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This paper discusses two interrelated questions about ontological commitment in the thought of Gregory of Rimini (d. 1358), questions having to do with both hylomorphic composites of matter and substantial form, and with complexe significabilia that typically obtain in cases of substance–accident composition. The first question is that of the existence of real relations: neither hylomorphic composites nor complexe significabilia require real relations tying their various co-located components together. The second is that of the reducibility of such wholes to the sum of their parts: neither hylomorphic composites nor complexe significabilia are anything other than their co-located parts. And all such items can be disunited merely by a divine volition, requiring nothing extramental added to the ontology, and no change in position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic litter is now pervasive in the aquatic environment. Several marine and terrestrial organisms can fragment plastic with their feeding appendages, facilitating its breakdown and generating microplastics. However, similar studies with freshwater organisms are extremely limited. We explored the interactions between the caddisfly larvae Agrypnia sp. and polylactic acid (PLA) film. The use of plastic by larvae to build their protective cases was investigated, along with their ability to fragment the plastic film as they do with leaf litter. Caddisfly consistently incorporated PLA into their cases alongside leaf material. They also used their feeding appendages to rapidly fragment PLA—forming hundreds of submillimeter‐sized microplastics. Although larvae showed a preference for leaf material when constructing cases, plastic use and fragmentation still occurred when leaf material was replete, indicating that this behavior is likely to occur in natural environments that are polluted with plastics. This is thought to be the first documented evidence of active plastic modification by a freshwater invertebrate and therefore reveals a previously unidentified mechanism of plastic fragmentation and microplastic formation in freshwater. Further work is now needed to determine the extent of this behavior across freshwater taxa and the potential implications for the wider ecosystem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3058–3069. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MP) are ubiquitous within the environment, but the approaches to analysis of this contaminant are currently quite diverse, with a number of analytical methods available. The comparability of results is hindered as even for a single analytical method such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) the different instruments currently available do not allow a harmonized analysis. To overcome this limitation, a new free of charge software tool, allowing the systematic identification of MP in the environment (siMPle) was developed. This software tool allows a rapid and harmonized analysis of MP across FT-IR systems from different manufacturers (Bruker Hyperion 3000, Agilent Cary 620/670, PerkinElmer Spotlight 400, and Thermo Fischer Scientific Nicolet iN10). Using the same database and the automated analysis pipeline in siMPle, MP were identified in samples that were analyzed with instruments with different detector systems as well as optical resolutions and the results discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scotus claims that Christ's human nature depends on the second person of the Trinity (he describes a relationship of dependence that a nature, as communicable, has on its suppositum) in a way analogous to that in which an accident depends on a substance. He also claims that Christ's human accidents depend on Christ's human nature. This article addresses whether or not these dependence relations are transitive, and concludes that Scotus denied the transitivity of such dependence relations in order to bring him closer to Zwingli's view -not Luther's-, regarding the Christological question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative importance of ingestion and transdermal uptake of nanomaterials is poorly understood, particularly in sediment dwelling organisms, where diet has the potential to contribute significantly to particle accumulation. In aquatic sediments, nanoparticles may partition to bind with the solid fraction of sediment, be freely mobile in the pore water or, for certain metal/metal oxides, undergo dissolution, each of which could influence the route of nanoparticle uptake. Here, we used the freshwater worm Lumbriculus variegatus as a model species. We took advantage of its unique feeding and non-feeding life-stages to assess the contribution of dietary and transdermal uptake in the bioaccumulation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NP) and soluble Ce(III)NO3. Distribution of cerium between the solid, colloidal and soluble fractions in the sediments was determined through sediment separations using micro and ultrafiltration techniques. We assessed particles of differing sizes (10, 28 and 615 nm CeO2) and stabilizing surfactants (10 nm electrostatic Citrate-CeO2 and steric stabilized PEG-CeO2). Soluble Ce(III)NO3, was found to accumulate readily across the skin of the worms whilst nanoparticles were not. Sediments reduced the uptake of CeIII by limiting the presence of dissolved species of cerium in the pore waters. Neither particle size nor the coatings studied altered the distribution of nanoparticles between solid and colloidal fractions of the sediment, with ∼99% associated to the solid phase. Any uptake of CeO2 nanoparticles into worms was only through ingestion. Stabilized 10 nm particles were retained even after gut clearance, indicating that these particles may translocate across the gut wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literary criticism of the book "Meister Eckhart & the Beguine Mystics" is presented. It discusses about the how the scholastic theologians of the thirteenth century see ecstatic mystical union as prolepsis of the beatific vision, and offer little discussion of it. It is another way of dividing he terrain as proposed by Christian Trottmann in reference to Henry of Ghent.

