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At Local Governments’ level, Uruguay’s Constitution states two mechanisms for direct participation, namely: referendum and popular initiative. Until 2013, the Electoral Board’s case law had denied the existence of such institutes, arguing that they required to be regulated by the lawmaker. Current case law of such Board, however, enshrines the existence of both institutes, although with serious limitations that, to the author’s view, violate the constitutional text, and that are analyzed throughout this paper.

This Engineering education has to prepare graduates at all levels, BSc, MSc and PhD, for their future jobs in high technology companies. Many aspects, not only the professional knowledge, have to be taken into account in order to ensure students preparedness to work in continuously changing environments in modern industrial companies. Because the conditions for high technology companies are changing very in 21-st century, it is very important for universities to empower the cooperation with industry to ensure up-to-date engineering education. This include also students' internships in companies and completion of students' Bachelor thesis in companies and with companies' supervisors. DTU Diplom has a long tradition for cooperation with Danish industry and about 85-95% of our students complete theirs Bachelor thesis in companies. In this paper, we describe different ways we cooperate with companies in order to ensure that most of our students have the possibility for internship in industrial companies and subsequently complete their Bachelor thesis in the same company. This university- industry cooperation benefits students, companies and university, because our students get skills necessary for their future jobs by direct participation in companies' everyday work.

The article explores in detail the system and the peculiarities of the formation and powers of representative bodies of the Crimean Tatar people in Ukraine. A brief historical reference is provided on the history of the conception and the formation of a system of such bodies. Through a detailed analysis of the system of representative bodies of the Crimean Tatars, these institutions are given a classifica­tion, the peculiarities of their interaction within the framework of the aforementioned system are highlighted. On the basis of the current documents of the Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar people and the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people, the peculiarities of the formation of representative and representative-executive bodies of the Crimean Tatar people, as well as their structural divisions, are investigated. The specificities of the elections and other forms of direct participation of persons belonging to the Crimean Tatar people in his representation are analyzed. The specifics of the interac­tion of representative bodies of the Crimean Tatar people with representative-execu­tive bodies of the Crimean Tatar people on the general republican, regional and local levels, as well as the peculiarities of the interaction of such bodies with state authori­ties and local self-government in Ukraine, are singled out. The study also assesses the current situation in the field of legal regulation of the issues of the Crimean Tatar people as indigenous people of Ukraine, identifies the main trends that affect its fur­ther formation and development.

Resumen El presente artículo propone una relectura del herbario elaborado por el “médico” Martín De la Cruz, traducido al latín por Juan Badiano en 1552, y “el tratado médico” que forma parte del Códice Florentino de Bernandino de Sahagún (1577), a partir de la noción de semiosis colonial. La calidad mixta de estos artefactos -estar conformada por imágenes y textos- y la participación directa de los sabios náhuatl, habilita considerar las representaciones visuales de las hierbas medicinales como enunciados portadores de cierta autonomía, pese a estar inscritos dentro de los géneros de representación europea. Esta particularidad pone en tensión la supuesta subordinación de los significantes visuales al imperativo de la escritura alfabética, dando cabida a valorar la presencia de representaciones heterogéneas en el contexto de la alfabetización mesoamericana en el siglo XVI. Abstract This article proposes a new read of the herbal put together by “Doctor” Martín de la Cruz, translated into Latin in 1552 by Juan Badiano, and the “medical treaty” which is part of Bernardino de Sahagún’s Florentine Codex (1577) based on the notion of colonial semiosis. The combination of images and texts in these artifacts and the direct participation of wisemen of Náhutl origin allow the consideration of visual representations of medicinal herbs as statements that retain certain autonomy, despite being included within the genres of European representation. This peculiarity strains the alleged subordination of visual signifiers to the imperative of alphabetical writing, making it possible to assess the presence of heterogeneous representations within the context of Mesoamerican literacy in the sixteenth century.

GOKTURK-1 is an Earth Observation Satellite developed by Thales Alenia Space - France with the Direct Participation of Turkish Companies, e.g. ROKETSAN. During the Project, ROKETSAN participated to all activities related to propulsion subsystem development in addition to activities related to launcher interfaces. Subsystem requirement description, design, analysis and long lead item procurement, integration, tests, launch campaign and Launch and Early Orbit Phase activities of propulsion subsystem were the activities that only ROKETSAN personnel participated directly among companies in the project other than TAS-F. In this paper, the participated activities and lessons learned are presented.

Rapid technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) methods have fueled explosive growth in decision tools being marketed by a rapidly growing number of companies. AI developments are being driven largely by computer scientists, informaticians, engineers, and business people, with much less direct participation by radiologists. Participation by radiologists in AI is largely restricted to educational efforts to familiarize them with the tools and promising results, but techniques to help them decide which AI tools should be used in their practices and to how to quantify their value is not being addressed. This paper discusses the role of radiologists in imaging AI and suggests specific ways they can be engaged by (1) considering the clinical need for AI tools in specific clinical use cases, (2) by undertaking formal evaluation of AI tools they are considering adopting in their practices, and (3) by maintaining their expertise and guarding against the pitfalls of over-reliance on technology.

