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A compound library of sixty six linear compounds, eleven representatives of six molecular families: (E)- and (Z)-isomers of alk-4-en-1-ols, alk-4-enals, and methyl alk-4-enoates, was prepared by combinatorial syntheses to allow the creation of a mass spectral database directly usable for their identification in GC-MS analyses. We demonstrate here that compound libraries can be prepared by combinatorial syntheses using long linear synthetic sequences, i. .e eight step in the case of 4-enals. The resulting mixtures of homologues are still perfectly exploitable to deliver the requested information such as clean mass spectra and good gas chromatographic retention indices.

Depuis la fin des années 1970, en été, des familles issues de la communauté gitane vendent des fruits et légumes dans des paillotes en périphérie de Montpellier, notamment sur des ronds-points, en mobilisant des approvisionnements diversifiés. Le maintien de ces espaces de vente précaires depuis plus de quarante ans témoigne de la capacité de ces revendeurs à conjuguer les intérêts des producteurs et ceux des consommateurs. Ils exploitent un marché de niche et jouent un rôle non négligeable dans le système alimentaire local. La logistique complexe, qui occupe une part importante de leur activité, est révélatrice des rouages de la relégation articulés à une inscription ancienne de ces familles dans l’économie circulaire locale. Leur rôle dans les circuits-courts apparaît comme une forme de résistance articulée à des enjeux de justice alimentaire. Since the end of the 1970s, in summer, families from the Gypsy community have been selling fruit and vegetables in huts on the outskirts of Montpellier, particularly on roundabouts with heavy traffic, by mobilizing diversified supplies. The fact that these precarious sales spaces have been maintained for more than forty years testifies to the ability of these retailers to combine the interests of producers and consumers. They exploit a niche market and play a significant role in the local food system. The complex logistics that make up a large part of their activity reveal the mechanisms of relegation intertwined with the long-standing involvement of these families in the local circular economy. Their role in short food supply chains appears to be a form of resistance linked to issues of food justice.

International audience; Although evidence continues to indicate an urgent need to transition food systems away from industrialized monocultures and toward agroecological production, there is little sign of significant policy commitment toward food system transformation in global North geographies. The authors, a consortium of researchers studying the land-food nexus in global North geographies, argue that a key lock-in explaining the lack of reform arises from how most food system interventions work through dominant logics of property to achieve their goals of agroecological production. Doing so fails to recognize how land tenure systems, codified by law and performed by society, construct agricultural land use outcomes. In this perspective, the authors argue that achieving food system “resilience” requires urgent attention to the underlying property norms that drive land access regimes, especially where norms of property appear hegemonic. This paper first reviews research from political ecology, critical property law, and human geography to show how entrenched property relations in the global North frustrate the advancement of alternative models like food sovereignty and agroecology, and work to mediate acceptable forms of “sustainable agriculture.” Drawing on emerging cases of land tenure reform from the authors' collective experience working in Scotland, France, Australia, Canada, and Japan, we next observe how contesting dominant logics of property creates space to forge deep and equitable food system transformation. Equally, these cases demonstrate how powerful actors in the food system attempt to leverage legal and cultural norms of property to legitimize their control over the resources that drive agricultural production. Our formulation suggests that visions for food system “resilience” must embrace the reform of property relations as much as it does diversified farming practices. This work calls for a joint cultural and legal reimagination of our relation to land in places where property functions as an epistemic and apex entitlement.

International audience; Cet article compare et évalue deux procédures d’attribution de foncier public pour voir comment les collectivités locales peuvent les utiliser pour orienter l’agriculture périurbaine vers une agroécologie nourricière et multifonctionnelle. Il s’appuie sur l’analyse de documents et d’entretiens compréhensifs menés au sein de l’agglomération de Montpellier, devenue Métropole en janvier 2015. La comparaison des procédures, notamment des acteurs impliqués et des modes de sélection, souligne l’évolution de l’action foncière agricole de la Métropole. Les résultats montrent l’articulation entre plusieurs innovations (dans les politiques publiques et les pratiques). Au-delà du foncier attribué, ces procédures sont ensuite l’occasion d’apprentissages pour les porteurs de projet agricole comme pour les acteurs publics. Les mondes agricoles et urbains apprennent à mieux se connaître, à interagir, à travailler ensemble et, ce faisant, adaptent leurs attentes, leurs projets. L’évolution des procédures illustre enfin une prise en compte croissante des enjeux de justice soulevés par ces allocations foncières. Des leçons peuvent donc en être retirées pour d’autres collectivités.

