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Objective Models of addiction often posit bidirectional and dynamic associations between constructs relevant to the etiology and maintenance of addictive behaviors. The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) is commonly used in addiction research but has been critiqued for not appropriately adjusting for between-person variance. Alternatives to the CLPM have been suggested but remain underutilized. The primary purpose of this article is to highlight interpretational limitations of the CLPM and to provide examples of alternative models. Method We specified CLPM, Random-Intercept CLPM, and a Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals using four waves of data from Project MATCH (n = 1,201). We modeled prospective relations among depression symptoms and temptation to drink. Substantive inferences and assumptions across models were compared. Results The CLPM provided the most evidence of significant cross-lagged paths but the poorest fit to the data compared to other models. Alternative models found little evidence of prospective within-person associations, and more evidence for between-person associations and wave-specific within-person relations between depression symptoms and temptation to drink. Conclusions This study highlights shortcomings of the CLPM and details alternative models to consider. Addiction researchers should consider alternatives to the CLPM to more optimally delineate relations among constructs across time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Gross motor skills are postulated to have a bidirectional relationship with physical activity (PA); however, no study has tested this relationship before and after a summer break. The purpose of this study was to examine the bidirectional relationships between school PA and gross motor skills in children before and after a summer break. Methods Participants were a sample of 440 children recruited from 3 low-income schools (mean age = 8.9 ± 1.2 years, mean ± SD). PA was assessed as average school-day step counts using Yamax DigiWalker (Yamasa Tokei Keiki, Tokyo, Japan) pedometers worn for 5 consecutive school days. Gross motor skills were assessed using the Test for Gross Motor Development, 3rd edition. Data were collected at 2 timepoints: at the end of spring semester (T1) and at the beginning of the subsequent fall semester (T2). An age- and body mass index-adjusted cross-lagged model was employed to relate T1 school step counts with T2 gross motor skills and T1 gross motor skills with T2 school step counts. Results T1 gross motor skills significantly predicted T2 school step counts (β = 0.24, 95%CI: 0.08 to 0.40, p = 0.003); however, T1 school step counts did not predict T2 gross motor skills (β = 0.04, 95%CI: –0.06 to 0.14, p = 0.445). The model explained 35.4% and 15.9% of the variances of T2 gross motor skills and T2 school step counts, respectively. Additional analyses indicated that these relationships were driven primarily by ball skills. Conclusion The relationship between gross motor skills and school PA was not bidirectional; however, higher gross motor skills, specifically ball skills, predicted higher school PA after a 3-month summer break.

OBJECTIVE: Anger is a salient feature of posttraumatic mental health which is linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may have implications for treatment. However, the nature of associations involving anger and PTSD remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine bidirectional influences involving anger and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11 PTSD symptom clusters over time among treatment-seeking veterans. METHOD: Current or ex-serving members (n = 742; 92.4% male) who participated in an accredited outpatient PTSD treatment program were administered measures of PTSD symptoms (PTSD checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition [PCL-5]) and anger (Dimensions of Anger Reactions Scale-5 [DAR-5]) at treatment intake, discharge, and three-month follow-up. Bidirectional influences were assessed using cross-lagged panel analyses. RESULTS: The majority of participants (78%) exhibited significant anger problems at intake. Cross-lagged analyses showed anger was associated with relative increases in PTSD symptoms of intrusive reexperiencing and avoidance at posttreatment, whereas no reverse effects of any PTSD symptoms on anger were observed. Anger continued to influence changes in heightened sense of threat and avoidance symptoms at three-months posttreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Anger influences change in specific PTSD symptoms over time among military veterans in treatment and may interfere with treatments for PTSD. Veterans who present to clinical services with anger problems may benefit from anger interventions prior to commencing trauma-focused treatment. The findings have additional implications for conceptual models of the relationship between anger and PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Sleep quality is an important indicator of quality of life. It is of importance to investigate the risk factors and potential consequences of poor sleep quality, such as perceived stress and suicidal ideation. We therefore investigated the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships among perceived stress, suicidal ideation, and sleep quality.A three-wave longitudinal survey was conducted from June 2019 to June 2020 at six-month intervals in undergraduate students (N = 197, 58.9% female) in China. The participants completed self-report questionnaires in classroom settings.While the levels of perceived stress were stable, levels of suicidal ideation and sleep quality fluctuated significantly over time. There were significant reciprocal relationships between perceived stress and suicidal ideation from T1 to T3. In addition, the reciprocal relationships between suicidal ideation and sleep quality from T1 to T2 were also significant. Suicidal ideation at T2 partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress at T1 and sleep quality at T3 (indirect effect: β=0.06, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.10, p0.001), and suicidal ideation at T2 fully mediated the relationship between sleep quality at T1 and perceived stress at T3 (indirect effect: β=0.48, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.70, p0.001).The subjects' educational background is single, and the measurement method is self-report measures.Suicidal ideation may play a significant role in explaining the longitudinal relationships between perceived stress and sleep quality. And suggest the importance of early identification and treatment of suicidal ideation among Chinese undergraduates.