This paper argues, against A. N. Williams, that Aquinas accepted a doctrine of created grace, in addition to uncreated grace, throughout his career, including in the Summa theologiae. After offering analyses of Aquinas's treatment of created and uncreated grace, it further argues, against Luke Davis Townsend, that according to Aquinas created grace is the formal cause not only of a person's being justified but also of a person's participating in God and being deified. To this extent, these latter are mediated: created grace is what explains someone's participating in God and being deified: 'explains' in the sense of an Aristotelian formal cause, much as (to use one of Aquinas's examples) something's whiteness explains that thing's being white. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medieval accounts of disability by and large (though not universally) defend what is now labeled the “religio-moral” construction of disability: seeing an individual's disability as a punishment for that individual's sin.1 Unsurprisingly, such models are not much in favor among contemporary disability theorists for a number of reasons, among which we might include the unacceptable thought that an individual with disabilities somehow deserves those disabilities. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) accepts some version of this theory, but one rather different from the standard one (or at least, from what is now generally understood as the religio-moral model). Aquinas sees physical impairments—things that constitute a subclass of what he labels “bodily defects”—fundamentally as punishments for original sin. He is (generally) very careful to distance his account of defects from notions of individual punishment. (When he is not, it is because of pressure from Scriptural sources—though as we shall see below he believes that by and large the Bible, too, explicitly rejects the view that disability could be a punishment for individual sin.) So whatever we think of punishment models more generally, Aquinas's certainly removes one of the least appealing aspects of such models as typically understood. And Aquinas is careful, too, to associate many features of the human condition—not just those identified as a certain subclass of defects – with corporate punishment for original sin. To this extent, his account of physical impairments tends to normalize such impairments, and to de-emphasize their distance from other features of post-lapsarian human existence. While I doubt that what Aquinas says about bodily defects would satisfy many contemporary disability theorists, it seems to me that parts of his accout—and not least this normalization strategy—may appeal to more theologically-inflected accounts of the human condition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

