516 results on '"Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology"'
Search Results
2. Removal of model viruses, E. coli and Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water by zirconium and chitosan coagulants
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Ekaterina Christensen, Tor Håkonsen, Mette Myrmel, Christophe Gantzer, Vegard Nilsen, Arve Heistad, Lucy J. Robertson, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology - Faculty of Veterinary [Norwegian University of Life Sciences], Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norconsult AS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)
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Microbiology (medical) ,Salmonella ,Microorganism ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,zirconium ,Portable water purification ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Water Purification ,Microbiology ,Chitosan ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Escherichia coli ,medicine ,Food science ,coagulation ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Levivirus ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Cryptosporidium parvum ,[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment ,biology ,Drinking Water ,Oocysts ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,waterborne pathogens ,biology.organism_classification ,drinking water treatment ,6. Clean water ,020801 environmental engineering ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,Water treatment ,chitosan ,contact filtration ,Salmonella Phages ,Filtration ,Bacteria - Abstract
International audience; The present work evaluates the effect of contact filtration, preceded by coagulation with zirconium (Zr) and chitosan coagulants, on model microorganisms and waterborne pathogens. River water intended for potable water production was spiked with MS2 and Salmonella Typhimurium 28B bacteriophages, Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts prior to coagulation. The hygienic performance demonstrated by Zr comprised 3.0–4.0 log10 removal of viruses and 5.0–6.0 log10 removal of E. coli and C. parvum oocysts. Treatment with chitosan resulted in a removal of 2.5–3.0 log10 of viruses and parasites, and 4.5–5.0 log10 of bacteria. A reference coagulant, polyaluminium chloride (PACl), gave a 2.5–3.0 log10 removal of viruses and 4.5 log10 of E. coli. These results indicate that both Zr and chitosan enable adequate removal of microorganisms from surface water. The present study also attempts to assess removal rates of the selected microorganisms with regard to their size and surface properties. The isoelectric point of the Salmonella Typhimurium 28B bacteriophage is reported for the first time. The retention of the selected microorganisms in the filter bed appeared to have some correlation with their size, but the effect of the charge remained unclear.
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- 2017
3. Effects of dietary beef, pork, chicken and salmon on intestinal carcinogenesis in A/J Min/+ mice
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Ole Alvseike, Marije Oostindjer, Jan Erik Paulsen, Ellen Margrethe Hovland, Fabrice Pierre, Christina Steppeler, Lars Erik Gangsei, Marianne Sundt Sødring, Bente Kirkhus, Bjørg Egelandsdal, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture (NOFIMA), Animalia-Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Prévention et promotion de la cancérogénèse par les aliments (ToxAlim-PPCA), ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CS was financed by the Norwegian Agriculture Agency (100%, but with the restriction that 1/5 is jointly reimbursed by the Norwegian Meat Industry and the National Levy on Meat and Egg). MS was financed by the Norwegian Agriculture Agency (100%, but with the restriction that 1/4 is jointly reimbursed by the Norwegian Meat Industry). BG was financed by the Ministry of Education and Research (100%). BK was financed by the Norwegian Agriculture Agency (100%, but with the restriction that 1/5 is jointly reimbursed by the Norwegian Meat Industry and the National Levy on Meat and Egg). MO was financed by the Norwegian Agriculture Agency (100%, but with the restriction that 1/5 is jointly reimbursed by the Norwegian Meat Industry and the National Levy on Meat and Egg). OA, LEG and EMH were financed by Animalia-Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Center (100%), mainly financed by the National Levy on Meat and Egg. FP was financed by the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) (100%). JEP were financed by the Ministry of Education and Research (100%). The funders did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the 'author contributions' section., and Steppeler, Christina
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0301 basic medicine ,Carcinogenesis ,Swine ,Thiobarbituric acid ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,toxicologie alimentaire ,lcsh:Medicine ,human health ,Biochemistry ,Poultry ,Fats ,Lipid peroxidation ,Feces ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animal Products ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Medicine ,Gamefowl ,Food science ,Poultry Products ,Post-Translational Modification ,lcsh:Science ,2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Principal Component Analysis ,Multidisciplinary ,consommation de viande ,food and beverages ,Agriculture ,salmon ,santé humaine ,saumon ,Lipids ,3. Good health ,Meat Products ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oncology ,cancer colorectal ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Vertebrates ,Red meat ,Anatomy ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Beef ,Research Article ,Polyunsaturated fatty acid ,viande de boeuf ,Meat ,White meat ,Heme ,viande de porc ,Birds ,03 medical and health sciences ,TBARS ,Animals ,Carcinogen ,Nutrition ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Proteins ,Small intestine ,Diet ,Gastrointestinal Tract ,viande de poulet ,030104 developmental biology ,Seafood ,chemistry ,Food ,Fowl ,Amniotes ,Cattle ,lcsh:Q ,business ,colorectal neoplasm ,Chickens ,Digestive System ,chicken meat - Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified red meat as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A). In mechanistic studies exploring the link between intake of red meat and CRC, heme iron, the pigment of red meat, is proposed to play a central role as a catalyzer of luminal lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity. In the present work, the novel A/J Min/+ mouse was used to investigate the effects of dietary beef, pork, chicken, or salmon (40% muscle food (dry weight) and 60% powder diet) on Apc-driven intestinal carcinogenesis, from week 3-13 of age. Muscle food diets did not differentially affect carcinogenesis in the colon (flat ACF and tumors). In the small intestine, salmon intake resulted in a lower tumor size and load than did meat from terrestrial animals (beef, pork or chicken), while no differences were observed between the effects of white meat (chicken) and red meat (pork and beef). Additional results indicated that intestinal carcinogenesis was not related to dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, intestinal formation of lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), or cytotoxic effects of fecal water on Apc(-/+) cells. Notably, the amount of heme reaching the colon appeared to be relatively low in this study. The greatest tumor load was induced by the reference diet RM1, underlining the importance of the basic diets in experimental CRC. The present study in A/J Min/+ mice does not support the hypothesis of a role of red meat in intestinal carcinogenesis.
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- 2017
4. Diversification of memory B cells drives the continuous adaptation of secretory antibodies to gut microbiota
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Michaela Friedrichsen, Stefan Schreiber, Valérie Gaboriau-Routhiau, Cornelia Lindner, Stephan J. Ott, Ulrich Baumann, Philip Rosenstiel, André Bleich, Ramit Mehr, Preben Boysen, Oliver Pabst, Milas Ugur, Nadine Cerf-Bensussan, Sebastian Suerbaum, Anna Smoczek, Maya K. Sethi, Irene Thomsen, Helena Hazanov, Benjamin Wahl, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Laboratory for Animal Science, Hanover Medical School, Department for Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IMAGINE - U1163), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University [Israël], Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), DFG, BMBF SysINFLAME (TP3/4), Israel Science Foundation 270/09, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft PA921/4-1 SFB621-Z, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Bar Ilan University
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medicine.drug_class ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Plasma Cells ,Immunology ,Antibiotics ,Mice, Transgenic ,Gut flora ,Antibodies ,Young Adult ,Mammary Glands, Animal ,Antigen ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Symbiosis ,B-Lymphocytes ,biology ,Microbiota ,Repertoire ,biology.organism_classification ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Immunoglobulin A ,3. Good health ,Gut Epithelium ,Gastrointestinal Tract ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Mucosal immunology ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,Immunoglobulin A, Secretory ,Mutation ,biology.protein ,Female ,Adaptation ,Antibody ,Immunologic Memory - Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) shields the gut epithelium from luminal antigens and contributes to host-microbe symbiosis. However, how antibody responses are regulated to achieve sustained host-microbe interactions is unknown. We found that mice and humans exhibited longitudinal persistence of clonally related B cells in the IgA repertoire despite major changes in the microbiota during antibiotic treatment or infection. Memory B cells recirculated between inductive compartments and were clonally related to plasma cells in gut and mammary glands. Our findings suggest that continuous diversification of memory B cells constitutes a central process for establishing symbiotic host-microbe interactions and offer an explanation of how maternal antibodies are optimized throughout life to protect the newborn.
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- 2015
5. The role of red and processed meat in colorectal cancer development: a perspective
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Jan Erik Paulsen, Stefaan De Smet, Lars O. Dragsted, Gijs Kleter, Anders Karlsson, Marije Oostindjer, Bård Kulseng, Duan Chen, Anne-Maria Pajari, Jan Alexander, Theo M. de Kok, Denis E. Corpet, Marianne Sundt Sødring, Andrew L. Milkowski, Nathan S. Bryan, Douglas L. Weed, Bjørg Egelandsdal, Jana Pickova, Anna Haug, Grethe Andersen, Roy J. Martin, Knut Rudi, Gro V. Amdam, RS: GROW - Oncology, RS: GROW - R1 - Prevention, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norwegian institute for public health, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Danish Agriculture and Food Council, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, RIKILT—Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University [Maastricht], University of Wisconsin-Madison, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, University of Helsinki, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), DLW Consulting Services LLC, Partenaires INRAE, Research Levy on Agricultural Products/the Agricultural Agreement Research Fund [224794], Centre of Advanced Study research group's award winning project: 'The Ecology of Food Perception', Oostindjer, Marije, Department of Food and Nutrition, Nutrition Science, and Viikki Molecular Nutrition Group
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Agriculture and Food Sciences ,Future studies ,Meat packing industry ,Colorectal cancer ,Processed meat intake ,Epidemiology ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Phytochemicals ,n-3 fatty-acids ,Risk Factors ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,microtubule stability ,animal modèle ,Processed meat ,Food science ,2. Zero hunger ,Alternative methods ,dna-damage ,Norway ,food and beverages ,Red meat ,Animal models ,colonic epithelial-cells ,3. Good health ,Meat Products ,cancer colorectal ,aliment transformé ,épidémiologie ,aberrant crypt foci ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Meat ,education ,3122 Cancers ,potential mechanisms ,BU Authenticity & Bioassays ,familial adenomatous polyposis ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,viande rouge ,business.industry ,Cancer ,mucin-depleted foci ,medicine.disease ,endothelium-dependent vasodilation ,Diet ,BU Authenticiteit & Bioassays ,416 Food Science ,intestinal tumorigenesis ,business ,Food Science - Abstract
International audience; This paper is based on a workshop held in Oslo, Norway in November 2013, in which experts discussed how to reach consensus on the healthiness of red and processed meat. Recent nutritional recommendations include reducing intake of red and processed meat to reduce cancer risk, in particular colorectal cancer (CRC). Epidemiological and mechanistic data on associations between red and processed meat intake and CRC are inconsistent and underlying mechanisms are unclear. There is a need for further studies on differences between white and red meat, between processed and whole red meat and between different types of processed meats, as potential health risks may not be the same for all products. Better biomarkers of meat intake and of cancer occurrence and updated food composition databases are required for future studies. Modifying meat composition via animal feeding and breeding, improving meat processing by alternative methods such as adding phytochemicals and improving our diets in general are strategies that need to be followed up.
