social ecological model as a conceptual framework was helpful for the community to assess their status and develop action plans. Consistent community meetings, open communication, focused community leadership, community networking, and collaboration of community organizations and a university were the factors that reinforced the empowerment process. Challenges such as maximizing limited resources and generating more participation from the community need to be resolved while the reinforcing factors are cultivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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3. A qualitative evaluation of the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health program.
- Author
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Goodman RM, Seaver MR, Yoo S, Dibble S, Shada R, Sherman B, Urmston F, Milliken N, and Freund KM
- Published
- 2002
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4. The formation of a complex community program for diabetes control: lessons learned from a case study of Project DIRECT.
- Author
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Goodman RM, Liburd LC, and Green-Phillips A
- Abstract
A case study was conducted of the formation of a diabetes initiative in a largely African American urban community. The study focused on how confluent the original project model was with actual formation, what benefits were produced, what areas of needed improvement surfaced, and how different stakeholder groups characterized one another's involvement. The project produced several benefits but also experienced needed improvements in its formation, which suffered from a lack of communication, cooperation, and coordination; unclear goals and personnel roles; and early delays. Lessons include treating project formation as an important developmental stage and reducing bureaucratic management approaches not suited for community partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
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5. Research NotesA New Multigene Family Inducible by Tobacco Mosaic Virus or Salicylic Acid in Tobacco
- Author
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Stinson J, Ryals J, David Alexander, Goodman Rm, Pear J, Glascock C, and E. Ward
- Subjects
biology ,Physiology ,cDNA library ,Nicotiana tabacum ,fungi ,Tobamovirus ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Molecular biology ,Virus ,Complementary DNA ,Tobacco mosaic virus ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Solanaceae ,Pathogenesis-related protein - Abstract
A previously undescribed cDNA family was isolated from tobacco challenged with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). A cDNA library was constructed with mRNA from upper leaves of Xanthi nc tobacco plants that had been inoculated with TMV on the lower leaves 11 days previously. The library was screened differentially with radiolabeled cDNA synthesized with mRNA from upper, uninoculated leaves of either TMV-inoculated or mock-inoculated tobacco plants. The new cDNA family, designated SAR8.2, had at least five expressed members, one or more of which were inducible by TMV inoculation and by salicylic acid treatment. The cDNAs encoded small, highly basic proteins containing N-terminal hydrophobic signal peptides and highly conserved cysteine-rich C-terminal domains. One of the SAR8.2 family members contained a direct repeat of the C-terminal domain in tandem. Hybridization of SAR8.2 cDNA to tobacco genomic DNAs indicated a gene family of 10-12 members.
- Published
- 1992
6. Are the Level of Institutionalization scales ready for 'prime time'? A commentary on 'Development of Level of Institutionalization (LoIn) scales for health promotion programs'.
- Author
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Scheirer MA, Goodman RM, McLeroy KR, Steckler AB, and Hoyle RH
- Published
- 1993
7. Development of Level of Institutionalization scales for health promotion programs.
- Author
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Goodman RM, McLeroy KR, Steckler AB, and Hoyle RH
- Published
- 1993
8. Toward integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: an introduction.
- Author
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Steckler A, McLeroy KR, Goodman RM, Bird ST, and McCormick L
- Published
- 1992
9. Principles and tools for evaluating community-based prevention and health promotion programs.
- Author
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Goodman RM
- Published
- 1998
10. Social science theory in health education: time for a new model?
- Author
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McLeroy KR, Steckler AB, Simons-Morton B, Goodman RM, Gottlieb N, and Burdine JN
- Published
- 1993
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11. Identifying and defining the dimensions of community capacity to provide a basis for measurement.
- Author
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Goodman RM, Speers MA, McLeroy K, Fawcett S, Kegler M, Parker E, Smith SR, Sterling TD, and Wallerstein N
- Abstract
Although community capacity is a central concern of community development experts, the concept requires clarification. Because of the potential importance of community capacity to health promotion, the Division of Chronic Disease Control and Community Intervention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), convened a symposium in December 1995 with the hope that a consensus might emerge regarding the dimensions that are integral to community capacity. This article describes the dimensions that the symposium participants suggested as central to the construct, including participation and leadership, skills, resources, social and interorganizational networks, sense of community, understanding of community history, community power, community values, and critical reflection. The dimensions are not exhaustive but may serve as a point of departure to extend and refine the construct and to operationalize ways to assess capacity in communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
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12. Practices of successful community coalitions: a multiple case study.
- Author
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Mayer JP, Soweid R, Dabney S, Brownson C, Goodman RM, and Brownson RC
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Objective: To identify successful coalition practices using qualitative data and a case study design. Methods: Bracket sampling was used to select two of six rural coalitions that varied on several intermediate outcomes. Qualitative data obtained from focus groups with the core membership of the two coalitions were contrasted. Results: Differences between the positive and negative case were found on decision making for health promotion activities, scope of health problems and populations addressed, methods for encouraging community participation, benefits and costs of membership, and approach to coalition institutionalization. Conclusions: Prescriptions for improving coalition practice are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
13. Developing and evaluating a cardiovascular risk reduction project.
- Author
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Brownson RC, Mayer JP, Dusseault PM, Dabney S, Wright KS, Jackson-Thompson J, Malone BR, and Goodman RM
- Abstract
Development and baseline data are described from a community-based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural Missouri. Mortality data revealed a concentration of CVD deaths, and local coalitions are being developed in counties in this region to reduce the prevalence of CVD risk factors. A comprehensive evaluation strategy is being used to document potential changes in risk factors and comunity norms. Components of the evaluation strategy include outcome evaluation using a riskfactor survey; intermediate evaluation through community monitoring; and process evaluation through case studies, network analysis, formative and implementation assessment. The methods described in this paper may assist other similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1997
14. Chromosomal Altertions in Three Age Groups of Human Females
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Zartman D, Miller R, Miller F, Fechheimer Ns, and Goodman Rm
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Adult ,Chromosome Aberrations ,Aging ,Chromosomal Alterations ,business.industry ,Age Factors ,Infant, Newborn ,Physiology ,Trisomy ,General Medicine ,Aneuploidy ,Diploidy ,Polyploidy ,Age groups ,Culture Techniques ,Leukocytes ,Humans ,Medicine ,Female ,business ,Human Females ,Aged - Published
- 1969
15. Community-based participatory research: questions and challenges to an essential approach.
- Author
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Goodman RM
- Published
- 2001
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16. A construct for building the capacity of community-based initiatives in racial and ethnic communities: a qualitative cross-case analysis.