According to the so-called “religio-ethical” model of disability accepted in some sense by Aquinas, disability is fundamentally a punishment for wrongdoing. Duns Scotus rejects this view and holds that disability could simply have been part of God’s plan, and that its presence could have been explained simply by virtue of God’s finding beauty in some of the bodily configurations of the disabled. I conclude by showing how Scotus’s view relates to the so-called “social” model of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the long-term impact of schoolwide positive behavioural interventions and supports (PBIS) on student academic achievement. In this quasi-experimental study, academic achievement data were collected over 9 years. The 21 elementary, middle, and high schools that achieved moderate to high fidelity to the Save & Civil Schools’ PBIS model were matched with 28 control schools to assess academic gains. There were 5 years of baseline data (no intervention in treatment schools) and 4 years of intervention data, including 1 year of maintenance. Results indicate that implementation of the PBIS programme was significantly associated with increased student academic achievement (p= .001) and that the rate of change for students’ academic achievement in treatment schools was greater than for students in control schools. This study suggests that PBIS programmes, such as Safe & Civil Schools’Foundations, may complement other efforts to improve academic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the development process of building an assessment model to assess the emotional and behavioural needs of “looked after children”. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a technical paper developing and evaluating a process for comprehensively assessing children ' s needs using a combination of three existing tools. Findings – The paper identifies a model to assess “looked after” children and highlights some of the early benefits and challenges which have been encountered using this model. Practical implications – This paper suggests a model and timeframe to ensure that detailed assessments of the mental health of “looked after” children are effectively carried out. Social implications – There is a potential for an improvement in assessment of looked after children that will lead to the identification of appropriate interventions and services. Originality/value – The paper is new in identifying a combination of assessment measures and a timeline to complete these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, there is a lack of suitable assessment tools specifically for the looked after child population. Such assessments, often completed by foster carers, help to provide an overview of a child's presenting level of emotional and behavioural need, and are evidential in offering a pathway to further provision and services for young people in care. This study explores perspectives of foster carers working at one UK-based independent fostering agency, Five Rivers Child Care (FRCC). The twofold study, conducted in 2017, involved understanding foster carers' perceptions both of routine assessments and subsequent feedback procedures; activities which are mandatory to facilitate foster carers' understanding of the wellbeing needs of the young people within their care. In Study 1, an online quantitative survey established foster carers' (n = 42) experiences of assessment and intervention, over a six-month timeframe. Study 2, conducted with a subsample of carers (n = 6) used telephone interviews to provide additional qualitative insight. The findings of both studies were consistent, highlighting the need for enhanced relevance of assessments, active involvement in the assessment process, more knowledge of the process; greater support with assessments; and further opportunity to self-reflect. The paper reflects on how the findings resulted in developments within the FRCC assessment process in 2018, including adaptations and additions to its protocol, with the aims of improving outcomes for children in care services, increasing collaboration and support, and enhancing reflection and practice. These findings have allowed for assessments to be tailored or changed, with carers being far more involved and informed of the process, resulting in improved practice and enhanced learning about this population. Furthermore, this study has wider implications beyond FRCC: the extracted themes are likely to be highly pertinent and applicable across similar populations, with assessment protocols enhancing understanding about the expectations and challenges that might emerge within this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that the first of Peter Lombard’s three christological opinions (from Sentences, Book III, distinction 6) is an accurate presentation of the Christology of Hugh of St Victor, and (contrary to some recent interpreters) that Hugh knows of, and explicitly rejects, the second opinion recounted by Lombard. Central to Hugh’s Christology is that the man assumed in the incarnation (homo assumptus) is identical to the second person of the Trinity. I argue that later medieval interpreters of Hugh’s opinion fall into two groups. Some fail to grasp that Hugh posits an identity here, and thus mistakenly present his view as Nestorian (Thomas Aquinas); others grasp what Hugh means, but hold that strict identity posits too tight a relationship between the man Christ and the second person of the Trinity (Duns Scotus). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Thirteenth-century theologians believed that grace and theological virtues count as created habits, infused by God. They held that this belief placed them in a stronger position to give an account of the grace given to those with severe cognitive impairments than those who denied such habits. Aquinas argued that the faith infused in baptism, in the case of those who lack reason, nevertheless needs to be supplemented by other church members' actual occurrent assent to the Christian faith. Duns Scotus gives reasons to deny this, and thus defends a view of church membership that avoids any kind of non-mutual dependence in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the claims of recent commentators, I argue that Boethius holds a modified version of the Ammonian three-fold universal (transcendent, immanent, and conceptual). He probably identifies transcendent universals as divine ideas, and accepts too forms immanent in corporeal particulars, most likely construing these along the Aphrodisian lines that he hints at in a well-known passage from his second commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge. Boethius never states the theory of the three-fold form outright, but I attempt to show that this theory nevertheless underlies and gives structure to what Boethius has to say on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on insights from the medieval theologians Duns Scotus and Hervaeus Natalis, I argue that medieval views of the incarnation require that there is a sense in which the divine person depends on his human nature for his human personhood, and thus that the paradigmatic pattern of human personhood is in some way dependent existence. I relate this to a modern distinction between impairment and disability to show that impairment-understood as dependence-is normative for human personhood. I try to show how medieval theories of the resurrection of the body can provide, within this context, plausible accounts of what it might be for human persons to be redeemed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Probabilistic analyses of non-uniform crack growth data sets require a flexible statistical framework to determine the influence of each crack on the resulting inference. Hierarchical generalized linear models provide a rigorous method to analyze such data sets properly. Bayesian techniques are well-suited to analyze these models, especially when the inference, or portions thereof, are ill-posed. A hierarchical generalized linear crack growth model is developed using a semi-conjugate formulation that enables Gibbs sampling simulation. The model is applied to create a probabilistic crack growth model from short-crack data generated from AISI 4340 steel single-edge-notch tension (SENT) specimens. Simulation of the model is performed using a Gibbs sampling procedure, and key results are discussed. Stress ratio effects on experimental scatter and crack growth rates are quantified and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of living with his wife in Würzburg, West Germany in 1971.

