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International audience; Dans une dernière période de sa vie de chercheur Jean-Pierre Poitou porte son attention sur une anthropologie des connaissances. Bien que faisant écho aux orientations politiques des pays de l’OCDE annonçant une « société de la connaissance » en fin des années 1990, cette attention s’inscrit dans une pratique intellectuelle très élaborée, qui associe un large éventail de sciences humaines et sociales à une connaissance très fine des techniques industrielles et de l’informatique alors en plein développement.Ce chapitre se concentre sur les derniers écrits consacrés à l’anthropologie des connaissances, en incluant l’ouvrage de 1989 sur la fresque historique de la CAO. On insiste sur la précocité des analyses de l’auteur en matière de rationalisation des savoirs et des savoir-faire dans l’industrie à partir du milieu du XXème siècle. On prend appui sur trois textes de l’auteur qui constituent trois axes majeurs de sa réflexion : l’émergence d’une industrie du logiciel, qui devient centrale dans la rationalisation des savoirs industriels (ouvrage 30 ans de CAO en France) ; la réhabilitation de la place et du rôle de la technique dans les dynamiques socioéconomiques (La gestion des connaissances, comme condition et résultat de l’activité industrielle) ; la nécessaire anthropologie des connaissances pour comprendre la domination du discours cognitiviste dans cette rationalisation (Des techniques de gestion des connaissances à l'anthropologie des connaissances).

Considerable progress has recently been made in natural language processing: deep learning algorithms are increasingly able to generate, summarize, translate and classify texts. Yet, these language models still fail to match the language abilities of humans. Predictive coding theory offers a tentative explanation to this discrepancy: while language models are optimized to predict nearby words, the human brain would continuously predict a hierarchy of representations that spans multiple timescales. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the functional magnetic resonance imaging brain signals of 304 participants listening to short stories. First, we confirmed that the activations of modern language models linearly map onto the brain responses to speech. Second, we showed that enhancing these algorithms with predictions that span multiple timescales improves this brain mapping. Finally, we showed that these predictions are organized hierarchically: frontoparietal cortices predict higher-level, longer-range and more contextual representations than temporal cortices. Overall, these results strengthen the role of hierarchical predictive coding in language processing and illustrate how the synergy between neuroscience and artificial intelligence can unravel the computational bases of human cognition.

Introduction : Les adolescents présentent les taux de prévalence et d’incidence de la délinquance les plus élevés. Selon plusieurs auteurs, le rejet des figures d’autorité à l’adolescence permettrait d’expliquer ces taux. D’autres études ont également établi un lien positif entre la délinquance et l’attitude négative envers la loi et ses représentants. Objectifs : L’objectif est d’effectuer un inventaire des connaissances scientifiques actuelles concernant le lien entre le contact avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale et l’attitude des adolescents envers la loi et ses représentants. Nous souhaitons également identifier les médiateurs de ce lien. Méthode : Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique de la littérature. Sur les 802 articles recensés, nous avons sélectionné les travaux menés auprès d’adolescents et portant sur les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale (i.e., agents des forces de l’ordre, personnels des tribunaux, avocats, personnels des prisons, personnels de sécurité, travailleurs sociaux) et l’attitude envers la loi et ses représentants. Notre revue porte finalement sur les 46 articles correspondant à nos critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion. Résultats : La plupart des études mettent en évidence que les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale sont associés à une attitude plus négative envers la loi et ses représentants. Les études longitudinales suggèrent que ce lien est causal : les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale amènent les adolescents à avoir des attitudes moins positives envers la loi et ses représentants. Il semble cependant exister des différences selon le type de contact étudié. Conclusion : Ces résultats, questionnant les réponses pénales apportées aux adolescents, seront discutés tant sur le plan théorique que pratique. Des questionnements méthodologiques seront également abordés. Introduction: Adolescents have the highest prevalence and incidence rates of delinquency. Several authors have suggested that the rejection of authority figures in adolescence may explain these rates. Other studies have also found a positive relationship between delinquen-cy and negative attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Objective: The objective was to make an inventory of the current scientific knowledge con-cerning the link between contact with the penal actors and the adolescents' attitude towards the law and its representatives. We also want to identify the mediators of this link. Method: We conducted a systematic review. Of the 802 articles identified, we selected those involving adolescents and focusing on contact with penal actors (i.e., law enforcement offic-ers, court personnel, lawyers, prison personnel, security personnel, social workers) and on attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Our review finally covers the 46 articles cor-responding to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Most studies show that contact with penal actors lead to more negative attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Longitudinal studies suggest that this relationship is causal: contact with penal actors leads adolescents to have less positive attitudes towards the law and its representatives. However, there seem to be differences according to the type of contact studied. Conclusion: These results, questioning the penal responses brought to adolescents, will be discussed, both on a theoretical and practical level. Methodological issues will also be ad-dressed.

International audience; Timbre provides an important cue to identify musical instruments. Many timbral attributes covary with other parameters like pitch. This study explores listeners' ability to construct categories of instrumental sound sources from sounds that vary in pitch. Nonmusicians identified 11 instruments from the woodwind, brass, percussion, and plucked and bowed string families. In experiment 1, they were trained to identify instruments playing a pitch of C4, and in experiments 2 and 3, they were trained with a five-tone sequence (F#3–F#4), exposing them to the way timbre varies with pitch. Participants were required to reach a threshold of 75% correct identification in training. In the testing phase, successful listeners heard single tones (experiments 1 and 2) or three-tone sequences from (A3–D#4) (experiment 3) across each instrument's full pitch range to test their ability to generalize identification from the learned sound(s). Identification generalization over pitch varies a great deal across instruments. No significant differences were found between single-pitch and multi-pitch training or testing conditions. Identification rates can be predicted moderately well by spectrograms or modulation spectra. These results suggest that listeners use the most relevant acoustical invariance to identify musical instrument sounds, also using previous experience with the tested instruments.

In complex visuomotor tasks, such as cooking, people make many saccades to continuously search for items before and during reaching movements. These tasks require use of short-term memory and task-switching (e.g., switching search between vegetables and spices). Cognitive load may affect visuomotor performance by increasing the demands on mental processes mediated by the prefrontal cortex, but mechanisms remain unclear. It is also unclear how patients with neurological injuries, e.g., stroke survivors, manage greater cognitive loads during visuomotor tasks. Using the Trail-Making Test, we have previously shown that stroke survivors make many more saccades, which are associated limb movements that are less smooth and slower. In this test, participants search for and make reaching movements towards twenty-five numbers and letters. It has a simple variant (Trails-A), and a cognitively challenging variant (Trails-B) that requires alphanumeric switching. The switching makes the task gradually harder as the Trails-B trial progresses (greater cognitive load). Here, we show that stroke survivors and healthy controls made many more saccades and had longer fixations as the Trails-B trial progressed. In addition, reaching speed slowed down for controls in Trails-B. We propose a mechanism where enhanced cognitive load may reduce inhibition from the prefrontal cortex and disinhibit the ocular motor system into making more saccades. These additional saccades may subsequently slow down motor function by disrupting the visual feedback loops used to control limb movements. These findings augment our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin cognitive interference dynamics when visual, ocular, and limb motor systems interact in visuocognitive motor tasks.NEW & NoteworthyoWe used a neuropsychological test called the Trails-Making-test and analyze patterns of eye and reaching movements in controls and stroke survivors. We characterized how gaze and reaching movements change within a trial in the easier Trails-A and the more cognitively challenging Trails-B variant that requires alphanumeric switching. We found that as the Trails-B trial progressed participants made more saccadic eye movements and longer fixations, likely because of greater cognitive load.