- Author
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Goodman RM
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This article reports on a qualitative study that contrasts implementation patterns across community-based public health initiatives, resulting in a construct for building the capacity of such initiatives in racial and ethnic communities. By specifying which capacities provide optimum leverage, community initiatives may increase precision in developing intervention strategies that are pivotal in producing desired outcomes. METHOD: Cross-case comparisons were made on the basis of intensive interviews with key initiative leaders. RESULTS: Several capacities distinguish highly successful initiatives from those that had greater difficulty in realizing their goals. Leadership was the most important distinguishing capacity. Organizing capacity, or the propensity to provide structure, operational procedures, oversight, and activity formation, was also critical in leveraging community action and desired outcomes. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that developing high levels of community capacity where it can produce the most strategic advantage is a promising pathway for mitigating antagonistic social factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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17. Trace Amounts of Ranavirus Detected in Common Musk Turtles ( Sternotherus odoratus ) at a Site Where the Pathogen Was Previously Common.
- Author
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Goodman RM, Carman HR, Mahaffy RP, and Cabrera NS
- Abstract
Ranaviruses are global multi-host pathogens that infect ectothermic vertebrates and cause mass mortality events in some species. In 2021-2022, we surveyed two species of aquatic turtles in a Virginia site where previous research found ranavirus in lizards ( Sceloporus undulatus ) and turtles ( Chrysemys picta picta and Terrapene carolina carolina ). We sampled tissues from 206 turtles and tested 249 samples (including recaptures) for ranavirus using qPCR. We detected trace amounts of ranavirus DNA in 2.8% of Common Musk Turtles ( Sternotherus odoratus ). We did not detect the virus in Eastern Painted Turtles ( C. p. picta ). The Ct values from animals carrying ranavirus corresponded to positive controls with a concentration of one copy of ranavirus DNA per microliter and likely reflect DNA in the environment rather than ranavirus infection in turtles. Turtles carrying ranavirus DNA came from only one pond in one year. The amount of ranavirus in our study site, as indicated by tissue samples from turtles, appears to have dropped dramatically since previous research conducted over a decade ago. This study represents the first report of ranavirus detected in S. odoratus and contributes to the scarce literature on longitudinal surveys of ranavirus in wild chelonians. We emphasize the need for large sample sizes and multi-year sampling to detect this pathogen in wild populations.
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- 2023
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18. Influence of Herbicide Exposure and Ranavirus Infection on Growth and Survival of Juvenile Red-Eared Slider Turtles ( Trachemys scripta elegans ).
- Author
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Goodman RM, Carter ED, and Miller DL
- Subjects
- Animals, Atrazine toxicity, DNA Virus Infections epidemiology, DNA Virus Infections mortality, Environmental Exposure, Glycine analogs & derivatives, Glycine toxicity, Turtles growth & development, Glyphosate, DNA Virus Infections veterinary, Herbicides toxicity, Ranavirus, Turtles physiology, Turtles virology
- Abstract
Ranaviruses are an important wildlife pathogen of fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Previous studies have shown that susceptibility and severity of infection can vary with age, host species, virus strain, temperature, population density, and presence of environmental stressors. Experiments are limited with respect to interactions between this pathogen and environmental stressors in reptiles. In this study, we exposed hatchling red-eared slider turtles ( Trachemys scripta elegans ) to herbicide and ranavirus treatments to examine direct effects and interactions on growth, morbidity, and mortality. Turtles were assigned to one of three herbicide treatments or a control group. Turtles were exposed to atrazine, Roundup ProMax
® , or Rodeo® via water bath during the first 3 weeks of the experiment. After 1 week, turtles were exposed to either a control (cell culture medium) or ranavirus-infected cell lysate via injection into the pectoral muscles. Necropsies were performed upon death or upon euthanasia after 5 weeks. Tissues were collected for histopathology and detection of ranavirus DNA via quantitative PCR. Only 57.5% of turtles exposed to ranavirus tested positive for ranaviral DNA at the time of death. Turtles exposed to ranavirus died sooner and lost more mass and carapace length, but not plastron length, than did controls. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of herbicides did not impact infection rate, morbidity, or mortality of hatchling turtles due to ranavirus exposure. We also found no direct effects of herbicide or interactions with ranavirus exposure on growth or survival time. Results of this study should be interpreted in the context of the modest ranavirus infection rate achieved, the general lack of growth, and the unplanned presence of an additional pathogen in our study.- Published
- 2021
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19. Billing and payment of commercial and Medicaid health plan adult vaccination claims in Michigan since the Affordable Care Act.
- Author
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Goodman RM, Bridges CB, Kim D, Pike J, Rose A, Prosser LA, and Hutton DW
- Subjects
- Alphapapillomavirus immunology, Female, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Hepatitis A immunology, Humans, Insurance Coverage economics, Insurance Coverage statistics & numerical data, Male, Medicaid economics, Medicare economics, Medicare statistics & numerical data, Michigan, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act economics, United States, Vaccination economics, Medicaid statistics & numerical data, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act statistics & numerical data, Vaccination statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Provider concern regarding insurance non-payment for vaccines is a common barrier to provision of adult immunizations. We examined current adult vaccination billing and payment associated with two managed care populations to identify reasons for non-payment of immunization insurance claims., Methods: We assessed administrative data from 2014 to 2015 from Blue Care Network of Michigan, a nonprofit health maintenance organization, and Blue Cross Complete of Michigan, a Medicaid managed care plan, to determine rates of and reasons for non-payment of adult vaccination claims across patient-care settings, insurance plans, and vaccine types. We compared commercial and Medicaid payment rates to Medicare payment rates and examined patient cost sharing., Results: Pharmacy-submitted claims for adult vaccine doses were almost always paid (commercial 98.5%; Medicaid 100%). As the physician office accounted for the clear majority (79% commercial; 69% Medicaid) of medical (non-pharmacy) vaccination services, we limited further analyses of both commercial and Medicaid medical claims to the physician office setting. In the physician office setting, rates of payment were high with commercial rates of payment (97.9%) greater than Medicaid rates (91.6%). Reasons for non-payment varied, but generally related to the complexity of adult vaccine recommendations (patient diagnosis does not match recommendations) or insurance coverage (complex contracts, multiple insurance payers). Vaccine administration services were also generally paid. Commercial health plan payments were greater for both vaccine dose and vaccine administration than Medicare payments; Medicaid paid a higher amount for the vaccine dose, but less for vaccine administration than Medicare. Patients generally had very low (commercial) or no (Medicaid) cost-sharing for vaccination., Conclusions: Adult vaccine dose claims were usually paid. Medicaid generally had higher rates of non-payment than commercial insurance., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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20. Survey of Ranavirus and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Introduced Frogs in Hawaii, USA.
