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This essay ponders over the dismissal of reading practices and theories that were linked to the modernist shift from ‘literature’ to ‘writing’ ( écriture) in the second half of the twentieth century. It provides an intellectual genealogy of the rise and fall of the writing/reading couple, before going on to consider the cultural effects – as well as the educational and institutional consequences in academia – of the challenge to literature’s ‘cultural difference’ mounted by both cognitivist and culturalist approaches to literature, in their turn away from or against ‘language’.

Reliable immunoassays are essential to early predict and monitor vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. The performance of an Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA, QuantiFERON® SARS-CoV-2), and a current anti-spike serological test, compared to a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) taken as gold standard were compared. Eighty vaccinated individuals, whose 16% had a previous history of COVID-19, were included in a longitudinal prospective study and sampled before and two to four weeks after each dose of vaccine. In non-infected patients, 2 doses were required for obtaining both positive IGRA and PRNT assays, while serology was positive after one dose. Each dose of vaccine significantly increased the humoral and cellular response. By contrast, convalescent subjects needed a single dose of vaccine to be positive on all 3 tests. Both IGRA and current serology assay were found predictive of a positive titer of neutralizing antibodies that is correlated with vaccine protection. Patients over 65 or 80 years old had a significantly reduced response. The response tended to be better with the heterologous scheme (vs. homologous) and with the mRNA-1273 vaccine (vs. BNT162b2) in the homologous group, in patients under 55 and under 65 years old, respectively. Finally, decrease intensity or absence of IGRA response and to a less extent of anti-spike serology were also correlated to reinfection which has occurred during the follow up. In conclusion, both IGRA and current anti-spike serology assays could be used at defined thresholds to monitor the vaccine response against SARS-CoV-2 and to simply identify non-responding individuals after a complete vaccination scheme. Two available specific tests (IGRA and anti-spike antibodies) could early assess the vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 at the individual scale, to potentially adapt the vaccination scheme in non-responder patients.

Monitoring of anti-drug antibodies in patients on ustekinumab is not routinely recommended in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to low rates of immunogenicity. Aim of study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anti-drug antibodies detected by a drug-tolerant assay and loss of response (LOR) to therapy in a cohort of patients with IBD being treated with ustekinumab. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study consecutively enrolled all adult patients with moderate to severe active IBD who had at least 2 years of follow-up after ustekinumab was initiated. LOR was defined as CDAI > 220 or HBI > 4 for Crohn’s disease (CD) and partial Mayo subscore > 3 for ulcerative colitis (UC) and with a modification in disease management. Results: Ninety patients were included (78 CD and 12 UC; mean age 37 years). Median levels of anti-ustekinumab antibodies (ATU) were significantly higher in patients with LOR compared to those with ongoing clinical response (15.2 µg/mL-eq CI (7.9–21.5) and 4.7 µg/mL-eq CI (2.1–10.5), respectively; p = 0.04). The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for ATU in predicting LOR was 0.76. The optimal cut-off point for identifying patients with LOR was 9.5 µg/mL-eq with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 85%. Uni- and multivariate analyses showed that serum ATU ≥ 9.5 µg/mL-eq (hazard ratio (HR) 2.54, 95%CI (1.80–5.93)), p = 0.022, prior vedolizumab (HR 2.78, 95%CI (1.09–3.34), p = 0.019) and prior azathioprine (HR 0.54, 95%CI (0.20–0.76), p = 0.014) exposures were the only factors independently associated with LOR to UST. Conclusion: In our real-life cohort, ATU was identified as an independent predictor of LOR to ustekinumab in patients with IBD.

The human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27), associated with chronic inflammatory diseases is thus widely performed for diagnostic purposes. Genotyping by molecular biology is the current gold standard for HLA-B27 typing, but cheaper and faster flow cytometry methods have been developed.In this report, we compare analytical performances of three CE-IVD flow cytometry kits: IOTest™ and DuraClone B27™ from Beckman Coulter and BD HLA-B27™ from BD Biosciences on a Navios™ cytometer as compared to molecular biology.Routine analyses could conclude for HLA-B27 in197 patients (23.2%) and was not conclusive for 66 patients (7%, 8%). The experience revealed the needs to complete IOTest™ with a lineage marker (like CD3-APC) and a standardization procedure in detection of fluorescence. Comparative analysis considering 23/44 non-conclusive samples as negative, pointed out a 100% sensitivity and specificity of IOTest™ in determining genetically proved HLA-B27. Specificity of the BD HLA-B27The DuraClone B27™ specificity was poor using the manufacturer cutoff but raised to 100% with a 8.0 cutoff instead of 15.The three flow cytometry kits displayed satisfying performances but need adjustments. The DuraClone B27™ kit seems to be the best while the IOTest™ kit is not conclusive in 8% of cases. In most cases the use of molecular biology can be spared, but genotyping remains essential for patients whose HLA-B27 status cannot be determined with confidence by flow cytometry.

