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In this article, the book ‘Home Time’ by one of contemporary Turkish poets, Abdulkadir Budak, through the contained poem ‘Home, Pain’ on focus is examined. Although the review is partly based on disciplines as anthropology, psychology, mythology, yet any of these has been selected as the dominant method. In this examination in terms of the theme by the help of these disciplines, the nature of art has been meticulously considered. Because the work of art has a nature that cannot be limited to the particular inspection methods of definite disciplines. The book subject to examination in this article is written in a style that encompasses a certain theme by the poet. As a living space home impacts on the poet are manifested in different aspects in each poem in the book. Yet the clearly emerging situation is the instability and uneasiness of the poet as an individual against home. This vacillating state and the poet’s state against the house are accompanied by intense contradictions. Home as the family’s living space, has created difficulties for the individual poet expressed by almost tragic tone. The subjects are the house centred everyday life on one hand, the problems created by that very life and a space resourcing and shaping the everyday life on the other hand. Although the narrative style is prevailing on poems in general, the poems have features exceeding the narration with the arrangement in a flow accompanied by patches of implication and irony, elaboration of fine details and association level.

Background and Objective: To compare oxidative stress (OS) markers in the saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and serum samples of pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GDM) and healthy pregnant women and to investigate the association between periodontal health/diseases and OS and GDM., Method: Eighty women with GDM and 80 healthy pregnant women were included in the study. Medical and clinical anamnesis was obtained from all the pregnant women included in the study, and their plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) measurements were performed. GCF, saliva, and serum samples were collected for the measurements of the local and systemic total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS)., Results: Clinical periodontal parameters were found to be significantly higher in the GDM group compared to the control group. The serum and saliva TAS, TOS, and TAS/TOS values were significantly lower in the GDM group than in the control group. In the analysis of the GCF samples, the mean TAS and TAS/TOS values were significantly lower and the TOS value was significantly higher in the GDM group than in the control group. The multivariate reduced model indicated that gravidity, salivary TAS/TOS, and GCF TAS were significant independent variables in the development of GDM (p < .05)., Conclusion: Our results indicated that the OS of serum, saliva, and GCF samples increased in patients with GDM compared to healthy pregnant women. The role of local OS parameters in GDM may be associated with elevated clinical periodontal parameters., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: This national cross-sectional survey aimed to assess the iodine status in pregnant women and their offspring, and also to demonstrate regional differences by measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC). For each woman and her newborn a questionnaire was prepared with basic facts as age, parity number or birth weight and additional information regarding thyroid diseases, use of iodized salt in the household, extra iodine supplementation during pregnancy, education level and wage income., Methods: The target population represented 1444 pregnant women who gave birth between January 1 st, 2018 and 2019, and their offspring. Iodine deficiency for pregnant women and their offspring were defined as urine iodine level <150 μg/L and <100 μg/L, respectively. Results are given as median (25th-75th percentile)., Results: The median UIC in the group of pregnant woman was 94 (52-153) μg/L. Within the sample of 1444 pregnant women, UIC indicative of mild iodine deficiency (100-149 μg/L) was present in 21 % (n = 306), moderate deficiency (50-99 μg/L) in 30 % (n = 430), and severe deficiency (<50 μg/L) in 23 % (n = 337). This study showed a prevalence of 74 % of iodine deficiency in Turkish pregnant woman. The median UIC in the group of offspring was 96 (41-191) μg/L. Within the new-borns, UIC indicative of mild iodine deficiency (50-99 μg/L) was present in 22 % (n = 323), moderate deficiency (20-49 μg/L) in 15 % (n = 222), and severe deficiency (<20 μg/L) in 13 % (n = 192). This survey showed a prevalence of 51 % of iodine deficiency in Turkish new-borns. Pregnant women with lower socioeconomic and education level, lower access to household iodized salt, lower rates of exposure to povidone-iodine containing skin disinfectant, higher parity and higher iodine deficiency had higher rates of iodine deficiency in their offspring. Regional differences were observed both in mothers and their offspring concerning their iodine status., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that iodine deficiency is still an important public health problem in Turkey. More drastic measures should be taken to decrease these important iodine deficiencies, both in pregnant women and in their offspring., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Background and aim: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal inflammatory disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Its pathophysiology includes hypoxic-ischemic injury that may be related to oxygen-derived free radical formation. Sesamol is considered to be an antioxidant and free radical scavenger with anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of sesamol in a neonatal rat model of NEC. Materials and methods: The study included 1-day-old Wistar albino rat pups ( n  = 34) that were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (NEC), group 2 (NEC + intraperitoneal sesamol), group 3 (NEC + oral sesamol), and a control group. NEC was induced by exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation, following cold stress and hyperosmolar enteral formula feeding. Sesamol 100 mg kg -1  dose -1 was administered intraperitoneally to group 2 and orally to group 3 for 3 days. On day 4 all rats were sacrificed. Histological injuries, the Bcl-2, caspase-3, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured in intestinal samples. Results: The grade of intestinal damage, and Bcl-2 and caspase-3 levels in group 1 were significantly higher than in groups 2 and 3 and the control group, and intestinal damage was significantly more severe in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. The MDA activity was significantly lower in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1 (112, 89, and 144 nmol mL -1 , respectively). Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher SOD and GSH-Px activities than group 1 (SOD: 1.75, 1.74, and 0.89 U mg -1 ; GSH-Px: 114, 121, and 110 nmol of NADPH min -1  mg -1 , respectively). Conclusions: The present findings highlight that sesamol has beneficial effects on intestinal injury in a rat model of NEC through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The endothelin (EDN) axis (EDN1 and EDN1 receptor A, EDNRA) is involved in cellular growth, differentiation, invasiveness, and tumor progression in several cancers. We wanted to examine the possible impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of EDN1 and EDNRA genes on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) development and general characteristics of PTC. Study population consist of 113 PTC patients and 185 controls. EDN1 (G5665T, T-1370G) and EDNRA (C TT70G, G-231A) SNPs were investigated by real-time PCR. The GG genotype of EDNRA + 70 SNP was associated with threefold increased PTC risk (p = 0.01), and the combined CG + GG genotype was 2.48 fold higher among PTC patients compared to controls. The variant EDNRA - 231 allele was overrepresented in PTC patients according to controls (p = 0.05). The combined GT + TT genotype of EDN1 5665 SNP was related with late (age after 40 years) PTC onset (p = 0.04), and was more prominent among male patients with PTC according to females (p = 0.03). No significant associations between PTC and - 1370 SNP were found. There were no relationships between laboratory parameters and investigated polymorphisms. The EDNRA + 70 SNP was associated with PTC development. The EDN1 5665 SNP was linked with increased risk for late PTC onset and was more prominent among male patients with PTC.