According to Scotus, an intelligible species with universal content, inherent in the mind, is a partial cause of an occurrent cognition whose immediate object is the self-same species. I attempt to explain how Scotus defends the possibility of this causal activity. Scotus claims, generally, that forms are causes, and that inherence makes no difference to the capacity of a form to cause an effect. He illustrates this by examining a case in which an accident is an instrument of a substance in the production of a certain sort of effect. All that is required is that the accident is relevantly joined to the substance, whether or not it inheres in the substance. Since intelligible species are bearers of semantic content, it follows that non-inherent objects of thought can also be the bearers of such content. Such objects are included in the mind without inherence, and the boundary between the mind and external reality is to this extent broken down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an essay examining the early 20th century Scottish poet Edwin Muir and his artistic influences from the political circumstances of Czechoslovakia. Details are given describing Muir's career as an international journalist in Prague and its significance to his poetic efforts. Several examples of Muir's poetry exhibiting political thought concerning both Scotland's and Czechoslovakia's national identity are cited and analyzed.

Necessary and sufficient material-independent conditions are derived for hygrothermal stability of a laminated composite plate with plies made of the same specially orthotropic material based on classical lamination theory. The minimum number of plies required to obtain an asymmetric hygrothermally stable stacking sequence is proven to be five, and families of stable laminates are identified for six, seven, and eight plies. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates the robustness of hygrothermally stable solutions to small errors in ply orientation. A finite element analysis of geometric and ply orientation imperfections was performed to verify the robustness of the classical lamination theory results. Hygrothermally stable asymmetric laminate specimens were fabricated to confirm the analytical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A Bayesian technique is developed for simultaneous estimation of the equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) and crack growth rate distributions in fracture mechanics based life prediction models from inspection data. The inference method separately quantifies the different sources of variability to obtain a data set independent EIFS distribution without the requirement for prior knowledge of the uncertainties in other parameters. The ability to simultaneously and accurately predict the EIFS distribution and crack growth rate noise from a small, highly-scattered data set is demonstrated in a numerical example. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The author presents his views regarding the issues not understood by theologian Augustine on the doctrine of fourth-century Greek trinitarian traditions. The author clarifies the teachings of Augustine in some parts of book 5 and 7 of "De Trinitate" regarding divine simplicity and its relation to the use of the term "person" in God. He concludes that Augustine's hesitancy on the use of the genus word "person" is simply his reluctance to use a genus word without an available species word.

The author reflects on his career as a university professor of English literature. He traces the instances in his life that led him to the study of literature including writers that inspired his mind and soul including James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, and Virginia Woolf. The learning process is presented as a metaphysical quest above the individual or the material world.

The Church consists of those configured to Christ in baptism. In opposition to Aquinas, this configuration or character is conceived of not as a real quality of the baptized, but merely as a relation to God's will, such that God will in appropriate circumstances give grace to a person with the disposition. The community of the Church thus consists of people like each other only in the sense of sharing the same relation to God's will. On this relation supervenes a relation of obligation to Christ, analogous to the similar obligations in a secular polity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on creation and conservation. It argues that it is impossible to make a distinction between creation and conservation on the assumption of a beginningless universe. It also argues that the assumption provides that either God is never causally sufficient for the existence of the universe or if He is at one time causally sufficient, He is at all times causally sufficient for the universe.

