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Bioactive peptides modulates pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress associated to Metabolic Syndrome.

The effects of microcapsules containing brewer's spent grain (BSG) peptides were evaluated on a hypertensive/insulin-resistant rat model induced by a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) administration. Animals received for 100 days the control diet (CD), SRD, and CD and SRD diets supplemented with microencapsulated peptides (CD-P and SRD-P). During the experimental period, blood pressure was monitored. Glycemia, tissue glycogen content, nitric oxide, and the activity of enzymes related to hypertensive and diabetogenic mechanisms were determined. The consumption of SRD caused hypertensive and hyperglycemic effects compared to CD. However, the SRD-P group presented lower systolic pressure at the middle of ingestion, achieving similar values than the CD. The SRD-P rats decreased all enzymes' activities compared to the SRD reaching the values of CD, except for those of α-amylase in cecal content and DPP-IV in serum. It was possible to corroborate potential antihypertensive and antidiabetogenic in vivo effects of the microencapsulated BSG peptides. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main waste obtained from brewing industry. Bioactive peptides obtained after an enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins with in vitro antihypertensive and antidiabetogenic activity have been described. However, to corroborate the action of these bioactive peptides, in vivo studies are necessary. In the present work, microcapsules containing bioactive peptides from BSG were administered on the rat model with induced hypertension and insulin-resistance, corroborating an in vivo antihypertensive and antidiabetogenic effects by inhibition of enzymes related with blood pressure regulation and glucose metabolism. This work demonstrated that microcapsules of BSG peptides could be included into functional foods formulations, or used as dietary supplement for improving health and the prevention of non-communicable diseases, adding value to the brewing process by-product.

The development of brewer's spent grain protein (BSG‐PC) films with potential active packaging properties was investigated. Films were prepared by casting protein dispersions at different pH values (2, 8, 11), plasticizers [polyethylene glycol (PEG) or glycerol] and levels (0–0.25 g g−1) of PEG. Mechanical, water‐barrier and solubility, optical, antioxidant (reducing power, ABTS•+ and lipidic radical scavenging), and antimicrobial properties of films were determined. Also, the structural characteristics of films were evaluated by attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Fil: Proaño Miniguano, Janina Lissette. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Salgado, Pablo Rodrigo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Mauri, Adriana Noemi. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

The effects of fishmeal free plant-based diets and dietary phytase supplementation on growth, hematology, plasma, muscle, and liver composition, and bone mineral status of juvenile fish Piaractus m...

The aim was to evaluate the effects of diet supplementation with red seaweed Pyropia columbina or β-carotene on the intestinal microbiota of juvenile Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Three hundred and fifteen fish (body weight 12.4 ± 2.8 g) were stocked in nine 300-L tanks with 35 fishes per tank and fed for 62 days with a basal feed (BG) or the same feed added with P. columbina (35 g kg−1) (AG) or supplemented with β-carotene (225 g kg−1) (β-CG). From fecal samples of three fishes slaughtered per group at 20th, 41th, and 62th days, plate counts of bacterial populations (enterobacteria, lactic acid bacteria—LAB, total aerobes, and psychrotrophs) and DGGE were made. Enterobacteria counts were lower in AG-group than the other groups throughout the experience (p = 0.016). LAB/enterobacteria ratio was greater in fishes supplemented with AG on 20th day, showing a greater amount of beneficial bacteria than non-beneficial ones. DGGE profiles resulting from the microbiota of β-CG at 62th day were clustered and separated from the rest of the profiles with a difference of 91%. Margalef richness (p = 0.049) and Shannon diversity index (p = 0.044) were lower in β-CG than in AG at 62th day. Taxonomic characterization showed the presence of three phylum: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria. This is the first study in which the microbiota of juvenile Pacu fed with biofunctional diets was evaluated. Future interventions that modify the bacterial ecosystem could improve the productive performance and ensure the safety of the pacu meat intended for consumption.

The effects of precooked-refined sorghum flour consumption on antioxidant status, lipid profile, and colonic and bone health were evaluated. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were fed with control diet (C), or red or white precooked-refined sorghum based diets (SD) for 60 days. The intake of SD was lower than that of C, but the efficiency of all diets was similar. Rats fed with SD showed lower feces excretion, cecal pH and enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase and mucinase) than C. White SD improved intestinal architecture, cell proliferation and apoptosis, upregulated ZO1 and occludin tight junction proteins and stimulated goblet cell differentiation, enhancing the integrity of the mucosa barrier in both proximal and distal colonic mucosa in a better way than red SD. Consumption of SD significantly decreased serum triglyceride levels compared with the C diet. The mineral content of the right femur was not different among diets. The liver enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase) did not show differences among diets. Liver reducing power and reduced glutathione/oxidize glutathione ratio were higher for animals consuming SD than C. It can be concluded that the consumption of precooked refined sorghum flours still has beneficial effects for health, mainly at the colonic level, despite the lower phenolics and fibre contents of refined flours with respect to whole grain flours.