International audience; The schooling of children with autism spectrum disorder is a challenge that relies on all stakeholders (families, schools, and medical-social professionals). In many countries, the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is a monitoring tool of the schooling process, implemented by the aforementioned stakeholders, but they face several barriers to the co-education process. The CoEd web app was designed using participatory methods in France, with interactive services for the children's follow-up and the three-way collaboration. CoEd applicability was assessed in Belgian cultural context (Walloon territory), as they experiences similar issues.The results showed comparable results between the two countries. The Belgian audience appreciated CoEd and would be ready to use it in real conditions, as is currently the case in France. Thus, this participatory design work developed a tool that meets the needs expressed by the French participants and those of stakeholders beyond French borders.; La scolarisation des enfants atteints de troubles du spectre autistique est un défi qui repose sur l'ensemble des acteurs (familles, écoles et professionnels médico-sociaux). Dans de nombreux pays, le plan d'éducation individualisé (PEI) est un outil de suivi du processus de scolarisation, mis en œuvre par les parties prenantes susmentionnées, mais celles-ci se heurtent à plusieurs obstacles dans le processus de coéducation. L'application web CoEd a été conçue en utilisant des méthodes participatives en France, avec des services interactifs pour le suivi des enfants et la collaboration tripartite. L'applicabilité de CoEd a été évaluée dans le contexte culturel belge (territoire wallon), étant donné que les deux pays connaissent des problèmes similaires. Le public belge a apprécié CoEd et serait prêt à l'utiliser dans des conditions réelles, comme c'est actuellement le cas en France. Ainsi, ce travail de conception participative a permis de développer un outil qui répond aux besoins exprimés par les participants français et à ceux des acteurs au-delà des frontières françaises.Traduit avec www.DeepL.com/Translator (version gratuite)

International audience; The current study analyses laughter distribution, pragmatic use, and acoustic features in a multimodal conversation corpus, where one of the interlocutor had brain activity recorded with functional MRI. Particular focus is on the analysis of mimicking and non-mimicking laughter, as we hypothesized that the former might involve different neural pathways in comparison to latter, and a spectrotemporal modulation analysis was selected to evaluate the acoustic differences between them. The goals of our investigation are (1) to validate the corpus as ecological in terms of laughter production prior to evaluating neurophysiological correlates of laughter production and perception in conversational interactions, (2) to compare mimicking and non-mimicking laughter in terms of acoustic features, and (3) to evaluate which features need to be taken in account for our forthcoming analysis of fMRI data. Despite the unconventional recording conditions, laughter production and use results are comparable to those observed in face-to-face interactions. Mimicking laughter has significantly increased temporal modulations in comparison to non-mimicking laughter, however, no differences are observed in the spectral modulation domain. Our findings suggest that mimicking laughter might be related to different underpinning neuro-psychological processes on which we plan on gaining insight through future neuralcorrelate analysis.

In traditional combustion engine vehicles, the sound of the engine plays an important role in enhancing the driver’s experience of the vehicle’s dynamics, and contributes to both comfort and safety. However, with the development of quieter electric vehicles, drivers no longer receive this important auditory feedback, and this can lead to a less satisfying acoustic environment in the vehicle cabin. To address this issue, sonification strategies have been developed for electric vehicles to provide similar auditory feedback to the driver, but feedback from users has suggested that the sounds produced by these strategies do not blend seamlessly with the other sounds in the vehicle cabin. This study focuses on identifying the key acoustic parameters that create a sense of cohesion between the synthetic sounds and the vehicle’s natural soundscape, based on the characteristics of traditional combustion engine vehicles. Through analyzing the time and frequency of the noises produced by combustion engine vehicles, the presence of micro-modulations in both frequency and amplitude was identified, as well as resonances caused by the transfer of sound between the engine and the cabin. These parameters were incorporated into a synthesis model for the sonification of electric vehicle dynamics, based on the Shepard-Risset illusion. A perceptual test was conducted, and the results showed that the inclusion of resonances in the synthesized sounds significantly enhanced their naturalness, while micro-modulations had no significant impact.

International audience; Contexte.L’étude repose sur trois enquêtes nationales croisées, notamment sur deux territoires (Auvergne/Lorraine), consistant à comprendre comment les soignants ressentent/comprennent/abordent la question du mourir, ce, durant le déroulé de la « convention citoyenne sur la fin de vie », en France.Méthodes. Chaque enquête poursuit son objectif, par entretiens interposés utilisant, pour chacune une grille singulière, et vérifiant alternativement 1. Les ressentis/perceptions en phase vécu du trépas (oncologie-neurologie, 40 entrevues), 2. Les acquis/habitus professionnels sur l’usage des directives anticipées (10 entrevues), 3. Le vécu des soignants exerçant en soins palliatifs France/Québec (en développement). Les méthodologies croisées a) psycholinguistique et pragmatique outillé par Tropes-EMOTAIX ciblant notamment les contours ambigus (épisodes de tensions) liés (ou non) à des épisodes émotionnels, b)psycho-ergonomique procédant au séquençage d’épisodes émotionnels à l’aide du codage par VR-Codes, c)phénoménologique interprétative par extraction de thèmes dominants, caractérisent les données discursives transcrites de manière pluridisciplinaire (corpus global de 100 heures). Résultats.Les points de tensions face à l’inéluctable, portant sur a)la temporalité, b)les stratégies relationnelles patients-familles-équipes/soignantes, c)les rôle/place/limites du palliatif seront présentés, en se focalisant sur les recoupements vs. spécificités de chaque enquête. Des pistes d’action envisagées seront soumises en matière de formation en santé publique adaptée aux professionnels de santé, au grand publique, voire au scolaire (jeunes aidants).Discussion.Les résultats seront discutés en lien avec les apports pluridisciplinaires du colloque DIFLAMOR (https://diflamor.scienceconf.org) sur l’intérêt de poursuivre les études liant médecine, SHS et société civile et politique, en contexte français, au profit des humanités médicales.