Strong positive catalytic cooperativity is a central feature of the binding change mechanism for F1-ATPases. However, a detail of the mechanism that remains controversial is whether the kinetic enhancement derived from using substrate-binding energy at one catalytic site to promote product release from another site occurs upon the filling of the second or third of three catalytic sites on F1. To address this question, we compare the ATP concentration dependence of the rate of ATP hydrolysis by F1, from beef heart mitochondria to the ATP concentration dependence of the level of occupancy of catalytic sites during steady-state catalysis as measured by a centrifuge filtration assay. A single Km(ATP) is observed at 77 ± 6 μM. Analysis of the nucleotide-binding data shows that half-maximal occupancy of a second catalytic site occurs at 78 ± 18 μM ATP. We conclude that ATP binding to a second catalytic site is sufficient to support rapid rates of catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the FoF1, AoA1 and VoV1 family of ATP synthases and ATPases have undergone at least two reversals in primary function. The first was from a progenitor proton-pumping ATPase to a proton-driven ATP synthase. The second involved transforming the synthase back into a proton-pumping ATPase. As proposed earlier [FEBS Lett. 259 (1990) 227], these reversals required changes in the H+/ATP coupling ratio from an optimal value of about 2 for an ATPase function to about 4 for an ATP synthase function. The doubling of the ratio that occurred at the ATPase-to-Synthase transition was accomplished by duplicating the gene that encodes the nucleotide-binding catalytic subunits followed by loss of function in one of the genes. The halving of the ratio that occurred at the Synthase-to-ATPase transition was achieved by a duplication/fusion of the gene that encodes the proton-binding transporter subunits, followed by a loss of function in one half of the double-sized protein. These events allowed conservation of quaternary structure, while maintaining a sufficient driving force to sustain an adequate phosphorylation potential or electrochemical gradient. Here, we describe intermediate evolutionary steps and a fine-tuning of the H+/ATP coupling ratio to optimize synthase function in response to different environments. In addition, we propose a third reversal of function, from an ATPase back to an ATP synthase. In contrast to the first two reversals which required a partial loss in function, the change in coupling ratio required for the third reversal is explained by a gain in function. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The view that the divine substance is some item common to the three persons is frequently rejected in modern trinitarian thought in favour of the view that the divine substance is properly identical with the Father in a way that it is not identical with the Son or Spirit. I argue that these views cannot safeguard the monarchy of the Father, and that in order to safeguard this latter doctrine, it is necessary to hold that the divine substance is some item common to the three persons. I show how this view does not require that there is any sense in which the divine substance is prior to the divine persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Schlatter's doctrine of the Trinity in the light of the contemporary debate, focusing on the relation of the economic and the ontological Trinity. It is shown that Schlatter relates God's triune being and God's trinitarian action through the notion of love – where God's love ad extra as well as ad intra is oriented toward the particular in such a way as to enable true otherness. It will be argued, moreover, that Schlatter's contribution to the contemporary trinitarian debate lies in propounding an applied trinitarian theology which is faithful to its object. When God in himself and in relation to creation is oriented toward and actively seeks the other, then theology cannot talk about God's being apart from the actuality of his actions in this world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes whether or not Gregory of Nyssa held a collective theory of universals. Overview of the Neoplatonic theory; Components of the Neoplatonic theory; Development of Trinitarian thought in Basil of Caesarea.

Focuses on the atonement of human sins through the life and death of Jesus Christ. Reparation for the debts of human; Nature of the creative activity of God; Importance of satisfaction for the forgiveness of human sins.

An area of Mid-Anglo-Saxon deposits at Sandtun in West Hythe first studied in 1947-48 by Gordon Ward was re-examined between 1993-98 during assessments made in advance of housing development and in a research excavation. The site was occupied front at least c. 700 until 850-75 with some later reuse. It lay among sand dunes formed on a sand bank near the mouth of a gradually silting inlet. A range of activities was practised by the community there, including fishing, spindlewhorl manufacture and bone-working, in addition to salt-making recorded in a charter of 732, The metalwork was not significantly different from finds on contemporary' rural sites. Amongst the bones was a considerable number from fish and birds which were caught locally. The ceramic assemblage included a high proportion of imported continental pottery and it is concluded that the site may have been a landing-place for trading ships. The implications of the site for the interpretation of the development of urbanism in Mid-Anglo-Saxon England and the operation of trade are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the capacity of cytochrome c' to remove nitric oxide (NO) in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Occurrence of NO catalytic removal; Reactions involved in the cytochrome-dependent resistance mechanism; Behavior of cytochrome c' as an NO reductase; Impact of NO on R. capsulatus respiratory oxidase activity.

Juvenile California ground squirrel responses to adult alarm calls and juvenile alarm calling may be modified during development to achieve adult form. Adult conspecific chatter and whistle alarm calls were played back to juvenile and adult ground squirrels at an agricultural field site. In response to chatter playbacks, adults spent more time visually orienting to the environment and less time out of view and in covered habitats than juveniles; the converse was true in response to whistle playbacks. To test the evocativeness of juvenile calling, a subset of adult subjects received juvenile chatter and whistle playbacks. Adults spent less time out of view to juvenile call types than to adult calls, and showed more similar responses to juvenile chatters and whistles than to adult chatters and whistles. Age differences in the ground squirrel's alarm call system may reflect adjustments to changing risks during development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reveals that cytochrome c' (cycP) from the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus confers increased resistance to nitric oxide. Cloning and sequencing of cycP; Insertional mutagenesis of cycP; Effect of nitric oxide gas on growth rate of bacteria.