Currently, many construction companies have chosen a model of “steady state” - maintaining market share. The working model uses methods of historical and logical analysis, forecasting, economic and mathematical modeling. The work is devoted to the problems of road construction enterprises arising in determining the profitability of construction and installation works and economically justified calculations of the cost of investment projects for the construction, reconstruction and major repair of highways. The authors associate the prospect of the development of the construction company in direct participation in state programs both in the development of the country’s transport system in 2015–2020, and in the implementation of the program for the development of the northern territories.

Global value chains (GVCs) in agriculture and food sectors have the potential to influence trading relationships and the gains from trade for different sectors along the value chain. This report explores the way in which value from trade and GVC participation is created for the agriculture sector. It examines differences in returns to the sector from participation in GVCs and trade either directly in contrast to participation that relies on downstream domestic processing. The study makes use of a database on trade in value added for 22 agro-food sectors derived from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. The evidence presented in this paper suggests that aggregate value to the agriculture and to the economy overall from direct participation in trade and GVCs generates at least as much value as participation that relies on domestic downstream processing. Similar overall gains from primary exports are associated with greater volumes and the value created from ‘value addition’ to these exports – the embodied service and other inputs. Indeed, countries that specialise in primary exports have higher shares of service value added in these exports, with this also being a determinant of value growth for middle-income countries.

Village economy is one of the important factors in assessing the success of village development the Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Village Article 1 paragraph 6 stipulates that Village-Owned Enterprises, hereinafter referred to as BUMDes, are business entities whose whole or part of their capital is owned by the Village through direct participation originating from Village assets separated to manage assets, services services and other businesses for the greatest welfare of the village community. This confirms that the management of BUMDes is fully implemented by the Village community, from the Village, by the Village and for the Village in an effort to strengthen the village economy and is formed based on the needs and potential of the VillageThe establishment of the BUMDes is expected not only to be oriented towards the profit of the institution but also to prioritize the benefits for improving the economy and welfare of the village community. This study aims to conduct a feasibility assessment of the implementation of business activities of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). This research was conducted with descriptive qualitative methods with data collection techniques in the field using interview methods, documentation, observation and literature review with the research subjects being village officials, BUMDes managers and communities using BUMDes services. Measurement assessment analysis uses indicators of feasibility study aspects. The results showed that the existence of BUMDes was in accordance with the objective of establishing BUMDes in an effort to improve the economy of the village community, that BUMDes Mekar Sari Mandiri in Mekar Sari Village, Kepahiang Regency from the results of business feasibility assessment especially on social and economic aspects had a positive and direct impact. for local village governments and especially communities around BUMDes

In this chapter, two aspects of the meaningful work context are considered: task discretion and organizational participation. It argues that these provide opportunities for values associated with meaningful work to be realized at both an intrinsic and instrumental level. Drawing on both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence, the chapter explores the extent to which meaningful work values are realized in both domains. Two types of direct participation are found to be complementary: task discretion is particularly important for increasing the scope for informal learning, while organizational participation is a stronger lever for securing higher levels of training provision. The chapter presents substantial evidence that participation in decision-making, both at the level of the work task and in wider organizational decisions, is an essential precondition of meaningful work.

Finding ways to bridge the gap between technological knowledge and local knowledge is a fundamental socio-technical challenge. This chapter re-examines data with residents in nursing homes with the purpose of investigating opportunities for bringing the older adults’ local knowledge into the innovation of technology for ageing populations. The older adults in the study were all physically and/or mentally frail and all possessed knowledge about being an older adult and a resident in a nursing home. The analysis showed that the older adults’ participation in technology innovation was mainly indirect; in cases of direct participation the communication about technology was difficult and characterised by pleasantries. However, the older adults provided rich insights about their everyday routines and memories via observations, thus, giving designers access to local knowledge about being an older adult living in a nursing home. Finding ways to embrace and include this local knowledge requires a conceptual understanding of participation. The chapter contributes a conceptualisation of ‘invisible users’, i.e. people who are frail and considered difficult to engage in technology innovation. The findings contribute a perspective on ‘dimensions of participation’ as pivotal for designers who aim to bring this target group’s knowledge into technology innovation for ageing populations.

Ensuring a successful transition from the cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU) to the ward for the adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patient is a vital step in the critical care admission and can have a significant impact on outcomes. The transition process may require unique protocols given the various hospital settings and models of care for ACHD patients. Successful transition involves proper assessment for readiness to transfer, formalized provider handoff procedures, and proactive preparation for hospital discharge. Although various roles within the health-care team will be involved in care transition, the physician, advanced practice provider, and nursing roles have the most direct participation in the transition process. Defining the unique focus of these providers in handoffs and discharge planning will improve the formalized processes for inpatient transitions for ACHD patients. A multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach to transition of the ACHD patient from the CVICU to the ward may decrease critical care morbidity and mortality while promoting patient safety and satisfaction.

This chapter offers a deep insight into the literature on workers’ participation. The concepts of participation are traced back to their origins in the discourse about industrial and economic democracy, differences in concepts and forms of participation are discussed along the literature, and some current developments of workers’ participation in Germany are outlined. The chapter shows some interesting results: first, participation is dependent on its institutional foundations, and legal foundations are much stronger than foundations that have their roots in volatile management concepts. Second, direct and indirect participation are not necessarily competing with each other but are likely to support each other. Direct participation has proven to be able to strengthen interest representatives by increasing their legitimacy and, moreover, the expertise, the competencies, and the organizational power they can build on. And finally, participation is useful as an emancipatory concept to draw on the different shortcomings advanced capitalist societies show on the way to industrial democracies. Without workers’ participation, such a democracy will not be able to develop.