Background In cases of loss of response due to mechanistic failure under antitumor necrosis factor agents, it is recommended to switch to another class of biologics. Two different strategies were compared in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who were treated with nonoptimized adalimumab (ADA) and experienced a loss of response despite therapeutic trough levels of adalimuma—either ADA dose optimization or switching to vedolizumab or ustekinumab. Methods Patients under maintenance therapy with ADA monotherapy (40 mg every 14 days) and who experienced a secondary loss of response with trough levels > 4.9 μg/mL were included prospectively in this nonrandomized study. The primary end point was the survival rate without therapeutic discontinuation after ADA dose optimization or switching to another class of biologics. Results Adalimumab was optimized (n = 61 patients, 42 Crohn’s disease, 19 ulcerative colitis) or swapped for vedolizumab (n = 40, 20 ulcerative colitis) or ustekinumab (n = 30, 30 Crohn’s disease). At 24 months, 11 out of 70 patients (14.8%) in the swap group discontinued treatment compared with 36 out of 61 (59.6%) patients in the optimization group (P 24 months) than in the optimization group (13.3 months, P 500 μg/g (HR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.16–10.72; P = 0.026) and inversely associated with variation of trough levels of adalimumab (>2 µg/mL from baseline to week 8 after optimization; HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.13–0.82; P = 0.03). In the swap group, no factor was associated with treatment discontinuation. Conclusion In IBD patients under ADA maintenance therapy who experience a secondary loss of response and in whom trough levels are >4.9µg/mL, swapping to another class is better than optimizing ADA, which is, however, appropriate in a subgroup of patients.

(1) Background: The link between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is now widely reported. Several studies suggest the role of

Multiple immunolabeling introduces high risks of interferences between fluorochromes. In an intend to analyze T cell clonality using CD3-APC Alexa750, CD4-Pac Blue, CD8-Krome Orange, CD56-PE-Cy7 and Vbeta clonotypes FITC and PE, we repeatedly observed a clear, unexpected signal on B770 (PE-Cy7) detector on the Vb subset mimicking a lymphoproliferative disorder. The aim of this study was to identify and prevent this source of artifact. The study was performed on a seven color panel performed on fresh whole blood, labeled, fixed, lyzed and analyzed on Navios Cytometer Beckman Coulter. Data were reanalyzed using Kaluza. Eleven tubes tested two clonotypes each with the same T cell backbone. Only one representative combination is presented. Using this panel, we observed repeatedly a strong CD56 PE-Cy7 (B755 LP) on all Vbeta1 T cell subsets but not on Vbeta 2-FITC T cells. The effect was still observed after removing CD56-PE-Cy7 (Full Minus One). Changing anti-CD3 APC-Alexa 750 with CD3APC, the B755 LP signal disappeared but a B695/30 signal appeared. Shifting to CD3-FITC abolished any unexpected red signal. This demonstrates a fluorescent energy transfer (FRET) between PE excited by the blue laser and Alexa750 to be excited by the red laser. Accordingly, the Vbeta PE fluorescence intensity was reduced when FRET happened and clearly increased when CD3-FITC was used instead. This observation clearly reminds that FRET can give misleading results in case of labeling of very close markers with complementary fluorochromes. This risk has to be considered in panel design.

Resume L’allergie par hypersensibilite immediate correspond a des manifestations aigues variees et peut poser des difficultes diagnostiques pour l’identification de l’allergene en cause et le suivi. En support de l’approche du clinicien, le biologiste propose des outils pour confirmer la nature de l’allergene et le caracteriser au niveau moleculaire par l’analyse des specificites reconnues par les IgE du patient. Cela permet de confirmer le diagnostic, d’evaluer les risques et les potentielles reactivites croisees. L’identification des composants peut aussi consolider la mise en place d’une immunotherapie et contribuer a son suivi. Dans le cas d’une reaction anaphylactique, la mesure des mediateurs liberes (tryptase et eventuellement histamine) confirme l’activation des mastocytes et/ou basophiles dont le facteur declenchant sera a determiner dans un second temps. Des kits de prelevement peuvent faciliter la procedure dans les situations d’urgence. En cas de doute diagnostique et d’un risque a l’exposition a l’allergene dans un test de provocation, le test d'exploration fonctionnelle pourra etre realise in vitro, en toute securite, sur les basophiles du patient. L’exploration biologique est un complement a l’analyse du clinicien et doit etre menee en partenariat de facon a ne pas semer le doute devant la detection d’ IgE qui ne traduit qu’une sensibilisation somme toute frequente, par rapport a l’allergie qui est une entite clinique potentiellement grave.

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) can increase the rates and severity of infection with various viruses, including coronaviruses, such as MERS. Some in vitro studies on COVID-19 have suggested that prior immunization enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection, but preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the contrary. We studied a cohort of COVID-19 patients and a cohort of vaccinated individuals with a heterologous (Moderna/Pfizer) or homologous (Pfizer/Pfizer) vaccination scheme. The dependence on IgG or IgA of ADE of infection was evaluated on the serum samples from these subjects (twenty-six vaccinated individuals and twenty-one PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2-infected patients) using an in vitro model with CD16- or CD89-expressing cells and the Delta (B.1.617.2 lineage) and Omicron (B.1.1.529 lineage) variants of SARS-CoV-2. Sera from COVID-19 patients did not show ADE of infection with any of the tested viral variants. Some serum samples from vaccinated individuals displayed a mild IgA-ADE effect with Omicron after the second dose of the vaccine, but this effect was abolished after the completion of the full vaccination scheme. In this study, FcγRIIIa- and FcαRI-dependent ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection after prior immunization, which might increase the risk of severe disease in a second natural infection, was not observed.