International audience; In France, over 80% of occupational illnesses are musculoskeletal disorders, and firefighters are particularly at risk. Our aim was to test the effects of the exoskeleton solution for this profession. This study compares two conditions under which firefighters perform an extrication task: with and without an exoskeleton. The impact is assessed on upper limb muscle activity (EMG), cognitive resources (NASA-TLX), and acceptance (questionnaire). The results showed almost no difference in muscular activity, and for cognitive load, only a lower perceived physical fatigue with the exoskeleton, leading us to speak of a placebo effect of wearing the exoskeleton. Overall, acceptance of the exoskeleton appears to be positive. However, the limitations of this study are discussed, in particular those linked to the size and characteristics of our sample.; En France, plus de 80% des maladies professionnelles sont des troubles musculosquelettiques , et les sapeurspompiers (SP) sont particulièrement à risque. Notre objectif était de tester les effets de la solution exosquelette pour ce corps de métier. Cette étude compare deux conditions de réalisation d'une tâche de désincarcération par des SP : avec et sans exosquelette. L'impact est évalué sur l'activité musculaire des membres supérieurs (EMG), sur les ressources cognitives (NASA-TLX), et sur l'acceptation (questionnaire). Les résultats n'ont montré quasiment aucune différence au niveau musculaire, et pour la charge cognitive, seulement une fatigue physique ressentie plus faible avec l'exosquelette, ce qui nous conduit à parler d'effet placebo du port de l'exosquelette. L'évaluation de l'acceptation de l'exosquelette semble être globalement favorable. Cependant, des limites à cette étude sont discutées, notamment celles liées à la taille et aux caractéristiques de notre échantillon.

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In four experiments, we investigated the impact of letter case (lower case vs. UPPER CASE) on the processing of sequences of written words. Experiment 1 used the rapid parallel visual presentation (RPVP) paradigm with postcued identification of one word in a five-word sequence. The sequence could be grammatically correct (e.g., "the boy likes his bike") or be an ungrammatical reordering of the same words (e.g., "his boy the bike likes the"). We replicated the standard sentence superiority effect (more accurate identification of target words when embedded in a grammatically correct sequence compared with ungrammatical sequences), and also found that lowercase presentation led to higher word identification accuracy, but equally so for the grammatical and ungrammatical sequences. This pattern suggests that the lowercase advantage was mostly operating at the level of individual word identification. The following three experiments used the grammatical decision task to provide an examination of letter case effects on more global sentence processing measures. All these experiments revealed a significant lowercase advantage in grammatical decisions, independently of the nature of the ungrammatical sequence (Experiments 2 and 3) and independently of whether or not the letter case manipulation was blocked (Experiment 4). The size of the effects observed in grammatical decisions again points to individual word identification as the primary locus of the lowercase advantage. We conclude that letter case mainly affects early visuo-orthographic processing and access to case-independent letter and word identities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

International audience; During their activities of daily living, humans run, walk, stand, sit, and lie down. Recent changes in our environment have favored sedentary behavior over more physically active behavior to such a degree that our health is in danger. Here, we sought to address the problem of excessive time spent seated from various theoretical viewpoints, including postural control, human factors engineering, human history and health psychology. If nothing is done now, the high prevalence of sitting will continue to increase. We make a case for the standing position by demonstrating that spending more time upright can mitigate the physiological and psychological problems associated with excessive sitting without lowering task performance and productivity. The psychological literature even highlights potential benefits of performing certain tasks in the standing position. We propose a number of recommendations on spending more time (but not too much) in the standing position and on more active, nonambulatory behaviors. There is a need to inform people about (i) harmful consequences of excessive sitting and (ii) benefits of spending more time performing active, nonambulatory behaviors. One clear benefit is to reduce detrimental health consequences of excessive sitting and to provide potential additional benefits in terms of productivity and performance.

International audience; The literature on postural control highlights that task performance should be worse in challenging dual tasks than in a single task because the brain has limited attentional resources. Instead, in the context of visual tasks, we assumed that i) performance in a visual search task should be better when standing than when sitting and ii) when standing, postural control should be better when searching than performing the control task. 32 and 16 young adults participated in studies 1 and 2, respectively. They performed three visual tasks (searching to locate targets, free-viewing and fixating a stationary cross) displayed in small images (visual angle: 22°) either when standing or when sitting. Task performance, eye, head, upper back, lower back and center of pressure displacements were recorded. In both studies, task performance in searching was as good (and clearly not worse) when standing as when sitting. Sway magnitude was smaller during the search task (vs. other tasks) when standing but not when sitting. Hence, only when standing, postural control was adapted to perform the challenging search task. When exploring images, and especially so in the search task, participants rotated their head instead of their eyes as if they used an eye-centered strategy. Remarkably in Study 2, head rotation was greater when sitting than when standing. Overall, we consider that variability in postural control was not detrimental but instead useful to facilitate visual task performance. When sitting, this variability may be lacking, thus requiring compensatory movements.

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International audience; Clinical relevance: Crowding limits many daily life activities, such as reading and the visual search for objects in cluttered environments. Excessive sensitivity to crowding, especially in central vision, may amplify the difficulties of patients with ocular pathologies. It is thus important to investigate what limits visual activities and how to improve it.Background: Numerous studies have reported reduced contrast sensitivity in central vision in patients with glaucoma. However, deficits have also been observed for letter recognition at high contrast, suggesting that contrast alone cannot completely account for impaired central perception.Method: Seventeen patients and fifteen age-matched controls were randomly presented with letters in central or parafoveal vision at 5° eccentricity for 200 ms. They were asked to decide whether the central T was upright or inverted. The T was either presented in isolation (uncrowded) or flanked by two Hs (crowded) at various spacings. Contrast was manipulated: 60% and 5%.Results: Compared to controls, patients exhibited a significant effect of crowding in central vision, with higher accuracy for the isolated T than for HTH only at low contrast. In parafoveal vision, an effect of crowding was also observed only in patients. The spacing to escape crowding varied as a function of contrast. Larger spacing was required at low contrast than at high contrast. Susceptibility to crowding was related to central visual field defect for central presentations and to contrast sensitivity for parafoveal presentations, only at low contrast. Controls were at ceiling level both for central and parafoveal presentations.Conclusion: Crowding limits visual perception, impeding reading and object recognition in cluttered environments. Visual field defects and lower contrast sensitivity in glaucoma can increase susceptibility to central and parafoveal crowding, the deleterious effect of which can be improved by manipulating contrast and spacing between elements.

International audience; Can memory ensembles recruit neurons in connected brain regions? In this issue of Neuron, Lavi et al. 1 drove the allocation of memory to selected cells in one area, causing their presynaptic partners to become part of a cross-regional ensemble.