Background: Oxidative stress and increased DNA damage have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. Oxidative DNA damage is mainly repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway., Aim: We sought to determine whether polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may have a role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo., Materials and Methods: We conducted a study including 100 patients with vitiligo and age- and sex-matched 193 control subjects to examine the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of BER genes, human 8-oxoG DNA N-glycosylase 1 (codon 326), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) (codon 148), and X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (codon 399) as risk factors for vitiligo. These polymorphisms were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and melting curve analysis., Results: No significant association was observed between the variant alleles of studied genes and vitiligo., Conclusion: However, we showed that the presence of APE1 148Glu variant allele is associated with leukotrichia. This preliminary study suggests that APE1 (codon 148) polymorphism may play a role in vitiligo pathogenesis., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Our goal was to evaluate the role of ultrasound (US) imaging in an experimental 2-hit steatofibrosis rat model. Nineteen female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups: control group (n = 6) and high-fat diet carbontetrachloride (HFD-CCl4) group (n = 13) that was fed with HFD for 14 weeks. Ultrasound was performed to evaluate liver steatosis. The HFD-CCl4 group rats were divided further into 2 subgroups: HFD rats with liver steatosis [US (+) group; n = 6] and without steatosis [US (-) group; n = 7]. All rats in the subgroups were administered with CCl4. In both US (+) and US (-) subgroups, steatosis score, fibrosis score, triglyceride, and hydroxyproline contents were markedly higher compared with the control group. When compared with the US (-) group, triglyceride and hydroxyproline contents were significantly higher in the US (+) group, whereas steatosis and fibrosis scores were not different. Ultrasound imaging may be useful to assess the success of a 2-hit experimental steatofibrosis model.