In the period of rule of the Piast dynasty, the ordinary people constituted a large part of the army, however the authors of the chronicles describing the war events did not pay any special attention to them. Therefore, any mentions of the people from lower social strata, who stood out due to their extraordinary bravery and courage during the military actions, are to be considered even more precious. Among their achievements such incidents like: saving the monarchs’ life during the battles, a spontaneous initiation of a battle, which ended with a total victory, regaining of a lost castle or a heroic defense of an own castle against attacking enemy, were recorded. People performing these feats were simple warriors with low position in a social hierarchy or even placed in the army as servants without any intention of their direct participation in battles. Chroniclers described with appreciation the achievements of those who were obliged to fight holding arms, highlighting their bravery and sacrifice for the rulers, who rewarded it very generously. On the other hand, the military achievements of people belonging to the class of servants, who were not obliged to participate in the military actions were considered by these authors in a different way: as a result of headiness or bravura. W epoce piastowskiej dużą część wojska stanowiła pospolita ludność, zazwyczaj jednak autorzy kronik opisujących wydarzenia wojenne nie poświęcali jej większej uwagi. Tym cenniejsze wydają się obecne w ich przekazach wzmianki o ludziach z niższych warstw społecznych, którzy wyróżnili się niezwykłym męstwem i walecznością podczas działań militarnych. Wśród ich dokonań odnotowane zostały przypadki uratowania życia władcom podczas bitew, spontaniczne podjęcie walki zakończonej całkowitym zwycięstwem, odzyskanie utraconego grodu czy heroiczna obrona własnej warowni przed atakującym wrogiem. Ludzie dokonujący tych wyczynów byli prostymi wojownikami, nisko sytuowanymi w społecznej hierarchii albo nawet znajdowali się w wojsku jako służba nieprzeznaczona do bezpośredniego udziału w walkach. Kronikarze z podziwem pisali głównie o dokonaniach ludzi należących do pierwszej z tych kategorii, czyli zobowiązanych do walki z bronią w ręku, podkreślając ich męstwo i poświęcenie dla władców, którzy za te zasługi ich hojnie nagradzali. Natomiast militarne wyczyny osób czy grup wchodzących w skład czeladzi, od której nie wymagano udziału w walce zbrojnej, były oceniane przez tych autorów zupełnie inaczej, jako efekt porywczości czy brawury.

In the literature, how the quality of parent–child relations could affect children’s vulnerability to triangulation is a very limited direction of research. To advance knowledge on this topic, we had two aims: The first was to investigate the relationship between interparental conflict and children’ vulnerability to triangulation by exploring three distinct forms of triangulation (children’s direct participation in parental disagreements, children’s subjective sense of feeling caught in the middle, and triangulation forced by parents). The second aim was to explore the potential bidirectional effects of parenting stress and children’s triangulation by assessing the mediating role of maternal and paternal parenting stress in the association between interparental conflict and children’s triangulation and, conversely, the mediating role of the three forms of children’s triangulation in the association between interparental conflict and parenting stress. One hundred and sixty-eight school-aged children and their parents completed measures of interparental conflict, parenting stress, and children’s triangulation involvement. Results indicated that higher levels of interparental conflict promoted children’s triangulation behaviors and suggested the existence of bidirectional effects between the difficult child dimension of parenting stress and the children’s involvement in their interparental conflict. Conversely, the parental distress dimension of parenting stress seem to be an antecedent of both forced triangulation and feelings of being caught between parents. Results help to advance the understanding of the relationship between interparental conflict and children’s triangulation by examining both parents’ parenting stress and their specific components.

In times of unprecedented environmental crisis, which disrupt traditional ways of conducting research and force us to rethink our purpose in the humanities, creative practitioners have the imperative and skillset to make an essential contribution. This article is a multi-perspectival exploration of environmental communication, which draws from concepts in many fields including media communication and the environmental humanities, but is grounded in creative practice as research. It offers insights and examples gained through the author’s direct participation in several types of environmental communication over ten years in different settings: from embedded production in alternative media to environmentally focused research projects that utilise creative and participatory action research methods. Environmental communication can include, but must also go beyond, ‘messaging’; there is a need to recognise the intrinsic value of processes such as creativity, dialogue and participation, and to work for more intangible successes such as enhanced networks and civic participation. This article also counteracts the frustrating tendency in academic culture to generalise art and media forms as part of the same vague entity, either in service of impact and engagement or as too ‘mysterious’ to deconstruct’. This can reveal a limiting disconnect with creative processes, and lead to weak design – and poor understanding – of research projects with creative components. Furthermore, paying attention to the specific processes and characteristics of various art and media forms is an essential part of a general vigilance in foregrounding issues of power, voice, and language in practice. This is not an argument that all research should be practice-based. Ideally, environmental communication could be practiced in a mutually enriching intellectual circuit with more traditional research, but to achieve this we need better acts of translation between theory and practice.