Normative decisions about moral status are strongly coupled with beliefs and assumptions about consciousness. Whether an individual is able to experience their environment, feel pain and pleasure or reflect on their own experiences, have all been judged at some point as relevant to the moral question of whether they should be protected by law. The scientific study of consciousness has advanced our understanding of some of these empirical questions by revealing the capacities and limits of these dimensions of consciousness in different states and animal species. In light of the tight link with moral status, scientific discoveries in this field have direct implications on law and ethics. Furthermore, this link with ethics may place implicit pressure on the scientific community studying consciousness to justify current societal norms, rather than challenge them. Finally, given the important role of consciousness in determining moral standing, the use of non-human animals in the scientific study of consciousness introduces a direct conflict between scientific relevance and ethics – the more scientifically valuable an animal model is for studying consciousness, the more difficult it becomes to ethically justify compromises to its well-being for consciousness research. Here we call for a discussion of the immediate ethical corollaries of the body of knowledge that has been accumulated, and for a more explicit consideration of the role of ideology and ethics in the scientific study of consciousness, including the question of animal models of consciousness.

International audience; The aim of this study was to characterize the behavior of older peo- ple when intercepting a moving gap, with reference to that pro- duced by younger people. Participants were asked to intercept a moving inter-vehicular space within a train of vehicles, by modulat- ing their speed if necessary. Five initial distances to the interception location were manipulated (Offset), without the knowledge of the participants, requiring distinct speed regulations. The analyses focused on displacements kinematics as well as on the associated visual information taking strategies. The results indicate several simi- larities in the behaviors produced by two populations. Functional speed regulations are initiated early and persist until the intercep- tion. These regulations allow for safe interception. The visual strat- egies deployed by the older participants are also relatively close to those of the younger participants, with the main areas of interest located on the vehicles located upstream of the interval. The results also reveal differences between the two populations. The regulations produced by older drivers are initiated late in negative Offset giving rise to some extent to unsafe behavior. These results are discussed in relation to the decrease in motion detection thresholds with age. Our dataset could be particularly useful in view of the design of driver assistance systems for older drivers.

International audience; The capacity to follow human cues provides animals with information about the environment and can hence offer obvious adaptive benefits. Most studies carried out so far, however, have been on captive animals with previous experience with humans. Further comparative investigation is needed in order to properly assess the factors driving the emergence of this capacity under natural conditions, especially in species that do not have longstanding interactions with humans. Wild brown skuas (Catharacta antarctica ssp. lonnbergi) are non-neophobic seabirds that live in human-free habitats. In test 1: food objects, we assessed this species’ capacity to use human behavioural cues (i.e., pecking at the same object previously picked up and lifted by a human experimenter) when the items presented were food objects: anthropogenic objects (wrapped muffins) and resembling-natural food objects (plaster eggs). In test 2: non-food objects, we tested the response of another skua population towards non-food objects (sponges). Although all skuas in test 1: food objects pecked at an object, they pecked significantly more at the same previously handled items when they resembled natural food (plaster eggs). Most skuas in test 2: non-food objects, however, did not approach or peck the non-food objects presented. Our results lead us to suggest that the use of human-behavioural cues may be influenced by skuas’ foraging ecology, which paves the way to further field studies assessing whether this capacity develops specifically towards food objects or after previous interaction with humans

International audience; Background: The exact architecture of the human auditory cortex remains a subject of debate, with discrepancies between functional and microstructural studies. In a hierarchical framework for sensory perception, simple sound perception is expected to take place in the primary auditory cortex, while the processing of complex, or more integrated perceptions is proposed to rely on associative and higherorder cortices. Objectives: We hypothesize that auditory symptoms induced by direct electrical stimulation (DES) offer a window into the architecture of the brain networks involved in auditory hallucinations and illusions. The intracranial recordings of these evoked perceptions of varying levels of integration provide the evidence to discuss the theoretical model. Methods: We analyzed SEEG recordings from 50 epileptic patients presenting auditory symptoms induced by DES. First, using the Juelich cytoarchitectonic parcellation, we quantified which regions induced auditory symptoms when stimulated (ROI approach). Then, for each evoked auditory symptom type (illusion or hallucination), we mapped the cortical networks showing concurrent high-frequency activity modulation (HFA approach). Results: Although on average, illusions were found more laterally and hallucinations more posteromedially in the temporal lobe, both perceptions were elicited in all levels of the sensory hierarchy, with mixed responses found in the overlap. The spatial range was larger for illusions, both in the ROI and HFA approaches. The limbic system was specific to the hallucinations network, and the inferior parietal lobule was specific to the illusions network. Discussion: Our results confirm a network-based organization underlying conscious sound perception, for both simple and complex components. While symptom localization is interesting from an epilepsy semiology perspective, the hallucination-specific modulation of the limbic system is particularly relevant to tinnitus and schizophrenia.

Recent computational models of the acquisition of spoken language via grounding in perception exploit associations between the spoken and visual modalities and learn to represent speech and visual data in a joint vector space. A major unresolved issue from the point of ecological validity is the training data, typically consisting of images or videos paired with spoken descriptions of what is depicted. Such a setup guarantees an unrealistically strong correlation between speech and the visual data. In the real world the coupling between the linguistic and the visual modality is loose, and often confounded by correlations with non-semantic aspects of the speech signal. Here we address this shortcoming by using a dataset based on the children's cartoon Peppa Pig. We train a simple bi-modal architecture on the portion of the data consisting of dialog between characters, and evaluate on segments containing descriptive narrations. Despite the weak and confounded signal in this training data our model succeeds at learning aspects of the visual semantics of spoken language., Comment: Accepted to TACL

International audience; Introduction : Un impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur les émotions et comportements des enfants a été retrouvé dans plusieurs études. Cependant, cet impact n’a pas été retrouvé dans toutes les études. L’attachement pourrait être lié à des réactions et des niveaux d’anxiété différents. Objectif : L’objectif principal de cette étude était d’analyser les liens entre l’attachement insécure des enfants et les variables liées à l’anxiété et à la gestion émotionnelle et comportementale des enfants pendant la pandémie.Méthode : Les participants de l’étude (n=83 parents et leur enfant âgé de 6 à 12 ans) ont complété de façon anonyme des questionnaires en ligne évaluant l’insécurité d’attachement, l’anxiété-état, les stratégies de coping et la régulation émotionnelle. Ils ont également répondu à des questions socio-démographiques et liées à leur contexte de vie et vécu de la pandémie.Résultats : L’anxiété-état est liée de façon significative à la dysrégulation émotionnelle des enfants mais pas à la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion. Des liens significatifs ont été observés entre l’insécurité d’attachement d’une part, et l’anxiété-état des enfants, la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion et la dysrégulation émotionnelle des enfants d’autre part. La dysrégulation émotionnelle médiatiserait le lien entre attachement désorganisé et anxiété-état.Conclusion : Les liens entre l’insécurité d’attachement et l’anxiété-état des enfants d’une part, et à la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion d’autre part montrent l’importance de prendre en compte les facteurs individuels et interactionnels dans les manifestations socio-émotionnelles des enfants pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.