Au cours de la derniere decennie, les migrations des Portugais ont ete reactivees. La crise economique de 2008, entrainant des taux de chomage eleves et des politiques d’austerite, a donne lieu a des nouvelles mobilites. Les migrations vers le rural ont ete principalement etudiees dans les pays du nord de l’Europe, et generalement envisagees comme des migrations d’agrement. Elles ont peu attire l’attention dans les pays d’Europe du Sud ou elles sont plus recentes et s’inscrivent dans des rapports au rural differents. Au Portugal, nous avons analyse les trajectoires de vie de neo-agriculteurs lors d’une enquete de terrain dans l’Alentejo et la region de Lisbonne. Les resultats montrent que le choix du rural et de l’agriculture est le fruit d’une combinaison entre plusieurs facteurs, relevant de differentes echelles sociales et spatiales. Les migrations vers le rural sont reactivees par la crise economique mais repondent aussi a des aspirations individuelles de rejet du mode de vie urbain. Ce rejet, largement partage chez les neo-agriculteurs, ne constitue pas une rupture avec la ville. Ces migrations font au contraire emerger des circulations connectant espaces ruraux et urbains, un double ancrage urbain-rural qui peut devenir une ressource en appui aux activites economiques et mecanismes de solidarite.

International audience; In this discussion piece, eight scholars in geography, urban planning, and agri-food studies from the United States (US) and France engage in a bi-national comparison to deepen our collective understanding of food and land justice. We specifically contextualize land justice as a critical component of food justice in both the US and France in three key areas: access to land for cultivation, urban agriculture, and non-agricultural forms of food provisioning. The US and France are interesting cases to compare, considering the differences and similarities in their colonial and agricultural histories, persistent and systemic race and class-based inequities in land access, and the roles of public bodies and social movements. In this paper, we synthesize literature, share reflections, and offer directions for future scholarship, including a broader comparative research agenda. An important difference we found is in the degree of scholarly attention to race and how it mediates access to land. We also observe that few scholars articulate a clear definition of justice in their work, nor do they share a common justice framework. We hope that this paper contributes to a more robust food and land justice framework for the use of scholars, practitioners and activists.

International audience; ● More than 75% of households have physical access to a range of different food outlets in their activity spaces, including areas around the home, work and other places of activity, as well as on the commute between these locations. In contrast, only 65% of households have access to a market.● Proximity is not the sole factor influencing food outlet shopping patterns. Households do not frequent all available outlets in their vicinity, mainly because of the prices, products offered and opening hours.● Most food shopping is done in supermarkets, but this trend is far from being exclusive. Nearly 50% of households spend at least 30% of their food budget in other types of shops.; ● Plus de 75 % des ménages ont un accès physique aux différents types de commerces alimentaires dans leur espace de vie quotidienne, incluant l’espace autour du domicile, de leurs principaux lieux d’activités et des trajets entre ces lieux. En revanche, seuls 65 % des ménages ont accès à un marché. ● La proximité n’est pas le seul facteur qui influence la fréquentation des commerces alimentaires. En effet, les ménages ne fréquentent pas tous les commerces dont ils disposent à proximité, principalement à cause des prix, des produits proposés et des horaires.● Les grandes surfaces sont le lieu d’achat alimentaire dominant mais il est loin d’être exclusif. Près de la moitié des ménages réalisent au moins 30 % de leurs dépenses alimentaires dans d’autres types de commerces.