Glutathione is the most abundant thiol in animal cells. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is a major intracellular antioxidant neutralizing free radicals and detoxifying electrophiles. It plays important roles in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In the present study we demonstrate that extracellular concentration of reduced glutathione markedly increases cell volume within few hours, in a dose-response manner. Pre-incubation of cells with BSO, the inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, responsible for the first step in intracellular glutathione synthesis did not change the effect of reduced glutathione on cell volume suggesting a mechanism limited to the interaction of extracellular reduced glutathione on cell membrane. Similarly, inhibition of γ-glutamylcyclotransferase involved in intracellular glutamate production had no effect on the action of reduced glutathione. Oxidized glutathione exerted no effect on cell volume. Results show that reduced GSH decreases cell adhesion resulting in an increased cell volume. Since many cell types are able to export GSH, the present results suggest that this could be a fundamental self-regulation of cell volume, giving the cells a self-control on their adhesion proteins.

We have determined the lipid, protein and miRNA composition of skeletal muscle (SkM)-released extracellular vesicles (ELVs) from Ob/ob (OB) vs wild-type (WT) mice. The results showed that atrophic insulin-resistant OB-SkM released less ELVs than WT-SkM, highlighted by a RAB35 decrease and an increase in intramuscular cholesterol content. Proteomic analyses of OB-ELVs revealed a group of 37 proteins functionally connected, involved in lipid oxidation and with catalytic activities. OB-ELVs had modified contents for phosphatidylcholine (PC 34-4, PC 40-3 and PC 34-0), sphingomyelin (Sm d18:1/18:1) and ceramides (Cer d18:1/18:0) and were enriched in cholesterol, likely to alleviated intracellular accumulation. Surprisingly many ELV miRNAs had a nuclear addressing sequence, and targeted genes encoding proteins with nuclear activities. Interestingly, SkM-ELV miRNA did not target mitochondria. The most significant function targeted by the 7 miRNAs altered in OB-ELVs was lipid metabolism. In agreement, OB-ELVs induced lipid storage in recipient adipocytes and increased lipid up-take and fatty acid oxidation in recipient muscle cells. In addition, OB-ELVs altered insulin-sensitivity and induced atrophy in muscle cells, reproducing the phenotype of the releasing OB muscles. These data suggest for the first time, a cross-talk between muscle cells and adipocytes, through the SkM-ELV route, in favor of adipose tissue expansion.

Adipose tissue hypertrophy during obesity plays pleiotropic effects on health. Adipose tissue expandability depends on adipocyte size and number. In mature adipocytes, lipid accumulation as triglycerides into droplets is imbalanced by lipid uptake and lipolysis. In previous studies, we showed that adipogenesis induced by oleic acid is signed by size increase and reduction of FAT/CD36 (SR-B2) activity. The present study aims to decipher the mechanisms involved in fat mass regulation by fatty acid/FAT-CD36 signalling. Human adipose stem cells, 3T3-L1, and its 3T3-MBX subclone cell lines were used in 2D cell cultures or co-cultures to monitor in real-time experiments proliferation, differentiation, lipolysis, and/or lipid uptake and activation of FAT/CD36 signalling pathways regulated by oleic acid, during adipogenesis and/or regulation of adipocyte size. Both FABP4 uptake and its induction by fatty acid-mediated FAT/CD36-PPARG gene transcription induce accumulation of intracellular FABP4, which in turn reduces FAT/CD36, and consequently exerts a negative feedback loop on FAT/CD36 signalling in both adipocytes and their progenitors. Both adipocyte size and recruitment of new adipocytes are under the control of FABP4 stores. This study suggests that FABP4 controls fat mass homeostasis.

J’ai participe a l’automne dernier a une journee d’etudes organisee par une jeune equipe de l’ENS de Lyon qui portait sur le statut du corps dans les « Gender Studies » (ce sont les organisateurs qui avaient choisi la formule anglaise plutot que sa « traduction » francaise). M’ayant invitee en ma qualite de specialiste de ce champ, elles et ils m’ont pose diverses questions sur le sujet. Mais leur toute premiere question a porte sur la « diversite » – c’etait leur mot, sans doute un euphemism...

Golimumab is a monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody, which is used in ulcerative colitis with an exposure-response relationship. The goal of this study was to compare results obtained with different immunoassays (golimumab and antigolimumab antibodies trough levels).This study was based on samples from 78 ulcerative colitis patients on golimumab treatment. Golimumab was quantified by either an anti-IgG detection antibody (Theradiag, Marne la Vallée, France) or an antibody directed against golimumab (Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and Janssen RD, San Diego, CA). Bridging drug-sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Theradiag, Janssen RD, and KU Leuven), a bridging drug-tolerant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Janssen RD), and a radioimmunoassay (Sanquin) were used to quantify antidrug antibody.Median serum golimumab levels were 4.5, 3.5, 4.9, and 2.4 mcg/mL with Theradiag, Sanquin, KU Leuven, and Janssen RD assay, respectively (P0.05). Correlation coefficients between assays ranged from 0.9 to 0.97. When using the KU Leuven and Janssen RD assays, 86% of samples were in the same quartile of distribution of values, and for Sanquin and Janssen RD assays, this overlap was 80%. The concordance observed for the other pairs was 83% (Sanquin/KU Leuven RD), 71% (Theradiag/KU Leuven), and 68% (Theradiag/Janssen RD and Theradiag/Sanquin). The specificity of assays for golimumab was demonstrated. Antidrug antibodies were detected in 28.2% of the samples with the Janssen RD drug-tolerant assay and in the same 2 patients by the 3 other assays.Performances of these immunoassays were similar in terms of quality, but differences in the quantitative results point to the importance of using the same assay consistently to monitor a patient's treatment.