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- 2014
6. Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib and ketoprofen in a feline model of inflammation
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Víctor Hormazábal, Ludovic Pelligand, Jonathan N. King, Pierre-Louis Toutain, Peter Lees, Jonathan Elliott, Royal Veterinary College - University of London, Novartis Animal Health Inc, Partenaires INRAE, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Novartis Animal Health, Inc, and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council UK [BB/E528544/1]
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Ketoprofen ,Male ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Thromboxane ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Prostaglandin ,Pharmacology ,Carrageenan ,Cat Diseases ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Subcutaneous injection ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pharmacokinetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Phenylacetates ,Inflammation ,General Veterinary ,Robenacoxib ,Molecular Structure ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ,Diphenylamine ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,3. Good health ,Bioavailability ,chemistry ,Pharmacodynamics ,Cats ,Diffusion Chambers, Culture ,Female ,medicine.drug - Abstract
International audience; Robenacoxib and ketoprofen are acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Both are licensed for once daily administration in the cat, despite having short blood half-lives. This study reports the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling of each drug in a feline model of inflammation. Eight cats were enrolled in a randomized, controlled, three-period cross-over study. In each period, sterile inflammation was induced by the injection of carrageenan into a subcutaneously implanted tissue cage, immediately before the subcutaneous injection of robenacoxib (2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg) or placebo. Blood samples were taken for the determination of drug and serum thromboxane (Tx)B2 concentrations (measuring COX-1 activity). Tissue cage exudate samples were obtained for drug and prostaglandin (PG)E2 concentrations (measuring COX-2 activity). Individual animal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition were generated by PK/PD modelling. S(+) ketoprofen clearance scaled by bioavailability (CL/F) was 0.114 L/kg/h (elimination half-life = 1.62 h). For robenacoxib, blood CL/F was 0.684 L/kg/h (elimination half-life = 1.13 h). Exudate elimination half-lives were 25.9 and 41.5 h for S(+) ketoprofen and robenacoxib, respectively. Both drugs reduced exudate PGE2 concentration significantly between 6 and 36 h. Ketoprofen significantly suppressed (>97%) serum TxB2 between 4 min and 24 h, whereas suppression was mild and transient with robenacoxib. In vivo IC50 COX-1/IC50 COX-2 ratios were 66.9:1 for robenacoxib and 1:107 for S(+) ketoprofen. The carboxylic acid nature of both drugs may contribute to the prolonged COX-2 inhibition in exudate, despite short half-lives in blood.
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- 2013
7. Characterization of NKp46+ cells in goats
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Boysen, Preben, Lund, Hege, Laurent, Fabrice, Connelley, Tim, Storset, Anne K., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours, Roslin Institute, European Veterinary Immunology Group. Berlin, DEU., and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT)
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[SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
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- 2012
8. Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus Group occasionally associated with food poisoning
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Paul De Vos, Marie-Laure De Buyser, Matthias Contzen, Benoît de Sarrau, Didier Lereclus, Annette Fagerlund, Gilles Lamberet, Nathalie Galleron, Per Einar Granum, Christophe Nguyen-The, Marie-Hélène Guinebretière, Alexei Sorokin, Sandrine Auger, Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Avignon Université (AU), MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, MetaGénoPolis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Caractérisation et Epidémiologie Bactérienne, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Department Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory for Microbiology, Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MetaGenoPolis, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), French National Research Agency [ANR-05-PNRA-013], and INRA's MICA department
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[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,DNA, Bacterial ,Sequence analysis ,Bacillus cereus ,Bacillus ,Microbiology ,Foodborne Diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,Phylogenetics ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,Bacillus (shape) ,0303 health sciences ,Base Composition ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,fungi ,Fatty Acids ,Nucleic Acid Hybridization ,General Medicine ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Ribosomal RNA ,biology.organism_classification ,16S ribosomal RNA ,Bacterial Typing Techniques ,Cereus ,Multilocus sequence typing ,France ,Multilocus Sequence Typing - Abstract
An aerobic endospore-forming bacillus (NVH 391-98T) was isolated during a severe food poisoning outbreak in France in 1998, and four other similar strains have since been isolated, also mostly from food poisoning cases. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, these strains were shown to belong to the Bacillus cereus Group (over 97 % similarity with the current Group species) and phylogenetic distance from other validly described species of the genus Bacillus was less than 95 %. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and MLST data, these novel strains were shown to form a robust and well-separated cluster in the B. cereus Group, and constituted the most distant cluster from species of this Group. Major fatty acids (iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C13 : 0) supported the affiliation of these strains to the genus Bacillus , and more specifically to the B. cereus Group. NVH 391-98T taxon was more specifically characterized by an abundance of iso-C15 : 0 and low amounts of iso-C13 : 0 compared with other members of the B. cereus Group. Genome similarity together with DNA–DNA hybridization values and physiological and biochemical tests made it possible to genotypically and phenotypically differentiate NVH 391-98T taxon from the six current B. cereus Group species. NVH 391-98T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain NVH 391-98T ( = DSM 22905T = CIP 110041T).
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- 2012
9. Temperature-dependent production of various PlcR-controlled virulence factors in Bacillus weihenstephanensis strain KBAB4
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Vincent Sanchis, Nalini Ramarao, Eugénie Huillet, L.P. Stenfors Arnesen, Agnes Rejasse, Claudia Bevilacqua, Seav-Ly Tran, Nathalie Gilois, Isabelle Barbosa, Sanchis, Vincent, MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, and Norwegian School of Veterinary Science
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growth ,[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Proteome ,Virulence Factors ,Bacillus cereus ,emetic toxin ,Virulence ,peritrophic membrane ,Bacillus ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Microbiology ,Cell Line ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,Bacterial Proteins ,Gene expression ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,Animals ,Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ,cereus group ,real-time pcr ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,food poisoning toxin ,Ecology ,biology ,Strain (chemistry) ,030306 microbiology ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Macrophages ,thuringiensis ,enterotoxin ,regulon ,hemolysin bl ,Temperature ,Epithelial Cells ,Bacillus weihenstephanensis ,Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Galleria mellonella ,Lepidoptera ,Regulon ,Cereus ,Trans-Activators ,Food Microbiology ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The Bacillus cereus sensu lato complex has recently been divided into several phylogenetic groups with clear differences in growth temperature range. However, only a few studies have investigated the actual pathogenic potential of the psychrotolerant strains of the B. cereus group at low temperature, and little information is available concerning gene expression at low temperature. We found that vegetative cells of the psychrotolerant B. weihenstephanensis strain KBAB4 were pathogenic against the model insect Galleria mellonella at 15°C but not at 30°C. A similar temperature-dependent difference also was observed for the supernatant, which was cytotoxic to Vero epithelial cell lines and to murine macrophage J774 cells at 15°C but not at 30°C. We therefore determined the effect of low temperature on the production of various proteins putatively involved in virulence using two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis, and we showed that the production of the Hbl enterotoxin and of two proteases, NprB and NprP2, was greater at a growth temperature of 15°C than at 30°C. The quantification of the mRNA levels for these virulence genes by real-time quantitative PCR at both temperatures showed that there was also more mRNA present at 15°C than at 30°C. We also found that at 15°C, hbl mRNA levels were maximal in the mid- to late exponential growth phase. In conclusion, we found that the higher virulence of the B. cereus KBAB4 strain at low temperature was accompanied by higher levels of the production of various known PlcR-controlled virulence factors and by a higher transcriptional activity of the corresponding genes.
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- 2012
10. Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a new thermotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus Group occasionally associated with food poisoning
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Marie Helene Guinebretière, Sandrine Auger, Nathalie Galleron, Matthias Contzen, Benoit de Sarrau, Marie-Laure de Buyser, Gilles Lamberet, Annette Fagerlund, Per Einar Granum, Didier Lereclus, Paul de Vos, Christophe Nguyen-the, Alexei Sorokine, Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Avignon Université (AU), MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Unité Caractérisation et Epidémiologie Bactérienne, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Sect Food Safety, Dept Food Safety & Infect Biol, Department Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory for Microbiology, Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT)
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[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2012
11. Brucellosis at the animal/ecosystem/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century
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Holger C. Scholz, Heinrich Neubauer, S. Al Dahouk, Ignacio Moriyón, Cécile Nicolas, Adrian M. Whatmore, Pierre Wattiau, David Fretin, John Bwalya Muma, José M. Blasco, Axel Cloeckaert, Jacques Godfroid, Thibault Barbier, Jean-Jacques Letesson, Claude Saegerman, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Faculté Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix, Partenaires INRAE, Sciensano [Bruxelles], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique (UR IASP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unidad de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona] (UNAV), Université de Liège, University of Zambia, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung - Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), and Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI)
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040301 veterinary sciences ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Wildlife ,VACCINE ,Brucella ,Biology ,IMMUNITY ,METABOLISM ,ZOONOSIS ,Brucellosis ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Food Animals ,Pregnancy ,Zoonoses ,medicine ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,Animals ,Humans ,0303 health sciences ,Brucellosis vaccine ,BIOTERRORISM ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,TAXONOMY ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,3. Good health ,Biotechnology ,Vaccination ,One Health ,Veterinary public health ,VIRULENCE ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Livestock ,Female ,business ,"ONE HEALTH" - Abstract
International audience; Following the recent discovery of new Brucella strains from different animal species and from the environment, ten Brucella species are nowadays included in the genus Brucella. Although the intracellular trafficking of Brucella is well described, the strategies developed by Brucella to survive and multiply in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, particularly to access nutriments during its intracellular journey, are still largely unknown. Metabolism and virulence of Brucella are now considered to be two sides of the same coin. Mechanisms presiding to the colonization of the pregnant uterus in different animal species are not known. Vaccination is the cornerstone of control programs in livestock and although the 519, RB51 (both in cattle) and Rev 1 (in sheep and goats) vaccines have been successfully used worldwide, they have drawbacks and thus the ideal brucellosis vaccine is still very much awaited. There is no vaccine available for pigs and wildlife. Animal brucellosis control strategies differ in the developed and the developing world. Most emphasis is put on eradication and on risk analysis to avoid the re-introduction of Brucella in the developed world. Information related to the prevalence of brucellosis is still scarce in the developing world and control programs are rarely implemented. Since there is no vaccine available for humans, prevention of human brucellosis relies on its control in the animal reservoir. Brucella is also considered to be an agent to be used in bio- and agroterrorism attacks. At the animal/ecosystem/human interface it is critical to reduce opportunities for Brucella to jump host species as already seen in livestock, wildlife and humans. This task is a challenge for the future in terms of veterinary public health, as for wildlife and ecosystem managers and will need a "One Health" approach to be successful.