International audience; This paper deals with the coexistence of agricultural models from the perspective of land management on the urban fringe. Our goal is to show how urban local authorities deal with and influence the coexistence of models when they are involved in farmland management, and more specifically when they determine which farmer should be allocated what land and under which lease agreement. To do this, we compare public processes of farmland allocation led by French local authorities on the urban fringes of Lyon, Montpellier, and Perpignan. This geographic study is based on qualitative methods (observations, interviews, and document analysis). The comparison of seven case studies illustrates the changing balances of power on urban fringes between agricultural models and between urban and agricultural stakeholders. As urban local authorities grant them land and legitimacy, farmers willing to develop agroecology and short food supply chains may settle in peri-urban areas, where access to land is otherwise very difficult for outsiders. Some public allocations of farmland divide space between models following agronomic and esthetic criteria, but few public bodies venture to hierarchize models by an unequal repartition of land property rights. Beyond their limited spatial impact, public allocations of farmland are actually important local initiatives for the institutional recognition of sustainable agriculture models, one driver within urban policies aiming at supporting a transition towards agroecology and more sustainable food systems. Governance processes could, however, be improved if local authorities would more explicitly tackle the possible issues related to the coexistence of diverse agricultural models in space, as in public debates and policies.

Preserving farmland on the urban fringe is challenging. We hypothesise that the inefficiency of some farmland protection policies may partly arise from a lack of consideration of their social impacts. This paper hence provides a 7-criterion analytical framework to examine the social justice issues raised by the implementation of planning policies. Applying it to three French policies reveals multi-dimensional inequalities arising from farmland preservation on the urban fringe. Regarding distributive justice, all three policies generate unequal access to resources (farmland, building rights) for different types of farmers. They also show spatial variations in regulations and disregard for the special needs of new farmers. Regarding procedural justice, on two of the criteria, ‘recognition of difference’ and ‘perception of injustices’, we find evidence of exclusion, domination and lack of recognition that some minority farmers or residents are inconvenienced by agricultural activities. All three farmland preservation policies allow established farmers to capture resources such as land and rights to build farm structures, hindering the renewal and diversification needed for multifunctional agriculture and local food systems. Our 7 justice criteria could help researchers in other contexts uncover similar forms of power, exclusion, injustice and inequality embedded in the elaboration and implementation of farmland preservation or other planning policies. The insights from three French farmland protection policies may help local authorities anticipate potential justice issues, develop capacities, and provide more inclusive and transparent procedures for expressing or preventing feelings of injustice.

International audience; Rural heritage preservation policies can have an impact on social equity issues. In periurban agricultural areas of Milan, high costs of maintenance of the rural heritage brought the main public landowners (municipality and hospital) to implement new agreements and transfer those costs to their tenant farmers. Why some farmers had positive reactions, while others risked abandoning their land and activities? What elements allow or prevent the farmers to cope with these changes? A qualitative study was conducted to understand the different farmers’ strategies, analysing the dynamics of social justice integrated into the new agreements. The different reactions of the farmers depend on elements that involve both personal and contextual characteristics (family, social networks, attitudes) and the strategy adopted by the landowner (decision-making process and agreement conditions).

By influencing the distribution of people and activities in space, spatial planning has social impacts. However, it does not always take into account social justice. This chapter intends to clarify what can be considered socially just planning, in relation to the bioregional approach. In contrast to current planning and development practices, which are often extractive and can exacerbate socio-spatial inequalities, many components of the bioregional approach contribute to more fair and inclusive planning. However, some dimensions of social and spatial justice may be overlooked and need specific attention in the planning process, even within a bioregional approach. In this short essay, we explain the complementary dimensions of social justice, the scientific controversies concerning the way to promote socially just planning, and we ultimately discuss the impact of the bioregional approach on the fairness and inclusiveness of planning practices.

L’article etudie les interactions entre logiques agricoles et modalites d’acces a la terre en contexte periurbain. S’ancrant dans la geographie critique du droit, il presente les resultats d’une enquete menee aupres de 17 exploitations periurbaines de Montpellier. Plus d’un tiers des surfaces enquetees est exploite selon le mode d’arrangements informels. Ceux-ci echappent au statut du fermage et concernent notamment les filieres ble-melon, chevaux de loisirs et fourrage et parcours. Les espaces lies a ces arrangements sont issus du retrait de la vigne, de l’anticipation de l’urbanisation, mais aussi du retrait plus ancien de l’elevage pastoral dans les garrigues. Ils illustrent la production locale d’une norme sociale contournant la regle du fermage. En donnant la possibilite aux proprietaires, souvent viticulteurs et dominant le systeme foncier local, de garder le controle sur leurs terres cultivees par d’autres, ils conduisent a l’exclusion des agriculteurs non integres socialement dans chaque commune, notamment les porteurs de projet agricole venus d’ailleurs.