The article discusses ways to assess human capital. In recent decades, the urgency of the problems associated with the assessment of human capital and its components has not only faded away, but also increased as the number of companies grew. The interest of economics in human creative abilities, in the ways of their formation and development has sharply increased. Issues of human capital valuation are of interest due to the complexity and versatility of this category, as well as its importance for the effective functioning of the economy. Given the intangible nature of human capital, manifested in the form of knowledge, skills, work and management skills, as well as its continuous accumulation and communication with specific employees, it should be noted that a specific set of criteria is less important than the process of measuring and using the information collected. The systems for evaluating human capital based on certain quantitative criteria are based on value and natural approaches to its definition. Methodological approaches to the economic definition of human capital, based on different models, develop ideas that provide new, more realistic options for evaluating human capital. The formation and development of human capital takes place with the direct participation of the family, the state, enterprises and various public funds. At present, when an employee of an organization must be constantly active in improving his abilities, it is necessary to take into account the fact that learning takes place throughout his life.

Transition from inclusive education to inclusive employment proves evasive for people with disabilities, especially youth with complex communication needs (CCN). This chapter explores the plight of youth with CCN to be included in employment for their own well-being. The study that informed this chapter focused on a purposive sample of 8 youth ranging between the ages from 19 to 35 years. Data collection was conducted through individual interviews and direct participation and analyzed using a six-phased thematic analysis where two themes were solicited, being: Life stories—living with limited communication and exposure to life and working. Generally, participants strongly indicated a need to them to be included in employment, they yearn for exposure to life and opportunities that will allow them to identify opportunities for working.

Resumo: Publicados em Veneza em meados do seculo XVI, os tres volumes de Delle Navigationi et viaggi, compilados, traduzidos ao italiano e anotados por Giovanni Battista Ramusio, reunem em um unico monumento bibliografico um amplo conjunto de cronicas de viagens e de mapas. Mesmo sem ter participacao direta nas empresas expansionistas e colonizadoras promovidas nesse seculo pelos imperios ibericos, Veneza manteve uma importante relacao com esse sistema-mundo que estava surgindo, propiciando o trabalho de cartografos, editores, cosmografos, tradutores e tratadistas que divulgaram e consolidaram esses conhecimentos sobre terras distantes. A colecao de Ramusio se insere nesse vasto projeto epistemologico; neste artigo pretendo analisar as condicoes e os antecedentes que possibilitaram a publicacao desse inventario de exploracoes e conquistas ultramarinas, particularmente das relativas ao Novo Mundo, e sua importância na percepcao das novas e modernas realidades naturais e culturais que estavam redefinindo o orbe. Palavras-chave: Ramusio; navegacoes; Novo Mundo. Abstract: Published in Venice in the middle of the sixteenth century, the three volumes of Delle Navigationi et Viaggi , compiled, translated into Italian and annotated by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, gather in a single bibliographic monument a wide set of travel chronicles and maps. Even without having direct participation in the expansionist and colonizing projects promoted in that century by the Iberian empires, Venice maintained an important relationship with this world-system that was emerging, providing the work of cartographers, editors, cosmographers, translators and writers who disseminated and consolidated this knowledge about distant lands. Ramusio’s collection is part of this vast epistemological project; in this article I intend to analyze the conditions and antecedents that made possible the publication of this inventory of overseas explorations and achievements, particularly those relating to the New World, and their importance in the perception of new and modern natural and cultural realities that were redefining the orb. Keywords: Ramusio; navigations; New World.

Highlights • Museum face increasing challenges in europe. • A delphi study was conducted in france. • 3 scenarios are presented., The purpose of this article is to describe the possible futures of French museums up to 2030. To do this we rely on a Delphi study that took place between late 2017 and early 2018 with 99 experts from the field. We propose three scenarios. The first aims to create museums centered around youth and to democratize culture. The second corresponds to the reaction of museums facing a decrease in public funding. The third is a breakdown scenario, where museums undergo evolutions. In this latter scenario, a direct participation of nearby stakeholders is observed, unlike the other two scenarios.

About ten years have passed since the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. In the context of Japan, neighborhood voluntary civic associations (NVCA) play significant roles in communicating, sharing, and building consensus at grassroots level in Japan, though it is unclear what are the elements for the successful engagement of disaster survivors at the neighborhood level. This study examined whether community activities with the direct participation by disaster survivors enhance DRR activities, or external stakeholders strengthen those activities. Through the field survey in Kesennuma City, asymmetric results imply that the NVCA activities diverged from sociohistorical background.

The role of the photoelectrode surface during pyridine-catalyzed CO2 reduction on p-GaP photocathodes is currently under debate. Understanding the extent of the photoelectrode’s direct participation in the catalytic CO2 reduction mechanism is essential to improving the design of such photoelectrochemical systems. Here, we present new theoretical results demonstrating that the previously proposed pyridinyl radical intermediate is unlikely to form and that reduction of pyridinium to adsorbed pyridine and H species remains the most favorable reduction pathway, even when accounting for the aqueous environment. Furthermore, we conclude, based on recently reported experimental evidence and our new computational results reported herein, that the mechanism of CO2 reduction operating in this system is likely heterogeneous. We also introduce a new heterogeneous mechanism involving a recently proposed radical species, which we predict will be stable on the electrode surface and that may serve as the active catalytic...

This study examines the conditions for co-production in the delivery of immigrant services in Hong Kong. The study shows that co-production of new immigrant services occurs under three conditions: a joint plan, direct participation, and establishing partnerships. The analysis also suggests that co-production is affected by structural and cultural factors, resulting in three insights. First, a civic culture of “mutual help” develops in co-production activities. Second, maintaining co-production activities requires formal arrangements and informal relationships. Third, participants become strongly connected through repeated social interactions and day-to-day communication. The implications of these findings for the broader study of co-production are discussed.