- Author
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Goodman RM, Tyler JA, Reinartz DM, and Wright AN
- Subjects
- Animals, DNA Virus Infections epidemiology, DNA Virus Infections veterinary, DNA Virus Infections virology, Hawaii epidemiology, Mycoses epidemiology, Mycoses microbiology, Bufo marinus microbiology, Chytridiomycota isolation & purification, Introduced Species, Mycoses veterinary, Ranavirus isolation & purification, Ranidae microbiology
- Abstract
Ranaviruses and the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis are globally important agents of emerging infectious amphibian diseases. Amphibians on Oahu, the Hawaiian Island with the greatest potential for disease introduction through the movement of goods and people, have never been surveyed for ranaviruses or B. dendrobatidis . We surveyed all five species of frogs on Oahu, Hawaii, US for these pathogens. Of 325 individuals sampled from six sites, none were positive for ranavirus. However, we found B. dendrobatidis in a total of four individuals of three species, the cane toad ( Bufo marinus ), the American bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ), and the greenhouse frog ( Eleutherodactylus planirostris ), but not in the green and black poison dart frog ( Dendrobates auratus ) or the Japanese wrinkled frog ( Rana rugosa ). The apparent lack of ranavirus and low prevalence of B. dendrobatidis are noteworthy given how widespread these pathogens are in terms of both global distribution and host range. Surveillance should continue to document any changes in B. dendrobatidis prevalence or the arrival of ranaviruses in Hawaii.
- Published
- 2019
21. Western organizational change capacity theory and its application to public health organizations in China: A multiple case analysis.
- Author
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Zhao X and Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Administrative Personnel psychology, China, Focus Groups, Health Care Reform, Health Policy, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Qualitative Research, Surveys and Questionnaires, Capacity Building, Models, Theoretical, Organizational Innovation, Public Health Administration
- Abstract
As health reform becomes a crucial task for both Chinese and United States government, public health organizations are required to adopt changes based on reform policy. Organizational Change Capacity theory is a Western theory that indicates the capacities that organizations should possess when pursuing successful organizational change. This study seeks to understand the applicability of this theory to Chinese public health organizations by contrasting organizations that have achieved success or remained challenged in implementing organizational change to optimize health reform. The research questions are: Is the Organizational Change Capacity theory applicable in Chinese public health organizations? How should it be modified to best fit Chinese public health organizations? Seventy-two participants from 12 public health organizations in Beijing and Xi'an were recruited for interviews and follow-up questionnaires that asked for experiences during their organizational changes. During the analysis, a new Chinese Organizational Change Capacity theory with nine main themes emerged. This new framework provides a guideline for Chinese public health organizations to evaluate their change capacity, and offers a theoretical foundation for researchers to design interventions that increase these organizations' capacity in achieving successful change., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
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22. H. Boyd Woodruff (1917-2017).
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Bennett JW, Eveleigh D, and Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Actinomyces growth & development, Actinomyces metabolism, Dactinomycin metabolism, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, United States, Anti-Bacterial Agents history, Drug Industry history, Industrial Microbiology history
- Published
- 2017
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23. Response to the Letter to the Editor.
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Goodman RM, Powell CC, and Park P
- Published
- 2016
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24. The Impact of Commercial Health Plan Prior Authorization Programs on the Utilization of Services for Low Back Pain.
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Goodman RM, Powell CC, and Park P
- Subjects
- Humans, Insurance, Health economics, Insurance, Health trends, Low Back Pain diagnosis, Michigan, Physiatrists economics, Physiatrists trends, Referral and Consultation trends, Spinal Fusion statistics & numerical data, Spinal Fusion trends, State Health Plans trends, Low Back Pain economics, Low Back Pain surgery, Referral and Consultation economics, Spinal Fusion economics, State Health Plans economics
- Abstract
Study Design: An observational study., Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a health plan's prior authorization (PA) programs for low back pain (LBP) in a non-Medicare population by assessing changes in pre-surgical nonoperative care; lumbar fusion trends; and overall back surgery rates compared with another health plan with a similar program and national benchmarks. The PA programs require mandatory physiatrist consultation before surgical evaluation, with subsequent additional LBP surgery PA., Summary of Background Data: LBP is prevalent and concern exists that spinal fusion is overutilized for LBP., Methods: Annual rates of lumbar fusion trended over 6 years, and analysis of changes in standardized costs for LBP-related services among a 501-member subset who underwent lumbar fusion before and after program implementations, during the period January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2013, among commercial members aged 18 and 65 years enrolled in a health maintenance organization with commercial membership averaging >500,000 annually., Results: After initiation of the physiatrist PA in December 2010, lumbar fusions decreased from 76.27/100,000 in 2010 to 62.63/100,000 in 2011 with subsequent increases to 64.24/100,000 and 73.84/100,000 in years 2012 and 2013. For members who had lumbar fusion, per-member, pre-surgical costs increased by $2,233 with the physiatrist PA and an additional $1,370 with implementation of the LBP surgery PA (March 2013). Spinal injections and inpatient admissions were the greatest contributors to the overall increase in costs. The physiatrist and LBP surgery PA programs were also associated with lengthening of LBP episodes ending in surgery by 309 and 198 days., Conclusion: Mandatory referral to a physiatrist before surgical evaluation did not result in persistent reduction in lumbar fusions. Instead, these programs were associated with the unintended consequence of increased costs from more nonoperative care for only a transitory change in the lumbar fusion rate, likely from delays due to the introduction of both PA programs., Level of Evidence: 3.
- Published
- 2016
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25. Real-time contrast ultrasound muscle perfusion imaging with intermediate-power imaging coupled with acoustically durable microbubbles.