The isolation and identification of cholesterol esterase (CE) and pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory peptides obtained from the protein hydrolysate of brewer's spent grain (BSG) was performed. BSG peptides were fractionated and purified sequentially by anion exchange, gel filtration (FPLC), and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The fractions obtained from each chromatographic step were collected and the in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity was evaluated. The chromatographic purification process increased the in vitro activities. The most active fractions were evaluated using MALDI-TOF tandem mass spectrometry, which identified three peptides: a peptide with the highest CE inhibition capacity (WNIHMEHQDLTTME) and two peptides with PL inhibition capacity (DFGIASF and LAAVEALSTNG). These three peptides showed hydrophobic and acidic amino acid residues (Asp and Glu) and/or their amines (Asn and Gln), which could be a common feature among lipid-lowering peptides related to CE and PL enzyme inhibition. The in silico studies showed that the three peptides had high hydrophobicity and were susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis performed by trypsin, pepsin, and pancreatin. The BSG byproduct was a good source of CE and PL inhibitory peptides, thus adding value to this byproduct of the beer industry. This is the first report to demonstrate that BSG peptides can inhibit CE and PL enzymes.

An 84‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the addition of bovine plasma protein concentrate (BPP) as a full replacement of fish meal (FM) in extruded aquafeeds for the fish Piaractus mesopotamicus at two fattening stages. Fish with an initial body weight of 105.55 ± 13.48 g (1st fattening stage) and 564.50 ± 88.02 g (2nd fattening stage) received two iso‐nitrogenous and isocaloric diets with 130 g/kg of FM (FM diet—FMD) or with 130 g/kg of BPP (BPP diet—BPPD). No significant difference in growth performance was detected between dietary treatments. Fish from the 2nd fattening stage showed decreased intestinal pH and increased haemoglobin content. At the 1st fattening stage, fish fed with BPPD presented higher levels of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, and hepatic and whole‐body lipid content, while plasma glucose and muscular glycogen were lower at the 2nd fattening stage compared with FMD‐fed fish. Fish fed with FMD showed an increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver at the 1st fattening stage and intestine at the 2nd one, accompanied by higher levels of hepatic catalase at the 1st fattening stage. Results suggest BPP could completely replace FM in diets for P. mesopotamicus without affecting growth performance, when FM represents 13% of the diet.

The effects of wall hydrocolloids on delivery and bioaccessibility of encapsulated brewers’ spent grain ACE-I inhibitory peptides after simulated gastrointestinal digestion were assessed. Microencapsulation of peptides was carried out by spray drying using locust bean gum, P. columbina phycocolloids, or its mixtures as wall materials. Microcapsules presented round external surfaces with some concavities, negative surface charge and encapsulation efficiencies higher than 90%. The incorporation of phycocolloids to formulations increased the encapsulation efficiency, negative surface charge and resistance against digestive enzymes of microcapsules. Encapsulated peptides with P. columbina phycocolloids showed lower IC50 value of ACE-I inhibition than un-encapsulated peptides (2.4 ± 0.2 vs. 7.2 ± 0.3 mg mL−1 protein), but higher than that obtained for hydrolysate (1.5 ± 0.2 mg mL−1 protein), indicating a 75% protection of bioactivity. Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between P. columbina phycocolloids and brewers’ spent grain peptides could be implicated in the protection of peptides during gastrointestinal digestion. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Salgado, Pablo Rodrigo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Mauri, Adriana Noemi. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

A number of functional foods containing seaweed-derived peptides are currently commercialized. Some seaweed derived peptide-containing products include Wakame peptide® and Nori peptide S®. To develop functional foods with the addition of Ulva spp. peptides, the isolation and identification of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides from hydrolysates of this seaweed was performed. Ulva spp. peptides were fractionated and purified sequentially by anion exchange, ultrafiltration, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The fractions obtained from each analytical step were collected and the in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity was evaluated. The applied purification process increased the in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory activity. The inhibition mechanism of DPP-IV of the most active fraction was evaluated and it was analyzed by MALDI-TOF. A peptide SLAVSVH was identified. It has 57% of hydrophobic residues in their sequence (including Ala and branched chain amino acids), which could be a common feature among inhibitory peptides of DPP-IV. Molecular docking analysis showed that SLAVSVH/DPP-IV complex was stabilized by CH–π interactions between the side chains of Val6 with the indol of Trp629, and between rings of His7 with Trp563. The energy values obtained for the peptide under study indicate that it is a good candidate to inhibit DPP-IV.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of red seaweed Pyropia columbina on juvenile Pacú (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Two hundred and ten (n = 210) fish were fed for 90 days with a control extruded feed (CEF) or the same feed added with P. columbina (35 g kg−1) (PcEF). No significant difference in final bodyweight, specific growth rate, condition factor, and liver somatic index was detected between dietary treatments (p > 0.05). Fish fed with PcEF showed lower lipid peroxidation (28.2 ± 2.9 vs. 39.4 ± 3.7 mmol malondialdehyde mg−1 protein) and superoxide dismutase (23.3 ± 2.3 vs. 37.7 ± 3.0 U mg−1 protein) and reduced SOD/CAT ratio (5.5 ± 0.3 vs. 8.1 ± 0.7) in intestine than those fed with CEF (p < 0.05). These results also were observed in liver and white muscle, indicating a systemic effect. No difference in glutathione S-transferase and catalase (CAT) activity in intestine, liver, and white muscle was detected between dietary treatments (p > 0.05). PcEF showed higher hemoglobin (7.5 ± 0.4 vs. 6.6 ± 0.3 g 100 mL−1) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (18.4 ± 1.8 vs. 25.7 ± 2.7%) than those fed with CEF diet (p < 0.05). Beneficial effects on lipid metabolism were observed in fish fed with PcEF respect to control diet. Pyropia columbina could be used as a natural antioxidant ingredient in fish feeding contributing a better nutritional status of cultured fish. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Bacchetta, Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Rossi, Andrea Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Cazenave, Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Antithrombotic activity of brewers’ spent grain peptides before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and their effects on blood coagulation pathways were evaluated. Two hydrolysates were produced using sequential enzymatic systems: alkaline protease + Flavourzyme (AF) and neutral protease + Flavourzyme (PF). Simulation of gastrointestinal digestion of AF and PF hydrolysates was made using porcine pepsin and pancreatin enzymes, obtaining the corresponding digested samples: AFD and PFD, respectively. Peptides were fractionated by ultrafiltration using a 1 kDa cut-off membrane. Hydrolysates had peptides with medium and low molecular weights (2100 and 500 Da, respectively), and Glu, Asp, Leu, Ala, and Phe were the most abundant amino acids. Gastrointestinal digested hydrolysates presented high proportion of small peptides (~500 Da), and higher amount of Val, Tyr, and Phe than hydrolysates. Mass spectrum (HDMS Q-TOF) of AFD-ultrafiltered fraction