- Published
- 2011
12. Ketoprofen in piglets: enantioselective pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and PK ⁄ PD modelling
- Author
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Fosse, Torunn Krangnes, Toutain, Pierre-Louis, Spadavecchia, C., Haga, H.A., Horsberg, T.E., Ranheim, B., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales (UPTE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Bern, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, and Pig Health Service in Norway
- Subjects
stomatognathic diseases ,ketoprofen ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,pharmacodynamics ,pharmacokinetics - Abstract
International audience; The chiral pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketoprofen were investigated in a placebo-controlled study in piglets after intramuscular administration of 6 mg⁄ kg racemic ketoprofen. The absorption half-lives of both enantiomers were short, and S-ketoprofen predominated over R-ketoprofen in plasma. A kaolin-induced inflammation model was used to evaluate the antiinflammatory,antipyretic and analgesic effects of ketoprofen. Skin temperatures increased after the kaolin injection, but the effect of ketoprofen was small. No significant antipyretic effects could be detected, but body temperatures tended tobe lower in the ketoprofen-treated piglets. Mechanical nociceptive threshold testing was used to evaluate the analgesic effects. The piglets in the ketoprofentreatedgroup had significantly higher mechanical nociceptive thresholds compared to the piglets in the placebo group for 12–24 h following the treatment. Pharmacokinetic ⁄ pharmacodynamic modelling of the results from the mechanical nociceptive threshold testing gave a median IC50 for S-ketoprofen of 26.7 lg ⁄ mL and an IC50 for R-ketoprofen of 1.6 lg ⁄ mL. This indicates that Rketoprofenis a more potent analgesic than S-ketoprofen in piglets. Estimated ED50 for racemic ketoprofen was 2.5 mg⁄ kg.
- Published
- 2011
13. Toxin production in a rare and genetically remote cluster of strains of the Bacillus cereus group
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Annette Fagerlund, Rainer Fürst, Marie-Hélène Guinebretière, Julien Brillard, Per Einar Granum, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), and Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
- Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,cytotoxine k ,Bacillus cereus ,toxicologie alimentaire ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,Enterotoxin ,medicine.disease_cause ,Toxicology ,lcsh:Microbiology ,Enterotoxins ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,entérotoxine ,Phylogeny ,2. Zero hunger ,0303 health sciences ,Food poisoning ,biology ,Virulence ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Hemolysin ,Agricultural sciences ,toxine ,Cytk-1 ,Cereus ,[SDV.TOX]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,Research Article ,Microbiology (medical) ,cytotoxine ,Cell Survival ,Bacterial Toxins ,Blotting, Western ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Microbiology ,Enteritis ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Animals ,microbiologie ,Vero Cells ,Toxicologie ,030304 developmental biology ,030306 microbiology ,Toxin ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Molecular biology ,microbiologie alimentaire ,souche virulente ,Protein Biosynthesis ,Sciences agricoles - Abstract
Background Three enterotoxins are implicated in diarrhoeal food poisoning due to Bacillus cereus: Haemolysin BL (Hbl), Non-haemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), and Cytotoxin K (CytK). Toxin gene profiling and assays for detection of toxin-producing stains have been used in attempts to evaluate the enterotoxic potential of B. cereus group strains. B. cereus strain NVH 391/98, isolated from a case of fatal enteritis, was genetically remote from other B. cereus group strains. This strain lacked the genes encoding Hbl and Nhe, but contains CytK-1. The high virulence of this strain is thought to be due to the greater cytotoxic activity of CytK-1 compared to CytK-2, and to a high level of cytK expression. To date, only three strains containing cytK-1 have been identified; B. cereus strains NVH 391/98, NVH 883/00, and INRA AF2. Results A novel gene variant encoding Nhe was identified in these three strains, which had an average of 80% identity in protein sequence with previously identified Nhe toxins. While culture supernatants containing CytK and Nhe from NVH 391/98 and INRA AF2 were highly cytotoxic, NVH 883/00 expressed little or no CytK and Nhe and was non-cytotoxic. Comparative sequence and expression studies indicated that neither the PlcR/PapR quorum sensing system, nor theYvrGH and YvfTU two-component systems, were responsible for the observed difference in toxin production. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of 13 genes showed that NVH 391/98, NVH 883/00, and INRA AF2 comprise a novel cluster of strains genetically distant from other B. cereus group strains. Conclusion Due to its divergent sequence, the novel nhe operon had previously not been detected in NVH 391/98 using PCR and several monoclonal antibodies. Thus, toxigenic profiling based on the original nhe sequence will fail to detect the toxin in this group of strains. The observation that strain NVH 883/00 carries cytK-1 but is non-cytotoxic indicates that the detection of this gene variant is not a sufficient criterion for identification of highly cytotoxic strains. The presence of the novel nhe operon and the cytK-1 gene variant in this cluster of strains reflect their phylogenetically remote relationship towards other B. cereus group strains.
- Published
- 2007
14. Determination of the toxic potential of Bacillus cereus isolates by quantitative enterotoxin analyses
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Marie-Hélène Guinebretière, Christine Buerk, Christophe Nguyen-The, Per Einar Granum, Erwin Märtlbauer, Maximilian Moravek, Véronique Broussolle, Richard Dietrich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, and Norwegian School of Veterinary Science
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,Bacillus cereus ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Enterotoxin ,Biology ,human health ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microbiology ,Bacterial genetics ,law.invention ,Foodborne Diseases ,Enterotoxins ,Hemolysin Proteins ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bacterial Proteins ,Species Specificity ,law ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,Environmental Microbiology ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,human nutrition ,Vero Cells ,Molecular Biology ,Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections ,Polymerase chain reaction ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Food poisoning ,030306 microbiology ,Hemolysin ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,quantification ,[SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology ,Cereus ,Genes, Bacterial ,haemolysin ,biology.protein ,food poisoning ,nonhaemolytic enterotoxin ,Antibody - Abstract
International audience; Haemolysin BL (HBL) and nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), each consisting of three components, represent the major enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus. To evaluate the expression of these toxins, a set of 100 B. cereus strains was examined. Molecular biological characterization showed that 42% of the strains harboured the genes for HBL and 99% for Nhe. The production of all Nhe and HBL components were analyzed using specific antibodies and, in culture supernatants, detectable levels of HBL and Nhe were found for 100% of hbl-positive and 96% of nhe-positive strains. The concentrations of the HBL–L2 and NheB component ranged from 0.02 to 5.6 mgmL 1 and from 0.03 to 14.2 mgmL 1, respectively. Comparison of the amount of NheB produced by food poisoning and food/environmental strains revealed that the median value for all food poisoning strains was significantly higher than for the food/environmental isolates. The data presented in this study provide evidence that specific and quantitative determination of the enterotoxins is necessary to evaluate the toxic potential of B. cereus. In particular, the level of Nhe seems to explain most of the cytotoxic activity of B. cereus isolates and may indicate a highly diarrheic potential.
- Published
- 2006
15. Rapid discrimination of cytK-1 and cytK-2 genes in Bacillus cereus strains by a novel duplex PCR system
- Author
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Marie-Hélène Guinebretiere, Christophe Nguyen-The, Per Einar Granum, Annette Fagerlund, Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, and Norwegian School of Veterinary Science
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Bacterial Toxins ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Bacillus cereus ,BACILLUS CEREUS ,Enterotoxin ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,CYTOTOXIN K ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microbiology ,Rapid detection ,CYTK-2 GENE ,law.invention ,DETECTION ,03 medical and health sciences ,law ,Genetics ,medicine ,DIARRHOEAL FOOD POISONING ,Humans ,CYTK-1 GENE ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,Polymerase chain reaction ,DNA Primers ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Base Sequence ,030306 microbiology ,Toxin ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,3. Good health ,Duplex pcr ,[SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology ,Cereus ,Genes, Bacterial ,bacteria - Abstract
International audience; Bacillus cereus is the causative agent of gastrointestinal diarrhoea. At least three known enterotoxins may be involved in this syndrome: nonhaemolytic (Nhe) enterotoxin, Hbl enterotoxin and cytotoxin K. Two different forms were recently described for cytotoxin K, encoded by cytK-1 and cytK-2 genes. The CytK-1 toxin appeared to carry a high toxicity, but there is currently no method available to rapidly detect and discriminate the B. cereus strains able to produce this CytK-1 form. In this study, a duplex PCR assay was developed and validated on 162 known cytotoxin-containing strains. This PCR method is the first molecular tool to provide rapid detection and discrimination of cytK-1- and cytK-2-carrying B. cereus strains.
- Published
- 2006
16. Intercorrelations of Chlorinated Paraffins, Dechloranes, and Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants in 10 Species of Marine Mammals from Norway, in Light of Dietary Niche.
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Andvik C, Jourdain E, Borgen A, Lyche JL, Karoliussen R, Haug T, and Borgå K
- Subjects
- Animals, Norway, Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated metabolism, Paraffin metabolism, Mammals metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants metabolism, Diet, Polychlorinated Biphenyls metabolism, Persistent Organic Pollutants metabolism
- Abstract
Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (CPs) (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) and dechloranes are chemicals of emerging concern; however, little is known of their bioaccumulative potential compared to legacy contaminants in marine mammals. Here, we analyzed SCCPs, MCCPs, LCCPs, 7 dechloranes, 4 emerging brominated flame retardants, and 64 legacy contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in the blubber of 46 individual marine mammals, representing 10 species, from Norway. Dietary niche was modeled based on stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in the skin/muscle to assess the contaminant accumulation in relation to diet. SCCPs and dechlorane-602 were strongly positively correlated with legacy contaminants and highest in killer ( Orcinus orca ) and sperm ( Physeter macrocephalus ) whales (median SCCPs: 160 ng/g lw; 230 ng/g lw and median dechlorane-602: 3.8 ng/g lw; 2.0 ng/g lw, respectively). In contrast, MCCPs and LCCPs were only weakly correlated to recalcitrant legacy contaminants and were highest in common minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ; median MCCPs: 480 ng/g lw and LCCPs: 240 ng/g lw). The total contaminant load in all species was dominated by PCBs and legacy chlorinated pesticides (63-98%), and MCCPs dominated the total CP load (42-68%, except 11% in the long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas ). Surprisingly, we found no relation between contaminant concentrations and dietary niche, suggesting that other large species differences may be masking effects of diet such as lifespan or biotransformation and elimination capacities. CP and dechlorane concentrations were higher than in other marine mammals from the (sub)Arctic, and they were present in a killer whale neonate, indicating bioaccumulative properties and a potential for maternal transfer in these predominantly unregulated chemicals.
- Published
- 2024
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17. Shift in virus composition in honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) following worldwide invasion by the parasitic mite and virus vector Varroa destructor .
