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Computing in memory (CIM) breaks the conventional von Neumann bottleneck through in situ processing. Monolithic integration of digital and analog CIM hardware, ensuring both high precision and energy efficiency, provides a sustainable paradigm for increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) applications but remains challenging. Here, we propose a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-compatible ferroelectric hybrid CIM platform that consists of Boolean logic and triggers for digital processing and multistage cell arrays for analog computation. The basic ferroelectric-gated units are assembled with solution-processable two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide atomic-thin channels at a wafer-scale yield of 96.36%, delivering high on/off ratios (>107), high endurance (>1012), long retention time (>10 years), and ultralow cycle-to-cycle/device-to-device variations (~0.3%/~0.5%). Last, we customize a highly compact 2D hybrid CIM system for dynamic tracking, achieving a high accuracy of 99.8% and a 263-fold improvement in power efficiency compared to graphics processing units. These results demonstrate the potential of 2D fully ferroelectric-gated hybrid hardware for developing versatile CIM blocks for AI tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the detailed design of a Successive Approximation Analog to Digital Data Converter (SAR ADC) using bulk 180 nm CMOS IC technology. The focus of the study is on replacing the typical Successive Approximation Register array with a Finite State Machine. This converter features a fully differential and bipolar architecture, which leads to the logic SAR nonlinear behavior. A novel digital control logic mitigates the conversion errors through the conditions in the previous logic states. The logic scheme, in combination with a robust continuous comparator, demonstrates tolerance to Process, Voltage, and Temperature variations. The architecture does not include calibration or additional redundancies in post-layout simulations to emphasize the exclusive benefits of the new SAR logic. The proposed SAR ADC achieves a 14.07 effective number of bits with 7.04 fJ/conversion step Walden figure of merit in biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of soft matter intelligence with circuit‐driven logic has enabled a new class of robots that perform complex tasks or conform to specialized form factors in unique ways that cannot be realized through conventional designs. Translating this hybrid approach to fluidic systems, the present work addresses the need for sheet‐based circuit materials by leveraging the innate porosity of foam—a soft material—to develop pneumatic components that support digital logic, mixed‐signal control, and analog force sensing in wearables and soft robots. Analytical tools and experimental techniques developed in this work serve to elucidate compressible gas flow through porous sheets, and to inform the design of centimeter‐sized foam resistors with fluidic resistances on the order of 109 Pa s m−3. When embedded inside soft robots and wearables, these resistors facilitate diverse functionalities spanning both sensing and control domains, including digital logic using textile logic gates, digital‐to‐analog signal conversion using ladder networks, and analog sensing of forces up to 40 N via compression‐induced changes in resistance. By combining features of both circuit‐based and materials‐based approaches, foam‐enabled fluidic circuits serve as a useful paradigm for future hybrid robotic architectures that fully embody the sensing and computing capabilities of soft fluidic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work provides online learning modules and instructions on how educators can leverage these technologies to help students learn in a personalized online environment. In particular, we focus on Google Colab, and the features provided by the Gradio Python library to provide interactivity within these modules. The contributions of this work include: (1) Development of a teaching framework using Gradio/Colab that offers automated grading and feedback for both educators and students; (2) Design of a versatile proposal, accommodating beginners with a straightforward interface while addressing the needs of advanced learners; (3) Creation of a comprehensive set of examples tailored for teaching digital logic subjects, with adaptability for application in various computer science areas. (4) A classification of these example learning modules in terms of their learning level for the students; (5) A novel client‐server approach based on Colab/Gradio, allowing teachers to manage the main notebook efficiently while providing a lightweight and reliable interface for students. The goal of this work is to further expose educators to the remarkable capabilities that cloud computing brings to online supplemental education, noting that large language models such as ChatGPT complement this work, in that chatbots will be able to guide students in these dynamic simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have focused on user authentication methods that use biometric signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and photo-plethysmography (PPG). These authentication technologies have advantages such as ease of acquisition, strong security, and the capability for non-aware authentication. This study addresses user authentication using electromyogram (EMG) signals, which are particularly easy to acquire, can be fabricated in a wearable form such as a wristwatch, and are readily expandable with technologies such as human–machine interface. However, despite their potential, they often exhibit lower accuracy (approximately 90%) than traditional methods such as fingerprint recognition. Accuracy can be improved using complex algorithms and multiple biometric authentication technologies; however, complex algorithms use substantial hardware resources, making their application to wearable devices difficult. In this study, a simple Siamese model with long short-term memory (LSTM) (SSiamese-LSTM) is proposed to achieve a high accuracy of over 99% with limited resources suitable for wearable devices. The hardware implementation was accomplished using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In terms of accuracy, EMG measurement results from Chosun University were used, and data from 100 individuals were employed for verification. The proposed digital logic will be integrated with an EMG sensor in the form of a watch that can be used for user authentication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital servitisation has emerged as an important strategy to enhance industrial companies' competitiveness. Leveraging the IIoT (industrial internet of thing) platform is considered an essential way to facilitate digital servitisation. Selecting an appropriate IIoT platform from numerous alternatives in the market is a difficult task for the firms due to lack of deep understanding of the required IIoT platform capabilities for deploying industrial service. To help firms make wise decision, we propose a feasible multi-criteria decision making framework for IIoT platform selection. Firstly, a practice-oriented technical-managerial-service criteria system is derived from typical platform leverage logics for digital servitisation. Next, an integrative approach combining cloud hierarchical