International audience; Clinical relevancePeripheral vision is known to be critical for spatial navigation yet, visual cognition, has been the object of few interests in glaucoma; a pathology that affects peripheral vision. BackgroundSpatial memory was assessed with a paradigm developed by Intraub and Richardson (1989) known to induce a robust memory distortion called “boundary extension” in which participants erroneously remember seeing more of a scene than was present in the sensory input.Methods 15 patients with glaucoma and 15 age matched normally sighted controls took part in the experiment. Participants were shown 10 photographs of natural scenes randomly displayed for 0.5s or for 10s. Following each scene the participant was asked to draw it from memory. ResultsOn average, boundary extension was larger, by 12%, for patients than for controls, but the difference was significant for 4 photographs. Patients tended to add more space between the object and the edges than there was between the objects and the border of the photograph. A control experiment in which participants were asked to draw isolated objects without scene context resulted in a significant reduction of the memory distortion in both groups but patients still drew the objects smaller than controls. ConclusionThe results suggest that the reduced field of view in glaucoma has an impact on spatial memory for scenes and on perception of size.

The aim of this study was to explore in a hospital setting the relationships between work motivation and stress among psychologists working in hospitals. The second aim was to identify the respective roles of threat appraisal and challenge appraisal in this population. We expected work stress to have a motivational impact in the workplace, with primary cognitive appraisal (e.g., threat or challenge) playing a crucial role. The study included a large sample of 430 French psychologists recruited in French hospitals with a mean age of 33.68 ± 8.73 years. We assessed perceived work stress, work motivation, and primary cognitive appraisal. Analysis showed two main outcomes. First, perceived stress in the workplace impacts work motivation; specifically, the higher the perceived stress, the less motivation is self-determined. Second, threat cognitive appraisal has a direct and negative motivational impact, but also an indirect impact via perceived stress. However, appraisal of work as a cognitive challenge also directly and positively impacts motivation in the workplace, without indirect effects. Finally, work stress, work motivation and primary cognitive appraisals are significantly related with the workplace. These relationships support complementarity with the Transactional Model of Stress and SDT motivational approach in a theoretical and practical perspective in the workplace.

International audience; The Ministry of Culture in France has its own center dedicated to the conservation of works of art from its 1200 national museums, called Center of research and restoration for French museums. It works on all types of artworks: jewelry, painting, furniture, bronze statues… The research department has several instruments, optical or chemical, dedicated to analyse the artwork's materiality before restoration or for art history purpose. Except color that has been studied since the opening of the laboratory in 1931, other apparence attributes were not included in analysis workflow. Recent advances in color and gloss measurements and their application to cultural heritage analysis and restoration are presented in this article.

Since electrons determine the electronic, optical and thermal properties of matter, the challenge is to model them in order to explain and predict the properties of new materials. This modeling is highly complex, since it must take into account the infinitely small via quantum physics, and the infinitely range considering all the electrons in matter. Since the exact calculation is limited to just a few electrons, it is necessary to introduce strong approximations. In laboratories, this modeling is based on complex ab initio or semi-empirical methods. This raises the question of how to teach electron modeling. To address this issue, we have made several choices. Firstly, an epistemological choice by introducing a gradual approach starting from 2 atoms up to 10 24. We show that the formalism established for a few atoms becomes unusable in the face of very large numbers, and in fine to understand the need to introduce new concepts. Secondly, a pedagogical choice using Problem-Based Learning (PBL). Thirdly, a methodological choice by moving from one model to another that is more complex, but more realistic. This gradual approach "from one model to another" allows us to reflect on the notion of models, their links with reality and their limits. This experience is an opportunity to think about more generally on model learning in physics, and to suggest ways of involving students in modeling activities.; Comme les électrons sont à l’origine les propriétés électroniques, optiques et thermiques de la matière, l’enjeu est de savoir les modéliser pour expliquer et prévoir les propriétés des nouveaux matériaux. Cette modélisation est très complexe car elle doit tenir compte de l’infiniment petit via la physique quantique et de l’infiniment grand en considérant tous les électrons de la matière. Le calcul exact étant limité à seulement quelques électrons, il est nécessaire d’introduire de fortes approximations. Dans les laboratoires, cette modélisation se base sur des méthodes ab initio ou semi-empiriques complexes. Dans ce contexte se pose la question de comment enseigner cette modélisation des électrons. Pour aborder cette problématique, nous avons fait plusieurs choix. Premièrement, un choix épistémologique en introduisant une approche graduelle en partant de 2 jusqu’à 10^24 atomes. Nous montrons que le formalisme établi pour quelques atomes devient inutilisable face aux très grands nombres, et in fine de comprendre la nécessité d’introduire de nouveaux concepts. Deuxièmement, un choix pédagogique en utilisant l’Apprentissage Par Problème (APP). Troisièmement, un choix méthodologique en passant d’un modèle à un autre plus complexe, mais plus réaliste. Cette approche graduelle « d’un modèle à l’autre » permet de réfléchir sur la notion de modèles, du lien avec le réel et de leurs limites. Cette expérience est l’occasion de réfléchir plus généralement sur l’apprentissage des modèles en physique en proposant des pistes pour engager les étudiants dans des activités autour de la modélisation.

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This research explores the effects of drowsiness on variability in functional connectivity (FC) during resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The study utilized a cohort of students (MRi-Share) and classified individuals into drowsy (N=68), alert (N=96), and mixed/undetermined states based on observed respiratory oscillations. Five different processing methods were employed, the reference method, two correction methods based on physiological and global regression approaches, and two based on Gaussian standardizations. According to the reference methodology, the results indicate that drowsy individuals exhibit higher cortico-cortical FC than alert individuals. However, the differences between drowsy and alert states were reduced when applying correction methods based on physiological and global regression approaches. The global regression-based strategy was the most effective among these correction methods, minimizing significant FC differences to only 3.3% of the total FCs. Utilizing the Gaussian-based methods, both cortico-subcortical and intra-default mode network regions demonstrated significantly greater FCs in awake than drowsy subjects. These findings align with previous studies suggesting that, in the descent to sleep, the cortex isolates itself to facilitate the transition into deeper sleep stages while also disconnecting the default mode network. The Gaussian standardization methods and the global regression-based correction approach efficiently address the hemodynamic variations caused by the rapid alternation between the N1 stage and wakefulness. These variations contribute to the measurement of cortico-cortical pseudo connectivity observed in the reference methodology. In summary, these findings underscore the importance of considering drowsiness in rs-fMRI studies and demonstrate that there is no single optimal correction methodology for processing fMRI data