Researchers often combine longitudinal panel data analysis with tests of interactions (i.e., moderation). A popular example is the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM). However, interaction tests in CLPMs and related models require caution because stable (i.e., between-level, B) and dynamic (i.e., within-level, W) sources of variation are present in longitudinal data, which can conflate estimates of interaction effects. We address this by integrating literature on CLPMs, multilevel moderation, and latent interactions. Distinguishing stable B and dynamic W parts, we describe three types of interactions that are of interest to researchers: 1) purely dynamic or WxW; 2) cross-level or BxW; and 3) purely stable or BxB. We demonstrate estimating latent interaction effects in a CLPM using a Bayesian SEM in Mplus to apply relationships among work-family conflict and job satisfaction, using gender as a stable B variable. We support our approach via simulations, demonstrating that our proposed CLPM approach is superior to a traditional CLPMs that conflate B and W sources of variation. We describe higher-order nonlinearities as a possible extension, and we discuss limitations and future research directions.

Research conceptualized meaningful work as an important resource reducing work-related strain. Literature has however neglected the possibility that the relationship between meaningful work and str...

Are feelings of not mattering an antecedent of depressive symptoms, a consequence, or both? Most investigations focus exclusively on feelings of not mattering as an antecedent of depressive symptoms. Our current study examines a vulnerability model, a complication model, and a reciprocal relations model according to a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). A sample of 197 community adults completed the General Mattering Scale (GMS), the Anti-Mattering Scale (AMS), and a depression measure at three time points (i.e., baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks). GMS and AMS scores were associated robustly with depressive symptoms at each time point. Other results highlighted the need to distinguish levels of anti-mattering and mattering. CLPM analyses supported a reciprocal relations model of anti-mattering (assessed by the AMS) and depressive symptoms and a complication model linking mattering (assessed by the GMS) and depressive symptoms. The RI-CLPM analyses provided tentative support only for a complication model of anti-mattering and depressive symptoms. Our findings highlight the differences between measures of the mattering construct and the need to adopt a temporal perspective that considers key nuances and the interplay among feelings of mattering, feelings of not mattering, and depression.

This study explored the two-way relationship between parent–child communication and the friendship quality of early adolescents, as well as the stability of these constructs and of gender differences, using a cross-lagged analysis. We conducted a 10-month follow-up study with 842 adolescents using the Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale and the Friendship Quality Questionnaire. Results show that both father–child and mother–child communication at Time 1 significantly and positively predicted friendship quality in early adolescence as measured at Time 2; that is, the better was parent–child communication at Time 1, the higher was the friendship quality in early adolescence at Time 2. However, friendship quality at Time 1 did not significantly predict parent–child at Time 2. Additionally, parent–child communication and friendship quality were better among children in seventh compared to eighth grade. Girls' friendship quality was higher than that of boys, whereas boys' parent–child communication was better than that of girls.