Background: This study was designed to compare the performances of HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry) methods in 25 (OH) D3 testing., Methods: This study is comprised of 306 randomly chosen plasma samples from the subjects who applied for routine measurement of 25 (OH) D3. Plasma 25 (OH) D3 levels were quantified using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS method was used as the reference method. The linearity, precision, carry-over, limit of blank, limit of detection (LoD), and comparison studies were done for method validation. Accuracy was tested using external quality assurance samples., Results: Coefficients of variation for both methods were at around 10.0%. The HPLC and LC-MS/MS assays were linear over the working range from 5.0 to 100 ng/mL (r > 0.99). The HPLC assay showed a higher LoD compared to LC-MS/MS (5.1 vs. 1.6 ng/mL, respectively). Results from external quality assurance samples were within ? 1 SD range for both methods. The comparison study revealed good correlation between HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods (y = 1.054x - 1.981 with a small mean bias (-0.953) (r = 0.9752)), when all samples were included, regardless of their 25 (OH) D3 levels. However, the correlation was poor for samples with 25 (OH) D3 concentrations lower than 10 ng/mL., Conclusions: Both methods have acceptable performance characteristics for use in clinical diagnostic applications. A good comparability was obtained between HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods. However, LoD of HPLC assay was higher and there was a poor correlation between the two systems for samples with 25 (OH) D3 concentrations below 10 ng/mL, showing that LC-MS/MS system is more successful in measuring samples with low 25 (OH) D3 concentration.

High fat diet (HFD) is associated with oxidative stress induced fatty liver. Curcumin, an extract of Curcuma longa, has been shown to possess potent antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of curcumin treatment on hepatic heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression along with pro-oxidant-antioxidant status and lipid accumulation in rats fed an HFD. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed among 4 groups: Group 1, which was fed the control diet (10% of total calories from fat); Group 2, which was fed the HFD (60% of total calories from fat); and groups 3 and 4, which received the HFD supplemented with curcumin and the control diet supplemented with curcumin (1 g/kg diet; w/w), respectively, for 16 weeks. HFD caused increases in hepatic lipid levels, production of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. Further, HO-1 expression was significantly decreased. Histopathological examination showed hepatic fat accumulation and slight fibrotic changes. Curcumin treatment reduced hepatic lipids and oxidative stress parameters, and HO-1 expression was significantly increased. These findings suggest that increased HO-1 expression, along with suppressed oxidative stress as well as reduced hepatic fat accumulation and fibrotic changes, contribute to the beneficial effects of curcumin in attenuating the pathogenesis of fatty liver induced metabolic diseases.