The present study aims to illustrate the process of developing, implementing, and clinically validating a new assessment measure, the Trauma and Adverse Life Events (TALE) screening tool, to assess Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) among looked-after children. The TALE was developed by adapting existing ACEs measures to reflect the experiences of looked-after children. The TALE was completed by the local authority social worker for 218 children placed with Five Rivers Child Care (a UK fostering agency, residential, and educational care provider). Reliability was examined and exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Correlations between TALE scores, background variables, and psychosocial wellbeing using the carer-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Child Dissociative Checklist (CDC) were also explored. The TALE was found to have acceptable reliability (α =.71). A three-factor solution was found which explained 46.24% of the variance, with factors labelled 'Direct Experience of Abuse', 'Witnessing Harm', and 'Household Dysfunction'. Exposure score was significantly associated with total difficulties score on the SDQ (rs =.24, p <.001) and Impact score was associated with the SDQ's impact score (rs =.33, p <.001). Exposure and Impact scores were both positively correlated with CDC scores (rs =.16, p =.021 and rs =.22, p =.002). This paper presents evidence of the importance of screening looked-after children for ACEs and demonstrates that the TALE is a valid and reliable tool for this purpose. Adverse and traumatic experiences were highly prevalent in this population and appeared to be closely related with children's psychosocial wellbeing. Results emphasise the importance of routine assessment of past experiences within trauma-informed psychological care and intervention planning for looked-after children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines modern accounts of four-dimensionalism and the identity of an object across time through the works of Henry of Ghent and Bonaventure. Agreement of both on the general medieval association of temporal succession with temporal extension; Bonaventure's account of the `Aevum'; Henry's attempt to refute Bonaventure's view; Replacement theory; Theological corollaries of Henry's view.

Examines the concept and theory of part and whole as material substances. Criteria for distinguishing substances from aggregates; Properties of prime matter; Arguments offered by Scotus that a substance is an object over and above the sum of if parts; Ockham's theory of a composite substance.

Although the chaperonin GroEL/GroES complex hinds and hydrolyzes ATP, its structure is unlike other known ATPases. In order to better characterize its nucleotide binding sites, we have photolabeled the complex with the affinity analog 2-azido-ATP. Three residues of GroEL, Pro137, Cys138 and Thr468, are labeled by the probe. The location of these residues in the GroEL crystal structure (Bruig, K., Otwinowski, Z., Hedge, R., Boisvert, D., Joachimiak, A., Horwich, A. & Sigler, P. (1994) Nature 371, 578- 586, Boisvert, D. C., Wang, J., Otwinowski, Z., Horwich, A. L. & Sigler, P. B. (1996) Nat. Struct. Biol. 3, 170- 177] suggests that 2-azido-ATP binds to an alternative conformer of GroEL in the presence of GroES. The labeled site appears to he located at the GroEL/GroEL subunit interface since modification of Pro137 and Cys138 is most readily explained by attack of a probe molecule bound to the adjacent GroEL subunit. Labeling of the co-chaperonin. GroES, is clearly demonstrated on gels and the covalent tethering of nucleotide allows detection of a GroES dimer in the presence of SDS. However, no stable peptide derivative of GroES could be purified for sequencing, in contrast, the GroES homolog, yeast cpn10, does give a stable derivative. The modified amino acid is identified as the conserved Pro 13, which corresponds to Pro5 in Escherichia coli GroES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an essay on Germany at the time of its reunification in 1990. Brocken peak as metaphor for unification; Political repercussions of reunification; Stasi elements in East Germany; Popular sentiment in Germany on the Persian Gulf War; Skinheads; Berliner Ensemble theatrical group; Sachsenhausen concentration camp; Political legacy of Helmut Von Moltke; Berlin as new Capital; New Germany in Europe.

Defends claims made by Duns Scotus regarding moral and divine goodness. Thomas Morris' proposed duty model of divine goodness; Justice and obligation; Morally bad actions and divine commands; God's act in accordance with divine reason.

Examines the Zwinglianism's view of the communication of properties in incarnational Christology. Formulation of distinctive ideas in the context of a debate with Martin Luther about the nature of the eucharistic presence; Conception of alloiois as an attempt to account for the ability to predicate the natures and their properties.