신경성 폭식증 증상과 우울 증상은 청소년기와 초기성인기에 공병할 위험이 높은 것으로 알려져 있으나, 두 증상의 양방향적 관련성을 조사하려는 시도는 부족하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 고위험 여자대학생들을 대상으로 신경성 폭식증 증상과 우울 증상이 시간에 따라 서로 예측하는 과정을 종단자료 분석을 통해 검증하고자 하였다. 이때 신경성 폭식증과 우울장애의 중요한 위험요인으로 여겨지는 부정정서와 정서조절곤란을 통제함으로써, 두 증상 간 양방향적 관계를 더 엄격히 분석하였다. 이를 위해 이미 일정 수준 이상의 섭식문제를 경험하고 있는 신경성 폭식증 고위험 여자대학생 117명을 표집 하여 자기보고식 설문지를 이용해 신경성 폭식증 증상과 우울 증상, 부정정서, 정서조절곤란을 6개월 간격으로 총 3회 측정하였다. 자기회귀교차지연 모형 분석 결과, 이전 시점의 우울 증상이 6개월 후 시점의 신경성 폭식증 증상을 유의하게 예측하였으며, 이는 부정정서와 정서조절곤란의 효과를 통제한 후에도 유의하였다. 반면, 이전 시점의 신경성 폭식증 증상은 이후 시점의 우울 증상을 예측하지 못하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 이론적, 임상적 함의와 한계점을 논하였다.

Acculturative stress and bicultural acceptance attitudes are important predictors of adaptation and success in multicultural adolescents, and the two variables seem closely related. Furthermore, clarifying the causal relationship between the two variables may be important in the development of strategies to facilitate their adaptation to South Korean society. we used an autoregressive cross-lagged model to examine the causal relationship between Acculturative stress and bicultural acceptance attitudes based on the data of 1635 adolescents from the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study. Autoregressive analysis indicated that acculturative stress and bicultural acceptance attitudes remained stable over time. Cross-lagged analysis showed that bicultural acceptance attitude negatively affected acculturative stress, while acculturative stress had no significant effect on bicultural acceptance attitudes. Bicultural acceptance attitudes decrease acculturative stress. Thus, in order to reduce the acculturative stress experienced by multicultural adolescents during acculturation and to prevent psychological and emotional problems, personal and social efforts are needed to increase bicultural acceptance attitudes.

This study examines whether the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in the workplace can make employees satisfied with AI service quality and increase their job satisfaction. The study's conceptual framework was tested using a cross-lagged panel analysis (N = 313) of hotel employees and managers in Vietnam. This research shows that AI satisfaction with service quality mediated the impact of AI service quality on employees’ job satisfaction. Job level had a moderating effect on the impact of AI service quality on AI satisfaction and job satisfaction, such that AI service quality had an impact on AI satisfaction only in the non-supervisory group but had an impact on job satisfaction in both non-supervisory and supervisor/manager groups. AI service quality affected AI satisfaction in both job roles (frontline and back-end employee roles), but only influenced job satisfaction for the back-end employee role. The implications of our findings for future research and practice are discussed.

Following from an adapted family stress model (FSM), we used two-wave, secondary data from the Building Strong Families project, focusing on 4,424 primarily lower-income, unmarried couples expecting their first child together. We used cross-lagged analyses to test the directionality of the associations among financial difficulties, depressive symptoms, destructive interparental conflict, and coparenting alliance for both fathers and mothers when children were 15 and 36 months old. Two of the three hypotheses provided support for the FSM. First, destructive conflict predicted coparenting alliance (but not the reverse). Specifically, higher destructive conflict at 15 months for both fathers and mothers predicted lower coparenting alliance at 36 months for both fathers and mothers. Second, depressive symptoms predicted destructive conflict (but not the reverse). Specifically, fathers' (but not mothers') higher depressive symptoms at 15 months predicted both their own and mothers' higher destructive conflict at 36 months. Contrary to predictions, financial difficulties did not predict depressive symptoms; instead, we found support for the reverse: For mothers only, higher depressive symptoms at 15 months predicted higher financial difficulties at 36 months. Collectively, the results support the use of the FSM to understand the directionality of associations among key risk factors, especially depressive symptoms and destructive conflict, for primarily lower-income, unmarried couples expecting their first child together. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to examine the bidirectional relationship between physical activity (PA) and purpose in life in an older adult sample using longitudinal data. Method: Data were collected from three waves (2006, 2010, and 2014) of the Health and Retirement Study. A total of 4591 participants who had complete information of PA and purpose in life at baseline were included in the current study. A series of cross-lagged models were tested separately for vigorous-intensity PA, moderate-intensity PA, and light-intensity PA. Results: While higher levels of purpose in life were associated with more frequent engagement in future vigorous-intensity PA, moderate-intensity PA, and light-intensity PA, none of the PA variables predicted subsequent purpose in life. Discussion: The results did not support a reciprocal relationship between PA and purpose in life in older adults. It is more likely that purpose in life predicts PA, rather than vice versa.