- Author
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Seol SH, Davidson BP, Belcik JT, Mott BH, Goodman RM, Ammi A, and Lindner JR
- Subjects
- Animals, Blood Flow Velocity physiology, Computer Systems, Contrast Media, Dogs, Elastic Modulus radiation effects, Ferric Compounds radiation effects, Fluorocarbons radiation effects, Hardness radiation effects, Iron radiation effects, Materials Testing, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microbubbles, Muscle, Skeletal blood supply, Oxides radiation effects, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sound, Viscosity radiation effects, Ferric Compounds chemistry, Fluorocarbons chemistry, Iron chemistry, Muscle, Skeletal diagnostic imaging, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Oxides chemistry, Perfusion Imaging methods, Ultrasonography methods
- Abstract
Background: There is growing interest in limb contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) perfusion imaging for the evaluation of peripheral artery disease. Because of low resting microvascular blood flow in skeletal muscle, signal enhancement during limb CEU is prohibitively low for real-time imaging. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that this obstacle can be overcome by intermediate- rather than low-power CEU when performed with an acoustically resilient microbubble agent., Methods: Viscoelastic properties of Definity and Sonazoid were assessed by measuring bulk modulus during incremental increases in ambient pressure to 200 mm Hg. Comparison of in vivo microbubble destruction and signal enhancement at a mechanical index (MI) of 0.1 to 0.4 was performed by sequential reduction in pulsing interval from 10 to 0.05 sec during limb CEU at 7 MHz in mice and 1.8 MHz in dogs. Destruction was also assessed by broadband signal generation during passive cavitation detection. Real-time CEU perfusion imaging with destruction-replenishment was then performed at 1.8 MHz in dogs using an MI of 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3., Results: Sonazoid had a higher bulk modulus than Definity (66 ± 12 vs 29 ± 2 kPa, P = .02) and exhibited less inertial cavitation (destruction) at MIs ≥ 0.2. On in vivo CEU, maximal signal intensity increased incrementally with MI for both agents and was equivalent between agents except at an MI of 0.1 (60% and 85% lower for Sonazoid at 7 and 1.8 MHz, respectively, P < .05). However, on progressive shortening of the pulsing interval, Definity was nearly completely destroyed at MIs ≥ 0.2 at 1.8 and 7 MHz, whereas Sonazoid was destroyed only at 1.8 MHz at MIs ≥ 0.3. As a result, real-time CEU perfusion imaging demonstrated approximately fourfold greater enhancement for Sonazoid at an MI of 0.3 to 0.4., Conclusions: Robust signal enhancement during real-time CEU perfusion imaging of the limb is possible when using intermediate-power imaging coupled with a durable microbubble contrast agent., (Copyright © 2015 American Society of Echocardiography. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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26. A meta-analysis of social capital and health: a case for needed research.
- Author
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Gilbert KL, Quinn SC, Goodman RM, Butler J, and Wallace J
- Subjects
- Humans, Health Status, Interpersonal Relations, Mortality, Social Support
- Abstract
Social capital refers to various levels of social relationships formed through social networks. Measurement differences have lead to imprecise measurement. A meta-analysis of eligible studies assessing the bivariate association between social capital and self-reported health and all-cause mortality was performed. Thirty-nine studies met inclusion criteria, showing social capital increased odds of good health by 27 percent (95% confidence intervals [CI] =21%, 34%). Social capital variables, reciprocity increased odds of good health by 39 percent (95% CI = 21%, 60%) and trust by 32 percent (95% CI =19%, 46%). Future research suggests operationalizing measures by assessing differences by race/ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic status.
- Published
- 2013
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27. Updating the FORECAST formative evaluation approach and some implications for ameliorating theory failure, implementation failure, and evaluation failure.
- Author
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Katz J, Wandersman A, Goodman RM, Griffin S, Wilson DK, and Schillaci M
- Subjects
- Humans, Models, Organizational, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, United States, Health Plan Implementation organization & administration, Program Evaluation methods
- Abstract
Historically, there has been considerable variability in how formative evaluation has been conceptualized and practiced. FORmative Evaluation Consultation And Systems Technique (FORECAST) is a formative evaluation approach that develops a set of models and processes that can be used across settings and times, while allowing for local adaptations and innovations. FORECAST integrates specific models and tools to improve limitations in program theory, implementation, and evaluation. In the period since its initial use in a federally funded community prevention project in the early 1990s, evaluators have incorporated important formative evaluation innovations into FORECAST, including the integration of feedback loops and proximal outcome evaluation. In addition, FORECAST has been applied in a randomized community research trial. In this article, we describe updates to FORECAST and the implications of FORECAST for ameliorating failures in program theory, implementation, and evaluation., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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28. Influence of geography and climate on patterns of cell size and body size in the lizard Anolis carolinensis.
- Author
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Goodman RM, Echternacht AC, Hall JC, Deng LD, and Welch JN
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- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Body Weights and Measures, Geography, Principal Component Analysis, Southeastern United States, Temperature, Body Size physiology, Cell Size, Climate, Erythrocytes cytology, Lizards anatomy & histology, Muscle Cells cytology
- Abstract
Geographic patterns in body size are often associated with latitude, elevation, or environmental and climatic variables. This study investigated patterns of body size and cell size of the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis, and potential associations with geography or climatic variables. Lizards were sampled from 19 populations across the native range, and body size, red blood cell size and size and number of muscle cells were measured. Climatic data from local weather stations and latitude and longitude were entered into model selection with Akaike's information criterion to explain patterns in cell and body sizes. Climatic variables did not drive any major patterns in cell size or body size; rather, latitude and longitude were the best predictors of cell and body size. In general, smaller body and cell sizes in Florida anoles drove geographic patterns in A. carolinensis. Small size in Florida may be attributable to the geological history of the peninsular state or the unique ecological factors in this area, including a recently introduced congener. In contrast to previous studies, we found that A. carolinensis does not follow Bergmann's rule when the influence of Florida is excluded. Rather, the opposite pattern of larger lizards in southern populations is evident in the absence of Florida populations, and mirrors the general pattern in squamates. Muscle cell size was negatively related to latitude and red blood cell size showed no latitudinal trend outside of Florida. Different patterns in the sizes of the 2 cell types confirm the importance of examining multiple cell types when studying geographic variation in cell size., (© 2013 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, ISZS and IOZ/CAS.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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29. Emergency department use associated with primary care office management.
- Author
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Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Cohort Studies, Databases, Factual, Episode of Care, Health Maintenance Organizations, Humans, Michigan, Pilot Projects, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Urban Health Services, Emergency Service, Hospital statistics & numerical data, Physicians' Offices organization & administration, Primary Health Care
- Abstract
Objectives: The goal of this pilot study is to demonstrate whether revisiting and focusing on simple and generally known primary care office management practices has a meaningful impact on emergency department (ED) utilization for conditions that likely could have been treated in the primary care office setting (primary care physician [PCP] treatable)., Study Design: Cohort study using health plan administrative data from 2007 to 2010 involving primary care physicians (PCPs) affiliated with both Blue Care Network of Michigan, a nonprofit health maintenance organization, and Oakland Southfield Physicians PC, a Metropolitan Detroit independent practice association. PCPs were assigned to cohorts according to pre-intervention increasing or decreasing temporal trends in annual ED visit rates for PCP-treatable conditions by 12-month continuously enrolled commercial members with the same emergency care copay., Methods: A difference-in-difference approach measuring control and intervention PCPs for the same 4 months (September-December) during 3 years (2007-2009) pre-intervention, and the available same 4-month period post-intervention, to determine if the pilot was associated with decreased ED utilization for PCP-treatable conditions., Results: A substantive reversal of a worsening 2007 to 2009 trend (peak of 49.2 visits per 1000 in 2009 decreased to 7.3 visits/1000 in 2010) in ED use for PCP-treatable conditions at intervention sites, with the 2010 rate also lower than control sites (23.8 visits per 1000) during the same postintervention period., Conclusions: Simple and effective practice management techniques, while generally known, require revisiting and focused attention by PCPs to limit rates of PCP-treatable ED visits.