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (icc) adopted an innovative participatory role for victims hailed as a major step towards recognising the rights of victims in international criminal proceedings. However, it is unclear whether direct participation has resulted in a more productive role for victims. This article discusses the goals of trial, focusing on the victims’ interests and the interests of the icc; the statutory and jurisprudential rules pertaining to victims’ participation at the Court; and the testimony of witnesses questioned by the victims’ representatives in the Lubanga and Katanga trials. The article concludes that the victims’ representatives in Lubanga and Katanga achieved some of the goals of trial but had a more limited impact on others. It also warns that the icc needs to continue to protect the rights of the victims and ensure that it does not improperly limit their participation.

The essence of methodological and engineering questions solved during the preparation and implementation of historic dives of the manned submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2, allowing humans to see the bottom of the North Pole at a depth of 4300 m, are described together with innovative developments in underwater navigation, as well as the Mir’s propulsion, ballast, and other systems that ensured the safety of the dives. These innovative methods have opened up the Arctic’s underice space for scientific research and practical exploration for minerals with the direct participation of scientists and specialists.

El proceso de militarización de la seguridad pública en México se presenta bajo dos modalidades: la participación directa de las fuerzas armadas en la dimensión de la seguridad interior y la apuesta por las denominadas fuerzas intermedias o policías militarizadas. A lo largo de esta contribución se lleva a cabo una revisión del proceso de creación de la División de la Gendarmería en la policía federal que responde a esta segunda vertiente.

Este artigo sintetiza os principais resultados de pesquisa desenvolvida acerca das tendências contemporâneas da participação popular a partir da experiência de participação no âmbito dos conselhos municipais de saúde do estado doEspírito Santo. O principal objetivo do estudo é demonstrar como as novas modalidades de organização, mobilização e comunicação dos movimentos sociais (coletivos, redes e fóruns) afetaram os processos de participação popular no âmbito da política de saúde, especialmente as estratégias de informação e comunicação, a estrutura e dinâmica de funcionamento dos conselhos. É um estudo de caso cuja coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da análise de documentos públicos e sites, acompanhamento das redes sociais de movimentos e conselhos, observação das reuniões de movimentos e conselhos eentrevistas. O principal resultado da pesquisa é a constatação da existência de um hiato entre os mecanismos de participação construídos como forma de viabilizar a democracia participativa e as demandas por participação direta decoletivos, redes e fóruns.Palavras-chave: Participação popular. Movimentos sociais. Conselhos de saúde.CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: the experiences of municipal health councils in Espírito SantoAbstractThis article synthesises the main results of research around contemporary trends in public participation drawn from the experiences of Municipal Health Councils in Espírito Santo. The main objective of the study was to demonstrate how newmodes of organization, mobilization and communication of social movements (collectives, networks and forums) affect the processes of public participation in the ambit of health policy. This is a case study whose data the collection of data was carried out through the analysis of public documents and websites, following the social networks of social movements and councils, observation on the meetings of social movements and councils, and interviews. The main result of the research is the finding of a gap between the participation mechanisms built as a way to make participatory democracy viable and the demands for direct participation of collectives, networks and forums.Keywords: Public participation. Social movements. Health Councils.

The introduction of large-scale amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation actualizes the discussion on the areas of development of Russian legislation on local selfgovernment. The article examines the social and legal nature of Russian local self-government, substantiates the conclusion about its duality (the level of public power and the institution of civil society), analyzes the place and role of local self-government in the unified system of public authority. The author comes to the conclusion that the goal of further improving the legislation on local self-government should be recognized as an increase in the efficiency of local self-government in two directions: in solving issues of local importance and performing other public functions (operational efficiency), as well as in meeting the request of citizens for direct participation in the management of common deeds (social efficiency). Based on this goal, possible scenarios for the development of legislation on local self-government are analyzed in two aspects: the territorial structure of local self-government and the competence of local self-government.

The isomerization of Criegee intermediates (CIs) is investigated using quantum chemistry calculations with the help of ammonia and amines. Two different participation modes (indirect/direct participation) for ammonia and amines are considered in the isomerization of the CIs. The results indicate that CIs whose structures are similar to syn-CH3CHOO are more prone to isomerize in comparison with CIs similar to anti-CH3CHOO. Ammonia and amines as catalysts can promote CI isomerization, especially the effect of amines is more prominent. Moreover, the catalytic effect of amines is consistent with its basic strength, that is, ethylamine