Objective Pain catastrophizing is an important psychological predictor of pain. Recent evidence suggests the relationship between catastrophizing and pain intensity could be bidirectional, but most studies have been conducted on chronic pain patients and using criticized statistical methods. The present study aimed to examine if the relationship between pain intensity and catastrophizing was bidirectional in the context of childbirth. Methods A total of 504 women without chronic pain were recruited on their 32–37 gestational week. They completed measures of catastrophizing and pain intensity on the first encounter and then again at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. The temporal relationship between the variables was assessed using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Results The hypothesis of reciprocal association did not receive support, as pain intensity predicted catastrophizing during the postpartum period, but catastrophizing did not show an effect over pain intensity at any moment. Conclusions Pain intensity predicting catastrophizing is consistent with previous literature, while the lack of effect of catastrophizing over pain intensity is an unexpected result, which may suggest that catastrophizing plays a different role in the postpartum period. These results highlight the importance of timely efforts for pain management during the postpartum period and contribute to the theoretical conceptualization of catastrophizing.

Hedonia and eudaimonia have been proposed as pathways to well-being. However, the direction of the causal relationship between them remains unclear. This study examined if happiness motivations may...

Cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) are common, but their applications often focus on “short-run” effects among temporally proximal observations. This addresses questions about how dynamic systems may immediately respond to interventions, but fails to show how systems evolve over longer timeframes. We explore three types of “long-run” effects in dynamic systems that extend recent work on “impulse responses,” which reflect potential long-run effects of one-time interventions. Going beyond these, we first treat evaluations of system (in)stability by testing for “permanent effects,” which are important because in unstable systems even a one-time intervention may have enduring effects. Second, we explore classic econometric long-run effects that show how dynamic systems may respond to interventions that are sustained over time. Third, we treat “accumulated responses” to model how systems may respond to repeated interventions over time. We illustrate tests of each long-run effect in a simulated dataset and we provide all materials online including user-friendly R code that automates estimating, testing, reporting, and plotting all effects (see https://doi.org/10.26188/13506861 ). We conclude by emphasizing the value of aligning specific longitudinal hypotheses with quantitative methods.

The present research investigated the quasi-causal relationship between foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) and English performance in relation to gender and discipline via cross-lagged regression analyses. A total of 934 freshmen from a well-known state-owned university in Beijing answered the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale and a background questionnaire at the beginning and the end of a term. Their English test scores in both phases were also collected. Results demonstrated that FLCA was significantly negatively correlated with English test performance for all students. Another major finding was that the overall FLCA, low self-confidence in speaking English, and worry about English classroom performance impacted the students’ test performance differently, depending on gender and discipline, so did test performance impact different aspects of FLCA. These findings show that FLCA is a primary cause for test performance, while the latter is not necessarily an important cause for the former.

The aim of this study was to examine individual differences in the day-by-day relationship between negative affect (NA) and rumination in terms of their inertia, innovation, and cross-lagged effects among people living with HIV (PLWH).The participants were 217 PLWH with confirmed diagnoses of HIV and undergoing antiretroviral treatment. They assessed their NA and rumination for five consecutive days each evening via an online survey.Results showed that inertia in NA isThe results support the view that intensity, inertia, and innovation are distinct dimensions in spite of the common assumption that higher overall intensity of emotions and coping should be strongly related or even synonymous to their perseveration.