BWM (best-worst method) and cloud TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is proposed for selecting the best IIoT platform. Using this approach, the criteria weights and the ranking of potential platforms can be accurately determined by considering the fuzziness and randomness of linguistic decision information. Finally, a case study of a Chinese crane manufacturer illustrates the feasibility and reliability of the proposed framework. The analysis results can help the managers find the best IIoT platform and provide them with deep insight and direction for leveraging the IIoT platform towards digital servitisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cells are the fundamental units of life, and like all life forms, they change over time. Changes in cell state are driven by molecular processes; of these many are initiated when molecule numbers reach and exceed specific thresholds, a characteristic that can be described as "digital cellular logic". Here we show how molecular and cellular noise profoundly influence the time to cross a critical threshold—the first-passage time—and map out scenarios in which stochastic dynamics result in shorter or longer average first-passage times compared to noise-less dynamics. We illustrate the dependence of the mean first-passage time on noise for a set of exemplar models of gene expression, auto-regulatory feedback control, and enzyme-mediated catalysis. Our theory provides intuitive insight into the origin of these effects and underscores two important insights: (i) deterministic predictions for cellular event timing can be highly inaccurate when molecule numbers are within the range known for many cells; (ii) molecular noise can significantly shift mean first-passage times, particularly within auto-regulatory genetic feedback circuits. Cells exhibit remarkable temporal precision in regulating their internal states. Here, by solving stochastic first passage time problems for key molecular processes Ham, Coomer et al. shed light on how cells achieve this precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important transport process for particles and gases from the atmosphere to aquatic and terrestrial environments is through dry and wet deposition. An open-source, modular, off-grid, and affordable instrument that can automatically collect wet-deposition samples allows for more extensive deployment of deposition samplers in fieldwork and would enable more comprehensive monitoring of remote locations. Precipitation events selectively sampled using a conductivity sensor powered by a battery-based supply are central to off-grid capabilities. The prevalence of conductive precipitation – that which initially contains high solute levels and progresses through trace-level concentrations to ultrapure water in full atmospheric washout – depends on the sampling location but is ubiquitous. This property is exploited here to trigger an electric motor (via limit switches) to open and close a lid resting over a funnel opening. The motors are operated via a custom-built and modular digital logic control board, which has a low energy demand. All components, their design and rationale, and their assembly are provided for community use. The modularity of the control board allows the operation of up to six independent wet-deposition units, such that replicate measurements (e.g., canopy throughfall) or different collection materials for various targeted pollutants can be implemented as necessary. We demonstrate that these platforms are capable of continuous operation off-grid for integrated monthly and bimonthly collections performed across the Newfoundland and Labrador Boreal Ecosystem Latitudinal Transect (47 to 53° N) during the growing seasons of 2015 and 2016. System performance was assessed through the measured power consumption from 115 V of alternating current (VAC; grid power) or 12 V of direct current from battery supplies during operation under both standby (40 or 230 mA, respectively) and in-use (78 or 300 mA, respectively) conditions. In the field, one set of triplicate samplers was deployed in the open to collect incident precipitation (open fall), while another set was deployed under the experimental forest canopy (throughfall). The proof-of-concept systems were validated with basic measurements of rainwater chemistry, which found (i) pH values ranging from 4.14 to 5.71 in incident open fall rainwater, (ii) conductivities ranging from 21 to 166 µ S cm -1 , and (iii) dissolved organic carbon concentrations in open fall and canopy throughfall of 16±10 and 22±12 mg L -1 , respectively, with incident fluxes spanning 600 to 4200 mg C m -2 a -1 across the transect. Ultimately, this demonstrates that the customized precipitation sampling design of this new platform enables more universal accessibility of deposition samples for the atmospheric observation community – for example, those who have made community calls for targeting biogeochemical budgets and/or contaminants of emerging concern in sensitive and remote regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological computing is a promising field with potential applications in biosafety, environmental monitoring, and personalized medicine. Here we present work on the design of bacterial computers using spatial patterning to process information in the form of diffusible morphogen-like signals. We demonstrate, mathematically and experimentally, that single, modular, colonies can perform simple digital logic, and that complex functions can be built by combining multiple colonies, removing the need for further genetic engineering. We extend our experimental system to incorporate sender colonies as morphogen sources, demonstrating how one might integrate different biochemical inputs. Our approach will open up ways to perform biological computation, with applications in bioengineering, biomaterials and biosensing. Ultimately, these computational bacterial communities will help us explore information processing in natural biological systems. Biological computing is a promising field with potential applications in biosafety, environmental monitoring, and personalized medicine. Here the authors create bio-computers using engineered E. coli colonies that respond to chemical gradients, producing different logic functions depending on how they are spatially arranged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has posed a challenge to the conventional way in which scientific knowledge was disseminated and validated within the scientific system. Scientific knowledge has interfered into the mass media system through online platforms and social media networks. This tendency tremendously expanded after the Covid-19 pandemic, which challenged scientific community around the world to search for more effective ways of communicating scientific evidence. Meanwhile, recent studies show that trust towards science has globally increased since the pandemic. Moreover, it is a key driving force behind people's attitudes and has predictable impact on their pandemic-related behavior. Despite the widespread dissemination of scientific knowledge, it is often misrepresented, oversimplified, or distorted. People trust science globally, yet scientific knowledge is disseminated through the widely-used yet least trusted medium of social media. This paper aims to analyze the interconnection between scientific and mass media systems and its effects on communicating scientific