Colonic effects of extruded whole-grain sorghum diets were evaluated using a model of growing rats. In all, twenty-four male Wistar rats were fed control (C), extruded white sorghum (EWS) or red sorghum (ERS). Consumption of sorghum diets showed satiety properties, with reduction of caecal pH, and lower activity of β-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase enzymes. Decreased copper zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were observed in colonic mucosa. The induction of antioxidant enzymes occurred through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus. ERS was able to decrease the proliferation of proximal mucosa of colon, demonstrating a possible effect against colorectal tumourigenesis. EWS increased proliferation and also apoptosis, ensuring the re-establishment of homoeostasis of the colonic mucosa. No antioxidant systemic effect (serum or hepatic level) was observed. It is likely that despite the extrusion the low bioavailability of the phenolic compounds of sorghum diets caused them to exert mainly acute effects at the colon level. Extruded whole-grain sorghum is a good functional ingredient that might be promising in dietary prevention of intestinal diseases. Fil: Llopart, Emilce Elina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: López Oliva Muñoz, María Elvira. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; España Fil: Zuleta, Angela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentina Fil: Weisstaub, Adriana Ruth. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

BACKGROUND Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is a relevant, protein-rich by-product of the brewing process. Protein hydrolysates from different sources exert immune-regulatory actions activating toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Effects of gastrointestinal digestion have been poorly studied. Here, we studied the immune-regulatory effect of BSG hydrolysates, and their in-vitro-digested products, on rat splenocytes, macrophages, and T lymphocytes RESULTS: In primary cultures of rat spleen cells, BSG hydrolysates induced interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor production in basal conditions. Under stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A, hydrolysates further induced interleukin 10 production. Tumor necrosis factor and interferon-γ were inhibited in lipopolysaccharide- and concanavalin-A-stimulated cells respectively. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion attenuated the observed effects. Splenic macrophages and T lymphocytes behaved in a similar fashion. In spleen cells from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice, immune-regulatory effects were greatly reduced or abrogated. The study of signal transduction pathways indicated a major involvement of NFκB, and the contribution of MAPKs p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. CONCLUSION BSG hydrolysates, like those obtained from other food sources, regulate the immune response, involving TLR2 and TLR4 and the activation of NFκB and MAPKs, an effect partly maintained after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Our data support the hypothesis of a shared, rather unspecific, mechanism of action of protein hydrolysates. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary synthetic β-carotene on growth performance, haematological and immunological parameters, energy reserves and antioxidant status of juvenile fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Two hundred and ten fish (12.24 ± 2.98 g) were fed with a control extruded feed (CEF) and the same diet supplemented with β-carotene (BEF) for 90 days. A higher weight gain and specific growth rate were found in fish fed BEF in comparison with those fed CEF. In addition, BEF-fed fish showed lower liver somatic index and a higher percentage of eosinophils. No statistical differences were found in energy reserves, except for plasma triglycerides which decreased in fish fed with BEF. Regarding oxidative stress markers, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes were found in intestine and gills of BEF-fed fish (SOD and GST, respectively). In the liver, both LPO levels and CAT activity decreased in fish fed with BEF. Additionally, lower brain LPO levels without changes in the antioxidant enzymes were observed in BEF-fed fish. The inclusion of dietary synthetic β-carotene improved growth and antioxidant status, and had a plasma triglyceride-lowering effect in juvenile P. mesopotamicus. Fil: Bacchetta, Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Rossi, Andrea Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Cazenave, Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Iron fortification is an important and difficult task since most of the bioavailable iron sources are reactive against food matrix. Microencapsulation technology can prevent iron interaction with food matrix. Co-microencapsulation of iron and ascorbic acid was carried out by spray-drying using a protein concentrate obtained from brewers’ spent grain (BSG-PC) and locust bean gum as chelating wall materials. Microcapsules were formulated using a 22 factorial design. The effect of BSG-PC/wall material (8.6 and 17.2 g protein 100 g−1) and ascorbic acid/iron molar ratio (0.9:1 and 1.8:1) on iron encapsulation yield (FeE), ascorbic acid encapsulation (AAE), iron chelated by wall material (FeC), iron bioaccessibility (FeB), particle size, zeta potential, and surface hydrophobicity of the microcapsules were assessed. Higher level of BSG-PC increased FeB at low ascorbic acid/iron molar ratio due to the high iron-chelating activity of BSG proteins (IC50: 7.9 ± 1.2 mg mL−1). At low levels of BSG-PC, FeB was promoted by ascorbic acid in a dose response way. A multiple response maximization of FeE, AAE, FeB, and FeC was performed and validated. Optimal microcapsule formula resulted with 29% of FeB after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The optimization procedure allowed obtaining a fortifier with the higher iron bioaccessibility and iron content. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Proaño Miniguano, Janina Lissette. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Salgado, Pablo Rodrigo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Mauri, Adriana Noemi. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