Work-related extended availability (WREA) refers to employees being available for work-related matters during leisure time. Although studies have suggested negative effects of WREA on employee health, there is a scarcity of longitudinal research especially studies trying to disentangle how WREA may impact health. Moreover, there are only few studies dealing with interindividual differences in the effects of WREA on health. These aspects are crucial as they can help laying a foundation for interventions that help coming to terms with negative effects of WREA. The current study implemented a cross-lagged panel design with three waves to clarify how effects of WREA unfold and whether there are interindividual differences. Based on the stressor-detachment-model and person-environmental-fit theory, we proposed that (1) the relationship between WREA and sleep as well as between WREA and exhaustion is mediated by psychological detachment, and (2) that the relationship between WREA and the outcomes is moderated by segmentation preferences. In total, 528 employees (320 women, mean age = 48 years) participated in the study. Although there was a cross-lagged negative association between WREA and detachment, we did not find an indirect relationship between WREA and either sleep or exhaustion via detachment. Moreover, we did not find evidence for interindividual differences in the effects of WREA on any of the outcomes. On the basis of the negative cross-lagged relationship between WREA and detachment from work, we recommend organizations to discourage employees from WREA, because failure to regularly recover from work may lead to health issues in the long run.

Purpose The study aims to develop measures for innovation effectiveness impacting organizational performance outcomes. Substantial evidence suggests that measuring innovation effectiveness (IE) continues to be challenging because of the use of different measures across innovation’s broad spectrum. The purpose of this study is to overcome it by examining multiple drivers of IE in emerging market economies (EMEs) and predicting their impact on financial and nonfinancial performance outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Through a two-wave panel design, firms from India, Oman and the United Arab Emirates participated in the study with a time lapse of 12 months (T1n = 417, T2n = 403). Four cross-lagged competing models are tested for autoregressive, causal, reversed and reciprocal effects using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings The findings show that the synergistic effect of multiple innovation characteristics, such as innovation degree, cost, frequency and speed determines its endogenous effectiveness. The exogenous effectiveness of innovation is further established through its impact on financial and nonfinancial performance outcomes. Furthermore, readiness for innovation (RFI) is a critical factor that moderates the relationship between drivers and IE. Practical implications The study’s findings could inform practitioners in emerging market economies about the appropriate measures of IE. It will guide managerial decisions on making an investment, evaluation, accountability and strategic choices related to innovation. Originality/value It is one of the first studies that use a time-based lens to examine IE in EMEs. It posits that given the innovation’s complexity, IE needs to be measured at multiple levels. The study explains how evolutionary dynamics in different sociocultural contexts can bring a new perspective into theory of diffusion of innovation. The moderating role of RFI brings new insights into the IE process and emphasizes its importance in objective-driven and performance-focused innovation efforts.

Introduction The present study examined the longitudinal relations between maternal psychological control and emotion regulation in Chinese adolescents. Specifically, we examined how emotion regulation was reciprocally associated with multiple dimensions of psychological control, including love withdrawal, guilt induction, and shaming in the Chinese cultural context. Methods Participants consisted of 865 Chinese students from fourth through eighth grade (50.8% girls; Mage = 11.82 years at Wave 1, SDage = 1.28 at Wave 1, range = 10–15 years). Data were collected at two time-periods over a one-year period. Children reported on their emotion regulation. Mothers rated their engagement in love withdrawal, guilt induction, and shaming. Results Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed an adequate model fit. Children's emotion regulation at study onset predicted decreases in all three dimensions of maternal psychological control one year later, whereas the three dimensions of maternal psychological control did not significantly predict emotion regulation one year later. Conclusions Findings revealed the longitudinal associations among child emotion regulation and maternal psychological control within a specific cultural context. Implications for the meaning of psychological control parenting in Chinese culture are discussed.

Numerous studies have discussed the relationship between boredom proneness and mobile phone addiction based on cross-sectional data. However, the direction of the link between these two constructs remains unknown. The current study intended to explore the longitudinal relationship between boredom proneness and mobile phone addiction by conducting a cross-lagged analysis. Three hundred and fifty-two Chinese college students (55.1% female) completed questionnaires assessing boredom proneness and mobile phone addiction twice with an interval of 8 months. The cross-lagged analyses suggested that boredom proneness and mobile phone addiction are mutually influenced, and mobile phone addiction is a stronger predictor of boredom proneness than the other way around. Besides, the multi-group analysis demonstrated that the bidirectional relationship remained consistent across gender. Given the vicious circle between these two constructs, schools should pay close attention to preventive education and counseling for college students’ boredom proneness and mobile phone addiction.