International audience; Il est généralement admis que ita et sic connaissent, outre leur emploi standard comme corrélatifs de différents types de propositions circonstancielles, un emploi assez rare comme cataphoriques de propositions complétives revêtant la forme d’un A.c.I., notamment après un verbum sentiendi ou declarandi (Kühner/Stegmann 1914 : 1, 719 ; 2, 572-3 ; Hofmann/Szantyr 1972 : 359 ; Lavency 2004 ; Pinkster 2021 : 35). Ainsi en : Cic. Cato 78 : Sic persuasi mihi, sic sentio, non posse eam naturam […] esse mortalem; Cic. fam. 13,24,1 : Ita enim scripsit ad me, sibi meam commendationem maximo adiumento fuisse, où ita et sic entrent en concurrence d’emploi avec le pronom neutre id, déictique textuel à l’accusatif, qui demande à être saturé par le contenu d’une proposition jouant le rôle d’argument ou d’actant par rapport à un noyau verbal. À côté de ces exemples, où la construction infinitive ne laisse subsister aucun doute sur la nature de la subordonnée, ita et sic introduisent également des subordonnées au subjonctif, par ex. après le verbe facio (Panchón 2003 : 359) : Plaut. Poen. 909 : Ita di faxint ne apud lenonem hunc seruiam ! Plaut. Mil. 148-9 : […], eumque ita / Faciemus ut quod uiderit ne uiderit. (voir aussi Plaut. Most. 389-90)À condition qu’on admette dans le dernier exemple la figure de la prolepse, qui anticipe sous forme d’objet (eum) du verbe principal le sujet de la subordonnée, on peut se demander si la proposition en (ut) ne ne fonctionne pas, dans ces exemples également, comme complétive. Ceci impliquerait que, sur le modèle des infinitives citées plus haut, ces subordonnées conjonctives au subjonctif servent, malgré le relais adverbial ita, aussi de compléments essentiels à facio. D’où le soupçon que ita et sic peuvent entrer en corrélation avec bien d’autres propositions complétives que les infinitives. Cette idée, nous la mettrons à l’épreuve en recherchant dans des banques de données les occurrences de ita et sic diaphoriques entrant directement en séquence avec des verbes standard interrogandi et imperandi pour voir si ces adverbes peuvent relayer, en dehors de propositions déclaratives, aussi des propositions interrogatives ou volitives. Si tel est le cas, ces propositions revêtent-elles la forme de subordonnées complétives (figurant à une autre forme que l’A.c.I.) ou tendent-elles plutôt à garder, à l’intérieur d’un discours direct rapporté, le statut d’indépendantes ?Références bibliographiquesHofmann J. B./Szantyr A., 1972, Lateinische Syntax und Stilistik, München.Kühner R./Stegmann C., 1914, Ausführliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache, II, Satzlehre, 1-2, Hannover, Hahn.Lavency M., 2004, « Sic/ita/id cataphoriques de la proposition infinitive (A.c.I.) », in C. Bodelot (éd.), Anaphore, cataphore et corrélation en latin, Clermont-Ferrand, 81-93.Panchón F., 2003, « Les complétives en ut », in C. Bodelot (éd.), Grammaire fondamentale du latin. Tome X : Les propositions complétives en latin, Louvain – Paris – Dudley, MA, 335-481.Pinkster H., 2021, The Oxford Latin Syntax. Volume 2 : The Complex Sentence and Discourse, Oxford.

International audience; During the last decades, confusions were made in the domain of cognitive neuroscience, between the concepts, the measurements (and their numerical transformations) and the physiological processes that generate the measured phenomenon. The limitations of measurements and their associated theoretical notions led some authors to propose nativist and evolutionist options, such as a coding of space, time and number in the brain. For example, in the neurosciences of movement, the activity of neurons would encode kinematic parameters: when they emit action potentials, neurons would "speak" a language imbued with notions of classical mechanics. Yet, the movement of a body segment is the mere ultimate measured product, the outcome of multiple processes taking place in parallel in the brain and converging on the groups of neurons responsible for muscle contractions. In my presentation, I will present a different viewpoint and expose my criticisms about the so-called "neural code for number".; Au cours des dernières décennies, des confusions ont été faites dans le domaine des neurosciences cognitives, entre les concepts, les mesures (et leurs transformations numériques) et les processus physiologiques qui engendrent le phénomène mesuré. Les limites des mesures et leurs notions théoriques associées ont conduit certains auteurs à proposer des options nativistes et évolutionnistes, comme celle d'un codage de l'espace, du temps et du nombre dans le cerveau. Par exemple, dans les neurosciences du mouvement, l'activité des neurones coderait des paramètres cinématiques : lorsqu'ils émettent des potentiels d'action, les neurones « parleraient » une langue imprégnée de notions de mécanique classique. Pourtant, le mouvement d'un segment du corps n'est que le produit ultime mesuré, le résultat de multiples processus qui se déploient en parallèle dans le cerveau et qui convergent vers les groupes de neurones responsables des contractions musculaires. Dans ma présentation, je présenterai un point de vue différent et exposerai mes critiques sur le soi-disant "code neuronal pour le nombre".

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International audience; Reading is an essential skill, necessary not only for success in school, but for maintaininga high quality of life in increasingly literate societies. Changes in technology have alteredreading formats and increased the range and complexity of literacy contexts, thus placingeven more pressure on foundational reading skills. The development of these skills occurswith corresponding neural development associated with learning the forms and functions ofwritten language and their relation to spoken language. Difficulties in learning to read areassociated with neural patterns that differ from those of successful learning. Thus, studies ofthe neural bases of reading inform the development of literacy and reading disability.

International audience

International audience

International audience

Cognitive flexibility is an executive function that allows us to switch from one cognitive operation to another. This ability is important for problem-solving in the physical and social worlds. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether there is a link between individual cognitive flexibility abilities in baboons and their social position. This study was carried out with a group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) from the “Cognition et comportement du Primate” (CCDP) platform housed at the Rousset sur Arc CNRS primatology center. This platform allows baboons to interact freely with a battery of operant conditioning systems (ALDM, Fagot & Paleressompoule, 2009) on which we present cognitive tests on touch screens.First, we exposed the baboons to an adaptation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test task (WCST: Berg, 1948) for two years. Analysis of the data shows an effect of age, with cognitive flexibility - as measured by the number of perseveration errors - being maximal in adults but less effective in the youngest and oldest baboons. Second, we studied supplanting behaviours in ALDM test systems to test whether these measures reflect hierarchical ranks. Comparison with data from direct observations allowed a validation of this hypothesis. Third, we analysed social networks and hierarchical ranks considering cognitive performance in the WSCT task. The baboons at the centre of the network (centrality index) are the most flexible in the WSCT task, while no effect appears with respect to hierarchical rank. Together, these data show the importance of executive control in the management of social problems in the Guinea baboon.; La flexibilité cognitive est une fonction exécutive permettant de passer d’une opération cognitive à une autre. Cette capacité est importante dans des situations de résolution de problèmes dans le monde physique, mais elle semble également jouer un rôle important dans le monde social. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse était de vérifier s’il existe un lien entre les capacités individuelles de flexibilité cognitive chez le babouin, et son positionnement social. Cette étude a été réalisée avec une troupe de babouins de Guinée (Papio papio) de la plateforme Cognition et Comportement du primate (CCDP) installée sur le site de la station de primatologie CNRS de Rousset sur Arc. Cette plateforme permet aux babouins d’interagir librement avec une batterie de systèmes de conditionnement opérant (ALDM, Fagot & Paleressompoule, 2009) sur lesquels nous présentons des tests cognitifs sur écrans tactiles.Dans un premier temps, nous avons exposé pendant deux ans les individus du groupe à une adaptation de la tâche du Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST : Berg, 1948). L’analyse des données montre un fort effet d’âge, la flexibilité cognitive – telle que mesurée par le nombre de persévérations dans la tâche de WCST – est maximale chez les adultes, mais moins efficace chez les babouins les plus jeunes et les plus âgés. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié les comportements de supplantation dans les systèmes de test ALDM afin de vérifier si ces comportements reflètent les rangs hiérarchiques. La comparaison de ces données avec celles d’observations directes a permis une validation de cette hypothèse. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous avons analysé les réseaux sociaux et les rangs hiérarchiques à la lumière des performances cognitives dans la tâche de WSCT. Ces analyses révèlent que les individus au centre du réseau (indice de centralité) sont les plus flexibles dans la tâche de WSCT, alors qu’aucun effet n’apparaît en ce qui concerne le rang hiérarchique. L’ensemble de ces données montre l’importance du contrôle exécutif dans la gestion de problèmes sociaux chez le babouin de Guinée.