Purpose: Endothelin1 (EDN1) is well established marker of inflammation. The functions of EDN1 are mediated mainly by endothelin receptors type A (EDNRA). The etiopathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) remains still elusive although the role of chronic inflammation and subsequent endothelial dysfunction has been established. This study examined firstly the possible association of EDN1 (G5665Tand T-1370G) and EDNRA (C+70G and G-231A) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the occurrence of HT, and evaluates the relationship between genotypes and clinical/laboratory manifestation of HT., Materials and Methods: We analyzed genotype and allele distributions of above mentioned polymorphisms in 163 patients with HT and 181 healthy controls by real-time PCR combined with melting curve analysis., Results: No significant associations between HT and variant alleles of EDN1 5665 and -1370, as well as EDNRA +70 and -231 SNPs were found. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that there was a strong (D'=0.76, r(2)=0.487) and weak (D'=0.403, r(2)=0.086) linkage disequilibrium (LD) between EDN1 -1370 and 5665, and between EDNRA -231 and +70 SNPs, respectively. However, haplotype frequencies in patients were similar to those in controls. In addition, it was observed that the EDNRA +70 G allele had protective effect against early (at age before 40 years) disease onset of HT (OR: 0.51, 95% CI=0.32-0.79, p=0.003)., Conclusion: Although no significant associations between susceptibility to HT with EDN1 5665 and -1370, as well as with EDNRA+70 and -231 SNPs were found, EDNRA +70 polymorphism was related with decreased risk for early onset HT., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aim: d-galactose (GAL) causes aging-related changes and oxidative stress in the organism. We investigated the effect of whole fresh blueberry (BB; Vaccinium corymbosum L.) treatment on oxidative stress in age-related liver injury model., Methods: Rats received GAL (300 mg/kg, s.c.; 5 days per week) alone or together with 5% (BB1) and 10% (BB2) BB-containing chow for 2 months. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and glutathione transferase (GST) activities together with mRNA expressions of SOD1, GPx1, MnSOD (SOD2) and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) were determined in GAL-treated rats., Results: MDA and PC levels increased, but GSH levels, SOD1 and GPx1 activities decreased together with histopathological structural damage in the liver in GAL-treated rats. There was no change in hepatic mRNA expressions of SOD2 and GPx1, but SOD1 and GPx4 expressions decreased. BB1 and BB2 caused significant decreases in serum ALT and AST activities together with the amelioration in histopathological findings in GAL-treated rats. Both BB1 and BB2 reduced MDA and PC levels, and elevated GSH levels, and SOD1 and GPx1 activities. However, hepatic mRNA expressions of SOD1, SOD2, GPx1 and GPx4 remained unchanged in GAL-treated rats., Conclusions: These results show that BB restored liver pro-oxidant status together with histopathological amelioration by acting as an anti-oxidant (radical scavenger) itself without affecting mRNA expressions of anti-oxidant enzymes in GAL-treated rats., (© 2013 Japan Geriatrics Society.)

Hypercholesterolemia and lipid peroxidation play complementary roles in atherosclerosis. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae) leaf extract (ALE), rich in antioxidants, has cholesterol-reducing effect. We investigated the effect of ALE on serum and hepatic lipid levels and pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in the liver and heart of hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were fed on 4% (w/w) cholesterol and 1% cholic acid (w/w) supplemented diet for 1 month. ALE (1.5 g/kg/day) was given by gavage during the last 2 weeks. High cholesterol (HC) diet caused significant increases in serum and liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) levels in both tissues. Hepatic vitamin E levels and hepatic and cardiac glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities decreased, but superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase activities, glutathione, and vitamin C levels remained unchanged due to HC diet. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and ratio of cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol decreased in ALE plus HC-treated rats, but liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels remained unchanged. Significant decreases in hepatic and cardiac MDA and DC levels and increases in hepatic vitamin E and GSH-Px activities were observed in ALE-treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Our results indicate that ALE decreases serum lipids and hypercholesterolemia-induced pro-oxidant state in both tissues.

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L: -histidine) is a dipeptide with antioxidant properties. Oxidative damage by free radicals is one of the mechanisms underlying the aging process. This study was done to investigate the effects of carnosine treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status of liver, heart, brain in male young and aged rats. At the initiation of study, young and aged rats were 5 and 22 months old, respectively. Carnosine (250 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) was administered for 1 month to rats. At the end of this period, malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels, glutathione (GSH), vitamin E and vitamin C levels and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione transferase (GST) activities were determined in tissues of carnosine-treated young and old rats. Liver and heart, but not brain MDA and DC levels increased significantly in aged rats as compared to young rats. Liver PC levels were also significantly elevated. Significant decreases in GSH and vitamin C levels and SOD activities were detected in liver of aged rats, but vitamin E levels and GSH-Px and GST activities remained unchanged. Non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants did not change in heart and brain of aged rats. Carnosine treatment decreased high MDA, DC and PC levels and caused significant increases in vitamin E level and SOD activity in the liver of aged rats. There were no changes in non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in the heart and brain of carnosine-treated aged rats. In conclusion, carnosine treatment was found to be useful in the decrease of age-related oxidative stress in the liver.