Gastrointestinal epithelium is the unique route for nutrients and for many pharmaceuticals to enter the body. The present study aimed to analyze precisely whether co-culture of two colon cancer cell lines, mucus-producing cells HT29-MTX and enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells, ameliorates differentiation into a functional in vitro intestinal barrier model. Experimental validations were performed in real-time experiments, immunochemistry, and gene expression analyses on Caco-2 versus co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX (10%) cells. Partial maintenance of cancer-cell phenotype in differentiated Caco-2 cells was confirmed and fatty acids merged as potential regulators of cancer signaling pathways. HT29-MTX cells induced morphological changes in Caco-2 cells, slightly increased their proliferation rate and profoundly modified gene transcription of phenotype markers, fatty acid receptors, intracellular transporters, and lipid droplet components as well as functional responses to oleic acid. In vitro, enterocyte phenotype was partially rescued by co-culture of cancer cells with goblet cells and completed through oleic acid interaction with signaling pathways dysregulated in cancer cells. Such a reconstructed gastrointestinal epithelium was tested on lipid transport. Adipose tissue function in the regulation of lipemia is highly dependent on intestinal absorption of nutrients. Therefore we developed and validated an in vitro multiculture model allowing to measure intestinal absorption using adipocytes as lipid sensors. Oleic acid (OA) was pre-absorbed onto the reconstructed intestinal barrier. Optimized experimental conditions for co-culture with intestinal barriers were obtained with partially differentiated 3T3L1-MBX adipocytes sensing up to 5 µM OA in solution or 40 µM OA pre-absorbed by Caco2/HT29-MTX intestinal barriers. Metabolism including glycemia and insulinemia greatly influenced the ability to accumulate TG in adipocytes. The present study demonstrates a much better functionality for fatty acid uptake and release in Caco2/HT29-MTX versus Caco-2 intestinal barriers. Taken together these results open new opportunities to study in vitro lipid transfer between intestinal barriers and either adipocytes or hepatocytes.

Severe COVID-19 is associated with a high circulating level of calprotectin, the S100A8/S100A9 alarmin heterodimer. Baseline calprotectin amount measured in peripheral blood at diagnosis correlates with disease severity. The optimal use of this biomarker along COVID-19 course remains to be delineated.We focused on patients with a WHO-defined moderate COVID-19 requiring hospitalization in a medical ward. We collected plasma and serum from three independent cohorts (N = 626 patients) and measured calprotectin amount at admission. We performed longitudinal measures of calprotectin in 457 of these patients (1461 samples) and used a joint latent class mixture model in which classes were defined by age, body mass index and comorbidities to identify calprotectin trajectories predicting the risk of transfer into an intensive care unit or death.After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index and comorbidities, the predictive value of baseline calprotectin in patients with moderate COVID19 could be refined by serial monitoring of the biomarker. We discriminated three calprotectin trajectories associated with low, moderate, and high risk of poor outcome, and we designed an algorithm available as online software (https://calpla.gustaveroussy.fr:8443/) to monitor the probability of a poor outcome in individual patients with moderate COVID-19.These results emphasize the clinical interest of serial monitoring of calprotectin amount in the peripheral blood to anticipate the risk of poor outcomes in patients with moderate COVID-19 hospitalized in a standard care unit.The study received support (research grants) from ThermoFisher immunodiagnostics (France) and Gustave Roussy Foundation.

Anti-drug antibodies develop mostly during the induction therapy with anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drugs and can be revealed by means of a drug-tolerant assay.To investigate whether the early detection of anti-drug antibodies during the induction therapy was predictive of treatment discontinuation.In a prospective study, consecutive patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), who should start an anti-TNF, were enrolled and followed regularly during 24 months or less in case of non- or loss of response (LOR) or adverse events requiring treatment discontinuation. Anti-TNF levels and anti-drug antibodies were measured at week 2 for adalimumab (ADA) and weeks 2 and 6 for infliximab (IFX) using a drug-tolerant assay.One hundred and eight patients were enrolled (54 under ADA). At week 2, antibodies to ADA and to IFX were detected in 76% and 67% of patients. Time to treatment discontinuation was significantly shorter (P 0.001) in patients with antibodies to ADA ≥2.0 µg/mL-eq (6.0 vs 24 months, HR = 18.51, 95% CI [4.35-78.71]) or with antibodies to IFX ≥4.0 µg/mL-eq (5.5 vs24 months, HR = 13.89, 95% CI [4.08-47.31]) at week 2 compared to patients without positive antibodies. Antibodies to ADA and to IFX were predictive of treatment failure within 24 months with a sensitivity of 79% and 62%, and specificities and positive predictive values of 100%. In multivariate analysis, antibodies to ADA or to IFX at week 2 were the only factors associated with treatment discontinuation.The prevalence of antibodies to anti-TNF is high when detected early using a drug-tolerant assay, and their appearance predicts further treatment discontinuation.