ISBN : 978-2-917490-35-8; International audience; Bien que les implants cochléaires (IC) améliorent la perception de la parole, les informations auditives transmises par celui-ci restent dégradées et imparfaites (Leybaert & LaSasso, 2010). Cette étude porte sur les bénéfices pour la perception de parole de deux approches de soutien de la langue vocale chez les enfants porteurs d’IC. L’Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) est un programme d'intervention précoce qui s'appuie principalement sur l’entrainement auditif pour que l’enfant sourd puisse développer des compétences auditives et langagières adéquates. La Langue française Parlée Complétée (LfPC) est un outil d’aide à la communication qui utilise la multisensorialité de la parole pour désambiguïser la lecture labiale en y ajoutant un geste manuel. Cette étude inclut des enfants âgés de 5 à 11 ans : 90 enfants normo-entendants (NE), 9 enfants porteurs d’IC ayant participé à un programme AVT (AVT), 6 enfants porteurs d’IC ayant un niveau élevé de décodage de la LfPC (LfPC+), et 19 enfants porteurs d’IC ayant un faible niveau de décodage de la LfPC (LfPC-). Le niveau de décodage été mesuré en utilisant le test TERMO (Busquet & Descourtieux, 2000). Dans cette étude, la tâche de jugement de lexicalité de la batterie EULALIES (Meloni et al. 2017) a été utilisée. Des mots étaient présentés en modalité audiovisuelle, avec altération phonologique ou non et l'enfant devait juger si ceux-ci étaient prononcés correctement. La sensibilité de la perception a été mesurée par un score d’ (Macmillan and Creelman, 2004). Un intervalle de prédiction à 95% a été calculé pour les enfants NE et les scores des enfants porteurs d’IC ont été comparés à cet intervalle (par des tests de conformité des proportions). Pour les scores IC en dehors de cet intervalle, la distance par rapport à la borne supérieure de l'intervalle a été calculée.Les résultats montrent que les enfants LfPC+ et LfPC- ont des performances significativement plus faibles que leurs pairs entendants et que les enfants AVT ont tendance à avoir des scores plus faibles. De plus, les scores des enfants des groupes AVT et LfPC+ sont plus proches de l’intervalle que ceux des enfants du groupe LfPC-. Ainsi, cette étude semble montrer que ces deux approches (AVT et LfPC) contribuent à la rééducation de la perception de parole, et souligne l'importance d'utiliser une approche spécifique en soutien de l’IC.Références bibliographiquesBUSQUET, D., & DESCOURTIEUX, C. (2000). TERMO Test d’évaluation de la réception du message oral par l’enfant sourd. Unithèque. https://www.unitheque.com/termo-test-evaluation-reception-message-oral-par-enfant-sourd/ortho/Livre/4074 LEYBAERT, J., LASASSO, C.J., Cued Speech for Enhancing Speech Perception and First Language Development of Children With Cochlear Implants. Trends Amplif, 2010, 96–112. MACMILLAN, N.A., CREELMAN, C.D., Detection Theory: A User’s Guide, 2nd ed. Psychology Press, New York, 2004.MELONI G., LOEVENBRUCK H., VILAIN A. & MACLEOD A. EULALIES, The France-Québec Speech Sound Disorders project, Actes de 14th International Congress for the Study of Child Language (IASCL), Lyon, France, 2017.

International audience; Flavan-3-ols are among the most consumed polyphenols by humans and have been shown to prevent cardiovascular diseases. They are found in plant as monomers and mainly as oligomers such as procyanidins. The majority reaches the colon where the microbiota converts them into phenolic metabolites likely to participate in their health effects. While the metabolic pathways of the degradation of flavan-3-ols by the microbiota are relatively well described, only a few microorganisms and microbial genes involved in these pathways are known. We have previously shown that Eggerthella lenta metabolizes flavan-3-ol monomers and oligomers. Here, our aim was to identify E. lenta genes encoding enzymes degrading flavan-3-ols and to determine their prevalence in human gut metagenomes. By a transcriptomic approach (RNAseq) carried out with the type strain of E. lenta, coupled with the heterologous expression of the genes of interest in Escherichia coli, we have discovered two genes (fmber1, fmber2) encoding two benzyl ether reductases cleaving the C ring of the monomers and an operon of two genes (pber) catalyzing this reaction on the dimers of type-B procyanidins. Furthermore, two operons of three genes (cadh, ecadh) encoding enzyme complexes dehydroxylating the Bring of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin have also been identified. These genes constitute good markers of flavan-3-ol metabolization in the gut. Their prevalence in human gut metagenomes suggested that 27% of individuals cannot convert flavan-3-ols into potential bioactive metabolites. These results raise the question of whether individuals who do not harbor these bacterial genes are at greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

International audience; Flavan-3-ols are a largely consumed subclass of flavonoids and are involved in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [1]. The contribution of phenolic metabolites produced by the gut microbiota in the health effects of polyphenols (including flavan-3-ols) is currently an open field of investigation. Although a few bacterial species metabolize flavan-3-ol monomers [2] no bacterial isolates active on oligomers (called procyanidins) have been described. Knowing that the gut microbiota hydrolyzes procyanidins [3], our aim was to identify bacteria degrading flavan-3-ol oligomers and the degradation products. From human stools of three healthy individuals, culturomic approaches combined with screening for the metabolic activity of bacterial isolates by HPLC-DAD allowed us to obtain four strains of Eggerthella lenta and one strain of Flavonifractor plautii degrading (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. The activity of these strains was then tested on B-type (DP2 to 4) and A-type (DP2) procyanidins and the metabolites generated were characterized by LC-ESI-MS / MS. These two species co-metabolized (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin into hydroxyphenylvaleric acid derivatives. Only E. lenta converted procyanidins while F. plautii alone or in co-culture with E. lenta did not show any activity towards procyanidins. The reaction catalyzed by E. lenta on dimers (B-type and A-type) corresponded to the opening of the C-ring of the terminal unit. This work is the first report of flavan-3-ol oligomers metabolization by the human gut bacterium E. lenta.