Purpose Prevalence of past 30-day tobacco and marijuana use are highest among young adults in the U.S., and comorbid use of these products is common. However, it is unclear whether the use of one product precedes the other—an important consideration, given the new climate surrounding marijuana legalization and the popularity of e-cigarette products. Methods Six-panel cross-lagged regression models, with 6 months between each panel/wave, were used to model bidirectional paths between past 30-day use and comorbid use of marijuana and tobacco products from 2014 to 2017 among young adults (N = 5,221 college students, aged 18–25 years). Results Combustible tobacco use and e-cigarette use were prospectively associated with greater risk of future marijuana use while controlling for the stability of use over time, age, race/ethnicity, and sex. Marijuana use was prospectively associated with greater risk of future combustible tobacco and e-cigarette use. Comorbid use was common, but while the odds of comorbid use decreased with increasing age, odds of tobacco use increased. Conclusions More young adults may be consolidating their use than are successfully ceasing their tobacco or marijuana use as they mature through young adulthood. Although we observed decreases in comorbid use of combustible tobacco with marijuana and e-cigarettes with marijuana, we simultaneously observed strong stability in single use of these products over time. Taken together, these results should help structure interventions specific to young adults that target use and comorbid use in early young adulthood to discourage initiation, encourage cessation, and curb subsequent escalation in later young adulthood.

Background Student engagement denotes active participation in academic work through commitment and involvement in learning tasks (Appleton et al., 2006, Journal of School Psychology, 44, 427). This study looks at questions such as whether engagement experiences in one lesson have an effect on the next lesson. In the present study, process‐oriented analyses were conducted to examine lower secondary school students’ engagement experiences and the stability of those experiences from one lesson to the next. Aims (1) To what extent are students’ engagement experiences, in terms of behavioural and cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, and disaffection, stable from one lesson to the next (autoregressive cyclic effects)? (2) What are the cross‐lagged relationships (dynamic effects) between engagement experiences from one lesson to the next? Sample The sample consisted of 56 Finnish lower secondary school students. The students provided ratings of their engagement experiences at the end of each lesson for one week (5 days, 975 ratings). Each student rated, on average, 17.4 lessons (SD = 5.67). Methods We specified multilevel dynamic structural equation models with random slopes. Results The models showed small significant sustainability in behavioural and cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, and disaffection from one lesson to the next, regardless of subject matter and teacher continuity. Higher behavioural and cognitive engagement in a lesson also had a self‐diminishing effect on disaffection. Conclusions The present study provides valuable information to teachers by showing that an experience in one lesson can have an effect on subsequent ones. peerReviewed

This article aims to explore the possible causal relationship between loneliness and depression in college students. Two hundred and fifty-nine college students had been investigated four times in ...

The causal relationship between envy and depression is currently far from clear. We conducted a cross-lagged regression analysis of data on envy and depression, obtained from a nonclinical sample of 260 undergraduate students at two time points spaced 14 months apart. From the perspective of social comparison theory, the results show that although after 14 months envy positively predicted depression, depression did not predict envy. The envy–depression relationship is, thus, a unidirectional causality. In addition, there was no overall gender effect on the relationship between envy and depression. Our finding of the effect of upward social comparison on the envy–depression relationship provides guidance for the treatment of depression in clinical practice.

Previous studies demonstrate that cyberbullying perpetration and sleep quality likely have vital linkages to each other and to emotional distress. In this article, we examine the bidirectional association between cyberbullying perpetration, sleep quality, and emotional distress in a longitudinal data set with two waves of data collection (T1 and T2, 8 months apart). The participants included 661 Chinese junior high school students (n = 661; mean age, 14.02; 61.4% male) who filled out the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory-Cyberbullying Subscale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Results revealed that cyberbullying and sleep quality would predict each other over time, and significant bidirectional relationships were found between sleep quality and emotional distress across T1 and T2. Cyberbullying at T1 would not predict the emotional distress at T2, whereas emotional distress at T1 was associated with cyberbullying at T2.