The aims of the study were to study the inclusion of P. lunatus (PLH) and V. unguiculata (VUH) protein hydrolyzates with bioactive properties into a pasta-extruded product and determine residual activity after extrusion or pasta cooking. Both protein hydrolyzates showed angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) and antioxidant activity (TEAC). PLH showed higher ACEI but lower TEAC than VUH (97.19 ± 0.23 vs. 91.95 ± 0.29 % and 244.7 ± 3.4 vs. 293.7 ± 3.3 μmol Trolox/g, respectively). They were included at 5 or 10 % into wheat pasta. Control pasta had the lowest ACEI activity or TEAC (22.01 ± 0.76 % or 14.14 ± 1.28 μmol Trolox/g, respectively). Higher activity remained in pasta with PLH than VUH after extrusion, and higher the level of addition, higher the ACEI was. Pasta had practically the same ACEI activity after cooking, thus active compounds were not lost by temperature or lixiviation. Regarding TEAC, higher activity remained in pasta with 10 % VUH (31.84 ± 0.17 μmol Trolox/g). Other samples with hydrolyzates had the same activity. After cooking, pasta with hydrolyzates had higher TEAC values than control, but these were not modified by the level of incorporation. Moreover, the profile changed because pasta with PLH had the highest TEAC values (21.39 ± 0.01 and 20.34 ± 0.15 for 5 or 10 % hydrolyzates, respectively). Cooking decreased this activity (~ 20 %), for all samples. Although a certain loss of antioxidant activity was observed, pasta could be a good vehicle for bioactive compounds becoming a functional food. Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Franco-Miranda, Hanai. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Betancur, Diela. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Chel-Guerrero, Luis. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México

Hydrolysates of food protein sources have immunomodulatory effects, which are of interest for use as functional foods. In this study, we have characterized the immune regulatory effect on rat splenocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes of Ulva spp. hydrolysates and their peptide fractions with or without in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and/or ultrafiltration. IL-10 was induced in almost all conditions and cell types obtained from wild type animals. The induction was in general increased by ultrafiltration and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. TNF was also induced in basal conditions. In turn, TNF and IFN-&gamma, production was attenuated by the hydrolysate products in lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A immune stimulated cells. Inhibitors for the activation of NF&kappa, B, MAPK p38 and JNK inhibited IL-10 induction in rat splenocytes. The response was dramatically attenuated in TLR4&minus, /&minus, cells, and only modestly in TLR2&minus, cells. Food peptides from Ulva spp. genus exert anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells mediated by TLR4 and NF&kappa, B. Similarity with the immunomodulatory profile of protein hydrolysates from other sources suggests a common mechanism.

This study attempts to provide valuable information about optimization of extrusion process in order to have a fish feed with maximum residual phytase activity, minimum mineral leaching and good mechanical characteristics. Also, the effects on mineral retention of extruded feed obtained in optimal condition, using a juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus model was determined. In order to study the simultaneous effect of blend moisture (M) and extrusion temperature (T) on specific volume (SV), water resistance (WR), floatability (F), residual phytase activity (RPA), leached phosphorus (LP), calcium (LCa), zinc (LZn), and iron (LFe) a central composite design (32) was used. The levels of each variable were: T: 160–180–200 °C and M: 140–160–180 g/kg. A multiple response optimization of physicochemical properties of extruded feed (WR, F, RPA and mineral leaching) was performed using the Derringer's desirability function. The global desirability function value was 0.8990, and the obtained optimal conditions were 183.6 °C and 158 g/kg of moisture content. Phytase extruded feed (PEF) was obtained at such conditions and it had the following physical properties: WR: 81.8 ± 2.5%, F: 94.5 ± 0.72%, LP: 9.40 ± 0.61%, LCa: 2.20 ± 0.2%, LZn: 2.00 ± 0.15%, and LFe: 11.2 ± 2.8%. Fish consuming PEF with RPA of 3934.9 ± 47.7 UP/kg had higher iron, zinc, and phosphorus retention than those fed with control extruded feed (CEF) obtained under the same optimal conditions (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in final body weight was detected between dietary treatments (p > 0.05) after 38 days of feeding trial at 25 °C. Extrusion process can be optimized to obtain fish feed based on vegetable meals with high residual phytase activity and low mineral leaching, increasing P. mesopotamicus mineral retention. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Bacchetta, Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Cazenave, Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina

Feed chemical composition only provides information about nutrient content of a diet, but not its bioavailability. The aims were to determine mineral bioaccessibility and protein digestibility of three different fish feed, using in vitro methods and to correlate them with feed mineral retention and apparent protein digestibility measured by juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus model, considering elliptical joint confidence region (EJCR) of weighted least-squares analysis. For in vivo assays, juvenile P. mesopotamicus were randomly stocked into conical tanks and fed during 38 days with a commercial diet, an experimental diet, or the same experimental diet added with phytase (0.2 g/kg). Total body mineral retention (mineral bioavailability indicator) and apparent protein digestibility of different diets were measured. For in vitro methods, mineral dialysability (mineral bioaccessibility indicator) and protein digestibility of the same diets were determined. No significant difference in morphometric and haematological markers were detected between diets. For iron, zinc and phosphorous bioavailability, and protein digestibility, weighted least-squares analysis showed the optimal point (1, 0) was included in EJCR, indicating in vivo and in vitro methods were comparable and correlated satisfactorily. In vitro methods were able to reproduce accurately the results obtained from traditional in vivo assays using juvenile P. mesopotamicus model. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Bacchetta, Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Cazenave, Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Hydrolysates of food protein sources have immunomodulatory effects, which are of interest for use as functional foods. In this study, we have characterized the immune regulatory effect on rat splenocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes of Ulva spp. hydrolysates and their peptide fractions with or without in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and/or ultrafiltration. IL-10 was induced in almost all conditions and cell types obtained from wild type animals. The induction was in general increased by ultrafiltration and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. TNF was also induced in basal conditions. In turn, TNF and IFN-γ production was attenuated by the hydrolysate products in lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A immune stimulated cells. Inhibitors for the activation of NFκB, MAPK p38 and JNK inhibited IL-10 induction in rat splenocytes. The response was dramatically attenuated in TLR4−/− cells, and only modestly in TLR2−/− cells. Food peptides from Ulva spp. genus exert anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells mediated by TLR4 and NFκB. Similarity with the immunomodulatory profile of protein hydrolysates from other sources suggests a common mechanism.

The influence of two dietary treatments on quality properties, like textural parameters, sensory profile, and nutritional composition of Pacú fillets (Piaractus mesopotamicus) were studied. Pacú were fed diets based on plant-meals containing 13 g 100 g−1 fish meal (FMD) or bovine plasma protein concentrate (BPPD) as a complete replacement of fish meal. Harvested fish were filleted, kept frozen at −20C for 7 days before analysis. Chemical composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and CIE-Lab parameters of fillets were measured. Sensory characteristics and texture profile analysis (TPA) were conducted for cooked portions. Average values of TPA hardness, chewiness, and deformability modulus were higher in BPPD samples but there was no significant difference in cohesiveness between samples. In accordance with TPA, higher values of firmness and chewiness as well as less flaky muscle were detected in BPPD samples by sensory panel. However, there was no significant difference in the characteristics associated with higher freshness between samples. Total color difference was lower in BPPD samples. Differences in protein, lipid, ash, and moisture content of FMD or BPPD fillets were not found (p >.05). BPPD fillets showed higher basic and sulfur amino acids. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were higher in FMD fillets than BPPD. However, a significantly higher n−6/n−3 ratio for FMD fillets was observed. The higher values of textural parameters observed for BPPD cooked fillets and the lower n−6/n−3 ratio imply a better sensory and nutritional quality of fillets from fish fed with BPPD. Practical applications: A complete study is presented on how the source of protein and lipids in feed affect both the sensory profile and the nutritional composition of fillets of Pacú (omnivorous temperate freshwater fish) cultivated in the second stage of fattening. Instrumental texture analysis of the fillets is presented, identifying the indicators that match with sensorial analysis. This analysis can help the industry of aquaculture in the evaluation of new ingredients or diets for fish feeding with impact in the quality of fillets. Fil: Pavón, Yanina Lorena. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Campos Soldini, María Andrea. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Hernandez, David Roque. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ictiología del Nordeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sánchez, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ictiología del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Based on their composition, marine algae, and namely red seaweeds, are good potential functional foods. Intestinal mucosal barrier function refers to the capacity of the intestine to provide adequate containment of luminal microorganisms and molecules. Here, we will first outline the component of seaweeds and will summarize the effects of these on the regulation of mucosal barrier function. Special attention will be paid to unique components of red seaweeds: proteins and derived peptides (e.g., phycobiliproteins, glycoproteins that contain “cellulose binding domains”, phycolectins and the related mycosporine-like amino acids) together with polysaccharides (e.g., floridean starch and sulfated galactans, such as carrageenans, agarans and “dl-hybrid”) and minerals. These compounds have been shown to exert prebiotic effects, to regulate intestinal epithelial cell, macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and to modulate the immune response. Molecular mechanisms of action of peptides and polysaccharides are starting to be elucidated, and evidence indicating the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), Toll-like receptors (TLR) and signal transduction pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB or AKT), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) will also be summarized. The need for further research is clear, but in vivo experiments point to an overall antiinflammatory effect of these algae, indicating that they can reinforce membrane barrier function., This work was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competividad (SAF2011-22922, SAF2011-22812, BFU2014-57736-P and AGL201E-58883-R) and by Junta de Andalucía (CTS164, CTS235 and CTS6736) of the Spanish Government, and by a grant from the Argentinian Government (CAI + D 2011 PI 0292 LI). CIBERehd is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain).