knowledge on social media. For this purpose, the logic of digital media platforms is explored, and Luhman's system theory is viewed as an essential theoretical background for the analyses of the spread and exposure of scientific knowledge across social media. Theoretical analyses, along with secondary data analysis of recent global studies on news consumption and trust towards the media and science, are used to analyze the structural coupling of the mass media and scientific systems. The author concludes that it is essential to interconnect scientific and mass media systems, taking into account trust towards the medium, message, and source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the experimental demonstration of plasmon–plasmon scattering at room temperature in the inversion layer of a patterned metal–oxide–semiconductor structure. This fundamental result paves the way for the development of plasmon–plasmon scattering logic, a revolutionary digital logic concept based on the generation, propagation, and manipulation of plasmons in an electron fluid, which was previously theoretically projected to exhibit femtojoule power dissipations and femtosecond switching speeds, while not demanding expensive nanometer-scale silicon (Si) technology fabrication processes for its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a digital logic circuit in the source driver for OLEDoS micro display which uses a novel data signal tree structure with clock gating logic to reduce power consumption. The proposed structure for 4096×4096 (4K) 144 Hz micro displays was verified using a CMOS 110 nm process. The power consumption was reduced by 69.6 % compared to the conventional data signal tree structure, enabling a low‐power design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its powerful brain‐like parallel computing and efficient data processing capabilities, memristors are considered to be the core components for building the next generation of artificial intelligence systems. In this study, the CeOx/WOy heterojunction is employed as the functional layer, and various metal materials are utilized as the top electrode to fabricate the memristor. The results indicate that the memristive performance of the Ag/CeOx/WOy/ITO device can be improved by using Ag as the top electrode. By studying the conductivity mechanism of the device, a conductivity model is established that regulates oxygen vacancies and Ag conductive filaments. Furthermore, using the as‐prepared memristor, it is constructed four basic digital logic circuits: OR, AND, XOR, and XNOR, as well as a half adder and a full adder that can be used for digital arithmetic operations. Specifically, an odd/even checker is developed based on XOR and XNOR logic circuits to verify the correctness of data transmission. Finally, it is also designed and implemented a cryptographic array based on a memristor, which can be applied to encrypt and decrypt a series of numbers and images. Therefore, this work extends the application of memristor toward digital circuits, information transmission, data processing and image security encryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the power of counting in Group Isomorphism. We first leverage the count-free variant of the Weisfeiler–Leman Version I algorithm for groups [J. Brachter and P. Schweitzer, On the Weisfeiler–Leman dimension of finite groups, in 35th Annual ACM/IEEE Symp. Logic in Computer Science, eds. H. Hermanns, L. Zhang, N. Kobayashi and D. Miller, Saarbrucken, Germany, July 8–11, 2020 (ACM, 2020), pp. 287–300, doi:10.1145/3373718.3394786] in tandem with bounded non-determinism and limited counting to improve the parallel complexity of isomorphism testing for several families of groups. These families include: • Direct products of non-Abelian simple groups. • Coprime extensions, where the normal Hall subgroup is Abelian and the complement is an O (1) -generated solvable group with solvability class poly log log n. This notably includes instances where the complement is an O (1) -generated nilpotent group. This problem was previously known to be in P [Y. Qiao, J. M. N. Sarma and B. Tang, On isomorphism testing of groups with normal Hall subgroups, in Proc. 28th Symp. Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, Dagstuhl Castle, Leibniz Center for Informatics, 2011), pp. 567–578, doi:10.4230/LIPIcs. STACS.2011.567], and the complexity was recently improved to L [J. A. Grochow and M. Levet, On the parallel complexity of group isomorphism via Weisfeiler–Leman, in 24th Int. Symp. Fundamentals of Computation Theory, eds. H. Fernau and K. Jansen, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 14292, September 18–21, 2023, Trier, Germany (Springer, 2023), pp. 234–247]. • Graphical groups of class 2 and exponent p > 2 [A. H. Mekler, Stability of nilpotent groups of class 2 and prime exponent, J. Symb. Logic46(4) (1981) 781–788] arising from the CFI and twisted CFI graphs [J.-Y. Cai, M. Fürer and N.  Immerman, An optimal lower bound on the number of variables for graph identification, Combinatorica12(4) (1992) 389–410], respectively. In particular, our work improves upon previous results of Brachter and Schweitzer [On the Weisfeiler–Leman dimension of finite groups, in 35th Annual ACM/IEEE Symp. Logic in Computer Science, eds. H. Hermanns, L. Zhang, N. Kobayashi and D. Miller, Saarbrucken, Germany, July 8–11, 2020 (ACM, 2020), pp. 287–300, doi:10.1145/3373718.3394786]. Notably, each of these families was previously known to be identified by the counting variant of the more powerful Weisfeiler–Leman Version II algorithm. We finally show that the q-ary count-free pebble game is unable to even distinguish Abelian groups. This extends the result of Grochow and Levet (ibid), who established the result in the case of q = 1. The general theme is that some counting appears necessary to place G r o u p I s o m o r p h i s m into P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology is profoundly shaping the Chinese governance paradigm. This study presents a multilayered theoretical model comprising the "tool empowerment layer-organizational change layer-system upgrading layer" to elucidate the impacts and underlying logic of digital technology in reshaping this governance paradigm, showing that it is undergoing spiral advancement and incremental optimization. Central-local relations show a transition from "top-down decentralization" to "unified integration"; the intergovernmental structural paradigm shows a transition from "congruent responsibilities" to "integrated collaboration"; risk governance shows a transition from "reactive response" to "proactive prevention"; interface communication shows a transition from "vague delay" to "agile governance"; and finally, resource allocation shows a transition from "unidirectional allocation" to "bidirectional coupling." These transitions underscore three key logics: technological tool empowerment, organizational adaptive learning, and systemic evolution. The integration of digital technology into government governance is not only reshaping state-society relations but also promoting a dynamic, interconnected, and adaptable governance ecosystem, facilitating harmonious progress between the state and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is models of low-power digital logic circuits. The problem being solved is the effectiveness of the technique for simplifying Boolean functions to obtain optimal structures