- Published
- 2013
30. Building a larger tent for public health: implications of the SOPHE-AAHE unification.
- Author
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Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Humans, Leadership, United States, Education, Public Health Professional standards, Health Promotion, Public Health education, Quality Improvement organization & administration, Societies organization & administration
- Abstract
The unification of the American Association for Health Education (AAHE) and the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) generates a long-desired synergy, a ramping up of our leadership influence in promoting health. It also serves as an ongoing opportunity to reflect on how we synergize the distinct philosophic, scientific, and practical approaches that our AAHE colleagues bring in constructing a larger tent for public health education. Running parallel to our union with AAHE is the undertaking by several schools of health, physical education, and recreation (HPER) to become schools of public health. The unification between AAHE and SOPHE can be of enormous benefit to such a process. Just as the harmonious integration of two organizations with similar but distinct perspectives depends on compromise and transcendence, the schools that they embody-both public health and HPER-might consider ways to engage in continued dialogue to assure a more expansive paradigm for public health. SOPHE has an important role to play in this process, and with the additional insight and influence that our AAHE colleagues bring, we can become more instrumental as a boundary spanner. Mechanisms for such integration are discussed.
- Published
- 2013
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31. Using the interactive systems framework to support a quality improvement approach to dissemination of evidence-based strategies to promote early detection of breast cancer: planning a comprehensive dynamic trial.
- Author
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Rapkin BD, Weiss ES, Lounsbury DW, Thompson HS, Goodman RM, Schechter CB, Merzel C, Shelton RC, Blank AE, Erb-Downward J, Williams A, Valera P, and Padgett DK
- Subjects
- Evidence-Based Practice methods, Female, Humans, Mammography, New York City, Research Design, Breast Neoplasms diagnosis, Community Networks, Early Detection of Cancer methods, Evidence-Based Practice education, Information Dissemination methods, Patient Compliance, Quality Improvement
- Abstract
Dissemination efforts must optimize interventions for new settings and populations. As such, dissemination research should incorporate principles of quality improvement. Comprehensive Dynamic Trial (CDT) designs examine how information gained during dissemination may be used to modify interventions and improve performance. Although CDT may offer distinct advantages over static designs, organizing the many necessary roles and activities is a significant challenge. In this article, we discuss use of the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation to systematically implement a CDT. Specifically, we describe "Bronx ACCESS", a program designed to disseminate evidence-based strategies to promote adherence to mammography guidelines. In Bronx ACCESS, the Intervention Delivery System will elicit information needed to adapt strategies to specific settings and circumstances. The Intervention Synthesis and Translation System will use this information to test changes to strategies through "embedded experiments". The Intervention Support System will build local capacities found to be necessary for intervention institutionalization. Simulation modeling will be used to integrate findings across systems. Results will inform on-going policy debate about interventions needed to promote population-level screening. More generally, this project is intended to advance understanding of research paradigms necessary to study dissemination.
- Published
- 2012
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- View/download PDF
32. Electromagnetic fields and health: DNA-based dosimetry.
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Blank M and Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Absorption, Animals, DNA genetics, DNA Damage, Radiometry standards, Reference Standards, DNA radiation effects, Electromagnetic Fields adverse effects, Health, Radiometry methods
- Abstract
We propose a biologically based measure of EMF radiation to replace the energy-based "specific absorption rate" (SAR). A wide range of EMF frequencies has been linked to an increased risk of cancer. The SAR value used to measure the EMF dose and set the safety standard in the radiofrequency (RF) range fails as a standard for predicting cancer risk in the ELF power frequency range. Because cancers are believed to arise from mutations in DNA, changes in DNA induced by interaction with EMF could be a better measure of the biologically effective dose in both frequency ranges. The changes can be measured by transcriptional alterations and/or translational changes in specific proteins. Because ionizing radiation also causes DNA damage, a biologically based standard related to stimulation of DNA could apply over a much wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum. A safety standard for exposure to a wide range of non ionizing frequencies can be based on the documented changes in DNA biochemistry that arise from interactions with EMF.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Effect of cost efficiency reporting on utilization by physician specialists: a difference-in-difference study.
- Author
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Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans economics, Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans statistics & numerical data, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Health Care Costs statistics & numerical data, Health Maintenance Organizations economics, Health Maintenance Organizations statistics & numerical data, Humans, Michigan, Middle Aged, Referral and Consultation economics, Referral and Consultation statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, Economics, Medical statistics & numerical data, Medicine statistics & numerical data, Primary Health Care statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objective: To assess whether health plan implementation of specialist profile reports not associated with any health plan administered reward or consequence that measured physician cost efficiency relative to peers, and shared with specialists and primary care referral sources only, were associated with changes in specialist behaviour., Data Source/study Setting: Blue Care Network of Michigan is a non-profit statewide Health Maintenance Organization and wholly owned subsidiary of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. This study used administrative data from 2002 to 2006 and included only providers and adult (ages 18-65) commercial membership located in Southeastern Michigan., Study Design: A difference-in-difference study design of before and after specialist cost efficiency reporting on six specialties to both specialists and primary care referral sources, but not health plan members, to determine whether specialists who performed worse than peers changed the level of utilization of their own physician services without any direct health plan reward or consequence., Principal Findings: Substantive changes were noted for interventional cardiology (-32.3%, P ≤ 0.01), orthopaedics (-13.3%, P ≤ 0.01) and otolaryngology (-15.9%, P ≤ 0.02). Less established, yet negative changes were noted for ophthalmology (-11.9%, P ≤ 0.01), gastroenterology (-3.2%, P = 0.23) and urology (-3.1%, P = 0.52)., Conclusions: Simple and transparent reports on specialist cost efficiency distributed to referral sources and specialists using a more laissez-faire style reporting only health plan programme can engage providers and be associated with reductions in utilization. Possible mechanisms include explicit pressure from referral sources or self-motivated change by specialists.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Out of Florida: mtDNA reveals patterns of migration and Pleistocene range expansion of the Green Anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis).