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of consumption of extruded maize product added with a low level of the red seaweed Pyropia columbina on colonic and systemic oxidative status using a growing Wistar rat model. Twenty-four (n = 24) male Wistar rats were fed for 60 days with control (C), extruded maize product group (M), or extruded maize product added with red seaweed P. columbina (MP) diets. Rats fed whit MP showed higher catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) colon expression than those fed with M or C. Beneficial effects on intestinal mucosal barrier function were observed, which was manifested in decrease of cecal pH (10%) and mucinase activity (67%) and increase of sIgA content (53%). Rats fed with MP diet showed lower cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; 43%), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; 49%), and NF-êâ transcription factor (27%) expression in distal colon than those fed with M or C diets. Also, MP diet exerted a significant antioxidant effect on the serum and liver, increasing hepatic redox index, CAT, and GR activity. Apparent calcium absorption, total skeleton bone mineral content, and bone mineral density of total body were the same among groups. The type of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds from P. columbina could promote antioxidant environment in growing Wistar rats. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Llopart, Emilce Elina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Lopez-Oliva Muñoz, María E.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; España Fil: Weisstaub, Adriana Ruth. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentina Fil: Zuleta, Angela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Fil: Cian, Raul Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria Quimica. Instituto de Tecnologia de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Proximate composition, fatty acids and amino acid profiles and nutritional (chemical score, protein digestibility, PDCAAS and mineral dialyzability) and antioxidant properties (TEAC, DPPH and power reduction) from Porphyra columbina were evaluated. Total dietary fiber (48.02±1.13g/100g dry weight) and protein (24.61±0.21g/100g dry weight) were the two most abundant components in this seaweed. The main saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were C16:0 and C20:5 (n-3), respectively. The limiting amino acid was tryptophan with a chemical score of 57%. Protein digestibility was 74.33±3.0%. Porphyra columbina has high mineral content with good Na/K relationship and medium value of potential mineral accessibility (P, Ca and Zn dializability: 18.75±0.01, 17.62±0.16 and 16.70±0.44, respectively). The highest antioxidant properties were obtained with an acetone/water extraction system. This work provides important information about chemical composition and nutraceutical new properties of P. columbina. © 2014 Informa UK Ltd. All rights reserved.

A search is presented for massive long-lived particles, in the 20-60 GeV mass range with lifetimes between 5 and 100 ps. The dataset used corresponds to 0.62 1\fb of proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb detector at sqrt(s)=7 TeV. The particles are assumed to be pair-produced by the decay of a Higgs-like boson with mass between 80 and 140 GeV. No excess above the background expectation is observed and limits are set on the production cross-section as a function of the long-lived particle mass and lifetime and of the Higgs-like boson mass., All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2016-014.html

The aim of this work was to evaluate copper-chelating, iron-chelating and anticariogenic activity of peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of P. columbina protein concentrate and to study the effects of chelating peptides on iron bio-accessibility. Two hydrolyzates were obtained from P. columbina protein concentrate (PC) using two hydrolysis systems: alkaline protease (A) and alkaline protease + Flavourzyme (AF). FPLC gel filtration profile of PC shows a peak having molecular weight (MW) higher than 7000 Da (proteins). A and AF hydrolyzates had peptides with medium and low MW (1013 and 270 Da), respectively. Additionally, AF presented free amino acids with MW around 82 Da and higher content of His and Ser. Peptides from AF showed the highest chelating properties measured as copper-chelating activity (the lowest β-carotene oxidation rate: Ro; 0.7 min−1), iron-chelating activity (33 %), and phosphorous and Ca2+ release inhibition (87 and 81 %, respectively). These properties could indicate antioxidant properties, promotion of iron absorption and anticariogenic activity, respectively. In fact, hydrolyzates promoted iron dialyzability (≈16 %), values being higher than that found for P. columbina seaweed. Chelating peptides from both hydrolyzates can maintain the iron in a soluble and bio-accessible form after gastrointestinal digestion. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Garzón, Antonela Guadalupe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Betancur Ancona, David. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Chel Guerrero, Luis. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina

The traditional method to obtain phycocolloids from seaweeds implies successive extraction steps with cold and hot water. The first cold water extract has no phycocolloids but is rich in proteins and is considered a waste. Four hydrolysates were obtained using trypsin, alcalase and a combination of both sequentially added from a first cold water protein extract (PF) derived from Porphyra columbina. PF hydrolysates (PFH) were enriched in peptides with low molecular weight containing Asp, Ala and Glu. Both PF and PFH showed immunosuppressive effects on rat splenocytes as they enhanced IL-10 production while the production of TNFα and IFNγ was inhibited. These immunosuppressive effects were higher for PFH. PFH had antihypertensive activity (> 35% of ACE inhibition) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, TEAC, ORAC and copper-chelating activity). The hydrolysis could be used as a mean to obtain bioactive peptides from algae protein byproducts and to add value to the phycocolloids extraction process.

The marine environment represents a relatively untapped source of functional ingredients. Here we characterise a hydrolysate obtained from Phorphyra columbina (PcRH) and its effects on primary splenocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes in vitro . Our product had a high degree of hydrolysis, due to the use of a mixture of endo-peptidase and exo-peptidase, and was enriched in Asp, Ala and Glu. PcRH had mitogenic effects on rat splenic lymphocytes. IL-10 secretion was enhanced by PcRH in splenocytes (235%), macrophages (150%) and in lymphocytes (472%), while the production of TNFα and other proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages was inhibited (15–75%), especially under lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The effect of the hydrolysate on IL-10 was evoked by JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB dependent pathways in T lymphocytes. We conclude that PcRH has immunomodulatory effects on macrophages and lymphocytes, activating NF-κB and MAPK dependent pathways, and predominantly inducing IL-10 production.