International audience; Many countries have implemented laws and planning instruments to preserve farmland on the urban fringe. This paper aims at a better understanding of the governance changes in peri-urban farmland protection following decentralisation processes in France and Italy. We compare the implementation of farmland protection instruments in the two city regions of Montpellier and Rome. From a governance perspective, we highlight the practical issues of effectiveness and social acceptability arising from power devolution, different forms of governance, and the potential conflicts when planning control shifts to lower-than-regional bodies. Our analysis is based on qualitative methods. Primary data were collected through document analysis, participant observation and in-depth interviews aimed at understanding local stakeholders’ practices and points of view on access to farmland, housing and building rights. We find that around Rome and Montpellier, decentralisation has produced multiple decision-making authorities and increased the complexity of procedures. Despite more regulatory constraints in agricultural areas, farmland conversion has persisted. However, decentralisation processes have also changed ways of governing and favoured local alternative initiatives for farmland protection and farming development on the urban fringe. New modes of governance involve public local authorities, farmers’ representative bodies (Montpellier) and civil society organisations (Rome). In both cities, they have a positive but limited impact on the effectiveness of farmland protection instruments. Their social acceptability varies, depending on who is really included in the participation process.

Nous nous interessons a l’agriculture comme nouvel objet des politiques urbaines a travers l’exemple de l’agriparc, projet de parc agricole multifonctionnel inclus dans l’espace urbain. Notre analyse s’appuie sur un suivi des politiques d’amenagement de Montpellier et une serie d’entretiens autour de la concretisation d’un agriparc. Apres avoir situe le cas de Montpellier dans une revue d’experiences europeennes, nous etudions l’agriparc de Viviers, montrant comment cette operation s’inscrit dans les strategies des acteurs. L’etude de ce dispositif revele que leurs visions de l’agriculture et leurs interets different. Notre analyse critique de ce projet permet de discuter de l’agriparc comme outil d’innovation pour l’agriculture des territoires urbains. Cet exemple conduit in fine a une comprehension de l’innovation comme produit des jeux d’acteurs locaux, qui ne se conforme pas au modele issu des referentiels de multifonctionnalite et de durabilite. En passant du concept a la realite, l’agriparc devient un espace d’experimentation « in vivo » ou coexistent plusieurs formes d’agriculture urbaine, differant dans leurs modeles technico-economiques et leurs liens a la ville.

Introduction. L’agriculture dans le systeme alimentaire urbain : continuites et innovations

Cet article analyse de maniere critique la relocalisation de l’approvisionnement alimentaire de Millau et ses consequences spatiales. Une cartographie multiscalaire du foncier alimentaire de proximite est construite a partir de donnees statistiques, d’entretiens, de questionnaires et d’observations de terrain. Elle confirme que de plus en plus de terres situees autour de Millau (+ 18,3 % de 2006 a 2014) sont mobilisees pour l’approvisionnement local en circuit court. Toutefois, cette relocalisation est limitee : nous estimons la part du local dans l’approvisionnement a environ 6 %. Le bassin d’approvisionnement de proximite n’est pas un espace continu : ses parcelles sont dispersees dans un tissu agricole structure en filieres privilegiant des debouches lointains. Ces resultats montrent l’interet d’analyser l’empreinte spatiale de l’alimentation urbaine a differentes echelles : a celle du couple ville-campagne, mais aussi a l’echelle regionale, voire a celle d’un reseau de villes.