The primary objective is to assess whether the POC assays to measure infliximab residual trough level in the serum of IBD patients were non-inferior to the ELISA techniques available on the market, and to determine which of them was the most robust. The second is to compare three different ELISA kits for monitoring anti-infliximab antibodies (ATI). The assays were carried out on patients’ sera using four ELISA kits from four different suppliers (three with a monoclonal antibody and one polyclonal) and two rapid techniques provided by BUHLMANN (Quantum Blue®) and R-Biopharm (Ridaquick) for monitoring infliximab levels. ATI were measured by three ELISA sets (Grifols, Theradiag, and R-Biopharm) which have different positivity limits and different units. We measured infliximab residual level and ATI in the serum of 90 IBD patients (85 treated with infliximab and five with adalimumab). All of the infliximab assays were very well correlated when analyzed with Spearman nonparametric correlation (0.93 ≤ r ≤ 0.99), and the two POC assays were also excellently correlated (r = 0.98). The ATI monitoring kits revealed a correlation ranging from 0.73 to 0.96 when comparing positive and negative patients. When normalizing the quantitative values between the different ELISA tests (expressed arbitrarily by using multiples of the positivity limits defined by each supplier), the Spearman r coefficient ranged from 0.81 to 0.93. The available evidence allows us to conclude that all of the infliximab monitoring assays correlate well and may be used for IFX monitoring; albeit variations in measured IFX concentration among different assays remain present, these assays could be interchangeable. The ATI monitoring techniques are all capable of detecting ATI-positive patients, but because of the difference in the positivity limits and the measurement units, it is better to follow a patient rate with one definite kit.

Introduction Basophils play a major physio-pathological role in hypersensitivity related diseases. Basophils express high affinity Immunoglobulin (Ig) E receptors (FceRI), IgG and complement regulatory. Basophils also have immunoregulatory activity through interaction with T cells. The aim of this study was to look for the expression of markers reflecting the activation status of peripheral Basophil in healthy donors. Method the study was performed on 29 healthy donors, 62% females with a mean age of 50.1 + 17.0 years. Basophils were identified on their expression of CD123 without HLA-DR and/or CD193 in two 8 colors panels including CD46, CD55, CD59, CD203c, CD32 (FcγRII), CD64 (FcγRIII), CD163, CD137L (4-1BBL), CD252 (OX40L), CD244 (2B4) and CD3 on whole blood. Basophil activation with anti IgE was performed on 14 donors. Results and discussion Our results confirmed the Basophil expression of CD123, CD193 and CD203 (the latter is strongly increased under stimulation). Complement regulatory proteins (CD46, CD55, CD59) were expressed at the same levels as on other leukocytes; CD46, CD59 expression being slightly increased under stimulation. CD32 and CD163 scavenger were slightly higher than on lympho and not influenced by activation. CD252 or CD137L were expressed at low levels and significantly induced by stimulation. Most of all, CD244 was highly expressed on Basophils as compared to any other leukocytes in fresh peripheral blood. Conclusions Our study shows that human resting Basophils express IgE and IgG Fc receptors and check point receptor CD244 that could potentially play a role in their previously reported immunoregulatory activity in sensitization and even in tumor immune escape.

From its founding, women’s and gender studies developed along a transatlantic epistemological and geopolitical axis. An interdisciplinary field, it fostered difficult conversations among disciplines that had each developed its own conceptual language. Women’s and gender studies is thus centrally concerned with crossing(s), whether crossing(s) functions as a political goal, a meta-metaphor for the field’s variegated theoretical endeavor, or as the name of a multifaceted epistemological problem. This essay focuses on the problem of translation as a form and act of crossing in the geopolitical context of globalization. It asks whether translation, a neohumanist practice of transnational exchange premised on the irreducibility of idioms and the hospitality to differences, can withstand the homogenizing pull of globalization. And it asks what the collapse of differences might do to an intellectual, political, and social field whose very raison d’être has been and continues to be the excavation of unrecognized or unwanted differences and the promotion of plurality.

The objective of the study was to evaluate whether Point-of-Care (POC) assays are equivalent to ELISAs for measuring residual trough levels of adalimumab (ADA) in a cohort of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients. ADA trough levels obtained by POC assays were used to optimize patients in daily clinical practice. Different assays (three ELISAs (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) from two different suppliers and two POC assays) were compared to measure ADA trough levels in a first cohort of 31 IBD patients. All assays revealed a high correlation within the assays, ranging from 0.86 to 0.99. Cut-off values were always higher with ELISAs than with POC assays. Then, a small prospective clinical study with a second cohort of 37 IBD patients was performed to compare POC assays and ELISAs for their ability to optimize patients on the basis of the measured ADA trough levels. The use of a POC assay to monitor ADA trough levels did not improve the follow-up of patients with loss of response, as they were always optimized whatever their ADA residual rate. For patients in clinical remission, a POC assay can be useful in some clinical situations to maintain or de-escalate ADA doses according to the measured trough levels. In conclusion, different assays for ADA monitoring are quite equivalent. A POC assay could be only useful for a proactive strategy for asymptomatic patients with a sub-therapeutic dose of ADA, but new therapeutic thresholds need to be identified.