Objective Involuntary job loss can lead to symptoms of complicated grief (CG), depression, and anxiety. Information about the temporal linkage between these symptoms is limited and may have implications for the treatment of those suffering from mental health complaints after dismissal. The aim of this study was to explore the possible reciprocal relationships between symptoms of CG, depression, and anxiety following involuntary job loss. Method We recruited 128 Dutch workers who had lost their job within the past 12 months, including 72 males and 56 females with an average age of 49.8 (SD = 9.0) years. They completed questionnaires tapping CG, depression, and anxiety symptoms at baseline (Time 1) and a 6‐month follow‐up (Time 2). Several cross‐lagged panel models were compared. Results Our analyses indicated that CG symptom severity following job loss at Time 1 predicted depression at Time 2, but not vice versa. Similar results were found for job loss‐related CG and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions Symptom‐levels of CG following job loss predict later depression and anxiety symptoms more strongly than vice versa. This implies that screening and targeting job loss‐related CG symptoms with early interventions might protect individuals from developing depression or anxiety symptoms after their dismissal.

Many methods have been developed to infer reciprocal relations between longitudinally observed variables. Among them, the general cross-lagged panel model (GCLM) is the most recent development as a variant of the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM), while the random-intercept CLPM (RI-CLPM) has rapidly become a popular approach. In this article, we describe how common factors and cross-lagged parameters included in these models can be interpreted, using a unified framework that was recently developed. Because common factors are modeled with lagged effects in the GCLM, they have both direct and indirect influences on observed scores, unlike stable trait factors included in the RI-CLPM. This indicates that the GCLM does not control for stable traits as the RI-CLPM does, and that there are interpretative differences in cross-lagged parameters between these models. We also explain that including such common factors as well as moving-average terms in the GCLM makes this interpretation very complicated.

Despite the assumption about the positive relationship between wellbeing and performance within the happy and productive worker thesis (HPWT), the matter is still under discussion due to inconclusive results. To better understand the link between wellbeing and performance and delineate their possible causal relationships, it is necessary to conduct longitudinal studies with data collection at different moments, as well as broaden the focus by considering different types of wellbeing and performance. To achieve this, the authors of this study analyzed the relationship between intrinsic (IJS) and extrinsic job satisfaction (EJS) with creative performance. The design consisted of a three-time cross-lagged panel design since it permits analyzation of the reciprocal and longitudinal relationship between two or more variables. Our sample was composed of 209 employees from nine different organizations in Spain. The results demonstrated that only IJS predicted creative performance at one of the time intervals. The conclusions were: 1) the relationship between IJS and creative performance might be spurious, 2) it is important to consider IJS and EJS separately because they yield differential results, 3) the relationship between IJS and creative performance is not reciprocal, and 4) it is necessary to increase longitudinal studies in the field.

In this study, we explored the longitudinal linkages among Chinese early adolescents’ unsociability, peer rejection, and loneliness. Participants were N = 445 primary school students in Shanghai, P.R. China followed over 3 years from Grades 6 and 7 to Grades 8 and 9. Measures of adolescents’ unsociability, peer rejection, and loneliness were obtained each year from a combination of self-reports and peer nominations. Among the results, (1) compared with the unidirectional and bidirectional models, the cross-lagged model was deemed the best fit for the data; (2) adolescent unsociability contributed to later increases in loneliness via a pathway through peer rejection; and (3) loneliness directly contributed to later increases in unsociability. Results are discussed in terms of the implications of unsociability for Chinese adolescents’ experience of peer rejection and subsequent loneliness.

This paper explores relationships amongst cross-lagged models allowing trajectories to be freely estimated, some accounting for time-varying differences amongst individuals (Autoregressive Latent Trajectory (ALT), General Cross-lagged Model (GCLM), and Latent Growth Curve Model with Structured Residuals and Unspecified Growth Trajectory (LGCM-SR-UGT)) and some not (Cross-lagged Panel Model (CLPM), Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM), and Mean Stationary GCLM). An applied example using LSAY data demonstrates these models. Simulations examine (1) fit indices assessing “good” fit and Bayes Factor for model selection; (2) consequences of ignoring variability in trajectories on cross-lagged estimates. Findings were (1) RMSEA discerned “good” fit and Bayes Factor tended to select models closely related to true model over less related models; (2) various patterns of bias in path estimates and standard errors are found, in particular, causal dominance in conjunction with time-variant between-person variance and covariance were notably influential on bias in path estimates.