La planification des usages du sol s’efforce aujourd’hui d’articuler aménagement et développement durable. Les approches par projets ont pris de l’importance par rapport aux approches réglementaires. Notre article analyse comment ces évolutions modifient le statut du foncier agricole dans les projets de développement des communes périurbaines. Pour cela, nous combinons deux approches : l’étude de la planification urbaine et celle du développement agricole local. Les trajectoires de trois communes périurbaines de Montpellier sont reconstituées depuis 1980. La mise en regard des choix d’urbanisme et des projets locaux permet d’identifier trois modes de gouvernance selon la place des agriculteurs et l’importance de la participation. À côté des instruments imposés par l’État, l’utilisation de plus en plus fréquente d’autres instruments, librement mobilisés, relativise le poids de la planification : des concertations et des projets peuvent amener à changer de parti d’aménagement, faisant du foncier agricole non plus un support mais l’objet d’un projet de développement agricole périurbain., Nowadays, land use planning must balance urbanization and sustainable development. Projects have gained importance over regulatory approaches. This article examines how these changes affect the status of farmland in development projects of peri-urban municipalities. For this, we combine two approaches: we study urban planning and the local agricultural projects. The trajectories of three peri-urban municipalities close to Montpellier, France, are tracked since 1980. This enables us to identify three modes of governance according to the place of farmers and to the importance of participation. Besides the tools imposed by the State, the rise of freely adopted tools minors the weight of planning: consultations and projects can change local planning strategies, considering agricultural land no longer as a support but as the subject of a peri-urban agricultural development project.

“What distinguishes and indeed contrasts the nation system and the city system is their structural organization. The city state avoided carrying the heavy burden of the so-called primary sector: Venice, Genoa and Amsterdam consumed grain, oil, salt, meat, etc., acquired through foreign trading; they received from the outside world the wood, raw materials and even a number of the manufactured products they used. It was of little concern to them by whom, or by what methods, archaic or modern, these goods were produced: they were content simply to accept them at the end of the trade circuit, wherever agents or local merchants had stocked them on their behalf. Most if not all of the primary sector on which such cities’ subsistence and even their luxuries depended lay well outside their walls; and laboured on their behalf without their needing to be concerned in the economic and social problems of production. In all likelihood, the cities were but dimly aware of the advantages this brought and rather more conscious of the drawbacks: obsessed with their dependence on foreign countries (although in reality such was the power of money that this was reduced to almost nothing), all leading cities desperately tried to expand their territory and to develop their agriculture and industry. What kind of agriculture and industry though? The richest and most profitable of course. Since Florence had to import food anyway, why not import Sicilian grain, and grow vines and olives on the hills of Tuscany?” (Braudel 1984a: 295)

International audience; Urban growth leads to decreases in area of farmland. In France, considerable attention is paid to this problem, including in frequent public policy debates. In this article, we explore issues associated with agriculture in 24 French periurban municipalities. We compare the treatment of agriculture in municipal policies by analysing urban planning documents and conducting in‐depth interviews with elected representatives. Our study reveals a high level of congruence between these two sources of information, confirming that planning documents are a sound proxy to identify municipalities' agricultural strategies. The study also shows both diverse degrees of municipal commitment to agriculture, which range from ignoring it to strongly supporting it, and diverse issues about agriculture that depend on local context and concerns.

International audience; The concept of territorial innovation is used in the literature to analyse centre-periphery relationships, the quality of the environment and the territorialgovernance. Our research uses this concept to apprehend the multiple dimensions of relationships between agriculture and the city, and thus to understand the transformations of agriculture in the context of an urban society. To this end, we analyse social, spatial and organizational arrangements in local agri-urban initiatives. Starting from the history of the recent integration of agriculture in urban planning and local policies, we use the example of Montpellier to illustrate how these ‘agri-urban’ arrangements are sources of territorial innovation. In fact, innovation becomes territorial through the accumulation of micro-changes, which end up influencing established practices, uses and norms that regulate city-agriculture relationships. This process of scaling up opens up new research perspective on the relationships between territorial innovations and global transitions.