of logic circuits. A new theorem of a non-standard system of simplification of Boolean functions has been formulated, according to which in order to obtain a minimal function it will suffice to perform all non-redundant operations of simple and/or super-gluing of variables, which ultimately provides a minimal function in the main basis without using an implicant table. Thus, the problem of simplifying Boolean functions to the simplest normal equivalent is solved in one step. The interpretation of the result is that the properties of 2-(n, b)-design combinatorial systems make it possible to reproduce the definition of logical operations of super-gluing variables, to represent logical operations in a different way, and vice versa. This, in turn, ensures the establishment of the locations of equivalent transformations on the binary structure of the truth table and the implication of a systematic procedure for simplifying Boolean functions by an analytical method. Special feature of the results is that unambiguous identification of the locations of equivalent transformations is possible even when different intervals of the Boolean space containing the 2-(n, b)-design systems have common modules. It has been experimentally confirmed that the non-standard system improves the efficiency of simplifying Boolean functions, including partially defined ones, by 200–300 % compared to analogs. In terms of application, a non-standard system for simplifying Boolean functions will ensure the transfer of innovations to material production: from conducting fundamental research, expanding the capabilities of digital component design technology to organizing serial or mass production of novelties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent textiles provide an ideal platform for merging technology into daily routines. However, current textile electronic systems often rely on rigid silicon components, which limits seamless integration, energy efficiency, and comfort. Chipless electronic systems still face digital logic challenges owing to the lack of dynamic energy-switching carriers. We propose a chipless body-coupled energy interaction mechanism for ambient electromagnetic energy harvesting and wireless signal transmission through a single fiber. The fiber itself enables wireless visual-digital interactions without the need for extra chips or batteries on textiles. Because all of the electronic assemblies are merged in a miniature fiber, this facilitates scalable fabrication and compatibility with modern weaving techniques, thereby enabling versatile and intelligent clothing. We propose a strategy that may address the problems of silicon-based textile systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is proved that the Weisfeiler-Leman dimension of the class of permutation graphs is at most 18. Previously, it was only known that this dimension is finite (B. Grußien, Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), 2017, pp. 1-12). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivating the digital literacy of all citizens, especially for college students, would contribute to the construction of a 'Learning Society' where everybody loves learning and would offer a powerful impetus for building a modern country. First, this paper reviews the origins and general definitions of computer literacy, network literacy, media literacy, information literacy and digital literacy. Compared with similar terminologies, digital literacy features the subjective initiatives to actively improve one's and others' skills, competence, awareness and thinking mode for adapting to, qualifying for and creating a new digital age and society. Second, the internal logic in the Digital Literacy Framework of College Students (DLFCS) can be summarized as 'Skills-Competencies-Awareness' attributing to the evolution progress of 'digital technologies utilization, actual problems solving, and digital awareness cultivation'. Following this logic, this paper develops the DLFCS through scene-based requirements analysis and professional consultations, including three areas (i.e. operational skills, applied competencies, thinking & awareness), identifying fifteen descriptors and their examples with key performances. Third, it measures the self-perception and actual performance of college students digital literacy by questionnaire, Q&A tests and task evaluation, and validates the completeness and validity of the DLFCS by Pearson correlation analysis of datasets collected in three modes. The results indicate that (a) the fifteen descriptors in DLFCS basically cover the essential areas of digital literacy with extremely weak correlations among them, (b) the relationships of progressive and intertwined 'Skills-Competencies-Awareness' demonstrate the validity of the internal logic and DLFCS itself, (c) to be digitally literate requires long-term and gradually-progressed cultivation and improvement, as achieving one descriptor of digital literacy proficiently does not guarantee good performance on the other descriptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) may be viewed as the poten- tial digital logic design alternative to supplant the current CMOS Technol- ogy. The logical design is based on the polarization of electrons to transfer information which results in a huge improved performance metric in terms of speed, power & area. This paper demonstrates a Reversible Arithmetic Processor (RAP) architecture design with Reversible Multiplexer (RM) and Reversible Functional Gate in QCA. The QCA Designer-E simulation tool has been used to design and verify all the proposed archi- tecture and the energy dissipation has been simulated using a coherent vector energy engine setup. The total and average energy dissipation per cycle of our proposed RAP using QCA are 3.91 × 10−1 eV and 3.56 × 10−2 eV respectively. Moreover, the power dissipation of proposed RAP is 1.3 nW. Regarding cell count, area, latency, and energy dissipation, the proposed architecture beats out the existing architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past two decades have seen an explosion of work on Josephson junctions containing ferromagnetic materials. Such junctions are under consideration for applications in digital superconducting logic and memory. In the presence of the exchange field, spin–singlet Cooper pairs from conventional superconductors undergo rapid phase oscillations as they propagate through a ferromagnetic material. As a result, the ground-state phase difference across a ferromagnetic Josephson junction oscillates between 0 and π as a function of the thickness of the ferromagnetic material. π-junctions have been proposed as circuit elements in superconducting digital logic and in certain qubit designs for quantum computing. If a junction contains two or more ferromagnetic layers whose relative magnetization directions can be controlled by a small applied magnetic field, then the junction can serve as the foundation for a memory cell. Success in all of those applications requires careful choices of ferromagnetic materials. Often, materials that optimize magnetic properties do not optimize supercurrent propagation, and vice versa. In this review, we discuss the significant progress that has been made in identifying and testing a wide range of ferromagnetic materials in Josephson junctions over the past two decades. The review concentrates on ferromagnetic metals, partly because eventual industrial