The objective of this work is to describe and analyze the perceptions of residents of Amazonian communities relative the forms of insertion and participation in the conservation programs of the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) and the tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis). From the systematic observation and semi-structured interviews, the research analyzes the constructs that characterize the community participation in the conservation of the species, directly and indirectly. The perceptions show that the participation in the conservation of the tracajá occurred directly, where the community members are inserted in the majority of the stages of the management of the chelonians, with prevalence in non technical activities but with protagonist action in the conservation program. The conservation of the harpy eagle occurred indirectly. The people who participated in the program were located near the place and habitat of the bird. Their participation was marked by the performance as observers of the technical processes, auxiliary agents. In this context, externalities have emerged and have given new ways to act in conservation, favoring the biocultural scenario. The form of participation in both cases is related to the management strategies and structures used by the programs, where co-management is the model to be evidenced. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever e analisar as percepções de moradores de comunidades amazônicas relativas às formas de inserção e participação nos programas de conservação do gavião-real (Harpia harpyja) e do tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis). A partir da observação sistemática e entrevistas semiestruturadas a pesquisa analisa os constructos que caracterizam a participação dos comunitários na conservação das espécies, de forma direta e indireta. As percepções mostram que a participação na conservação do tracajá se deu de forma direta, onde os comunitários estão inseridos na maioria das etapas do manejo dos quelônios, com prevalência nas atividades não técnicas, mas com atuação protagonista no programa de conservação. A conservação do gavião-real se deu de forma indireta. As pessoas que participavam do programa localizavam-se próximos do local e habitat da ave. Suas participações eram marcadas pela atuação como observadores dos processos técnicos, agentes coadjuvantes. Neste contexto, as externalidades afloraram e deram novos caminhos a forma de atuação na conservação, favorecendo o cenário biocultural. A forma de participação nos dois casos tem relação com as estratégias e estruturas do manejo utilizadas pelos programas, onde o co-manejo é o modelo a ser evidenciado.

Occupant activity level plays an important part in many smart building applications, such as power management [5] and elderly care [1]. There are several approaches to obtain occupant states, including visual-, acoustic-, and radio frequency based techniques. However, visual-based approaches require light-of-sight, while acoustic-based approaches are sensitive to background noise. On the other hand, radio-based approaches often require the occupant to carry a particular device to receive signals from base stations, which requires direct participation from the monitored occupants at all times.

People with functional diversity suffered with greater incidence the limitations and deficiencies of the dictatorial system and its social policies. However, as in other parts of the world, in the middle of the century, a significant change of conscience took place. This critical spirit was consolidated in the death of Franco. In fact, the political transition to democracy was understood as an opportunity for change and a key historical moment for the achievement of equal rights. This text, based on a much wider research, analyzes the participation of people with functional diversity in the construction of democracy. To this end, we are approaching both direct participation in politics and the specific activism that we consider to be key to understanding the evolution of the welfare state in Spain. Moreover, without being the main objective of this contribution, we make reference to the numerous difficulties faced by these people, necessary to approach the real meaning of these social movements. Due to the absence of secondary bibliography, we have mainly used oral and hemerographic sources, in addition to written testimonies rescued from divulgation books at the time.; Las personas con diversidad funcional sufrieron con mayor incidencia las limitaciones y las carencias del sistema dictatorial y sus políticas sociales. Sin embargo, al igual que ocurrió en otros puntos del mundo, a mediados del siglo se fue gestando un importante cambio de consciencia y un espíritu crítico que se consolidó a la muerte de Franco. De hecho, la transición política a la democracia fue entendida como una oportunidad de cambio y un momento histórico clave para la consecución de la igualdad de derechos. Este texto, basado en una investigación mucho más amplia, analiza la participación de las personas con diversidad funcional en la construcción de la democracia. Para ello nos acercamos tanto a la participación directa en la política como, sobre todo, al activismo específico que consideramos colaboró en la evolución social de la naciente democracia. Además, sin ser el objetivo principal de esta aportación, hacemos referencias a las numerosas dificultades que afrontaban estas personas y sin las cuales no se podría entender el significado de estos movimientos sociales. Debido a la práctica ausencia de bibliografía secundaria hemos utilizado principalmente fuentes hemerográficas y orales, además de testimonios escritos rescatados de bibliografía divulgativa de la época.

This work has the objective of analyzing the financing for innovation carried out by the Minas Gerais Development Bank (BDMG), from 2011 to 2016. There are currently three types of activities: credit lines, investment funds and direct participation in the capital stock of two technology companies. The focus of the study was the analysis of the credit lines in two perspectives: a) the evolution of the Bank's performance and the sectoral distribution; b) qualitative analysis of the companies that received the resources. These two analyzes allowed us to infer: a) the Bank needs to expand its role in financing innovation, mainly because it has already acquired an experience; b) the importance of cumulative and public support and of different instruments, especially for the induction of innovations with a greater degree of risk, focused at national and international market, was evidenced at company level.

The aim of this work is to understand the role of unsaturated zone on the functioning of karst aquifers. The easy infiltration of water into the system explains the expansion of karstification through the saturated zone. The unsaturated zone is largely involved in the flow on the overall karstic system. For this purpose, we use the environmental tracing, namely the calco-carbonic equilibrium elements (CO2, CO32−, HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+), TOC, and isotopic elements (14C, 13C, and 3H) interesting tracers of residence time. Result obtained from TOC and Mg2+ enabled us to classify the behavior of systems to fissured type with a low average and restricted fluctuation of TOC concentrations and relatively high Mg2+ (inertial system). The second functioning type is characterized by a very high average and important variation of TOC with low contents of Mg2+ (perched system with fast infiltration). The values of 3H and 14C allow to distinguish three categories of water (old, mixture actual-old, and actual) with the predominance of actual waters. The comparison of the measured δ13C with those calculated shows that the majority of the karstic aquifers of Tlemcen Mountains are open systems with respect to the soil biogenic CO2. The piston flow in the unsaturated zone puts in charge the drains and stops drainage in the lower part of the system. The direct participation of infiltration is relatively low for all systems.