International audience; Le concept d’innovation territoriale est mobilisé dans la littérature pour analyser les rapports entre centre et périphérie, la qualité des milieux et la gouvernance territoriale. Nos recherches reprennent ce concept pour saisir les multiples dimensions des relations entre ville et agriculture et pour comprendre ainsi les transformations de l’agriculture dans le contexte de la société urbaine. Nous analysons pour cela les agencements sociaux, spatiaux et organisationnels qui s’opèrent dans les initiatives agri-urbaines locales. À partir d’une chronique de la place prise par l’agriculture dans l’aménagement urbain et dans les politiques locales, l’exemple de Montpellier permet d’illustrer comment ces agencements agri-urbains sont sources d’innovation territoriale. En effet, l’innovation devient territoriale par accumulation de micro-changements, qui finissent par infléchir des fonctionnements établis dans les usages et les normes qui régulent les relations entre ville et agriculture. Ce processus de passage à une plus grande échelle (scaling up) ouvre un champ de recherche sur les relations entre innovations territoriales et transitions globales.

Avec le foisonnement des recherches sur les liens entre la ville et l’agriculture, la figure de l’agriculture périurbaine menacée par l’étalement urbain a laissé place à une figure de l’agriculture multifonctionnelle servant d’écrin – voire même contribuant – à la fabrique de la ville durable. Dans cet article, nous testons cette hypothèse en analysant la prise en compte de l’agriculture dans les projets urbains de deux communes proches d’Aix-en-Provence et de Florence où les vignes et les oliveraies ont été préservées de l’urbanisation. Nos résultats montrent qu’une approche urbaine de l’agriculture par ses aménités n’assure ni la durabilité de l’agriculture ni celle de la ville. La sécurisation du foncier agricole dans les documents locaux d’urbanisme est dans ces deux cas d’étude un facteur essentiel du maintien de l’agriculture, mais un facteur insuffisant à long terme en l’absence d’un dynamisme économique agricole et d’un projet collectif qui permette aux acteurs locaux agricoles et urbains de s’accorder sur les fonctions attendues de l’agriculture. With the proliferation of research on the links between cities and agriculture, the figure of suburban farming threatened by urban sprawl has given way to a new image of multifunctional agriculture serving as a backdrop - even contributing - to the development of sustainable cities. In this paper, we test this hypothesis by analyzing the inclusion of agriculture in urban projects of two municipalities near Aix -en-Provence and Florence, where vineyards and olive groves have been preserved urbanization. Our results show that an urban approach to agriculture by its amenities does not provide sustainability for agriculture or the city. Securing agricultural land in the local planning documents in these two case studies is a critical factor in maintaining agriculture, but in the long-term insufficient in the absence of economic dynamism of the agriculture or joint projects allowing agricultural and urban local stakeholders to agree on the expected functions of agriculture.

International audience

Chapitre 7; International audience; The concept of territorial innovation is used in the literature to analyse centre-periphery relationships, the quality of the environment and the territorial governance. Our research uses this concept to apprehend the multiple dimensions of relationships between agriculture and the city, and thus to understand the transformations of agriculture in the context of an urban society. To this end, we analyse social, spatial and organizational arrangements in local agri-urban initiatives. Starting from the history of the recent integration of agriculture in urban planning and local policies, we use the example of Montpellier to illustrate how these ‘agri-urban’ arrangements are sources of territorial innovation. In fact, innovation becomes territorial through the accumulation of micro-changes, which end up influencing established practices, uses and norms that regulate city-agriculture relationships. This process of scaling up opens up new research perspective on the relationships between territorial innovations and global transitions.

International audience; To address sustainability challenges of agroecosystems located in Mediterranean urban regions, this paper focuses on the multidisciplinary subject of urban agricultural systems. To better understand the diversity and dynamics of peri-urban agro-ecosystems and the main drivers of their sustainability, we compare six case studies located in Southern Europe (Montpellier, France; Pisa, Italy; Lisbon, Portugal; Athens, Greece) and the Maghreb (Constantine, Algeria; Meknes, Morocco). The research is based on fieldwork in each urban region (qualitative analysis) and literature analysis aimed to position each case study in its national and Mediterranean contexts. The comparison between local contexts indicates large discrepancies in the integration of environmental focus among the respective urban planning objectives. Generally, urbanization tends to accentuate agricultural diversity. The different forms of peri-urban agriculture evolve despite their persistent decline, and they also show a capacity to resist and even new growth in response to urban demand.