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Doublet V, Oddie MAY, Mondet F, Forsgren E, Dahle B, Furuseth-Hansen E, Williams GR, De Smet L, Natsopoulou ME, Murray TE, Semberg E, Yañez O, de Graaf DC, Le Conte Y, Neumann P, Rimstad E, Paxton RJ, and de Miranda JR
- Abstract
Invasive vectors can induce dramatic changes in disease epidemiology. While viral emergence following geographical range expansion of a vector is well known, the influence a vector can have at the level of the host's pathobiome is less well understood. Taking advantage of the formerly heterogeneous spatial distribution of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor that acts as potent virus vector among honeybees Apis mellifera , we investigated the impact of its recent global spread on the viral community of honeybees in a retrospective study of historical samples. We hypothesized that the vector has had an effect on the epidemiology of several bee viruses, potentially altering their transmissibility and/or virulence, and consequently their prevalence, abundance, or both. To test this, we quantified the prevalence and loads of 14 viruses from honeybee samples collected in mite-free and mite-infested populations in four independent geographical regions. The presence of the mite dramatically increased the prevalence and load of deformed wing virus, a cause of unsustainably high colony losses. In addition, several other viruses became more prevalent or were found at higher load in mite-infested areas, including viruses not known to be actively varroa-transmitted, but which may increase opportunistically in varroa-parasitized bees., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Authors.)
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- 2024
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18. Escherichia coli ST2797 Is Abundant in Wastewater and Might Be a Novel Emerging Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase E. coli.
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Paulshus E, Colque P, Kühn I, Tauhid T, Hu YOO, Zhou Y, Thorell K, Möllby R, Sørum H, Sjöling Å, and Joffré E
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- Animals, Humans, Escherichia coli, Wastewater, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Pandemics, beta-Lactamases genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics, Mammals, COVID-19, Escherichia coli Infections epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology
- Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an emerging threat to global health. The analysis of antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria in wastewater can indicate the prevalence and spread of certain clonal groups of multiresistant bacteria. In a previous study of Escherichia coli that were isolated from a pump station in Norway over 15 months, we found a recurring E. coli clone that was resistant to trimethoprim, ampicillin, and tetracycline in 201 of 3,123 analyzed isolates (6.1%). 11 representative isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and were found to belong to the MLST ST2797 E. coli clone with plasmids carrying resistance genes, including bla
TEM-1B , sul2 , and dfrA7 A phenotypic comparison of the ST2797 isolates with the uropathogenic ST131 and ST648 that were repeatedly identified in the same wastewater samples revealed that the ST2797 isolates exhibited a comparable capacity for temporal survival in wastewater, greater biofilm formation, and similar potential for the colonization of mammalian epithelial cells. ST2797 has been isolated from humans and has been found to carry extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in other studies, suggesting that this clonal type is an emerging ESBL E. coli. Collectively, these findings show that ST2797 was more ubiquitous in the studied wastewater than were the infamous ST131 and ST648 and that ST2797 may have similar abilities to survive in the environment and cause infections in humans. tetB. The incidence of drug-resistant bacteria found in the environment is increasing together with the levels of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that cause infections. The COVID-19 pandemic has shed new light on the importance of monitoring emerging threats and finding early warning systems. Therefore, to mitigate the antimicrobial resistance burden, the monitoring and early identification of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hot spots, such as wastewater treatment plants, are required to combat the occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here, we applied a PhenePlate system as a phenotypic screening method for genomic surveillance and discovered a dominant and persistent E. coli clone ST2797 with a multidrug resistance pattern and equivalent phenotypic characteristics to those of the major pandemic lineages, namely, ST131 and ST648, which frequently carry ESBL genes. This study highlights the continuous surveillance and report of multidrug resistant bacteria with the potential to spread in One Health settings.IMPORTANCE The incidence of drug-resistant bacteria found in the environment is increasing together with the levels of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that cause infections. The COVID-19 pandemic has shed new light on the importance of monitoring emerging threats and finding early warning systems. Therefore, to mitigate the antimicrobial resistance burden, the monitoring and early identification of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hot spots, such as wastewater treatment plants, are required to combat the occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here, we applied a PhenePlate system as a phenotypic screening method for genomic surveillance and discovered a dominant and persistent E. coli clone ST2797 with a multidrug resistance pattern and equivalent phenotypic characteristics to those of the major pandemic lineages, namely, ST131 and ST648, which frequently carry ESBL genes. This study highlights the continuous surveillance and report of multidrug resistant bacteria with the potential to spread in One Health settings., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.- Published
- 2023
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19. Outer membrane vesicles from Piscirickettsia salmonis induce the expression of inflammatory genes and production of IgM in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.
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Oliver C, Coronado JL, Martínez D, Kashulin-Bekkelund A, Lagos LX, Ciani E, Sanhueza-Oyarzún C, Mancilla-Nova A, Enríquez R, Winther-Larsen HC, and Romero A
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- Animals, Interleukin-10, Zebrafish, Immunoglobulin M, Salmo salar genetics, Piscirickettsia physiology, Fish Diseases, Piscirickettsiaceae Infections veterinary
- Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis outbreaks due to Piscirickettsia salmonis occur globally in the Chilean salmon aquaculture generating significant monetary losses in the industry. P. salmonis secretes outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are naturally non-replicating and highly immunogenic spherical nanoparticles. P. salmonis OMVs has been shown to induce immune response in zebrafish; however, the immune response induced by these vesicles in salmonids has not been evaluated. In this study, we inoculated Atlantic salmon with 10 and 30 μg doses of P. salmonis OMVs and took samples for 12 days. qPCR analysis indicated an inflammatory response. Thus, the inflammatory genes evaluated were up- or down-regulated at several times in liver, head kidney and spleen. In addition, the liver was the organ most immune-induced, mainly in the 30 μg-dose. Interestingly, co-expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was evidenced by the prominent expression of il-10 at day 1 in spleen and also in head kidney on days 3, 6 and 12, while il-10 and tgf-β were up-regulated on days 3, 6 and 12 in liver. Importantly, we detected the production of IgM against proteins of P. salmonis in the serum collected from immunized fish after 14 days. Thus, 40 and 400 μg OMVs induced the production of highest IgM levels; however, no statistical difference in the immunoglobulin levels produced by these OMVs doses were detected. The current study provides evidence that OMVs released by P. salmonis induced a pro-inflammatory responses and IgM production in S. salar, while regulatory genes were induced in order to regulate their effects and achieve the balance of the inflammatory response., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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20. Emerging and legacy contaminants in common minke whale from the Barents sea.
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Andvik C, Haug T, Lyche JL, and Borgå K
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- Pregnancy, Animals, Male, Female, Placenta chemistry, Animals, Wild, Cetacea, Environmental Monitoring, Minke Whale, Fluorocarbons, Environmental Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and metals, can accumulate in marine mammals and be transferred to offspring. In this study, we analyzed 64 lipophilic POPs, including four emerging BFRs, in the blubber, liver and muscle of 17 adult common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from the Barents Sea to investigate occurrence and tissue partitioning. In addition, the placental transfer concentration ratios of 14 PFAS and 17 metals were quantified in the muscle of nine female-fetus pairs to investigate placental transfer. Legacy lipophilic POPs were the dominating compound group in every tissue, and we observed generally lower levels compared to previous studies from 1992 to 2001. We detected the emerging BFRs hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromotoluene (PBT), but in low levels compared to the legacy POPs. We detected nine PFAS, and levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were higher than detected from the same population in 2011, whilst levels of Hg were comparable to 2011. Levels of lipophilic contaminants were higher in blubber compared to muscle and liver on both a wet weight and lipid adjusted basis, but tissue partitioning of the emerging BFRs could not be determined due to the high number of samples below the limit of detection. The highest muscle ΣPFAS levels were quantified in fetuses (23 ± 8.7 ng/g ww), followed by adult males (7.2 ± 2.0 ng/gg ww) and adult females (4.5 ± 1.1 ng/g ww), showing substantial placental transfer from mother to fetus. In contrast, Hg levels in the fetus were lower than the mother. Levels were under thresholds for risk of health effects in the whales. This study is the first to report occurrence and placental transfer of emerging contaminants in common minke whales from the Barents Sea, contributing valuable new data on pollutant levels in Arctic wildlife., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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21. West African e-waste-soil assessed with a battery of cell-based bioassays.
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Eze CT, Otitoloju AA, Eze OO, Ugochukwu TE, Onodugo C, Ali AM, Lyche JL, Karlsen OA, and Goksøyr A
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Soil, Environmental Monitoring methods, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers analysis, Biological Assay, Ghana, Electronic Waste analysis, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Soil Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
Soil samples randomly taken from major e-waste sites in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin and Ghana) were examined for an extensive range of organic contaminants. Cytotoxicity measurements and assessment of activation of xeno-sensing receptors from fish (Atlantic cod) were employed as a battery of in vitro biological assays to explore the quality and toxicity profile of West African e-waste soil. The concentrations of the measured contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the e-waste soil differs significantly from the reference soil with chemical profiles typically dominated by legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (405.8 μgkg
-1 ) and emerging organophosphate ester flame retardant tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (404 μgkg-1 ), in addition to the short chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (275.3 μgkg-1 ) and perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) (16 μgkg-1 ). The study revealed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) occurred only in e-waste soil from Ghana and ranged from 2.6 to 5.0 μgkg-1 . Overall, non-polar e-waste soil-derived extracts had a stronger effect on COS-7 cell viability than the polar extracts and elutriates. The highest receptor activation was observed with single polar and non-polar extracts from the Nigeria and Benin sites, indicating hotspots with Er-, PPARa- and Ahr-agonist activities. Thus, the results obtained with our battery of in vitro biological assays underscored these e-waste sites as remarkably polluted spots with complex toxicity profiles of great concern for human and environmental health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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22. Peripherally administered persistent organic pollutants distribute to the brain of developing chicken embryo in concentrations relevant for human exposure.
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Yadav A, Verhaegen S, Hadera MG, Berntsen HF, Berg V, Lyche JL, Sabaredzovic A, Haug LS, Myhre O, Zimmer KE, Paulsen RE, Ropstad E, and Boix F
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain embryology, Brain growth & development, Chick Embryo, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryonic Development drug effects, Brain drug effects, Persistent Organic Pollutants adverse effects
- Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can reach the fetal brain and contribute to developmental neurotoxicity. To explore the distribution of POPs to the fetal brain, we exposed chicken embryos to a POP mixture, containing 29 different compounds with concentrations based on blood levels measured in the Scandinavian human population. The mixture was injected into the allantois at embryonic day 13 (E13), aiming at a theoretical concentration of 10 times human blood levels. POPs concentrations in the brain were measured at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after administration. Twenty-seven of the individual compounds were detected during at least one of the time-points analyzed. Generally, the concentrations of most of the measured compounds were within the order of magnitude of those reported in human brain samples. Differences in the speed of distribution to the brain were observed between the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which have protein binding potential, and the lipophilic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Based on pharmacokinetic modeling, PFASs were best described by a one compartment model. PFASs displayed relatively slow elimination (Kel) and persisted at high levels in the brain. Lipophilic OCPs and PCBs could be fitted to a 2-compartment model. These showed high levels in the brain relative to the dose administrated as calculated by area under the curve (AUC)/Dose. Altogether, our study showed that chicken is a suitable model to explore the distribution of POPs into the developing brain at concentrations which are relevant for humans., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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23. High Levels of Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) from Norway, 2015 to 2017.