applications of ferromagnetic Josephson junctions will most likely start with metallic ferromagnets (either in all metal junctions or junctions containing an insulating layer). We will briefly mention work on non-metallic barriers, including ferromagnetic insulators, and some of the exciting work on spin–triplet supercurrent in junctions containing non-collinear magnetic inhomogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author has recently introduced an abstract algebraic framework of analogical proportions within the general setting of universal algebra. This paper studies analogical proportions in the boolean domain consisting of two elements 0 and 1 within his framework. It turns out that our notion of boolean proportions coincides with two prominent models from the literature in different settings. This means that we can capture two separate modellings of boolean proportions within a single framework which is mathematically appealing and provides further evidence for the robustness and applicability of the general framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential growth of the power of modern digital computers is based upon the miniaturization of vast nanoscale arrays of electronic switches, but this will be eventually constrained by fabrication limits and power dissipation. Chemical processes have the potential to scale beyond these limits by performing computations through chemical reactions, yet the lack of well-defined programmability limits their scalability and performance. Here, we present a hybrid digitally programmable chemical array as a probabilistic computational machine that uses chemical oscillators using Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction partitioned in interconnected cells as a computational substrate. This hybrid architecture performs efficient computation by distributing information between chemical and digital domains together with inbuilt error correction logic. The efficiency is gained by combining digital logic with probabilistic chemical logic based on nearest neighbour interactions and hysteresis effects. We demonstrated the computational capabilities of our hybrid processor by implementing one- and two-dimensional Chemical Cellular Automata demonstrating emergent dynamics of life-like entities called Chemits. Additionally, we demonstrate hybrid probabilistic logic as a viable logic for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Computing platforms based on chemical processes can be an alternative to digital computers in some scenarios but have limited programmability. Here the authors demonstrate a hybrid computing platform combining digital electronics and an oscillatory chemical reaction and demonstrate its computational capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A parity generator as a combinational logic circuit in digital circuits can generate the parity bit in the transmitter. It is very applicable in digital networking and communications. Also, rather than diodes and transistors, quantum dots will be used in the next-generation circuits. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) offers a new platform where binary data is represented by polarized cells that are defined by the electron configurations. Therefore, a coplanar 4-bit parity generator is suggested in this work. This new arrangement eliminates complicated crossovers and provides complete access to all input and output pins. An XOR gate is used to implement the suggested architecture. Simulation waveforms and performance data confirm the proposed circuits' functioning and advantages. The suggested four-bit parity generator uses less overhead than its equivalents. We simulated and tested the suggested circuit with the assistance of the QCADesigner 2.0.3 simulator. The QCADesigner software findings demonstrate that the suggested design is simpler and less expensive than earlier designs. Compared to the present best design, the suggested four-bit parity generator reduces cell number and latency by 55.29% and 40%, respectively. Quantum dot-Cellular Automata (QCA) offers a new platform where binary data is represented by polarized cells that are defined by the electron configurations. Therefore, a coplanar 4-bit parity generator is suggested in this work. This new arrangement eliminates complicated crossovers and provides complete access to all input and output pins. An XOR gate is used to implement the suggested architecture. Simulation waveforms and performance data confirm the proposed circuits' functioning and advantages. The suggested four-bit parity generator uses less overhead than its equivalents. We simulated and tested the suggested circuit with the assistance of the QCADesigner 2.0.3 simulator. The QCADesigner software findings demonstrate that the suggested design is simpler and less expensive than earlier designs. Compared to the present best design, the suggested four-bit parity generator reduces cell number and latency by 55.29% and 40%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is devoted to the development of a logical system to improve the efficiency of wind turbines with the identification of patterns and relationships between wind speeds and directions in urban conditions. The results of the study made it possible to identify approaches to use wind energy efficiently to produce electricity with minimal losses for the power supply of urban facilities. Data Mining methods were applied, the dependencies between weather data were examined. Machine Learning algorithms have also been applied to forecast wind speed and direction in order to increase the efficiency of power generation. A thorough exploratory data analysis was carried out, including visualization of meteorological data and the study of their statistical indicators. To predict wind speed, numerical indicators such as air temperature, wind direction, pressure tendency and atmospheric pressure were taken. Linear Regression, Decision Tree and Support Vector Machine were taken as Machine Learning models. The results revealed that the Random Forest turned out to be the most effective, with a mean squared error of 0.302. According to the results of the research, it was found that the initial data on the characteristics of the wind are highly distorted when it circulates in the urban environment due to the influence of urban development. However, the use of a logical system made it possible to predict and adapt the operation of wind turbines to changes in wind characteristics with minimal losses. A pivotal outcome of this study is the creation of a real-time data processing system, enabling accurate predictions of wind characteristics from speed and direction measuring devices. Additionally, a MATLAB Simulink-based computer model was developed to explore the logical system's influence on wind turbine performance. The findings underscore the efficacy of employing forecasting within a logical system framework to harness wind energy efficiently, contributing to sustainable urban energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The article aims to examine the strategic fit between two distinguishable types of entrepreneurial logic (effectuation and causation) and different types of innovation approaches (radical and innovative). Research Design & Methods: We employed a self-administered questionnaire-based quantitative study and the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesis. The sample comprises 