- Author
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Campbell-Staton SC, Goodman RM, Backström N, Edwards SV, Losos JB, and Kolbe JJ
- Abstract
Anolis carolinensis is an emerging model species and the sole member of its genus native to the United States. Considerable morphological and physiological variation has been described in the species, and the recent sequencing of its genome makes it an attractive system for studies of genome variation. To inform future studies of molecular and phenotypic variation within A. carolinensis, a rigorous account of intraspecific population structure and relatedness is needed. Here, we present the most extensive phylogeographic study of this species to date. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequence data support the previous hypothesis of a western Cuban origin of the species. We found five well-supported, geographically distinct mitochondrial haplotype clades throughout the southeastern United States. Most Florida populations fall into one of three divergent clades, whereas the vast majority of populations outside Florida belong to a single, shallowly diverged clade. Genetic boundaries do not correspond to major rivers, but may reflect effects of Pleistocene glaciation events and the Appalachian Mountains on migration and expansion of the species. Phylogeographic signal should be examined using nuclear loci to complement these findings.
- Published
- 2012
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35. Polyketide synthase pathways identified from a metagenomic library are derived from soil Acidobacteria.
- Author
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Parsley LC, Linneman J, Goode AM, Becklund K, George I, Goodman RM, Lopanik NB, and Liles MR
- Subjects
- Acidobacteria classification, Acidobacteria metabolism, Base Sequence, Gene Library, Metagenomics, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polyketide Synthases genetics, Soil chemistry, Acidobacteria genetics, Metagenome, Polyketide Synthases metabolism, Soil Microbiology
- Abstract
Polyketides are structurally diverse secondary metabolites, many of which have antibiotic or anticancer activity. Type I modular polyketide synthase (PKS) genes are typically large and encode repeating enzymatic domains that elongate and modify the nascent polyketide chain. A fosmid metagenomic library constructed from an agricultural soil was arrayed and the macroarray was screened for the presence of conserved ketosynthase [β-ketoacyl synthase (KS)] domains, enzymatic domains present in PKSs. Thirty-four clones containing KS domains were identified by Southern hybridization. Many of the KS domains contained within metagenomic clones shared significant similarity to PKS or nonribosomal peptide synthesis genes from members of the Cyanobacteria or the Proteobacteria phyla. However, analysis of complete clone insert sequences indicated that the blast analysis for KS domains did not reflect the true phylogenetic origin of many of these metagenomic clones that had a %G+C content and significant sequence similarity to genes from members of the phylum Acidobacteria. This conclusion of an Acidobacteria origin for several clones was further supported by evidence that cultured soil Acidobacteria from different subdivisions have genetic loci closely related to PKS domains contained within metagenomic clones, suggesting that Acidobacteria may be a source of novel polyketides. This study also demonstrates the utility of combining data from culture-dependent and -independent investigations in expanding our collective knowledge of microbial genomic diversity., (© 2011 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Comparison of midgut bacterial diversity in tropical caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) fed on different diets.
- Author
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Pinto-Tomás AA, Sittenfeld A, Uribe-Lorío L, Chavarría F, Mora M, Janzen DH, Goodman RM, and Simon HM
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacteria classification, Female, Gastrointestinal Tract microbiology, Larva growth & development, Larva microbiology, Male, Moths growth & development, Sex Characteristics, Symbiosis, Bacteria genetics, Diet, Moths microbiology, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics
- Abstract
As primary consumers of foliage, caterpillars play essential roles in shaping the trophic structure of tropical forests. The caterpillar midgut is specialized in plant tissue processing; its pH is exceptionally alkaline and contains high concentrations of toxic compounds derived from the ingested plant material (secondary compounds or allelochemicals) and from the insect itself. The midgut, therefore, represents an extreme environment for microbial life. Isolates from different bacterial taxa have been recovered from caterpillar midguts, but little is known about the impact of these microorganisms on caterpillar biology. Our long-term goals are to identify midgut symbionts and to investigate their functions. As a first step, different diet formulations were evaluated for rearing two species of tropical saturniid caterpillars. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers hybridizing broadly to sequences from the bacterial domain, 16S rRNA gene libraries were constructed with midgut DNA extracted from caterpillars reared on different diets. Amplified rDNA restriction analysis indicated that bacterial sequences recovered from the midguts of caterpillars fed on foliage were more diverse than those from caterpillars fed on artificial diet. Sequences related to Methylobacterium sp., Bradyrhizobium sp., and Propionibacterium sp. were detected in all caterpillar libraries regardless of diet, but were not detected in a library constructed from the diet itself. Furthermore, libraries constructed with DNA recovered from surface-sterilized eggs indicated potential for vertical transmission of midgut symbionts. Taken together, these results suggest that microorganisms associated with the tropical caterpillar midgut may engage in symbiotic interactions with these ecologically important insects.
- Published
- 2011
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- View/download PDF
37. Gram negative shuttle BAC vector for heterologous expression of metagenomic libraries.
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Kakirde KS, Wild J, Godiska R, Mead DA, Wiggins AG, Goodman RM, Szybalski W, and Liles MR
- Subjects
- Arabinose pharmacology, Cloning, Molecular, Conjugation, Genetic, DNA Replication, Electroporation, Escherichia coli genetics, Gene Dosage, Gram-Negative Bacteria genetics, Plasmids, Recombination, Genetic, Replication Origin, Replicon, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Gene Library, Genetic Vectors, Metagenomics
- Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors enable stable cloning of large DNA fragments from single genomes or microbial assemblages. A novel shuttle BAC vector was constructed that permits replication of BAC clones in diverse Gram-negative species. The "Gram-negative shuttle BAC" vector (pGNS-BAC) uses the F replicon for stable single-copy replication in E. coli and the broad-host-range RK2 mini-replicon for high-copy replication in diverse Gram-negative bacteria. As with other BAC vectors containing the oriV origin, this vector is capable of an arabinose-inducible increase in plasmid copy number. Resistance to both gentamicin and chloramphenicol is encoded on pGNS-BAC, permitting selection for the plasmid in diverse bacterial species. The oriT from an IncP plasmid was cloned into pGNS-BAC to enable conjugal transfer, thereby allowing both electroporation and conjugation of pGNS-BAC DNA into bacterial hosts. A soil metagenomic library was constructed in pGNS-BAC-1 (the first version of the vector, lacking gentamicin resistance and oriT), and recombinant clones were demonstrated to replicate in diverse Gram-negative hosts, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcescens, Vibrio vulnificus and Enterobacter nimipressuralis. This shuttle BAC vector can be utilized to clone genomic DNA from diverse sources, and then transfer it into diverse Gram-negative bacterial species to facilitate heterologous expression of recombinant pathways., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Temperature-induced plasticity at cellular and organismal levels in the lizard Anolis carolinensis.