In this study, the anaerobic treatability of high strength opium alkaloids processing industry wastewaters was investigated. The wastewater was fed to a lab-scale anaerobic upflow sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) operating at mesophilic conditions. The UASB reactor (11.5 L) was operated for 825 days at different hydraulic retention times ranging from 0.85 to 1.62 days and at organic loading rates ranging from 3.40 to 12.25 kg COD/m(3).day. Anaerobic treatability studies indicated that 300 L CH(4) can be produced per kg COD removed. At the 445th day of the study an extreme irreversible inhibition caused by N,N-dimethylaniline was experienced. This paper demonstrated that opium alkaloid industry wastewater can be efficiently treated by UASB type reactors with more than 80% COD removal efficiency at high organic loading rates.

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide with antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress has been proposed to be involved in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis in rats, that is similar to human disease. In this study we aimed to investigate the role of carnosine on the development of TAA-induced cirrhosis. 200mg TAA/kg body weight has been given i.p. twice a week for three months to female wistar rats. Another group received same dose of TAA in the same pattern plus 2g carnosine/L of drinking water for three months. TAA administration resulted in hepatic fibrosis, significant increases in plasma transaminase activities as well as hepatic hydroxyproline and lipid peroxide levels, while liver glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) protein expressions and activities decreased. Carnosine was found to behave as an antioxidant reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) levels although it was not effective on increased transaminase activities and decreased antioxidants. It also did not affect the histopathological changes observed in TAA group. Thus our findings indicate that carnosine appears to attenuate peroxidation as an antioxidant itself but does not seem to prevent the development of TAA-induced cirrhotic process.

Objective: Smoking is an important risk factor in the development of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This study was designed to investigate the relationship between nicotine dependence level and the development of CAP., Materials and Methods: The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) was performed to measure nicotine dependence level (NDL). Subjects with a Fagerstrom score (FS) of 5 or lower were defined as low dependence level and a FS score of 6 or higher was defined as high dependence level., Results: The risk of pneumonia development was higher in smokers than in nonsmokers (OR=2.19, 95% CI 1.13-4.23). The pneumonia development risk was 1.91 times higher in the low dependence level group compared to nonsmokers (OR=1.91, 95% CI 0.95-3.83). In the high nicotine dependence level group pneumonia risk was 2.93 times higher than in nonsmokers (OR=2.93, 95% CI 1.34-6.36). We also studied the relationship between CAP and the time to the first cigarette of the day. Risk was the lowest in the smoker group of after 60 minutes and risk ratios increased with decreased time., Conclusion: In this study, a high nicotine dependence level was found to be a risk factor associated with smoking for CAP development. The time period of the first cigarette after waking up is also important in pneumonia development as well as in the nicotine dependence level.

In this study, the applicability of physico-chemical methods was investigated for the pre-treatment of the olive mill effluents prior to the discharge into the common sewerage ending with a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The samples were taken from an olive oil industry operated as three-phase process located in Turkey. Various pre-treatment methods including acid craking, polyelectrolyte and lime additions were applied. Advanced oxidation study using Fenton's process was also investigated following pre-treatment by acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte. Acid cracking alone gave satisfactory treatment efficiencies and polyelectrolite additions to the acid-cracked samples enhanced treatment efficiency. Since a complete treatment plant is available at the end of the sewer system, results indicated that the effluents of the investigated industry could be discharged into the municipal sewerage in the case of total chemical oxygen demand (COD(tot)), suspended solid (SS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentrations according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation after pre-treatment with 5 ppm anionic polyelectrolyte following acid cracking. The minimum COD(tot), SS and VSS removals were observed when raw wastewater was pre-treated with lime and the discharge standards to the municipal sewer system could not be met. Advanced oxidation with Fenton's process was applied after acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte treatment in order to investigate further reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration for minimizing the influence of this industrial discharge on the existing municipal wastewater treatment plant. Results indicated that COD(tot) removal increased up to 89% from 74% after Fenton's oxidation for the acid cracked samples in which cationic polyelectrolite (10 ppm) was added.

PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis was used to determine the relation of Giardia duodenalis Groups A and B. Of these, 17 (85%) were found as Group A in symptomatic cases; 22 (92%) were Group B in asymptomatic cases by using PCR-RFLP (p < 0.001). Interestingly, 5 (83%) were Group A in examination of endoscopy aspirates of symptomatic cases, as 5 (83%) were Group B in asymptomatic cases.