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Andvik C, Jourdain E, Lyche JL, Karoliussen R, and Borgå K
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- Animals, Arctic Regions, Environmental Monitoring, Flame Retardants analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis, Whale, Killer
- Abstract
Little is known of the movement or presence of unregulated, emerging contaminants in top predators. The aim of the present study was to conduct the first screening of legacy and emerging contaminants in multiple tissues of killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Norway and investigate tissue partitioning and maternal transfer. Blubber was collected from 8 killer whales in 2015 to 2017, in addition to muscle from 5 of the individuals, and kidney, liver, heart, and spleen from a neonate. We screened for 4 unregulated brominated flame retardants and found pentabromotoluene (PBT) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) at low levels in the blubber of all individuals (median PBT 0.091 ng/g lipid wt, median HBB 1.4 ng/g lipid wt). Levels of PBT and HBB (wet wt) were twice as high in the blubber than the muscle for each individual, confirming preferential accumulation in lipid-rich tissues. Perfluoroalkyl substances and total mercury levels were lower in the neonate than adults, suggesting less efficient maternal transfer of these substances. Polychlorinated biphenyl levels in blubber exceeded the threshold for onset of physiological effects (9 µg/g lipid wt) in 7 of the 8 whales, including the neonate. The presence of PBT and HBB in the neonate is the first evidence of maternal transfer of these unregulated contaminants in marine mammals. Our results are relevant for the continued environmental monitoring of contaminants in the Arctic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1850-1860. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC., (© 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.)
- Published
- 2021
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24. The effect of recombination on the evolution of a population of Neisseria meningitidis .
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MacAlasdair N, Pesonen M, Brynildsrud O, Eldholm V, Kristiansen PA, Corander J, Caugant DA, and Bentley SD
- Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) is a major human pathogen with a history of high invasive disease burden, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Our current understanding of the evolution of meningococcal genomes is limited by the rarity of large-scale genomic population studies and lack of in-depth investigation of the genomic events associated with routine pathogen transmission. Here, we fill this knowledge gap by a detailed analysis of 2839 meningococcal genomes obtained through a carriage study of over 50,000 samples collected systematically in Burkina Faso, West Africa, before, during, and after the serogroup A vaccine rollout, 2009-2012. Our findings indicate that the meningococcal genome is highly dynamic, with highly recombinant loci and frequent gene sharing across deeply separated lineages in a structured population. Furthermore, our findings illustrate how population structure can correlate with genome flexibility, as some lineages in Burkina Faso are orders of magnitude more recombinant than others. We also examine the effect of selection on the population, in particular how it is correlated with recombination. We find that recombination principally acts to prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations, although we do also find an example of recombination acting to speed the adaptation of a gene. In general, we show the importance of recombination in the evolution of a geographically expansive population with deep population structure in a short timescale. This has important consequences for our ability to both foresee the outcomes of vaccination programs and, using surveillance data, predict when lineages of the meningococcus are likely to become a public health concern., (© 2021 MacAlasdair et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.)
- Published
- 2021
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25. Fasting serum potassium and long-term mortality in healthy men.
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Falk RS, Robsahm TE, Paulsen JE, Stocks T, Drake I, and Heir T
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- Adult, Cohort Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Potassium, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Fasting
- Abstract
Background: Serum potassium levels have been positively associated with cardiovascular mortality, but little is known about the association with cancer mortality and death due to other causes. We examined whether serum levels of potassium were associated with long-term mortality in a healthy cohort., Methods: Oslo Ischemia Study invited 2341 initially healthy men aged 40-59 years with no use of medication to a comprehensive health survey in 1972. Fasting serum level of potassium (mmol/L) was ascertained at baseline for 1989 men. We have complete follow-up for death throughout 2017. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and adjusted for multiple confounders., Results: After a median follow-up of 30 years (interquartile range 21.2-38.7), 1736 deaths were observed, of which 494 were cancer deaths, 688 cardiovascular deaths, and 536 deaths related to other causes. Restricted cubic spline analysis showed that potassium level was linearly and positively associated with long-term cancer mortality; HR per mmol/L 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.4. Compared with low levels of potassium (≤ 4.0 mmol/L), men with high levels (≥4.6 mmol/L) showed a significantly 78% higher risk of cancer death. A positive linear association was found for all-cause mortality (HR per mmol/L 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.8), and for cardiovascular (HR per mmol/L 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7) and other cause mortality (HR per mmol/L 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.2)., Conclusions: These findings suggest that serum potassium level appears to predict long-term mortality in healthy middle-aged men, and it might imply future surveillance strategies for individuals with high serum potassium levels.
- Published
- 2021
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26. Alteration of neuro-dopamine and steroid hormone homeostasis in wild Bank voles in relation to tissue concentrations of PFAS at a Nordic skiing area.
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Grønnestad R, Schlenk D, Krøkje Å, Jaspers VLB, Jenssen BM, Coffin S, Bertotto LB, Giroux M, Lyche JL, and Arukwe A
- Subjects
- Animals, Arvicolinae, Dopamine, Homeostasis, Hormones, Norway, Steroids, Fluorocarbons, Skiing
- Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants that are applied in a wide range of consumer products, including ski products. The present study investigated the neuro-dopamine (DA) and cellular steroid hormone homeostasis of wild Bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from a skiing area in Norway (Trondheim), in relation to tissue concentrations of PFAS. We found a positive association between brain DA concentrations and the concentration of several PFAS, while there was a negative association between PFAS and dopamine receptor 1 (dr1) mRNA. The ratio between DA and its metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid: DOPAC and homovanillic acid: HVA) showed a negative association between DOPAC/DA and several PFAS, suggesting that PFAS altered the metabolism of DA via monoamine oxidase (Mao). This assumption is supported by an observed negative association between mao mRNA and PFAS. Previous studies have shown that DA homeostasis can indirectly regulate cellular estrogen (E2) and testosterone (T) biosynthesis. We found no association between DA and steroid hormone levels, while there was a negative association between some PFAS and T concentrations, suggesting that PFAS might affect T through other mechanisms. The results from the current study indicate that PFAS may alter neuro-DA and steroid hormone homeostasis in Bank voles, with potential consequences on reproduction and general health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2021
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27. The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus .
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Dietrich R, Jessberger N, Ehling-Schulz M, Märtlbauer E, and Granum PE
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- Animals, Bacillus cereus genetics, Bacillus cereus pathogenicity, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Depsipeptides genetics, Depsipeptides metabolism, Diarrhea diagnosis, Diarrhea physiopathology, Enterotoxins genetics, Foodborne Diseases diagnosis, Foodborne Diseases physiopathology, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections diagnosis, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections physiopathology, Hemolysin Proteins genetics, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Virulence, Vomiting diagnosis, Vomiting physiopathology, Bacillus cereus metabolism, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Diarrhea microbiology, Enterotoxins metabolism, Foodborne Diseases microbiology, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections microbiology, Hemolysin Proteins metabolism, Vomiting microbiology
- Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
- Published
- 2021
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28. The Use of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles for Immunization against Francisellosis in Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua L.).
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Mertes V, Bekkelund AK, Lagos L, Ciani E, Colquhoun D, Haslene-Hox H, Sletta H, Sørum H, and Winther-Larsen HC
- Abstract
Francisellosis in fish is caused by the facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogens Francisella noatunensis ssp. noatunensis and Francisella orientalis . The disease is affecting both farmed and wild fish worldwide and no commercial vaccines are currently available. In this study, we tested isolated membrane vesicles (MVs) as possible vaccine candidates based on previous trials in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) indicating promising vaccine efficacy. Here, the MV vaccine-candidates were tested in their natural hosts, Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.) and Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). Injection of MVs did not display any toxicity or other negative influence on the fish and gene expression analysis indicated an influence on the host immune response. However, unlike in other tested fish species, a protective immunity following vaccine application and immunization period could not be detected in the Atlantic cod or tilapia. Further in vivo studies are required to achieve a better understanding of the development of immunological memory in different fish species.
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- 2021
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29. Tuberculosis in small ruminants and dromedary camels in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Asmare K, Sibhat B, Demissie K, Mamo G, Skjerve E, and Ameni G
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- Animals, Ethiopia epidemiology, Goat Diseases microbiology, Goats, Prevalence, Sheep, Sheep Diseases microbiology, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis microbiology, Camelus, Goat Diseases epidemiology, Sheep Diseases epidemiology, Tuberculosis veterinary
- Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease of livestock with serious economic and public health impact in Ethiopia. The disease is reported from cattle, small ruminants and dromedary camels in the country. However, there is no organized summary report on the magnitude and distribution pattern of TB in small ruminants and dromedary camels, unlike that of bovine TB. Consequent to this gap, this review was organized to provide pooled prevalence estimates, and examine level of heterogeneity among studies at national level. In addition, it attempts to illustrate the spatial distribution patterns along the three livestock species based on available reports. Tuberculosis articles on the aforesaid livestock species were searched online using PubMed, CAB direct, Web of Science and AJOL databases. Eighteen articles published from January 2000 to May 15, 2020, written in the English language that fulfill the selection quality criteria were considered for the review. Altogether, 50 district based observational studies conducted on 10,371 goats, 6262 dromedary camels, and 1457 sheep were used for analysis. Accordingly, the pooled prevalence estimates of TB, in a random effect model were 2.3 % (95 % CI: 1.7, 3.1) for goats, 0.8 % (95 % CI: 0.5, 1.4) for sheep and 8.2 % (95 % CI: 6.6, 10.2) for dromedary camels. The subgroup analysis revealed presence of statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in pooled prevalence estimates among the three species. In multivariable meta-regression model, diagnostic methods used for screening (single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCTT)> 2mm, SICCTT > 4mm and detailed postmortem inspection) were the only predictors identified to show statistically significant difference (p<0.001) and explained 68.6 % of the explainable heterogeneity (R
2 =0.686) in goat TB studies. In general, study reports on small ruminant and dromedary camel TB are limited throughout the country. The most significant data gaps were in Gambella, and Benshangul-Gumuz regional states, where no single report could be retrieved on small ruminant TB. Limitation of study reports and lack of comparable categories constrained further investigation on other predictors in sheep and camel studies. Thus, the authors would like to emphasize the need for more representative studies in the species of concern in all regions of the country. Meanwhile, the relatively higher proportion of TB in dromedary camels demands special attention in arid and semiarid parts of the country, as it is the leading livestock species on which agropastoralist and pastoralists livelihoods depend., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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30. The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process.