- Author
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Goodman RM and Heah TP
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Ovum physiology, Reproduction, Adaptation, Physiological, Erythrocytes physiology, Lizards blood, Lizards physiology, Temperature
- Abstract
Among ectotherms, individuals raised in cooler temperatures often have larger body size and/or larger cell size. The current study tested whether geographic variation in cell size and plasticity for cell size exist in a terrestrial, ectothermic vertebrate, Anolis carolinensis Voigt, 1832. We demonstrated temperature-induced plasticity in erythrocytes and epithelial cells of hatchlings lizards derived from the eggs of females sampled from four populations and incubated at multiple temperatures. Larger cells were produced in hatchlings from cooler treatments; however, hatchling body size was unaffected by temperature. Therefore, temperature-induced plasticity applies at the cellular, but not organismal, level in A. carolinensis. In addition, reaction norms for cell size differed among populations. There was a latitudinal trend in cell size and in plasticity of cell size among our study populations. The two southernmost populations showed plasticity in cell size, whereas the two northernmost ones did not. We suggest that selection pressure for larger cell size in northern, cooler environments has restricted plasticity in A. carolinensis applied at the cellular level in response to variable incubation environments., (© 2010 ISZS, Blackwell Publishing and IOZ/CAS.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Target-directed synthesis of antibacterial drug candidate GSK966587.
- Author
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Voight EA, Yin H, Downing SV, Calad SA, Matsuhashi H, Giordano I, Hennessy AJ, Goodman RM, and Wood JL
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Molecular Structure, Naphthyridines chemistry, Naphthyridines pharmacology, Stereoisomerism, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemical synthesis, Naphthyridines chemical synthesis
- Abstract
An efficient enantioselective total synthesis of the potent antibiotic GSK966587 was accomplished. Highlights of the synthesis include two innovative Heck reactions, a highly selective zincate base directed ortho-metalation, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, and a fully convergent final step fragment coupling.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Future energy institutes.
- Author
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Falkowski PG and Goodman RM
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Isolation and cloning of high-molecular-weight metagenomic DNA from soil microorganisms.
- Author
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Liles MR, Williamson LL, Rodbumrer J, Torsvik V, Parsley LC, Goodman RM, and Handelsman J
- Subjects
- Bacteria genetics, Bacteria isolation & purification, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial genetics, DNA chemistry, DNA isolation & purification, DNA, Bacterial chemistry, DNA, Bacterial isolation & purification, Genomic Library, Molecular Weight, Plasmids genetics, DNA genetics, Metagenome genetics, Metagenomics methods, Soil Microbiology
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Changes in soil Acidobacteria communities after 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene contamination.
- Author
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George IF, Liles MR, Hartmann M, Ludwig W, Goodman RM, and Agathos SN
- Subjects
- Cluster Analysis, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA, Bacterial chemistry, DNA, Bacterial genetics, DNA, Ribosomal chemistry, DNA, Ribosomal genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Bacteria classification, Bacteria drug effects, Biodiversity, Environmental Pollutants toxicity, Soil Microbiology, Trinitrotoluene toxicity
- Abstract
Despite their widespread occurrence in soils, the ecology of Acidobacteria and their response to environmental perturbations due to human activities remain very poorly documented. This study was aimed at assessing changes in the diversity and abundance of Acidobacteria in soils contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) compared with nonpolluted soils. The analysis of Acidobacteria communities at two sites with long-term and short-term contamination revealed that TNT has a drastic impact on the relative abundance of Acidobacteria in soil bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries. The disappearance of most Acidobacteria from these soils was concomitant with a shift in Acidobacteria community composition and a loss of diversity, although the extent of diversity erosion depended on the sampling site.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The 6-step model for community empowerment: revisited in public housing communities for low-income senior citizens.
- Author
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Yoo S, Butler J, Elias TI, and Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Community Participation, Humans, Middle Aged, Organizational Case Studies, Community Networks, Health Promotion methods, Public Housing, Social Change
- Abstract
The 6-step community empowerment model was replicated in communities with different geographical, racial, and age backgrounds from the original application. Resident groups of Blue Ribbon Health Panels (BRHPs) in federally funded senior housing in Pennsylvania followed the 6 steps to identify community health issues, to develop strategies to address priority issues, and to implement the strategies in collaboration with partner agencies. The 6-step model served as an operationalization strategy of community empowerment by facilitating quick accomplishments of communities' desired outcomes, legitimizing and motivating BRHP efforts. Community capacities to actively participate and collaborate influenced the model's progress in this replication study, as did partner agencies' capacities to adhere to the community-based participatory and collaborative orientation of the project. Community capacity development and partnership facilitation would be important for a community empowerment project, as well as consistent and clear communication among everyone involved in the process.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A construct for building the capacity of community-based initiatives in racial and ethnic communities: a qualitative cross-case analysis.
- Author
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Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Community-Institutional Relations, Cultural Competency, Ethnicity, Health Promotion methods, Humans, Minority Groups, Program Development, Community Networks organization & administration, Community Participation methods, Public Health methods
- Abstract
This article reports on a qualitative cross-case study that compares patterns of implementation across community-based public health initiatives resulting in a construct for building the capacity of such initiatives in racial and ethnic communities. By specifying which capacities provide optimum leverage, community initiatives may increase precision in developing intervention strategies that focus on those pivotal capacities that are necessary for producing desired outcomes. First, community capacity is defined and briefly contrasted with social capital. Then the research method is described from which the capacity construct is derived. The study reveals several capacities of community-based initiatives that are crucial in distinguishing highly successful initiatives from those that had greater difficulty in realizing their goals. Leadership was the most important capacity that distinguished highly and less successful initiatives. Organizing capacity, or the propensity to provide structure, operational procedures, oversight, and activity formation were also critical in leveraging community action and desired outcomes. The study concludes that developing high levels of community capacity where it can produce the most strategic advantage is a promising pathway for mitigating antagonistic social factors.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Empowerment evaluation for violence prevention public health programs.