70 Indonesian digital multi-sided platform (MSP) start-ups that have been operating for at least three years. Findings: The empirical results suggest that effectuation can contribute to digital MSP start-ups' resilience after they succeed in providing radical innovation. On the other hand, causation directly contributes to their resilience. Meanwhile, incremental innovation does not contribute to digital MSP start-ups' resilience. Implications & Recommendations: The empirical results suggest that effectuation can contribute to the resilience of digital MSP start-ups after they succeed in providing radical innovation. On the other hand, causation directly contributes to their resilience. Meanwhile, incremental innovation does not contribute significantly to the resilience of digital MSP start-ups. Contribution & Value Added: This study explores how the entrepreneurial logic in digital MSP start-up models can improve the survival rates of emerging market start-ups. It focuses on Indonesia, where the survival rate is comparatively lower than in other Asian countries. Moreover, this research is crucial for comprehending the phenomenon underlying the resource-based theory paradox, because it involves implementing innovation strategies within the constraints of limited initial resources and capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The home is an ever-changing assemblage of technologies that shapes the organisation and division of housework and supports certain models of what that work entails, who does it and for what purposes. This paper analyses core tensions arising through the ways smart homes are embedding logics of digital capitalism into home life and labour. As a critical way of understanding these techno-political shifts in the means of social reproduction, we advance the concept of Big Mother – a system that, under the guise of maternal care, seeks to manage, monitor and marketise domestic spaces and practices. We identify three tensions arising in the relationships between care and control as they are mediated through the Big Mother system: (a) outsourcing autonomy through enhanced control and choice, (b) increased monitoring for efficient management and (c) revaluation of care through optimisation of housework. For each area, we explore how emerging technological capacities promise to enhance our abilities to care for our homes, families and selves. Yet, at the same time, these innovations also empower Big Mother to enrol people into new techniques of surveillance, new forms of automation and new markets of data. Our purpose in this paper is to push back against the influential ideas of smart homes based on luxury surveillance and caring systems by showing that they exist in constant relation with a supposedly antithetical version of the smart home represented by Big Mother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The real‐time tracking process of dim targets in space is mainly achieved through the correlation and prediction of dots after the detection and calculation process. The on‐board calculation of the tracking needs to be completed in milliseconds, and it needs to reach the microsecond level at high frame rates. For real‐time tracking of dim targets in space, it is necessary to achieve universal tracking calculation acceleration in response to different space regions and complex backgrounds, which poses high requirements for engineering implementation architecture. This paper designs a Kalman filter calculation based on digital logic parallel acceleration architecture for real‐time solution of dim target tracking on‐board. A unified architecture of Vector Processing Element (VPE) was established for the calculation of Kalman filtering matrix, and an array computing structure based on VPE was designed to decompose the entire filtering process and form a parallel pipelined data stream. The prediction errors under different fixed point bit widths were analyzed and deduced, and the guidance methods for selecting the optimal bit width based on the statistical results were provided. The entire design was engineered based on Xilinx's XC7K325T, resulting in an energy efficiency improvement compared to previous designs. The single iteration calculation time does not exceed 0.7 microseconds, which can meet the current high frame rate target tracking requirements. The effectiveness of this design has been verified through simulation of random trajectory data, which is consistent with the theoretical calculation error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the intersection of technology and the law, specifically focusing on the transformation of legal imagination in the tech era. The authors argue that there is a need to critically examine the historical and future implications of this transformation. The article explores various topics within this context, including the impact of digitalization, datafication, and AI on the law, the role of technology in shaping legal decision-making and enforcement mechanisms, and the challenges and possibilities of legal imagination in the face of new technologies. The authors also highlight the importance of considering diverse perspectives and the cultural and societal implications of tech-induced legal change. [Extracted from the article]

As an emerging nanodevice, Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a hopeful candidate for conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices. XOR, one of the most vital gates, occupies a significant positon in digital logic circuits. In order to improve the property performance of XOR, a novel five-input majority gate is put forward first. Then, an efficient XOR employing a NAND-NOR-Inverter (NNI) and the proposed five-input majority voter is realized in the paper. Compared with previous counterparts based on gates, the proposed design requires fewer cells, occupies less area, and consumes less average energy consumption. Specifically, it improves by 11.11% in cell count, 2.11% in area, and 9.51% (1.5Ek) in energy consumption when compared to the state-of-the-art design. The clock delay of the XOR in the article keeps the same with the minimum of them. Additionally, the proposed design has the lowest QCA cost, including area-delay cost, QCA-specific cost, and energy-delay cost. Moreover, the design is coplanar, without any crossing types. All these make it an outstanding design. To demonstrate its practicality, n-bit parity generators using the proposed XOR are implemented. The novel 4-bit parity generator excels in cell count, area, and average energy dissipation, achieving optimization of up to 10.6%, 6.0%, and 38.6% (0.5Ek), respectively, compared to previous optimum values. The significance of these optimization results becomes more pronounced as the bit of parity generators increases, indicating a promising future for constructing complex circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are completely aware of the fact that ternary algebraic structures in some way naturally occur in diverse fields of theoretical and mathematical physics, computer science, especially in ternary operators in Java and Python, ternary logic applied for digital signal processing, and musical systems for song composition. The primary aim of this research is to examine ternary semigroups in the context of hybrid quasi-ideals and hybrid A-ideals. Different features of hybrid quasi-ideals and hybrid A-ideals in the ternary semigroup are