International audience; This article seeks to bridge the research gap between farmland tenure management and food provisioning issues in developed countries, by focusing on concentration of agricultural production, access to land and local food supply. We conducted a qualitative study on farmland management in the northern Larzac (France), based on twenty in-depth interviews and document analysis. We distinguish six farmland management styles, i.e. local institutional arrangements encompassing organization of access to the land for farmers and relationships between land rights holders. They emerged or consolidated at three periods: a traditional commons style during the 19 th century, three collective styles implemented by farmers' organizations in the early 1980s, and two public styles on the estate of a local authority since 2010. The objective is to show that farmland management styles can serve as tools to foster local food supply, within "space-sharing strategies" based on the creation of farmland estates. In conclusion, we propose three guidelines for public decision-makers seeking, through land policies, to endorse local food provisioning: (i) include civil society organizations dealing with food issues in farmland management committees, (ii) return control of the commons to village councils, (iii) subsidize public acquisitions of land to support local food provisioning projects.

International audience

Cet article vise a comprendre la relative absence de politiques alimentaires a l’echelle des regions urbaines en France. Apres avoir situe la problematique francaise par rapport aux travaux anglo-saxons sur la gouvernance alimentaire urbaine, l’article explore le cas de Perpignan, une ville moyenne ou sont menees de nombreuses actions dans les domaines agricole et alimentaire. A partir d’un travail d’analyse documentaire et d’entretiens, l’etude caracterise la diversite des initiatives locales. Elle offre une lecture systemique de la question alimentaire urbaine en geographie, fondee sur l’analyse des politiques, des acteurs et des lieux qui assurent des fonctions d’intermediation ou de regulation a l’echelle du systeme urbain et qui pourraient creer du lien entre la ville, l’agriculture locale et l’alimentation des citadins.

L’article s’interroge sur le role des politiques publiques et des acteurs publics dans l’emergence de strategies agricoles des villes. Deux echelles d’analyse sont privilegiees : l’effet de cadrage des politiques publiques aux echelles nationales et internationales et les formes de gouvernance mises en place a l’echelle locale. L’analyse s’appuie sur une comparaison des dynamiques dans cinq regions urbaines de Mediterranee (Constantine, Lisbonne, Meknes, Montpellier, Pise). L’etude montre que les politiques publiques jouent un role variable dans l’emergence de strategies agricoles urbaines ; les referentiels qui les sous-tendent peuvent les favoriser ou les contraindre. L’approche comparative met en evidence le role significatif de l’europeanisation des politiques publiques et du paradigme du developpement durable dans l’emergence de ces strategies. Les initiatives et les formes de gouvernance developpees a l’echelle locale s’averent egalement determinantes. Les configurations sont ici tres diverses. Les acteurs publics peuvent etre initiateurs, facilitateurs ou recuperateurs de ces innovations territoriales.

International audience; The book gives an overview of frameworks, methods, and case studies for the analysis of the relations between agriculture and the city, in Europe and the Mediterranean. Its origin is the DAUME Project (Sustainability of urban agriculture in the Mediterranean) and the 5th annual Conference of the Sustainable Food Planning group of AESOP, held in Montpellier (France) in 2013. The book provides a set of approaches of the sustainability of urban food systems from an actors’ perspective. The Part I presents systemic approaches of agricultural-urban interactions at the city-region scales in France, Egypt, Italy and Morocco. Local food issues, agriculture-urban relations, short food chains and urban livestock are taken as examples to develop systemic approaches showing both integrative and dualism processes linking agriculture and the city. The Part II deals with methods and tools for urban planning and local development, in order to design and assess sustainable food systems. At the city-region scale, chapters show how to estimate relevant boundaries of a sustainable foodshed, to design tools including local food supply In urban planning, and to evaluate contributions of local projects to global sustainability. The Part III inventories the recent changes in urban agriculture and the new forms of governance which are emerging in European cities (Athens, Berlin, Lisboa, Montpellier, Paris and Zurich). Referring to urban agriculture, chapters show how sustainable pathways can be fostered by a wide range of multiscale grassroots initiatives (farms, gardens, buildings, urban green areas …) embedded in transitioning trends of sustainable development.