O orçamento participativo - OP foi utilizado como objeto de pesquisa em estudos realizados por teóricos de várias partes do mundo enquanto prática institucionalizada que possibilitaria ao cidadão comum [não eleito para o Executivo ou Legislativo] decidir sobre despesa orçamentária. No âmbito da Ciência Política, esses estudos enfatizaram, principalmente, aspectos relativos ao ciclo participativo do OP [que conta com a participação do cidadão]. Ocorre que, no Brasil, a realização desse ciclo participativo, embora institucionalizado, é condição necessária, mas não suficiente, para que as obras e serviços públicos ali priorizados pelos cidadãos sejam depois efetivamente executados com recursos públicos. Para isso, é ainda necessário que sejam inseridos em lei orçamentária. Essa inserção, que aqui será denominada "formalização do OP", é posterior ao ciclo participativo e é feita a partir de ato discricionário de competência do chefe do Poder Executivo. Diferentemente, portanto, da maioria das pesquisas acadêmicas sobre a matéria, esta investigação busca evidenciar esta etapa posterior ao ciclo participativo: a formalização do OP. A proposta deste estudo é no sentido de perceber se existiu ou não influência da ideologia partidária [esquerda, centro e direita] sobre a formalização do OP na lei orçamentária anual - LOA dos municípios brasileiros que são capitais dos estados do Brasil, no período de 2009 a 2016. Participatory budgeting - OP was used as an object of research in studies carried out by theoreticians from around the world as an institutionalized practice that would enable the ordinary citizen [not elected to the Executive or Legislative] to decide on budgetary expenditure. In the scope of Political Science, these studies mainly emphasized aspects related to the participatory cycle of the OP [which counts on citizen participation]. In Brazil, the realization of this participatory cycle, although institutionalized, is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the public works and services prioritized by the citizens to be effectively executed with public resources. To do this, it is still necessary that they be inserted into a budget law. This insertion, which will be called the "formalization of the OP", is later than the participatory cycle and is made from a discretionary act of competence of the head of the Executive Branch. Differently, therefore, from most academic research on the subject, this research seeks to highlight this stage after the participatory cycle: the formalization of the OP. The purpose of this study is to understand whether or not there was an influence of the party ideology [left, center and right] on the formalization of the OP in the annual budget law - LOA of the Brazilian municipalities that are capitals of the Brazilian states in the period of 2009 to 2016.

Resumo – O presente artigo visa apresentar análises preliminares de resultado de pesquisa acerca da participação e contribuição do CBCISS no Movimento de Reconceituação da América Latina, no período compreendido entre a década de 1960 até 1980. Sendo o CBCISS uma instituição sem participação direta na formação profissional, protagonizou, quase exclusivamente, não só a organização das produções sobre a sistematização da prática e da formação profissionais, como também foi responsável pela divulgação do material coletado em âmbito mundial. Organizou os seminários de teorização do Serviço Social, dos quais foi estudado, nesta fase da pesquisa, o Documento de Araxá, com o objetivo de retomar o Serviço Social na história, através de mediações determinantes, possíveis em face do acúmulo teórico-metodológico produzido pelo Serviço Social na esteira da “intenção de ruptura”. Palavras-Chave: movimento de reconceituação; CBCISS; análise crítica. Abstract – This article aims to present preliminary analyzes of research results on the participation and contribution of the Brazilian Center for Cooperation and Interchange in Social Services (CBCISS, in Portuguese) in the Latin American reconceptualization movement between 1960 and 1980. The CBCISS is an institution with no direct participation in professional training, but it was, almost solely, not only the organizer of the academic production on the systematization of professional practice and training, but also the responsible for the dissemination of the collected material worldwide. It organized seminars on the theory of social work, of which it was studied in this research a 1967 seminar in Araxá, Minas Gerais. This choice had the purpose of recovering social work throughout history, through determinant mediations, possible in face of the theoretical and methodological accumulation produced by social work in the wake of the “intention of rupture.” Keywords: reconceptualization movement; CBCISS; critical analysis.

This chapter compares German works councils with alternative models of employee involvement and representation. It presents some empirical results of a recent survey of works councils in the German mechanical engineering industry concerning the relationship between works councils, management and unions and how works councillors perceive direct participation. Works council and Human Resource Management (HRM) give employees a voice in firms' decision making, the works council a collective voice, HRM an individual voice. By cross-tabulation the author discovers a considerable consistency of the works councillors' views on their relationship with management. Numerous works agreements on the implementation of team-working have been negotiated by strong and active works councils, thus connecting direct participation with the collective representation system. Authors point out that many firms with HRM are non-union companies. The chapter draws a conclusion regarding the increasing preponderance of the works council in the German industrial relations system.

In Brazil, the scorpion species responsible for most severe incidents belong to the Tityus genus and, among this group, T. serrulatus, T. bahiensis, T. stigmurus and T. obscurus are the most dangerous ones. Other species such as T. metuendus, T. silvestres, T. brazilae, T. confluens, T. costatus, T. fasciolatus and T. neglectus are also found in the country, but the incidence and severity of accidents caused by them are lower. The main effects caused by scorpion venoms - such as myocardial damage, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and shock - are mainly due to the release of mediators from the autonomic nervous system. On the other hand, some evidence show the participation of the central nervous system and inflammatory response in the process. The participation of the central nervous system in envenoming has always been questioned. Some authors claim that the central effects would be a consequence of peripheral stimulation and would be the result, not the cause, of the envenoming process. Because, they say, at least in adult individuals, the venom would be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. In contrast, there is some evidence showing the direct participation of the central nervous system in the envenoming process. This review summarizes the major findings on the effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system, both clinically and experimentally. Most of the studies have been performed with T. serrulatus and T. bahiensis. Little information is available regarding the other Brazilian Tityus species.