discussed. In addition, the idea of minimal hybrid A-ideals of ternary semigroups is defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A new technique is introduced for digital background calibration in pipeline analog to digital converters (ADCs). The technique is based on the decision points of the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) of the pipeline stages, which means the residual VTC is used to estimate the output code of the decision points. By applying the proposed technique, the capacitor mismatch error, the residual amplifier error, and the nonlinearity errors are corrected. To attain proper decision points, the sub-ADC is considered and one of its threshold levels is changed. The mathematical relations of the errors are extracted, and then by applying error coefficients to the final digital outputs, the pipeline ACD is calibrated. This method has a simple digital logic and does not require a particular analog circuit. The proposed technique is applied to the first five stages of a 12-bit 100 MS/s pipeline ADC, and about 0.7 × 106 samples are used. The results show that the presented technique improves the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) from 34.1 and 35.1 dB to 69.2 and 77.6 dB, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of laboratory exercises are presented, which use the video game Minecraft as the environment for teaching combinational digital logic in an introductory electronics lab. Several advantages are noted when students use the virtual Minecraft environment prior to building any real digital circuits. Editor's Note: Looking for new ways to connect with your students or to get your students to connect with each other? If so, Minecraft may be for you! In this paper you'll learn how to use the best-selling video game in history to develop digital electronics activities that teach concepts as simple as basic logic gates or as complicated as the emulation of a whole working computer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for larger bandwidth to carry high capacity data in optical networks is increasing. Thus, it is expected to replace all digital logic with optical logic soon. Privacy and data security are also of utmost importance in all-optical networks. Generally, all-optical encryption has been carried out using (i) highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) and (ii) Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) with interferometric structures. However, the former is limited by the requirement of a lengthy fiber and the latter one with more number of nonlinear components. In this work, an all-optical encryption process using nonlinear effects and four-wave mixing (FWM) in SOA without interferometric structure is presented for different number systems. The basic idea of the proposed system is to use delay operations which are carried out by duo binary modulation units whereas the encryption using single SOA is possible by FWM nonlinear effect. This combination of novel design for different number systems is optimized through SOA structural parameters, pump and probe signal power, and wavelength. Through optimization, the performance improvement is assured by a good extinction ratio of 11.5 dB for the active region length of less than 200 µm. Compared to the existing techniques, the quality factor is 2.28 times and 1.52 times better than HNLF and SOA-MZI, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing a critical approach typical of humanities-based research, this article investigates the changing nature of toxic leadership in our digital world. Drawing on the perspective of media ecology, which asserts that the prevailing communication technologies at a given moment create the social conditions that, in turn, condition us, the authors illustrate how the digital logics of publicity, intransigence, impertinence, and impulsivity remake the contours of leadership. Based on a critical case study of Elon Musk's public management of Twitter, which has subsequently been rebranded as "X", it is argued that the four digital logics transform toxic leadership into digital authoritarianism, an unabashed form of authoritarian rule. A concluding section of the essay explores the implications of this evolution for traditional categories of leadership; the importance of attending to communication technologies in leadership research; and the individual, institutional, and social harms of digital authoritarianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informacije MIDEM: Journal of Microelectronics, Electronic Components & Materials is the property of MIDEM Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the early days of artificial intelligence (AI), many logics have been explored as tools for knowledge representation and reasoning. In the spirit of the Crossley Festscrift and recognizing John Crossley's diverse interests and his legacy in both mathematical logic and computer science, I discuss examples from my own research that sit in the overlap of logic and AI, with a focus on supporting human–AI interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-power SAR ADC with capacitor-splitting energy-efficient switching scheme is proposed for wearable biosensor applications. Based on capacitor-splitting, additional reference voltage Vcm, and common-mode techniques, the proposed switching scheme achieves 93.76% less switching energy compared to the conventional scheme with common-mode voltage shift in one LSB. With the switching scheme, the proposed SAR ADC can lower the dependency on the accuracy of Vcm and the complexity of digital control logic and DAC driver circuits. Furthermore, the SAR ADC employs low-noise and low-power dynamic comparators utilizing multi-clock control, low sampling error sampling switches based on the bootstrap technique, and dynamic SAR logic. The simulation results demonstrate that the ADC achieves a 61.77 dB SNDR and a 78.06 dB SFDR and consumes 4.45 μW of power in a 180 nm process with a 1 V power supply, a full-swing input signal frequency of 93.33 kHz, and a sampling rate of 200 kS/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the development of a 64-channel application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), implemented to detect the optical Cherenkov light from sub-orbital and orbital altitudes. These kinds of signals are generated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and cosmic neutrinos (CNs). The purpose of this front-end electronics is to provide a readout unit for a matrix of silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) to identify extensive air showers (EASs). Each event can be stored into a configurable array of 256 cells where the on-board digitization can take place with a programmable 12-bits Wilkinson analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The sampling, the conversion process, and the main digital logic of the ASIC run at 200 MHz, while the readout is managed by dedicated serializers operating at 400 MHz in double data rate (DDR). The chip is designed in a commercial 65 nm CMOS technology, ensuring a high configurability by selecting the partition of the channels, the resolution in the interval 8–12 bits, and the source of its trigger. The production and testing of the ASIC is planned for the forthcoming months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have always sought to grasp nature's working principles and apply acquired intelligence