The Golden Horn has experienced severe pollution due to uncontrolled domestic and industrial wastewater discharges until recent years. A restoration project has been developed by our universities, upon a request from Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Two principal alternatives for the dredging and disposal of the bottom sediments were considered: disposing on the land and disposing in the sea. Both of these alternatives include several sub-alternatives. Characterization of the sediment quality is crucially important for selecting the best alternative considering the cost, environmental impact and public acceptance. However, only a few and rather old studies were present with which it was not possible to get a comprehensive information on the critical sediment characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was determination of spatial distribution of sediment characteristics. The project area, at which the sediment quality determined, covers the part of the Golden Horn remaining at the upstream of Valide Sultan Bridge. The number of sampling stations were thirteen and the sediment samples were collected from 0.0m, 5.0m and 10.0m from the bottom surface. The following parameters were measured on each sample: Total solids, organic matter, total phosphorus, TKN, oil and grease, total sulphur, and sediment oxygen demand (SOD). Sediment oxygen demand parameter was further divided into three fractions, namely, biological (SOD-B) and chemical (SOD-C). Average organic content of the bottom sediment was around 10% while ammonia and sulfur exhibit very high levels. It is found that the bottom sediment is well stabilized with very low organic content below 5.0m from the bottom surface. It can be said that, removing the upper 5m of the bottom sediment will be enough for creating a relatively stable bottom surface which will cause oxygen depletion in the overlaying water at acceptable levels. High SOD values of the bottom sediment makes the alternatives considering disposal in the Marmara Sea and Black Sea inapplicable. High SOD-C values, especially, indicate that the sediment will cause a tremendous reduction in the oxygen concentration in a very short time at any marine environment, and even it may create anaerobic conditions. Therefore, disposal of dredged sediment into abandoned mines 4km from the Golden Horn by a pressure pipeline has been chosen as the best applicable alternative.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of chemical oxidation by applying ozonation, ozonation with hydrogen peroxide and Fenton's processes for decolorization and residual COD removal of biologically pretreated baker's yeast industry (BYI) effluents. Baker's yeast industry effluents characterizing with high COD, TKN, dark color, and non-biodegradable organic pollutants. The batch tests were performed to determine the optimum operating conditions including pH, O3, H2O2, and FeSO4 dosages, molar ratio of Fe2+/H2O2 and reaction time. It was noticed that H2O2 significantly reduced the reaction times for the same ozone dosages: however, COD and color removals were not remarkable. In the Fenton's oxidation studies, the removal efficiencies of COD and color for 30 min reaction time for three different types of BYI effluents were found about 86 and 92%, respectively. Experimental results of the presented study have clearly indicated that the Fenton's oxidation technology is capable to fate almost all parts of the organics which consist of both soluble initial and microbial inert fractions of COD for baker's yeast effluents. Effluents from the Fenton's oxidation process can satisfy effluent standards for COD and color in general.

The purpose of this study was to investigate an effective treatment system which can be applicable to treat opium alkaloid industry (OAI) effluents characterised with high COD, TKN, dark color and non-biodegradable organic pollutants. In the first phase of the study, lab-scale anaerobic (UASBR) + aerobic (SBR) treatability studies were carried out on opium processing industry effluents. Effluent CODs from the two staged biological treatment system were relatively high (-700 mg l(-1)) and additional post treatment was required. Physico-chemical treatability studies previously carried out on the effluent of opium alkaloid wastewater treatment plant, were not effective in removing residual COD and color. In the second phase of the study, the refractory organics causing higher inert COD values in the SBR effluent were additionally treated by using Fenton's Oxidation. The batch tests were performed to determine the optimum operating conditions including pH, H2O2 dosage, molar ratio of Fe2+/H2O2 and reaction time. It was found that removal efficiencies of COD and color for 30 minutes reaction time were about 90% and 95%, respectively. The ratio of H2O2/FeSO4 was determined as 200 mg l(-1)/600 mg l(-1) for the optimum oxidation and coagulation process at pH 4. Experimental results of the present study have clearly indicated that the Fenton's oxidation technology is capable to treat almost all parts of the organics which consist of both soluble initial and microbial inert fractions of COD for opium alkaloid industry effluents. Effluents from the Fenton's Oxidation process can satisfy effluent standards for COD and color in general.