The phycobiliproteins from Rhodophyta , R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) and C-phycocyanin (C-PC), have been shown to exert immunomodulatory effects. This study evaluated the effects of a Phorphyra columbina protein fraction (PF) and R-PE and C-PC on rat primary splenocytes, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes in vitro. PF featured various protein species, including R-PE and C-PC. PF showed mitogenic effects on rat splenocytes and was nontoxic to cells except at 1 g L(-1) protein. IL-10 secretion was enhanced by PF in rat splenocytes, macrophages, and especially T-lymphocytes, whereas it was markedly diminished by R-PE and C-PC. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages was inhibited. The effect of PF on IL-10 was evoked by JNK/p38 MAPK and NF-κB-dependent pathways in macrophages and T-lymphocytes. It was concluded that PF has immunomodulatory effects on macrophages and lymphocytes that appear to be predominantly anti-inflammatory via up-regulated IL-10 production and cannot be accounted for by R-PE and C-PC.

The effect of pH on colour and iron content (Fe) of peptide fractions obtained from bovine haemoglobin concentrate (BHC) hydrolysates was studied. Four hydrolysates were obtained using three enzymes: Protex‐6‐L (P), Fungal–Protease–Concetrate (FC) and Flavourzyme (F). BHC and its hydrolysates (P, FC, P + F, FC + F) were fractioned at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 9.5. Solubility and Fe from different fractions were measured. Correlations between CIELAB colour parameters and Fe from different fractions were analysed. The colour from different fractions varied from red to yellow (a* and b* positives). Lightness values (L*) ranged from twenty‐four to seventy. FC4.5 and FC + F4.5 fractions were the clearest and yellow (higher L*, b*, h), while BHC9.5 and P + F9.5 fractions had the lowest values of L*, b* and h. There was an inverse linear relationship between b* and L* parameters and Fe from fractions. This relationship could be associated with the pH of extraction. As pH increases Fe significantly increases and lower b* and L* values were obtained.

Extrusion process has been widely used for the development of many functional foods. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of extrusion process on antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition properties from bovine haemoglobin concentrate (BHC) hydrolysates (P, FC, PF and FCF). Extrusion was carried out with a Brabender single screw extruder. The ACE inhibition and the antioxidant capacity (AC) were estimated by the inhibition of the ACE and ABTS+√ radical cation expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), respectively. The ACE inhibition and TEAC values from hydrolysates were significantly higher than that from BHC. The highest ACE inhibition corresponded to P hydrolysate and the highest TEAC corresponded to PF and FCF hydrolysates. The ACE inhibition and AC from extruded products with added hydrolysates were higher than that from maize control; however, the extrusion process modified both ACE inhibition and AC formerly present in hydrolysates.

Four hydrolysates were obtained from bovine hemoglobin concentrate (BHC) and used to fortify extruded maize products. Extrusion was carried out with a Brabender single-screw extruder. Physicochemical properties from extruded products were measured. The iron availability was estimated by the dializability method, which measures the mineral dialyzed after a double digestion simulating physiological processes. The physicochemical properties of the extruded products were not affected by fortification, with the exception of total soluble solids. The enzymic hydrolysis increased the iron dializability with respect to the substrate. The highest value of iron dializability corresponded to the more hydrolysated sample. Extruded products fortified with BHC hydrolysates showed higher iron dializability than those fortified with BHC. However, iron dializability corresponding to BHC is lower than that expected from heme iron. Therefore, heme-iron availability is low when it is determined in the absence of meat proteins, and hydrolysis could increase potential iron availability. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: De Greef, Dardo M.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Torres, Roberto L.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: González, Rolando J.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. The aims of this study were to assess bioactive properties (ACE inhibition and antioxidant capacity) from wheat gluten hydrolysate peptides fractionated by pH (4.0, 6.0 and 9.0), to determine peptide action mechanism, and to relate it to the secondary structure and functional groups of peptides. Gluten hydrolysate extracts (GHE) were enriched in peptides with medium hydrophobicity and molecular weight (≈60% MH and 5.5kDa, respectively). Gluten peptides inhibited ACE I by uncompetitive mechanism and a direct relationship between α-helix structure and IC50% value was obtained (r=0.9127). TEAC and cooper chelating activity from GHE 6.5 were the highest and directly correlated with MH peptides. GHE 9.0 had high carotene bleaching inhibition (47.5±0.3%) and reducing power activity (163.1±2.9mg S2O3 2- equivalent g-1 protein), which were directly related to disulfide bonds content of peptides (r=0.9982 and 0.9216, respectively). pH was a good alternative to select bioactive peptides from wheat gluten hydrolysate., REC and SRD conducted research. SRD designed research. REC, JV, and SRD wrote the paper and had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors are thankful to CAI + D 2009-PI-54-258 and CAI + D 2011 PI 0292 LI for the financial support and to Ms. Adriana Bonaldo for technical assistance.