to artefacts since nature has always been the source of inspiration, solution and creativity. For this reason, there is a comprehensive interrelationship between the philosophy of nature and architecture. After Charles Darwin's revolutionary work, living beings have started to be comprehended as changing, evolving and developing dynamic entities. Evolution theory has been accepted as the interpretive power of biology after several discussions and objections among scientists. In time, the working principles of evolutionary mechanisms have begun to be explained from genetic code to organism and environmental level. Afterwards, simulating nature's evolutionary logic in the digital interface has become achievable with computational systems' advancements. Ultimately, architects have begun to utilise evolutionary understanding in design theories and methodologies through computational procedures since the 1990s. Although several studies about technical and pragmatic elements of evolutionary tools in design, there is still little research on the historical, theoretical and philosophical foundations of evolutionary understanding in digital architecture. This paper fills this literature gap by critically reviewing the evolutionary understanding embedded in digital architecture theories and designs since the beginning of the 1990s. The original contribution is the proposed intellectual framework seeking to understand and conceptualise how evolutionary processes were defined in biology and philosophy, then represented through computational procedures, to be finally utilised by architectural designers. The network of references and concepts is deeply connected with the communication between natural processes and their computational simulations. For this reason, another original contribution is the utilisation of theoretical limits and operative principles of computation procedures to shed light on the limitations, shortcomings and potentials of design theories regarding their speculations on the relationship between natural and computational ontologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important transport process for particles and gases from the atmosphere to aquatic and terrestrial environments is through dry and wet deposition. An open-source, modular, off-grid, and affordable instrument that can automatically collect wet deposition samples allows for more extensive deployment of deposition samplers in fieldwork and would enable more comprehensive monitoring of remote locations. Precipitation events selectively sampled using a conductivity sensor powered by a battery-based supply are central to off-grid capabilities. The prevalence of conductive precipitation, initially containing high solute levels and progressing through trace level concentrations to ultrapure water in full atmospheric washout, depends on the sampling location but is ubiquitous. This property is exploited here to trigger an electric motor via limit switches to open and close a lid resting over a funnel opening. The motors are operated via a custom-built and modular digital logic control board, which have low energy demands. All components, their design and rationale, and assembly are provided for community use. The modularity of the control board allows operation of up to six independent wet deposition units, such that replicate measurements (e.g., canopy throughfall) or different collection materials for various targeted pollutants can be implemented as necessary. We demonstrate that these platforms are capable of continuous operation off-grid for integrated monthly and bimonthly collections performed across the Newfoundland and Labrador Boreal Ecosystem Latitudinal Transect (47° to 53° N) during the growing seasons of 2015 and 2016. System performance was assessed through measured power consumption from 115 volts of alternating current (VAC; grid power) or 12 volts of direct current from battery supplies during operation under both standby (40 or 230 mA, respectively) and in-use (78 or 300 mA, respectively) conditions. In the field, one set of triplicate samplers was deployed in the open to collect incident precipitation (open fall) while another set was deployed under the experimental forest canopy (throughfall). The proof-of-concept systems were validated with basic measurements of rainwater chemistry including: i) pH ranging from 4.14 to 5.71 in incident open fall rainwater; ii) conductivity ranging from 21 to 166 uS/cm; and iii) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in open fall and canopy throughfall of 16 ± 10 mg/L and 22 ± 12 mg/L, respectively; with incident fluxes spanning 600 to 4200 mg C m-2 a-1 across the transect. Ultimately, this demonstrates that the customized precipitation sampling design of this new platform enables more universal accessibility of deposition samples to the atmospheric observation community-for example, those who have made community calls for targeting biogeochemical budgets and/or contaminants of emerging concern in sensitive and remote regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expounds the theoretical logic among digital inclusive finance, urbanization, and agricultural mechanization level, puts forward the research hypothesis, and then selects the county unbalanced panel data of 1309 counties in China from 2014 to 2020 based on the two-way fixed model with standard error clustering to county level and mediating effect model for empirical data regression analysis. Through baseline regression analysis, mediation effect analysis, and heterogeneity analysis, the findings of this paper are as follows. First, digital financial inclusion has a significant positive effect on the growth of agricultural mechanization. Second, digital inclusive finance at the county level can also indirectly affect the growth of agricultural mechanization through urbanization. That is, agricultural mechanization has an intermediary effect between the financial agglomeration at the county level and the growth of farmers' income. Third, the impact of county-level digital financial inclusion on the growth of agricultural mechanization level is significantly heterogeneous, and the promoting effect is significant in areas with balanced grain production, national-level poor county or contiguous areas of dire poverty, and areas with a good foundation for digital financial inclusion. By analyzing digital inclusive finance, urbanization, and agricultural mechanization, this paper proposes targeted policy recommendations. First, the government can promote agricultural mechanization by developing digital financial inclusion. Second, the government should guide and accelerate the process of digital financial inclusion, promoting urbanization thereby amplifying the positive impact of digital financial inclusion on agricultural mechanization. Third, given the heterogeneity of the impact of digital financial inclusion on agricultural mechanization, local development should focus on developing different dimensions of digital financial inclusion according to specific conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of AugenBlick is the property of Schueren Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This survey paper summarizes the main results of Professor Victor Selivanov's research, which together highlight the important advances he achieved in mathematical logic and theoretical computer science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]