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Jessberger N, Dietrich R, Granum PE, and Märtlbauer E
- Subjects
- Bacillus cereus metabolism, Dysentery epidemiology, Dysentery metabolism, Food Microbiology, Food Supply, Foodborne Diseases epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases metabolism, Gastrointestinal Tract physiopathology, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections epidemiology, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections metabolism, Humans, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Soil Microbiology, Virulence, Bacillus cereus pathogenicity, Dysentery microbiology, Enterotoxins metabolism, Foodborne Diseases microbiology, Gastrointestinal Tract microbiology, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections microbiology
- Abstract
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus .
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- 2020
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31. The complete mitochondrial genome of the pentastomid Linguatula arctica (Pentastomida) from reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) in Northern Norway.
- Author
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Grau JH, Dunlop JA, Meixner M, Tappe D, and Gjerde B
- Abstract
Here, we present the first complete mitochondrial genome of the pentastomid Linguatula arctica collected from the nasal passages of a reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) in Norway. The full length mitochondrial genome of L. arctica , which measures 14,789 bp in length, contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA genes. A clear A + T bias is observed in the mitogenome of L. arctica with an overall base composition of 32.6% A, 27.5% T, 32.8% C, and 7,1% G., and a GC content of 39.9%. The gene arrangement is identical to that of previously described pentastomid mitogenomes., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)
- Published
- 2020
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32. Emergence and Spread of Piscine orthoreovirus Genotype 3.
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Sørensen J, Vendramin N, Priess C, Kannimuthu D, Henriksen NH, Iburg TM, Olesen NJ, and Cuenca A
- Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a relevant pathogen for salmonid aquaculture worldwide. In 2015, a new genotype of PRV (genotype 3, PRV-3) was discovered in Norway, and in 2017 PRV-3 was detected for first time in Denmark in association with complex disease cases in rainbow trout in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). To explore the epidemiology of PRV-3 in Denmark, a surveillance study was conducted in 2017 to 2019. Fifty-three farms, including both flow through and RAS, were screened for PRV-3. Of the farms examined, PRV-3 was detected in thirty-eight (71.7%), with the highest prevalence in grow-out farms. Notably, in Denmark disease outbreaks were only observed in RAS. Additionally, wild Atlantic salmon and brown trout populations were included in the screening, and PRV-3 was not detected in the three years where samples were obtained (2016, 2018, and 2019). Historical samples in the form of archived material at the Danish National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases were also tested for the presence of PRV-3, allowing us to establish that the virus has been present in Denmark at least since 1995. Sequence analyses of segment S1 and M2, as well as full genome analyses of selected isolates, did not reveal clear association between genetic makeup in these two segments and virulence in the form of disease outbreaks in the field.
- Published
- 2020
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33. Expression analysis of candidate genes for chronic subclinical mastitis in Norwegian Red cattle.
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Kirsanova E, Boysen P, Johansen GM, Heringstad B, Lewandowska-Sabat A, and Olsaker I
- Subjects
- Animals, Breeding, Cattle, Cell Count veterinary, Female, Lactation, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Milk cytology, Transcriptome, Genetic Association Studies veterinary, Mastitis, Bovine genetics
- Abstract
Chronic subclinical mastitis (SCM) is characterized by a long-term inflammation in the udder with high somatic cell count (SCC) in milk. Previously, several novel alternative SCM traits for Norwegian Red (NR) cattle have been defined to improve breeding strategies against chronic SCM. Quantitative trait loci and candidate genes affecting chronic SCM in NR have been identified. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profiles of 14 selected candidate genes (RAD17, ACOT2, ACOT4, FOS, CXCL1, CXCL8, CCNB1, CDK7, TGFB3, SEL1L, STAT4, C6, GLI2, and SLC18A2). Twenty healthy NR cows with official genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for lactation average somatic cell scores (LSCS) were selected. Ten cows had high GEBV for LSCS (cows with low probability to have high SCC in milk during lactation) and 10 cows had low GEBV for LSCS (cows with high probability of having high SCC in milk). We isolated RNA from unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these. Two out of the 14 analyzed genes showed significantly different results between groups. The group with high GEBV for LSCS displayed significantly higher expression of the CXCL1 gene than the low GEBV group. Grouping by lactation stage revealed significant differential expression of the FOS gene, with higher expression in early lactation (2-3 mo after calving) compared with late lactation (7-8 mo after calving). In addition, flow cytometry was performed on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples to analyze if number and type of isolated cells influenced the gene expression in the groups. The results in the current study provide identified genes that can be considered as possible candidate genes for chronic SCM in NR cows., (The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. and Fass Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).)
- Published
- 2020
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34. Assaying waterborne psychoactive drugs by the response to naturalistic predator cues in the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
- Author
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Höglund E, Øverli Ø, and Åtland Å
- Subjects
- Animals, Citalopram, Cues, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Smegmamorpha
- Abstract
Ecotoxicological effects of psychiatric drugs and drug metabolites released by the human population are of increasing environmental concern. In this study we evaluate behavioral responses to visual predator cues in wild caught three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) after exposure to water-born citalopram, a widely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Fish were exposed to ecological relevant concentrations of citalopram (0.15 or 1.5 μg L
-1 ) for 10 or 20 days. After drug exposure, individual fish were moved to a test arena where they were exposed to two naturalistic visual predator cues; a shadow from beneath, which simulated an approaching fish, and an overhead silhouette of a passing gull. Both visual cues resulted in decreased locomotor activity after post cue presentation. Notably, citalopram exposure resulted in a dose dependent suppression in response to the overhead stimulus. These results show that an ecologically relevant stimulus elicits a robust avoidance behavioral in wild caught fish after 25 min of acclimatization in the test arena. This suggests that the gull stimulus can be utilized as a behavioral endpoint in high flow through assays of ecotoxicological effects of psychiatric drugs and drug metabolites. Furthermore, the short acclimation time of wild caught fish in the test arena, opens for behavioral screening by fish living or kept in water bodies which are potentially impacted by psychiatric drugs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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35. Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the gonads of Barbus barbus (Linnaeus, 1758).
- Author
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Curtean-Bănăduc A, Burcea A, Mihuţ CM, Berg V, Lyche JL, and Bănăduc D
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated analysis, Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated metabolism, Male, Pesticides analysis, Pesticides metabolism, Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls metabolism, Romania, Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism, Bioaccumulation, Cyprinidae metabolism, Environmental Monitoring methods, Gonads metabolism, Rivers chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
Maps with grey or even white spaces are still present in spite of the fact that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are at the forefront of research in aquatic toxicology and environmental safety. This is also the case for the Mureș River basin. The intensive use of industrial substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides such as organochlorine compounds (OCPs) has caused global contamination of the aquatic environment. In our study we have found very high concentrations of both PCBs (2110-169,000 ng/g lipid weight ΣPCB, 1950-166,000 ng/g lipid weight ΣPCB
7 ) and OCPs (1130-7830 ng/g lipid weight ΣDDT, 47.6-2790 ng/g lipid weight ΣHCH, 5.53-35.6 ng/g lipid weight ΣChlordane, and 6.74-158 ng/g lipid weight HCB) in the gonad tissue of Barbus barbus (Linnaeus, 1758) males and females. Contrary to most studies where the weight, length, and lipid percentage are positively correlated with the concentration of POPs from different tissue types, we observed a downward trend for the lipid normalized concentrations of some pollutants in gonads while these indices were actually increasing. The decrease of lipid normalized POPs with the increase of CF and lipid percentage may be due to the fact that individuals are eliminating hard and soft roes every year during reproduction which could mean that some quantities of pollutants are also eliminated along with the hard and soft roes. The high POPs concentrations found in our study should be a needed wakeup call for environmentalists and a starting point in developing monitoring and management measures for these pollutants., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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36. Cyberlindnera jadinii Yeast as a Protein Source for Weaned Piglets-Impact on Immune Response and Gut Microbiota.
- Author
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Lagos L, Bekkelund AK, Skugor A, Ånestad R, Åkesson CP, Press CM, and Øverland M
- Subjects
- Animals, Cytokines immunology, Cytokines metabolism, Immunoglobulin A, Secretory immunology, Immunoglobulin A, Secretory metabolism, Inflammation Mediators immunology, Inflammation Mediators metabolism, Sus scrofa, Weaning, Animal Feed, Candida, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Immunity, Mucosal, Intestines immunology, Intestines microbiology, Nutritive Value, Yeast, Dried administration & dosage
- Abstract
Supplying novel feed ingredients for pig production is crucial to enhance food security and decrease the environmental impact of meat production. Several studies have focused on evaluating the beneficial health effects of yeast in pigs. However, its use as a protein source has been partially addressed. Previously, we have shown that yeast at high inclusion levels maintains growth performance and digestibility, while nutrient digestibility, intestinal villi height and fecal consistency were improved. The present study combined microbiome, short-chain fatty acid, and immune parameter analysis to investigate the effect of high inclusion of yeast in diets for post-weaning piglets. Our results showed that yeast did not have a significant impact on the hematological or biochemical parameters in blood. The different immune cell subpopulations isolated from blood and distal jejunal lymph nodes (DJLN) were analyzed by flow cytometry and showed that yeast diet induced an increased number of the subtype of leukocytes CD45+/CD3-/CD8+, a special type of Natural Killer (NK) cells. Also, a very mild to moderate infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes and lower IgA level were observed in the colon of yeast fed piglets. The microbiome profiling in different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets was performed using 16S rRNA metabarcoding. The results showed that 40% replacement of dietary protein had a statistically significant effect on the microbial communities in cecum and colon, while the microbial population in ileum and jejunum were not affected. Analysis of predicted microbial metabolic pathways analysis revealed significant upregulation of short-chain fatty acids, ether lipid metabolisms, secondary bile acids, and several other important biosynthesis pathways in cecum and colon of pigs fed yeast. In conclusion, the results showed that diet containing 40% of yeast protein positively shaped microbial community in the large intestine and increased the number of a specific subpopulation of NK cells in the DJLN. These results showed that yeast modulates the microbiome and decreases the secretion of IgA in the colon of post-weaning pigs., (Copyright © 2020 Lagos, Bekkelund, Skugor, Ånestad, Åkesson, Press and Øverland.)
- Published
- 2020
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37. In vitro and in vivo assessment of phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis.