An expanded maize product added with red seaweeds Porphyra columbina (3.5g100g-1) was developed and bio-accessibility of minerals and bioactive compounds such as ACE inhibitors and antioxidants provide by algae were evaluated using a pepsin/pancreatin digestion and equilibrium dialysis method. Extruded maize added with red seaweed showed higher dialyzability of ACE inhibitor compounds (41.0% ACE inhibition), total phenolic content (0.83mg gallic acid/g dialysate) and antioxidant capacity (36.6% DPPH inhibition, 2.4mM TEAC, power reduction and 99.4% copper-chelating activity) than extruded maize. Results about bio-accessibility of bioactive compounds provided by red edible seaweeds may help food technologists to tailor new bio-functional foods, such as functional snacks. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caballero Reinhardt, María Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Lactología Industrial. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Lactología Industrial; Argentina Fil: Sabbag, Nora. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: González, Rolando J.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina

The aim of this work was to study the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of phycobiliproteins-phycocolloids-based films, obtained from mixtures of two aqueous fractions extracted from Porphyra columbina red seaweed, one enriched in phycocolloids (PcF) and the other in phycobiliproteins (PF). Films with different ratios of PF:PcF (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% [w/w]) and without plasticizer addition were prepared by casting. PcF films had excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength ∼50 MPa, elongation at break ∼3% and an elastic modulus ∼17.5 MPa). The addition of PF to formulations exerted a plasticizing effect on the PcF matrix, which was manifested in moisture content, water solubility and mechanical properties of the resulting films but not in its water vapour permeability. The antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the PcF films was significantly increased by the addition of PF and a direct relationship between TEAC and the total phenolic compounds (r2 = 0.9998) and R-phycoerythrin (r2 = 0.9942) was observed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Salgado, Pablo Rodrigo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: González, Rolando J.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Mauri, Adriana Noemi. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina

The traditional method to obtain phycocolloids from seaweeds implies successive extraction steps with cold and hot water. The residual cake derived from phycocolloids obtaining process of red seaweed Porphyra columbina is a waste containing 27 % protein and 10.7-mg gallic acid equivalents (100 g)−1. Seaweeds contain functional proteins, and the enzymatic hydrolysis of these proteins has been shown to release bioactive peptides. The aims of this study were to extract bioactive peptides and polyphenols after enzymatic hydrolysis of the residual cake and to evaluate their ACE inhibitory and antioxidant capacities (TEAC, DPPH, and copper-chelating activity). Residual cake hydrolysate has low molecular weight peptides containing Asp, Glu, Ala, and Leu. Residual cake hydrolysate had higher protein solubility than residual cake. ACE inhibition (≈45 %) and radical scavenging activity (TEAC and DPPH inhibition) were attributed mainly to low molecular weight peptides (500 Da) and polyphenols compounds released during proteolysis. The 50 % inhibition protein concentration value (IC50) corresponded to residual cake hydrolysate was 1.01 ± 0.02 and 0.91 ± 0.01 g L−1, for ABTS and DPPH, respectively. Also, residual cake hydrolysate had high copper-chelating activity (≈97.5 %). Hydrolysis could be used as a means to obtain ACE inhibitory and antioxidant compounds (peptides and polyphenols) from algae protein waste and add value to the phycocolloids extraction process. Fil: Cian, Raúl Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Alaiz, Manuel. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; España Fil: Vioque, Javier. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; España Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

El estres oxidativo y la hipertension arterial juegan un rol muy importante en las enfermedades cronicas. Una alternativa para obtener peptidos con propiedades antioxidantes y antihipertensivas naturales es la hidrolisis enzimatica de proteinas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener fracciones de hidrolizados proteicos de concentrado de hemoglobina bovina (CHB) con propiedades antioxidantes y antihipertensivas concentradas. Se prepararon 4 hidrolizados a partir del CHB usando diferentes proteasas que fueron fraccionados por ultrafiltracion (corte 5kDa). A las fracciones ultra-filtradas se les determino la capacidad antioxidante (inhibicion del radical ABTS+) y sus propiedades antihipertensivas (inhibicion de ECA I). La hidrolisis enzimatica incremento la capacidad antioxidante y actividad antihipertensiva del CHB. El proceso de ultrafiltracion permitio concentrar la actividad antioxidante de los diferentes hidrolizados proteicos. Sin embargo, para el caso de la actividad antihipertensiva no hubo diferencias importantes que justifiquen el empleo de dicho proceso (p < 0,05).

Several different parameters, both clinical and pathological are used to prognosticate renal parenchymal carcinoma (RPC). In the present report we have analyzed prognosis according to our experience, based upon the pathological staging of disease performed at the time of nephrectomy, early diagnosis, nuclear grading, the infiltration of blood vessels and metastases.

Background Because it provides a direct view of superficial lesions in the small bowel, capsule endoscopy is a promising diagnostic tool for studying patients with suspected Crohn's disease undetected by conventional modalities. Aim To assess the role of capsule endoscopy in the diagnosis of patients with suspected Crohn's disease. Patients and methods Thirty-eight patients (16 males, mean age 46.2 years) with suspected Crohn's disease but negative at conventional imaging were examined using capsule endoscopy. They were divided into 2 groups: 12 patients with ongoing symptoms (Group 1), and 26 with ongoing symptoms and biochemical markers of inflammation (Group 2). Capsule endoscopy findings were classified as diagnostic (multiple erosions/ulcerations), suspicious (≤3 erosions/ulcerations), non-specific and normal. Results Capsule endoscopy findings were diagnostic for Crohn's disease in 13 (34.2%) patients, suspicious in 2 (5.3%), non-specific in 4 (10.5%) and normal in 19 (50%), with an overall detection rate of 39.5%. The yield of positive findings was 8.3% in Group 1 and 46.2% in Group 2 (p = 0.022). Capsule endoscopy findings prompted specific measures or patient management changes in 39.5% of patients. Conclusions Capsule endoscopy has a high diagnostic yield in patients with suspected Crohn's disease and both clinical and biochemical markers of inflammation.