Adipose tissue function in the regulation of lipemia is highly dependent on intestinal absorption of nutrients. Therefore the aim of the present study was the development and validation of an in vitro multiculture model allowing to measure intestinal absorption using adipocytes as lipid sensors. We previously described (1) novel methods to study oleic acid induction of adipogenesis and lipogenesis and (2) a functional reconstituted intestinal barrier using human cell lines Caco-2/HT29-MTX (9:1). In the present study we develop a co-culture model with either adipocytes or hepatocytes as sensors for intestinal lipid absorption. This model was validated using oleic acid (OA) pre-absorbed onto the intestinal barrier. Optimized experimental conditions were obtained with partially differentiated 3T3L1-MBX adipocytes sensing up to 5 μM OA in solution or 40 μM OA pre-absorbed by Caco2/HT29-MTX intestinal barriers. Metabolism including glycemia and insulinemia greatly influenced the ability to TG accumulation in adipocytes. By comparison AML12 hepatocytes found less sensitive to OA (up to 1 μM). The present study demonstrates a much better functionality for fatty acid uptake and release in Caco2/HT29-MTX versus Caco-2 intestinal barriers. Taken together these results open new opportunities to study in vitro lipid transfer between intestinal barriers and either adipocytes or hepatocytes. Abbreviations: BSA: Bovine serum albumin; CIDEs: Cell Death Inducing DFFA Like Effectors; DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium; FABPs: Fatty Acid Binding Proteins; FAT/CD36: Fatty acid translocase; FCS: Fetal calf serum; GLP2: Glucagon-like peptide-2; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; OA: oleic acid; PBS: Phosphate buffer saline; PPARs: Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptors; RTCA: realtime cell analysis; TG: triglyceride, Graphical Abstract

Background Two scores have shown their interest in evaluating the luminal activity of CD in magnetic resonance (MR), the MARIA and Clermont scores, but their calculation can be complicated in clinical practice. Recently, the Spanish authors validated a new simplified MARIA score (MARIAs) and retrospectively showed a very good correlation with the initial MARIA score (1). The purpose of this study was to validate this correlation in an independent cohort and to compare its feasibility with other scores. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of all MR performed in our department to evaluate the luminal activity of CD. Two independent radiologists each calculated the MARIA, Clermont and MARIAs scores (wall thickness > 3mm, oedema, comb sign, ulcerations), each blind to the other and blind to clinical activity. In case of disagreement between the two radiologists, a third reader analyzed MR activity. Correlations were calculated between these three tests for the entire cohort. In addition, concordance tests were performed for predetermined thresholds of 7 to 11 for the MARIA score, 8.5 to 12.5 for the Clermont score and 1 to 2 for the MARIAs score. The duration of the analysis was reported for each reading. Isolated colonic CD were excluded from the study. Results One hundred and twenty-one CD were included (65 in clinical and biological activity, 33% ileal phenotype, mean age: 38.5 years, sex ratio M/F = 54.5%). The agreement between the MARIA score between 7 and 11, the Clermont score between 8.5 and 12.5 and the MARIAs score between 1 and 2 was 0.92 (Fleiss kappa test). The correlation between the MARIA score and its simplified score was very strong (r = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.9–0.95) as well as between the Clermont score and the MARIAs score (r = 0.92 95% CI: 0.89–0.95). Inter-observer agreement was significantly higher in the calculation of the MARIAs score (96%) compared with 80% for the MARIA and Clermont scores (p = 0.04). Reading time was significantly faster for the MARIAs score (3.45 ± 0.4 min) compared with the MARIA (10.05 ± 1.2 min) and Clermont (13.5 ± −3.5 min) scores (p < 0.01). Positive predictive values for deep remission (clinical remission and calprotectin < 250 µg/g stool) were 95% at thresholds Conclusion In this independent cohort, we confirm the very strong correlation between the simplified MARIA score and the two reference scores (MARIA and Clermont) in the analysis of MC luminal activity as well as its rapid calculation and strong inter-observer agreement.

Background SB2, an infliximab (IFX) biosimilar to the reference infliximab (R.I.) product (Remicade), received approval in the European Union for all IFX indications. Many decision algorithms based on the measurement of IFX trough levels and antibodies to infliximab are being increasingly used to optimize IFX treatment. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the biosimilar SB2 could be efficiently monitored using the LISA-TRACKER IFX and anti-IFX assays developed by Theradiag (Croissy Beaubourg, France). Methods Standard curves of R.I. and SB2 were compared, and then accuracy of the LISA-TRACKER IFX assay in detecting the spiked concentration of SB2 was measured. Levels of IFX from SB2 spiked samples and R.I. clinical samples were calculated. Intra-run and inter-run imprecision were also measured with SB2 spiked samples. The ability of polyclonal antibodies directed against R.I. to block the detection of SB2 using the LISA-TRACKER IFX assay and the capacity of SB2 to block the detection of anti-R.I. antibodies using the LISA-TRACKER anti-IFX assay were tested. Results Twelve patients treated with SB2 including 2 patients with SB2-specific antibodies were measured with the LISA-TRACKER anti-IFX assay. We demonstrated that the LISA-TRACKER assay is suitable for the quantification of SB2 in human serum samples. The percentage of recovery was between 82% and 113%. High intra-run and inter-run imprecisions were obtained with the LISA-TRACKER infliximab assay for the quantification of SB2 (SD ranged from 3.3% to 17.9%). The SB2-blocking capacity of R.I. polyclonal antibodies in spiked samples was demonstrated with inhibition between 80% and 97%. SB2 trough levels and anti-SB2 antibodies have also been confirmed in SB2-treated patients. Conclusions LISA-TRACKER IFX and anti-IFX assays are suitable for the monitoring of patients treated with SB2.