- Author
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Ngassam-Tchamba C, Duprez JN, Fergestad M, De Visscher A, L'Abee-Lund T, De Vliegher S, Wasteson Y, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Lavigne R, Chanishvili N, Cassart D, Mainil J, and Thiry D
- Subjects
- Animals, Belgium, Cattle, Female, Humans, Mice, Staphylococcus aureus, Mastitis, Bovine therapy, Phage Therapy, Staphylococcal Infections therapy, Staphylococcal Infections veterinary
- Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of lytic bacteriophages on Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis, by in vitro and in vivo assays using Galleria mellonella and murine mastitis models., Methods: Between May and December 2016, ten S. aureus (five methicillin-resistant and five methicillin-sensitive) isolates were isolated from milk samples of cattle with mastitis in Belgium and Norway. The isolates were assessed in vitro for their susceptibility to four lytic bacteriophages (Romulus, Remus, ISP and DSM105264) and subsequently in vivo in G. mellonella larvae and in murine mastitis model., Results: Romulus, Remus and ISP showed a lytic activity against the S. aureus isolates in vitro. A larvae survival rate below 50% was observed at 4 days post-inoculation (DPI) in the groups infected with a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolate and treated with these three phages in vivo. An incomplete recovery of the mouse mastitis was observed at 48h post-inoculation (HPI) in the groups infected and treated with the ISP phage in vivo
. CONCLUSIONS: The observations are much more pronounced statistically between the infected- phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated and infected-phage-treated groups in G. mellonella and the murine mastitis model demonstrating an effect of the phages against S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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38. Corrigendum to "Calcium signaling as a possible mechanism behind increased locomotor response in zebrafish larvae exposed to a human relevant persistent organic pollutant mixture or PFOS" [Environmental Research volume 187 (2020) article number 109702].
- Author
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Christou M, Fraser TWK, Berg V, Ropstad E, and Kamstra JH
- Published
- 2020
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39. Calcium signaling as a possible mechanism behind increased locomotor response in zebrafish larvae exposed to a human relevant persistent organic pollutant mixture or PFOS.
- Author
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Christou M, Fraser TWK, Berg V, Ropstad E, and Kamstra JH
- Subjects
- Alkanesulfonic Acids, Animals, Calcium Signaling, Humans, Larva, Zebrafish, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
- Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widespread in the environment and their bioaccumulation can lead to adverse health effects in many organisms. Previously, using zebrafish as a model vertebrate, we found larvae exposed to a mixture of 29 POPs based on average blood levels from the Scandinavian population showed hyperactivity, and identified perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as the driving agent for the behavioral changes. In order to identify possible mechanisms, we exposed zebrafish larvae from 6 to 96 h post fertilization to the same mixture of POPs in two concentrations or a single PFOS exposure (0.55 and 3.83 μM) and performed behavioral tests and transcriptomics analysis. Behavioral alterations of exposed zebrafish larvae included hyperactivity and confirmed previously reported results. Transcriptomics analysis showed upregulation of transcripts related to muscle contraction that is highly regulated by the availability of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ingenuity pathway analysis showed that one of the affected pathways in larvae exposed to the POP mixture and PFOS was calcium signaling via the activation of the ryanodine receptors (RyR). Functional analyses with RyR inhibitors and behavioral outcomes substantiate these findings. Additional pathways affected were related to lipid metabolism in larvae exposed to the lower concentration of PFOS. By using omics technology, we observed that the altered behavioral pattern in exposed zebrafish larvae may be controlled directly by mechanisms affecting muscle function rather than via mechanisms connected to neurotoxicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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40. Disease-related and overall survival in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease, a historical cohort study.
- Author
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Boge GS, Engdahl K, Bergström A, Emanuelson U, Hanson J, Höglund O, Moldal ER, Skjerve E, and Krontveit R
- Subjects
- Animals, Anterior Cruciate Ligament surgery, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries surgery, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries therapy, Cohort Studies, Dog Diseases surgery, Dogs surgery, Female, Hospitals, Animal, Male, Norway, Retrospective Studies, Sweden, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries veterinary, Dog Diseases therapy, Dogs injuries
- Abstract
Objective: To analyse the effect of treatment method and other risk factors on survival in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD)., Methods: A historical cohort study of 333 dogs presenting with CCLD at two University Hospitals (2011-2016) was performed. Signalment, history, treatment and follow-up details were retrieved from medical records, dog owners and referring veterinarians. Treatment groups were defined; conservative or surgical with either lateral fabellotibial suture (LFS) or osteotomy procedures. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were applied to evaluate risk factors for disease-related and overall survival., Results: Sixty-five dogs were conservatively managed, 125 treated with LFS and 143 with osteotomy techniques. At follow-up (autumn 2018), 164 dogs (49.3 %) were alive and 169 (50.7 %) were dead. Both final Cox proportional hazards models included variables for treatment, age, weight and hospital. In addition, the final disease-related model included a variable for orthopaedic comorbidity, while non-orthopaedic comorbidities and a time-varying effect for age on a linear scale were included in the overall survival model. Treatment method was found to have an effect on both disease-related and overall survival and surgical treatment was associated with a lower hazard than conservative treatment., Conclusion: Survival in dogs with CCLD is influenced by treatment strategy, comorbidities, age and weight., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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41. Preying on seals pushes killer whales from Norway above pollution effects thresholds.
- Author
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Andvik C, Jourdain E, Ruus A, Lyche JL, Karoliussen R, and Borgå K
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Animals, Food Chain, Metals, Heavy, Norway, Sex Factors, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring, Predatory Behavior, Seals, Earless, Water Pollution, Whale, Killer
- Abstract
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are at risk from high levels of biomagnifying pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg). Previous toxicological risk assessments for the Norwegian killer whale population have assumed fish as the primary prey source, and assessed the population as below established effect thresholds. However, some individuals have recently been identified to also feed on seals. This study is the first to quantify levels of pollutants in seal-eating killer whales from northern Norway, and to measure Hg levels in the skin of killer whales worldwide. We found higher levels of all pollutants in seal-eating than fish-eating killer whales, including the emerging brominated flame retardants pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT) and hexabromobenzene (HBB). Sum polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) in the blubber of seal-eaters (n = 7, geometric mean = 46 µg/g l.w.) were four times higher than fish-eaters (n = 24, geometric mean = 11 µg/g l.w.), which pushed all seal-eating individuals above multiple thresholds for health effects. Total Hg levels in skin of seal-eaters (n = 10, arithmetic mean = 3.7 µg/g d.w.) were twice as high as in fish-eaters (n = 28, arithmetic mean = 1.8 µg/g d.w.). Our results indicate that by feeding on higher trophic prey, the Norwegian killer whale population is at higher risk of health effects from pollution than previously assumed.
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- 2020
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42. Enhanced growth and decreased mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after probiotic bath.
- Author
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Klakegg Ø, Salonius K, Nilsen A, Fülberth M, and Sørum H
- Subjects
- Animal Feed analysis, Animals, Fish Diseases prevention & control, Fisheries, Norway, Salmo salar growth & development, Salmo salar microbiology, Seawater microbiology, Survival Analysis, Probiotics, Salmo salar physiology, Vibrionaceae isolation & purification, Vibrionaceae physiology
- Abstract
Aims: Disease in farmed Atlantic salmon occurs in all its life stages. Salmon are particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases at transition from the freshwater stage to the saltwater stage. Our aim in these studies reported was to investigate the possibility that waterborne delivery of a probiotic comprised of naturally occurring marine bacterial species would reduce the mortality and improve the health and growth of farmed Atlantic salmon., Methods and Results: In three trials at two aquaculture production sites in Norway, isolates of Aliivibrio bacteria were added to the rearing water of Atlantic salmon. The fish were followed in 4-6 months after one single bath with observations and samplings. Growth, ulcers and survival were recorded. At the end of the studies growth was up to 31% larger in the probiotic enhanced groups and in trial 1 both mortality and prevalence of ulcer were significantly lower in the probiotic enhanced group compared to the control. Feed conversion rates were recorded in trial 1 and 2 and were from 9 to 28 % better for the probiotic enhanced groups compared to the control groups., Conclusion: Bathing of Atlantic salmon with probiotic Aliivibrio strains increased growth, reduced mortality and improved FCR in the postsmolt period., Significance and Impact of the Study: The study demonstrates the potential to enhance growth, prevent ulcers and decrease mortality in Atlantic salmon after adding probiotic strains of Aliivibrio spp. into the rearing water. The study can have impact on animal welfare, economy and sustainability in the aquaculture industry., (© 2020 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)
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- 2020
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43. Antibiotic residues in final effluents of European wastewater treatment plants and their impact on the aquatic environment.
- Author
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Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Vaz-Moreira I, Varela Della Giustina S, Llorca M, Barceló D, Schubert S, Berendonk TU, Michael-Kordatou I, Fatta-Kassinos D, Martinez JL, Elpers C, Henriques I, Jaeger T, Schwartz T, Paulshus E, O'Sullivan K, Pärnänen KMM, Virta M, Do TT, Walsh F, and Manaia CM
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Wastewater, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Water Purification
- Abstract
A comprehensive monitoring of a broad set of antibiotics in the final effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of 7 European countries (Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Cyprus, Germany, Finland, and Norway) was carried out in two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). This is the first study of this kind performed at an international level. Within the 53 antibiotics monitored 17 were detected at least once in the final effluent of the WWTPs, i.e.: ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid, oxolinic acid, cefalexin, clindamycin, metronidazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline. The countries exhibiting the highest effluent average concentrations of antibiotics were Ireland and the southern countries Portugal and Spain, whereas the northern countries (Norway, Finland and Germany) and Cyprus exhibited lower total concentration. The antibiotic occurrence data in the final effluents were used for the assessment of their impact on the aquatic environment. Both, environmental predicted no effect concentration (PNEC-ENVs) and the PNECs based on minimal inhibitory concentrations (PNEC-MICs) were considered for the evaluation of the impact on microbial communities in aquatic systems and on the evolution of antibiotic resistance, respectively. Based on this analysis, three compounds, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and cefalexin are proposed as markers of antibiotic pollution, as they could occasionally pose a risk to the environment. Integrated studies like this are crucial to map the impact of antibiotic pollution and to provide the basis for designing water quality and environmental risk in regular water monitoring programs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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44. Infectious salmon anaemia virus-molecular biology and pathogenesis of the infection.
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Rimstad E and Markussen T
- Subjects
- Animals, Evolution, Molecular, Fisheries, Isavirus growth & development, Mutation, Orthomyxoviridae Infections transmission, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Viral Proteins genetics, Virulence genetics, Fish Diseases virology, Isavirus genetics, Isavirus pathogenicity, Orthomyxoviridae Infections veterinary, Salmo salar virology
- Abstract
Aquaculture has a long history in many parts of the world, but it is still young at an industrial scale. Marine fish farming in open nets of a single fish species at high densities compared to their wild compatriots opens a plethora of possible infections. Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is an example of disease that surfaced after large-scale farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) appeared. Here, a review of the molecular biology of the ISA virus (ISAV) with emphasis on its pathogenicity is presented. The avirulent HPR0 variant of ISAV has resisted propagation in cell cultures, which has restricted the ability to perform in vivo experiments with this variant. The transition from avirulent HPR0 to virulent HPRΔ has not been methodically studied under controlled experimental conditions, and the triggers of the transition from avirulent to virulent forms have not been mapped. Genetic segment reassortment, recombination and mutations are important mechanisms in ISAV evolution, and for the development of virulence. In the 25 years since the ISAV was identified, large amounts of sequence data have been collected for epidemiologic and transmission studies, however, the lack of good experimental models for HPR0 make the risk evaluation of the presence of this avirulent, ubiquitous variant uncertain. This review summarizes the current knowledge related to molecular biology and pathogenicity of this important aquatic orthomyxovirus., (© 2019 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)
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- 2020
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45. Is clinical effect of autologous conditioned serum in spontaneously occurring equine articular lameness related to ACS cytokine profile?