The aim of the study was to investigate ammonia recovery from high strength agro industry effluents involving significant amounts of ammonia, by applying magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation technology. Two types of industrial effluents have been tested in the study. The first plant was an opium alkaloid processing industry and the second one was a baker's yeast industry. High chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and unacceptable dark brown color characterized effluents from both industries. Effluents from the biologically treated opium alkaloid and baker's yeast industries were both applied at the stoichiometric ratio (Mg:NH4:PO4 = 1:1:1) and above the stoichiometric ratio (Mg:NH4:PO4 = 1.1:1:1.1) to MAP precipitation. NH4 removals of 61-80% were achieved at the pH of 9.2 at the stoichiometric ratio, whereas 83% NH4 removal was obtained at the pH of 9.2 above the stoichiometric ratio. Experimental studies performed on both anaerobically and/or aerobically treated baker's yeast and opium alkaloid industry effluents have clearly indicated that MAP precipitation was an appropriate treatment option for NH4 removal or struvite recovery from high ammonia content agro industry effluents. Additional ammonia recovery studies were conducted on ozonated and Fenton's oxidation applied effluents and these have also indicated that the amounts of struvite and the quality of MAP precipitate was increased significantly. In this framework, MAP sludge recovered from combined biological and Fenton's oxidation treatment effluents were considered as a more valuable slow release fertilizer for agricultural use.

Current and future wastewater treatment and disposal strategies of Istanbul city are presented. Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey and has a population of 10 million that may reach about 20 million in 2032. The city is divided into Asian and European sides by the Bosphorus Strait. The Sea of Marmara is an enclosed sea, connected to the Black Sea and Aegean Sea by the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Therefore, there is very strong and permanent stratification in the Sea of Marmara throughout the year, lower layers carrying Mediterranean and the upper layers carrying Black Sea water. This unique coastal structure of Istanbul necessitated a detailed study to determine the level of wastewater treatment and the location and depth of marine outfalls. A comprehensive three-dimensional water quality modelling study concluded that tertiary treatment including nitrogen and phosphorus removal is required for the effluent discharges into the Marmara Sea. However, enhanced primary or even primary treatment has been found satisfactory for discharges into the lower layers of the Bosphorus and into the Black Sea. Provisions for upgrading to secondary treatment were recommended. The status of existing and planned wastewater treatment plants and sea outfalls of Istanbul city are also presented. Although the amount of treated wastewater was only 63 percent in 1998, a target of 95 percent treatment level by the end of 2000 has been adopted in implementation plans. All treatment plants are located at or close to the coast except Pasakoy WWTP which is in the catchment area of Omerli Reservoir, the major source of drinking water for Istanbul city. The Pasakoy WWTP has been designed to treat wastewaters collected from the catchment area of Omerli Reservoir to tertiary level before ultimate disposal. The implementation programme together with the cost estimates are given. Total investment on water, wastewater and stormwater projects up to year 2032 is estimated at about 10 billion US Dollars. The share of the wastewater projects in this total is increasing with time. The financial analysis concluded that investments for a Higher Demand Scenario can be realised by raising the water tariffs to 1.0 $/m3 for Phase 1 and 0.9 $/m3 for Phase 2.

The results of membrane and ozonation experiments carried out on various agro-industry effluents including fermentation (baker's yeast), corrugated board, opium alkaloid and textile dying industries are presented. The experiments were performed using lab-scale membrane and ozonation reactors. Color removals were in the range of 80 to 99% for the membrane treatment studies. Ozonation experiments have shown that color removals in the range of 83 to 98% are possible for the investigated wastewaters. Final color levels were lower than 100 Pt-Co unit, which is quite acceptable aesthetically. The relative unit treatment costs of ozonation were about two times higher than membrane systems especially for very strong colored effluents including fermentation and opium alkaloid industries. The study has demonstrated that both membrane and ozonation technologies are viable options for color removal.