International audience; Background: Vedolizumab (VDZ), a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting α4β7 integrin, is effective in induction and maintenance therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who have not adequately responded to standard therapies, and high levels of vedolizumab trough levels (VTL) have been associated with clinical remission. The α4β7 integrin binds to endothelial MAdCAM-1 and is up-regulated by retinoic acid (RA). Aim: To determine the relations between soluble MAdCAM-1 (sMAdCAM-1) and RA concentrations with clinical remission during VDZ maintenance therapy. Methods: In a retrospective study performed in IBD patients treated with VDZ we measured VTL, sMAdCAM-1 and RA concentrations. Results: Among the 62 included patients (38 Crohn's disease) 24 relapsed and 38 stayed in remission between weeks 10 to 30 after VDZ initiation. During this maintenance therapy, median values of VTL and RA were 15.4 \textmug/mL and 0.97 ng/mL, whereas sMAdCAM-1 was undetectable (\textless 0.41 ng/mL) in 67.3% of samples. The positive predictive value (PPV) of undetectable sMAdCAM-1 for clinical remission was 80.0% with a corresponding sensitivity of 74.6%. On multivariate analysis undetectable sMAdCAM-1 and high VTL (\textgreater 19 \textmug/mL) were independently associated with clinical remission (OR=7.5, p=0.006 and OR=2.2, p=0.045, respectively). The combination of sMAdCAM-1 \textless 0.41 ng/mL and VTL \textgreater 19 \textmug/mL was the best pharmacokinetic profile with a PPV of 95.2%. Median values of sMAdCAM-1 and RA were significantly higher (p=0.0001) before VDZ therapy than during the follow-up (sMAdCAM-1: 40.5 vs \textless 0.41 ng/mL; RA: 1.7 vs 0.97 ng/mL). Only RA \textgreater 1.86 ng/mL before VDZ therapy was predictive of clinical remission during the follow-up (AUROC=80.7%). Conclusions: Undetectable sMAdCAM-1 appears strongly associated with clinical remission during VDZ maintenance therapy. Combination of undetectable sMAdCAM-1 with high VTL is also potentially interesting for therapeutic drug monitoring. Baseline RA concentrations are predictive of clinical remission. These findings need to be confirmed in further prospective studies.

International audience; Gastrointestinal epithelium is the unique route for nutrients and for many pharmaceuticals to enter the body. The present study aimed to analyze precisely whether co-culture of two colon cancer cell lines, mucus-producing cells HT29-MTX and enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells, ameliorate differentiation into an in vitro intestinal barrier model and the signaling pathways involved. Differentiated Caco-2 cells gene datasets were compared first to intestinal or cancer phenotypes and second to signaling pathway gene datasets. Experimental validations were performed in real-time experiments, immunochemistry, and gene expression analyses on Caco-2 versus co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX (10%) cells. Partial maintenance of cancer-cell phenotype in differentiated Caco-2 cells was confirmed and fatty acids merged as potential regulators of cancer signaling pathways. HT29-MTX cells induced morphological changes in Caco-2 cells, slightly increased their proliferation rate and profoundly modified gene transcription of phenotype markers, fatty acid receptors, intracellular transporters, and lipid droplet components as well as functional responses to oleic acid. In vitro, enterocyte phenotype was rescued partially by co-culture of cancer cells with goblet cells and completed through oleic acid interaction with signaling pathways dysregulated in cancer cells.

Background Nearly 40% of patients who failed on ADA have therapeutic residual trough levels (pharmacodynamic failure). It is then recommended to change the therapeutic class to a non-anti-TNF biological. In this situation, however, a quarter of patients respond to an ADA dose optimisation. The purpose of this work was to compare these two strategies and identify predictors of response for each strategy. Methods This is a bi-centre, retrospective study based on a clinical and biological database that included patients followed from 2015 to 2016 with an IBD in maintenance treatment with ADA as monotherapy (40 mg/sc/14 days) and in loss of response (CDAI > 220 with faecal calprotectin > 250 µg/g stool for CD and Mayo score > 6 with endoscopic sub-score > 1 for UC). All patients included had residual trough ADA levels > 5 µg/ml. Relapsed patients were treated either with dose optimisation (ADA: 40 mg/sc/7 days) or other biotherapy (ustekinumab or vedolizumab, according to classic regimens and dosages). The primary endpoint was the relapse-free survival rate (defined as clinical and biological or endoscopic activity requiring therapeutic change). The survival curve analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test. Results In total, 125 patients (mean age: 38 years, 75% CD, sex ratio M/F = 57%, previous infliximab = 42%) were included and 50 were treated with another biological (Vedolizumab: 30 patients, Ustekinumab: 20 patients). The characteristics of the two groups were comparable except for significantly higher levels of CRP and faecal calprotectin at inclusion in the biological change arm. The duration without relapse was significantly longer after the class change (p = 0.0005; HR = 0.39[0.23–0.68]). The relapse-free survival rates at 54 weeks were 35% for the optimised arm and 66% for a class change (p = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, the only long-term response predictor was biotherapy class change vs. ADA dose optimisation (p = 0.042; HR = 0.3[0.02–0.95]). Previous use of IFX or type of IBD were not associated with relapse. For the dose optimisation strategy, in multivariate analysis, only age < 40 years was associated with a progression without relapse (p = 0.007; HR = 0.09[0.01–0.52]). Residual ADA levels were not predictive of response to optimisation (p = 0.73) and no ADA quartile was significantly associated with a more favourable clinical response. For the class change strategy, no relapse predictors were isolated in univariate analysis. Conclusion In patients on ADA who are losing response despite therapeutic rates, the change of class to non-anti-TNF biotherapy allows a significantly greater lasting response than a dose optimisation strategy for ADA.