Youth with autism spectrum conditions have been shown to be at an increased risk for bullying victimization. The overall aim of this study was to identify factors associated with increased risk for bullying victimization in youth with autism during middle childhood to early adolescence (aged 5–12 years) and to explore the potential time-ordered associations between bullying victimization and mental health problems 12 months later. The average age of the youth with autism was 7.90 years ( SD = 2.33), 86% were male, 34.6% had an intellectual disability, and 84% were White, non-Hispanic. Youth with autism who experienced bullying victimization (vs no victimization) were older in age, had more severe autism symptoms, and higher levels of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems at study onset. Using two cross-lagged structural equation models, the associations between maternal report of youth bullying victimization and teacher report of youth mental health problems using two waves of data were tested. Internalizing and externalizing mental health problems at Time 1 did not relate to change in likelihood of being bullied 1 year later. In contrast, bullying victimization at Time 1 was associated with an increase in internalizing mental health problems ( β = 0.24, p Lay Abstract Youth with autism spectrum disorders are disproportionately at risk for bullying victimization compared to typically developing children and adolescents. While internalizing and externalizing mental health problems have been linked to victimization experiences, few studies have examined the longitudinal effects bullying victimization experiences may have on youth mental health outcomes. The present study investigated longitudinal associations between bullying victimization and mental health problems in a sample of children with autism in middle childhood to early adolescence (aged 5 to 12 years). Findings from our study suggest that youth with autism who experienced bullying victimization (versus no victimization) were older in age, had more severe autism symptoms, and higher levels of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems at study onset. Though externalizing mental health problems at study onset (Time 1) did not relate to change in the likelihood of being bullied one year later (Time 2), experiences of bullying victimization did relate to an increase in parent reports of internalizing mental health problems. This study expanded on previous cross-sectional studies by including two waves of data in a relatively large sample of youth with autism and highlights important information that may be helpful in adapting approaches to intervention at the individual level. Moreover, our findings support the need for bullying programs that may need to focus particular attention to subgroups of youth with autism who may be most at-risk for bullying victimization such as those with more autism symptoms and those with past experiences of victimization (given the chronic nature of bullying).

Objectives Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are known to smoke cigarettes at elevated levels in comparison to both veterans without PTSD and civilians. This study aims to elucidate how cigarette smoking and PTSD symptoms interact over time. Materials and methods This study examined the directionality and strength of the relationship between average daily cigarette smoking and PTSD symptom severity across three (T1-T3) time points in a large cohort (N = 851) of male and female Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn returning veterans who were either current or former smokers at T1 (mean age = 37.56; standard deviation = 10.10). We used cross-lagged panel analyses to evaluate their temporal relations. Results The analyses indicated that PTSD symptom severity at T1 significantly predicted cigarette smoking at T2, and this predictive association was maintained from T2 to T3. Conversely, smoking at T1 and T2 did not predict PTSD symptom severity at T2 and T3, respectively. Although effect sizes were small, PTSD symptom severity was cross-sectionally related to smoking at T1 and T2, but not T3. In addition, when analyses were examined by gender, the same results were found except these associations were stronger for women than for men cross-sectionally. Conclusion Our findings provide some evidence of a longitudinal association between PTSD symptom severity and tobacco use and highlight potential targets of intervention.

Aim To examine the reciprocal and longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and mobility disability in middle-aged and older Chinese adults with arthritis. Methods We used three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The analytic sample included 4682 community-dwelling adults aged ≥45 years with arthritis who completed the self-report measurement of depressive symptoms and mobility disability every 2 years over a 4-year study period. Analysis involved an autoregressive cross-lagged model. Results The prevalence rates of comorbid depressive symptoms and mobility disability were 38.9%, 33.2% and 38.9%, respectively across three waves. There was a significant bidirectional and longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms and mobility disability among middle-aged and older Chinese adults with arthritis. A higher level of depressive symptoms in previous waves was associated with a subsequent increase in mobility disability over time. A similar pattern was also shown in the opposite direction from mobility disability to depressive symptoms over time. Conclusions This study demonstrates that depressive symptoms and mobility disability are reciprocally related in Chinese adults with arthritis over time. In addition, it highlights the importance of early interventions aimed at reversing the downward spiral of depressive symptoms and mobility disability to improve the health of Chinese adults with arthritis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 873-877.