- Author
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Marques-Smith P, Kallerud AS, Johansen GM, Boysen P, Jacobsen AM, Reitan KM, Henriksen MM, Löfgren M, and Fjordbakk CT
- Subjects
- Animals, Cohort Studies, Female, Horses, Injections, Intra-Articular veterinary, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I analysis, Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein blood, Male, Prospective Studies, Transforming Growth Factor beta blood, Treatment Outcome, Biological Therapy veterinary, Horse Diseases therapy, Lameness, Animal therapy, Serum chemistry
- Abstract
Background: Biologic' therapies, such as autologous conditioned serum (ACS), are gaining popularity in treating orthopaedic conditions in equine veterinary medicine. Evidence is scarce regarding ACS constituents, and large inter-individual differences in cytokine and growth factor content have been demonstrated. The objective of the current study was to investigate the potential association between cytokine and growth factor content of ACS and clinical effect in harness racehorses with spontaneously occurring low-grade articular lameness. Horses received 3 intra-articular injections of ACS administered at approximately 2-week intervals. Lameness evaluation consisting of a trot-up with subsequent flexions tests was performed at inclusion and approximately 2 weeks after the last treatment (re-evaluation); horses were classified as responders when there was no detectable lameness on trot-up and a minimum of 50% reduction in flexion test scores at re-evaluation. Association between clinical outcome (responders vs. non-responders) and age, lameness grades at inclusion (both initial trot-up and after flexion tests), treatment interval, follow-up time and the ACS content of IL-1Ra, IGF-1 and TGF-β was determined by regression modelling., Results: Outcome analysis was available for 19 of 20 included horses; 11 responded to treatment whereas 8 did not. There was considerable inter-individual variability in cytokine/growth factor content of ACS, and in the majority of the horses, the level of IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α was below the detection limit. In the final multivariate logistic regression model, ACS content of IGF-1 and IL-1Ra was significantly associated with clinical response (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). No association with clinical response was found for the other tested variables., Conclusions: The therapeutic benefit of ACS may be related to higher levels of IL-1Ra and IGF-1. Our study corroborates previous findings of considerable inter-individual variability of cytokine- and growth factor content in ACS.
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- 2020
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46. Effect of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast as a protein source on intestinal microbiota and butyrate levels in post-weaning piglets.
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Iakhno S, Umu ÖCO, Håkenåsen IM, Åkesson CP, Mydland LT, Press CM, Sørum H, and Øverland M
- Abstract
Background: Dietary yeast inclusions in a pig diet may drive changes both in gut bacterial composition and bacterial functional profile. This study investigated the effect of Cyberlindnera jadinii as a protein to replace 40% of the conventional proteins in a diet for weanling pigs on the microbiota in the small and large intestine, colonic short-chain fatty acid concentration, and colonic histopathology parameters. Seventy-two pigs weaned at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to either a control or a C. jadinii-based diet and followed for 2 weeks., Results: Compared with the controls, higher numbers of cultivable lactic acid-producing bacteria in the small and large intestine were registered in the yeast group. Alpha and beta bacterial diversity were different between the diet groups with lower alpha-diversity and distinct bacterial composition in the large intestine in the yeast group compared with those of the controls. The large intestine microbiota in the yeast group had higher numbers of Prevotella, Mitsuokella and Selenomonas compared with those of the controls. The concentrations of colonic acetate and butyrate were higher in the controls compared with that of the yeast group. The colonic crypt depth was deeper in the control group. The gut histopathology of colonic tissues revealed no differences between the diets. The colonic crypt depth tended to be deeper with higher relative abundance of an unclassified Spirochetes, higher colonic butyrate concentration, and higher bacterial richness. The concentration of colonic butyrate was positively associated with the relative abundance of the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Dialister, and an unclassified amplicon of the Spirochaetaceae family in the colon., Conclusions: The replacement of the conventional proteins by proteins from Cyberlindnera jadinii in a weanling pig diet reshaped the large intestine microbiota structure. The novel yeast diet appeared to be selective for Lactobacillus spp., which may represent an added value resulting from using the sustainably produced yeast protein ingredient as an alternative to conventional protein ingredients in animal diets. The large intestine bacterial composition and their metabolites may be involved in an adaptive alteration of the colonic crypts without pathological consequences.
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- 2020
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47. Parasites in the changing world - Ten timely examples from the Nordic-Baltic region.
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Deksne G, Davidson RK, Buchmann K, Kärssin A, Kirjušina M, Gavarāne I, Miller AL, Pálsdóttir GR, Robertson LJ, Mørk T, Oksanen A, Palinauskas V, and Jokelainen P
- Abstract
The world is changing, and parasites adapt. The Nordic-Baltic region in northern Europe - including the Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and the Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - is facing new parasitological challenges due to changes in populations of parasites and their hosts and the spread of new parasites to the region due to climate change. Some changes can also be ascribed to increased awareness and detection. In this paper, we review and discuss a convenience selection of ten timely examples of recent observations that exemplify trends and challenges from different fields of parasitology, with particular focus on climate change and potential changes in epidemiology of pathogens in northern Europe. The examples illustrate how addressing parasitological challenges often requires both intersectoral and international collaboration, and how using both historical baseline data and modern methodologies are needed., (© 2020 The Authors.)
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- 2020
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48. Using Biosecurity Measures to Combat Respiratory Disease in Cattle: The Norwegian Control Program for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bovine Coronavirus.
- Author
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Stokstad M, Klem TB, Myrmel M, Oma VS, Toftaker I, Østerås O, and Nødtvedt A
- Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cause important health problems in all cattle husbandry systems. It contributes substantially to the use of antimicrobial substances and compromises animal welfare and the sustainability of the cattle industry. The existing preventive measures of BRD focus at the individual animal or herd level and include vaccination, mass treatment with antimicrobials and improvement of the animal's environment and general health status. Despite progress in our understanding of disease mechanism and technological development, the current preventive measures are not sufficiently effective. Thus, there is a need for alternative, sustainable strategies to combat the disease. Some of the primary infectious agents in the BRD complex are viruses that are easily transmitted between herds such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV). This conceptual analysis presents arguments for combatting BRD through improved external biosecurity in the cattle herds. As an example of a population-based approach to the control of BRD, the Norwegian BRSV/BCoV control-program is presented. The program is voluntary and launched by the national cattle industry. The core principle is classification of herds based on antibody testing and subsequent prevention of virus-introduction through improved biosecurity measures. Measures include external herd biosecurity barriers and regulations in the organization of animal trade to reduce direct and indirect transmission of virus. Improved biosecurity in a large proportion of herds will lead to a considerable effect at the population level. Positive herds are believed to gain freedom by time if new introduction is avoided. Vaccination is not used as part of the program. Dissemination of information to producers and veterinarians is essential. We believe that reducing the incidence of BRD in cattle is essential and will lead to reduced antimicrobial usage while at the same time improving animal health, welfare and production. Alternative approaches to the traditional control measures are needed., (Copyright © 2020 Stokstad, Klem, Myrmel, Oma, Toftaker, Østerås and Nødtvedt.)
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- 2020
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49. The Influence of Persistent Organic Pollutants on Thyroidal, Reproductive and Adrenal Hormones After Bariatric Surgery.
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Jansen A, Berg JP, Klungsøyr O, Müller MHB, Lyche JL, and Aaseth JO
- Subjects
- Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Male, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Thyroid Gland, Bariatric Surgery, Obesity, Morbid surgery
- Abstract
Introduction: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) are suspected endocrine disruptors., Aim: To evaluate the associations between POPs and thyroidal, reproductive, and adrenal hormones in a study population treated with bariatric surgery., Methods: Blood samples from a cohort of 63 participants before and 1 year after bariatric surgery were analyzed for 16 lipophilic POPs, 17 PFASs, and thyroidal, reproductive, and adrenal hormones. Participants reporting relevant medical conditions or interfering medication were excluded, and plausible confounders were corrected for in multiple regression analyses., Results: Free thyroxine (fT
4 ) showed a significant decrease from preoperative to postoperative follow-up, and regression analyses demonstrated that p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p-DDE) was inversely associated with the ratio free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine (fT3 /fT4 ). Testosterone concentrations in male participants increased significantly in the study period, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) increased in both gender. Regression analyses showed positive associations between increased levels of lipophilic POPs and the raised postoperative testosterone and SHBG concentrations in males. For females, an inverse association between the sum perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (ΣPFCA) and SHBG was seen. Regression analyses of postoperative serum cortisol concentrations on changes in hexachlorobenzene (HCB) showed a non-significant inverse association., Conclusion: The results suggest that POPs may have an influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes after bariatric surgery. Because of small sample sizes and discrepancy in the sampling time points pre- and postoperatively, the observed hormonal impacts of POPs must be interpreted as associative and not causative. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings.- Published
- 2020
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50. Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle.
- Author
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Bjørgen H, Kumar S, Gunnes G, Press CM, Rimstad E, and Koppang EO
- Subjects
- Animals, Aquaculture, Biomarkers analysis, Down-Regulation, Immunity, Innate, Immunohistochemistry, In Situ Hybridization, Inflammation immunology, Interleukin-10 genetics, Muscles immunology, Fish Diseases immunology, Hemorrhage immunology, Inflammation pathology, Muscles pathology, Salmo salar anatomy & histology, Salmo salar immunology
- Abstract
Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are prone to various conditions affecting the quality of the fillet. A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages and acute inflammation. They can progress into focal melanised changes, a chronic inflammatory condition with melanin-producing leukocytes. The initial cause of intramuscular haemorrhages is unknown. In this study, we aimed to reveal some of their key immunological features. Samples of red focal changes were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH) and RT-qPCR for various immune markers. The results were compared with samples of melanised changes and control muscle, subjected to the same analyses. In all red changes, infiltrates with mononuclear cells were detected, consisting mostly of MHC class I/II
+ cells, but also of CD3+ and CD8+ cells. ISH studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed upregulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanised changes. An important result was the significant downregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes. Our findings indicate that we can rule out an auto invasive nature of the changes. The downregulation of IL10 at an early phase is a trait for the condition., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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