International audience

International audience

International audience; We present and share a large database containing electroencephalographic signals from 87 human participants, collected during a single day of brain-computer interface (BCI) experiments, organized into 3 datasets (A, B, and C) that were all recorded using the same protocol: right and left hand motor imagery (MI). Each session contains 240 trials (120 per class), which in total represents more than 20,800 trials, or approximately 70 hours of recording time.It includes the performance of the associated BCI users, detailed information about the demographics, personality profile as well as some cognitive traits and the experimental instructions and codes (executed in the open-source platform OpenViBE).Such database could prove useful for various studies, including but not limited to: 1) studying the relationships between BCI users' profiles and their BCI performances, 2) studying how EEG signals properties varies for different users' profiles and MI tasks, 3) using the large number of participants to design cross-user BCI machine learning algorithms or 4) incorporating users' profile information into the design of EEG signal classification algorithms.

International audience

International audience; Introduction:Motor imagery (MI) can be defined as a “dynamic state during which one simulates an action mentally without any body movement” [1]. The aim of MI is to optimise learning (e.g., in athletic training) or re-learning (e.g., in motor rehabilitation after stroke) by mastering the technique of new motor skills, but also through attentional focus [2] thanks to brain plasticity mechanisms. Indeed, similarities exist between MI and motor execution with regards to the solicitation of certain brain networks and regions, including premotor, parietal, and somatosensory regions [3]. Current BCI protocols targeting MI consist in positively reinforcing the maximum modulation of sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs) from baseline levels. This suggests that we consider that the growing expertise in the MI task will be associated with a higher desynchronisation of neurons in the sensorimotor cortices [4]. Yet, experiments investigating the neural efficiency hypothesis have shown that experts happen to have a reduced modulation of neural activity in comparison to novices [5], which can be attributed to a more efficient resource distribution. This efficiency would take form of reinforced temporal and spatial stability during MI tasks [6,7]. Thus, our questions are as follows: Q1. Does expertise modify the brain patterns associated with a MI task? Q2. If so, are those modifications elicited exclusively during MI of mastered movements? Or do these modifications reflect the acquisition of a generic skill (whatever the imagined movement)? Q3. Is maximising the percentage of desynchronisation a relevant objective? If not, what metrics of performance should be used in order to optimise the training of users/patients to self-regulate their brain activity? In order to investigate those different questions, we will recruit athletes who can be considered as an expert population in MI because of their frequent mental training use (to prevent overtraining or during rehabilitation but also as warm-up routines and rehearsal technique). Material and Methods:We will recruit 48 participants who will be divided into three groups: “basketball experts” (G1exp), “dance experts” (G2exp) and “novices” (G3) [16 participants per group, 8 men, 8 women]. All participants will perform 20 MI trials lasting 10s each for all four of the following movements: a simple reaching action (T1 – for which all participants are experts), a complex novel drawing task (T2 – for which none are expert), a basketball free throw (T3 – expertise of G1exp only) and a short pre-defined dancing choreography (T4 – expertise of G2exp only). EEG activity will be recorded during trials. This paradigm will enable us to compare MI-related brain patterns between experts and novices (G1exp/G2exp vs. G3) (Q1). It will also enable us to assess the extent to which the potential modifications of brain patterns due to expertise are specific to expert movements or generic (for G1exp and G2exp: T3 vs. T4; for all, control: T1 vs. T2) (Q2). From those results, we will investigate which performance metrics seem the most relevant to use in MI-based BCI/NF paradigms (Q3).Discussion:This study will enable us to acquire new knowledge regarding the neural efficiency hypothesis. If our results comfort this hypothesis, it will be important to identify, implement and evaluate new metrics of performance to guide BCI/NF users during their training (i.e., instead of ERD%). Following the neural efficiency hypothesis, we expect experts to show brain patterns that are more spatially and temporally stable than those of novices [6,7]. In other terms, in experts, we expect the modulations of brain activity during MI to be circumscribed to sensorimotor cortices (provided that they perform kinaesthetic MI) and to be highly stable across trials in terms of location and frequency. In addition, we hypothesise that those modulations will represent a general skill. In other terms, we expect the same patterns to be elicited for experts when doing MI of a mastered technique from their discipline, but also when doing MI of a novel movement of similar nature (in our case a different physical activity). Indeed, we believe that a transfer of neural efficiency exists. However, this phenomenon might only happen to a certain extent and not be identifiable for MI of a complex novel task or of a simple everyday life action. To our knowledge, this last hypothesis hasn’t been tested in the current literature and will therefore require an exploratory approach.References:[1] Guillot, A. and Collet, C. (2008). Construction of the Motor Imagery Integrative Model in Sport: A review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use. IRSEP 1, 31–44[2] Budnik-Przybylska, D. et al. (2021). Neural Oscillation During Mental Imagery in Sport: An Olympic Sailor Case Study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 669422.[3] Hardwick, R. M. et al. (2018). Neural Correlates of Action: Comparing Meta-Analyses of Imagery, Observation, and Execution. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 94, 31‑44.[4] Ono, T. et al. (2013). Daily Training with Realistic Visual Feedback Improves Reproducibility of Event-Related Desynchronisation Following Hand Motor Imagery. Clinical Neurophysiology 124(9), 1779 86.[5] Li, L. and Smith, D. M. (2021). Neural Efficiency in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 15.[6] Del Percio, C. et al. (2009). “Neural Efficiency” of Athletes’ Brain for Upright Standing: A High-Resolution EEG Study. Brain Research Bulletin 79(3), 193‑200.[7] Kraeutner, S. N. et al. (2018). Experience Modulates Motor Imagery-Based Brain Activity. EJN 47, no. 10: 1221–29.

International audience; Refugee entrepreneurship has become a grand challenge: it aims at opening up opportunities in entrepreneurship but remains unachieved. This article explores women refugee social entrepreneurs’ (WRSE) ecosystem embeddedness and how it reduces institutional barriers. We draw on the mixed embeddedness framework and the ecosystem social perspective to sustainable ecosystems. We use a qualitative research based on 46 interviews with women refugee social entrepreneurs and service providers. We highlight the degree of nestedness of formal institutions at regional levels. We propose the concept of sustainable inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem and present an integrative model acting as a pathway towards achieving inclusive ecosystems. Keywords Refugee social entrepreneurship, embeddedness, ecosystems, Necessity entrepreneurship, Inclusive entrepreneurship.

International audience; In a flexible collaborative task sharing framework, it is necessary to take situation awareness issues into account. A robot must be able to "understand" the context of the collaboration, especially the difficulty of the task, the willingness of the human to collaborate or his availability. We propose to implement a robotic decision process based on the situation awareness model defined by Endsley. An experiment has been carried out to illustrate an adaptive collaboration in which the robot takes the initiative and fulfill the task that was assigned to the human.

International audience