- Author
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Goodman RM and Noonan RK
- Subjects
- Crime Victims, Female, Humans, Male, Community Health Services organization & administration, Health Promotion organization & administration, Power, Psychological, Program Evaluation methods, Sex Offenses prevention & control, Violence prevention & control
- Abstract
The formative evaluation consultation and systems technique (FORECAST) approach to evaluating complex community programs is described as an empowerment evaluation strategy. First, empowerment evaluation is defined and contrasted with more-traditional approaches, such as experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Then FORECAST is described, illustrating how it was applied in four community projects. One of the projects is used to demonstrate the application of FORECAST evaluation in programs addressing the prevention of first-time male perpetration of sexual violence.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Latent effects of egg incubation temperature on growth in the lizard Anolis carolinensis.
- Author
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Goodman RM
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Body Size, Lizards embryology, Embryonic Development physiology, Lizards growth & development, Ovum physiology, Temperature
- Abstract
Varied egg incubation temperatures can result in immediate effects on the phenotype of reptiles, and also latent effects that can augment or contradict effects evident at egg hatching. I examined the effects of incubation temperature on embryonic development, hatching morphology, and subsequent growth in multiple populations of the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Eggs from wild-caught females in four populations were incubated at up to three temperatures, 23.5, 27, and 30 degrees C. Measures of body size were collected immediately after hatching and weekly thereafter, while juveniles were maintained in a common laboratory environment for 8 weeks. Cooler incubation temperatures resulted in longer incubation periods but did not affect conversion of egg mass to hatchling mass. Incubation temperature did not affect hatchling mass or snout vent length (SVL), but did affect subsequent growth in both mass and SVL, which varied by population. Cooler incubation temperatures generally resulted in greater overall growth over 8 weeks of housing all juveniles in a common environment. In A. carolinensis, egg incubation temperature had latent effects on juvenile growth despite the absence of any detected immediate effects on hatchling phenotype. Therefore, the total impact and evolutionary importance of developmental environment should not be assessed or assumed based solely on the phenotype of reptiles at birth or hatching., ((c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Development of scales measuring the capacity of community-based initiatives.
- Author
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Lempa M, Goodman RM, Rice J, and Becker AB
- Subjects
- Black or African American, Communication, Community Networks organization & administration, Humans, Leadership, Qualitative Research, Reproducibility of Results, Community Participation methods, Health Education organization & administration, Public Health Practice
- Abstract
This article describes the development of two measures for the capacity of local public health initiatives. Data obtained from a qualitative study of eight community-based initiatives served as the basis for the development of a survey instrument. It was administered to a national sample of both leaders and nonleaders of 291 such initiatives. Because survey results for leaders and nonleaders differed, results could not be combined into a single data set for analysis. Results for each data set were analyzed by employing exploratory principal components and factor analyses. A 44-item, six-factor scale resulted for leaders and a 38-item, five-factor scale resulted for nonleaders. The high degree of overlap (22 items) between the two scales resulted in a combined 60-item instrument that can be administered to both leaders and nonleaders but analyzed separately.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Recovery, purification, and cloning of high-molecular-weight DNA from soil microorganisms.
- Author
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Liles MR, Williamson LL, Rodbumrer J, Torsvik V, Goodman RM, and Handelsman J
- Subjects
- Deoxyribonucleases antagonists & inhibitors, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Formamides pharmacology, Molecular Weight, Cloning, Molecular, DNA genetics, DNA isolation & purification, Molecular Biology methods, Soil Microbiology
- Abstract
We describe here an improved method for isolating, purifying, and cloning DNA from diverse soil microbiota. Soil microorganisms were extracted from soils and embedded and lysed within an agarose plug. Nucleases that copurified with the metagenomic DNA were removed by incubating plugs with a high-salt and -formamide solution. This method was used to construct large-insert soil metagenomic libraries.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Engaging partners to initiate evaluation efforts: tactics used and lessons learned from the prevention research centers program.
- Author
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Wright DS, Anderson LA, Brownson RC, Gwaltney MK, Scherer J, Cross AW, Goodman RM, Schwartz R, Sims T, and White CR
- Subjects
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Humans, United States, Community Health Planning organization & administration, Health Services Research organization & administration, Interdisciplinary Communication, Preventive Health Services organization & administration, Program Evaluation, Public Health Administration
- Abstract
Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Prevention Research Centers (PRC) Program underwent a 2-year evaluation planning project using a participatory process that allowed perspectives from the national community of PRC partners to be expressed and reflected in a national logic model., Context: The PRC Program recognized the challenge in developing a feasible, useable, and relevant evaluation process for a large, diverse program. To address the challenge, participatory and utilization-focused evaluation models were used., Methods: Four tactics guided the evaluation planning process: 1) assessing stakeholders' communication needs and existing communication mechanisms and infrastructure; 2) using existing mechanisms and establishing others as needed to inform, educate, and request feedback; 3) listening to and using feedback received; and 4) obtaining adequate resources and building flexibility into the project plan to support multifaceted mechanisms for data collection., Consequences: Participatory methods resulted in buy-in from stakeholders and the development of a national logic model. Benefits included CDC's use of the logic model for program planning and development of a national evaluation protocol and increased expectations among PRC partners for involvement. Challenges included the time, effort, and investment of program resources required for the participatory approach and the identification of whom to engage and when to engage them for feedback on project decisions., Interpretation: By using a participatory and utilization-focused model, program partners positively influenced how CDC developed an evaluation plan. The tactics we used can guide the involvement of program stakeholders and help with decisions on appropriate methods and approaches for engaging partners.
- Published
- 2008
50. The public health role in the primary prevention of diabetes: recommendations from the chronic disease directors' project.
- Author
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Goodman RM, Larsen BA, Marmet PF, Wheeler FC, Adams P, Brownson CA, Cyzman D, Devlin H, Forburger AM, Menon N, Namageyo-Funa A, Watson K, Reese AB, and Yerkes A
- Subjects
- Benchmarking, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Chronic Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, Prediabetic State diagnosis, United States, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 prevention & control, Health Planning Guidelines, Primary Prevention standards, Public Health Administration standards, State Health Plans
- Abstract
Aim: The article reports on the recommendations from the Diabetes Primary Prevention Project that was initiated and funded by the Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and developed by the National Association of Chronic Disease Directors., Method: Essential components of statewide programs are delineated for effective interventions for diabetes primary prevention. The recommendations were derived from a structured process that is detailed on the basis of a cross-comparison of state-level diabetes prevention initiatives in six states where such programs were most developed., Results: The recommendations focus on state-level partnerships, statewide program planning, required resources, policies, benchmarks for progress, and data collection., Conclusion: Illustrations are provided regarding how the project influenced the six participating states in further developing their programs for the primary prevention of diabetes.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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