Background Several studies have shown a link between circulating anti-TNF levels during induction and clinical progression during IBD. There are less data on the detection of anti-drug antibodies at induction because it requires the use of so-called ‘drug-tolerant’ techniques. The purpose of our study was to investigate in two distinct cohorts (IBD patients on IFX or ADA) whether the early appearance of anti-drug antibodies measured using a drug-tolerant test was associated with clinical progression. Methods In a retrospective study, we included all patients followed in our department for at least 3 months and having had an anti-TNF dosage from W2 of induction under ADA or IFX. At follow-up, therapeutic failure was defined by the obligation to optimise, a change in biotherapy, the use of corticosteroids or surgery. IFX and ADA levels were measured routinely (Lisa-Tracker; Theradiag) and anti-medicine antibodies were detected by ‘drug-sensitive’ ELISA technique (Lisa-Tracker; Theradiag) or ‘drug-tolerant’ as previously described [1]. Patients with a positive rheumatoid factor were excluded. Results 54 patients were included in ADA (mean age: 36 years, sex ratio M/F = 54%, CD: 65%, combotherapy: 10%) and 54 treated with IFX (mean age: 35 years, sex ratio M/F: 46%, CD: 62%, combotherapy: 65%). The search for anti-drug antibodies to W2 using a ‘drug-sensitive’ technique did not reveal any antibodies, whereas 74% of patients on ADA (AAA > or = 2.5 µg/ml eq) and 55% of patients on IFX (ATI > or = 4µg/ml eq). Under ADA, the duration of treatment until loss of response was significantly shorter in the presence of AAA at W2: 6 months vs. 24 months (HR = 18.51; 95CI = 4.35–78.11; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the only independent factor associated with failure was the rate of ADA antibodies to W2 (HR = 18.17; 95CI: 4.27–77.45; p < 0.001). Under IFX, the treatment time to loss of response was significantly shorter in the presence of ATI to W2 (ATI > or = 4µg/ml eq): 5.5 months vs. >24 months (HR = 13.89; 95CI = 4.08–47.31; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the only independent factor associated with failure was the level of anti-IFX antibodies to W2 (> or = 4 µg/ml eq) (HR = 8.07; 95CI: 3.13–20.82; p < 0.001). The higher quartiles of ATI and AAA were significantly associated with poor outcomes (p < 0.001 for each anti-TNF). Conclusion The early onset of anti-drug antibodies in the induction phase as early as W2 is the only isolated independent factor associated with loss of response. Anti-drug antibody frequencies are very high when measured with a drug-tolerant test and these Abs may be more neutralising with ADA than with IFX.

Background In a recent prospective, randomised trial, we showed that the rates of clinical failure and occurrence of unfavourable pharmacokinetics using a drug-sensitive assay after a switch of anti-TNF were significantly higher in monotherapy compared with combination therapy (Log-rank test p < 0.0001), whatever the anti-TNF used in IBD patients. We aimed in a post hoc analysis to assess the time-course of antidrug antibodies in the two groups of patients using a drug-tolerant assay previously described (1). Methods After switching of anti-TNF under mono or combotherapy, blood samples were uptake at various time-points (6, 12, 18 and 24 months). Using a drug-tolerant assay, we defined pharmacokinetic failure when antidrug antibodies were detected (> 2.5 μg/ml Eq). Transient anti-drug antibodies were defined as antibodies that appeared during the course of anti-TNF therapy with no clinical worsening, and finally that disappeared after 2 consecutive measurements. Results Ninety patients were analysed. According to a drug-tolerant assay, the occurrence of antibodies against anti-TNF was significantly higher in patients under monotherapy (log-rank test p < 0.0001 (HR = 3.36 [1.94–5.86]) than under combination therapy. The rates of anti-drug antibody were significantly lower under IFX-AZA combotherapy compared with ADA-AZA combotherapy or under monotherapy. Monotherapy ADA (HR = 5.55[2.46–12.34]) or IFX (HR = 6.05[2.67–13.70]) and combination therapy ADA-AZA (HR = 3.34 [1.407.98]) increased significantly the rates of pharmacokinetic failure using a drug-tolerant assay compared with IFX-AZA combotherapy. The time-course without pharmacokinetic failure was significantly different between the 4 groups of patients from 15 months (p = 0.04) but was not significantly different at 6 months (p = 0.12). Overall, 9% of patients developed transient antibodies. Detection of antibodies against anti-TNF at 6 months using a drug-tolerant assay predicted significantly an immunogenic failure assessed previously by a drug-sensitive assay with a sensitivity of 57.1%, a specificity of 92.7%, a positive predictive value of 90.3%. In contrary to the association between clinical failure and immunogenic failure using drug-sensitive assay, the association of detectable drug and positive antibodies using a drug-tolerant assay was not significantly associated with clinical failure (HR = 1.3[0.3–6.8], p = 0.51). Conclusion Pharmacokinetic failure using a drug-tolerant assay was significantly lower under combotherapy, especially for IFX-AZA. Detection of anti-drug antibodies could predict pharmacokinetic failure. Reference