La STC 51/2017, de 10 de mayo, ha estimado el recurso de inconstitucionalidad presentado por el Presidente del Gobierno en relación con determinados preceptos de la Ley catalana 4/2010, de 17 de marzo, de consultas populares por vía de referéndum. Esta Sentencia nos sirve para realizar unas reflexiones acerca de la regulación de las vías de participación directa en nuestro sistema constitucional y de las consideraciones que ha realizado el Tribunal acerca del contenido de la mencionada norma.The STC 51/2017, of May 10, has estimated the appeal of unconstitutionality presented by the President of the Government in relation to certain precepts of the Catalan Law 4/2010, of March 17, of popular consultations by referendum. This Judgment serves to make some reflections about the regulation of direct participation in our constitutional system and the considerations that the constitutional Court has made about the content of the mentioned norm.

Resumo Ainda que previsto o esgotamento do ciclo de governos de esquerda latino-americanos, a onda rosa, o que aconteceu nos últimos períodos tem surpreendido. Não se esperava quebra nas regras do jogo, como em Honduras (2009), Paraguai (2012) e Brasil (2016), países que interpretações errôneas das instituições resultaram em impedimento dos mandatos presidenciais. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender, a partir de uma perspectiva comparada, esses três processos. Para tanto, classificaremos os processos de deposições ocorridos nos três países como neogolpismo para diferenciar dos padrões anteriores, pois não contam com participação direta dos militares e seu processamento acontece por meio das instituições vigentes. Dissertaremos, ainda, sobre como esses eventos reverberam na qualidade democrática em América Latina e os limites das análises que enfatizavam a consolidação da democracia nos países estudados. Abstract Although the conclusion of the cycle of leftist governments in Latin America was foreseen, the recent pink wave has been a surprise. Disruptions in the rules of the game were not expected, such as those that occurred in Honduras (2009), Paraguay (2012) and Brazil (2016), countries where erroneous interpretations by institutions toppled presidential mandates. The objective of this study is to understand these three processes, using a comparative perspective. We classify the depositions that took place in these three countries as neo-coups d’état to distinguish them from previous ones, because they did not include the direct participation of the military and they were processed through the ruling institutions. We thus reflect on how these events reverberate in the quality of democracy in Latin America and the limits of the analyses that emphasize the consolidation of democracy in the countries studied.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ubiquitous nanosized membrane vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins and nucleic acids, which are active in intercellular communications. EVs are increasingly seen as a vital component of many biological functions that were once considered to require the direct participation of stem cells. Consequently, transplantation of EVs is gradually becoming considered an alternative to stem cell transplantation due to their significant advantages, including their relatively low probability of neoplastic transformation and abnormal differentiation. However, as research has progressed, it is realized that EVs derived from native‐source cells may have various shortcomings, which can be corrected by modification and optimization. To date, attempts are made to modify or improve almost all the components of EVs, including the lipid bilayer, proteins, and nucleic acids, launching a new era of modularized EV therapy through the “modular design” of EV components. One high‐yield technique, generating EV mimetic nanovesicles, will help to make industrial production of modularized EVs a reality. These modularized EVs have highly customized “modular design” components related to biological function and targeted delivery and are proposed as a promising approach to achieve personalized and precision medicine.

The purpose of this study is to examine a user-centered and interactivity-based user-participatory design that could be completed by users by helping them to better understand a diverse experience and be involved in a design process. The aspects of expression that were marked by direct user participation and subsequent interactivity in the areas of design, the arts and fashion were investigated to determine their characteristics. The kind of fashion that is characterized by interactivity is of significance in that it is variable according to the purpose of the users, it's possible to have sustained communication with them through their direct participation, and that the designer is consequently able to build a new, communicative relationship with the users as co-creators. This study found that the characteristics of interactivity through direct user participation are classified into four characteristics; One is playfulness. which offers a new experience and way to create fun and vale. Another is variability, which is changeability of form; the third is the convergence of technology and function. Lastly, the fourth is virtuality. This is to embody images in virtual space.

Objective The aim of the present study is to explore patient's perspectives in pediatric oncology on participation in discussions and decision-making surrounding their cancer diagnosis. Methods Seventeen patients between 9 and 17 years of age receiving treatment at centers of the Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group were interviewed for this study. Their interview data was analyzed qualitatively to identify themes with regard to participation in medical communication and/or decision-making. Results Participants highlighted how their roles in health care discussions varied from direct participation to indirect involvement. Overall, there were fewer accounts of involvement in decision-making than in overall health care discussions. Challenges with regard to completely understanding the information provided and making decisions were identified. Participants also discussed situations when they were not involved in medical communication or decision-making. While they generally valued their participation, the preferred level of involvement oscillated between participants as well as within one and the same child across time. Conclusions The complex pattern of participation found in this study calls for a flexible model of involving children and adolescents in health care that accounts for the varying roles and preferences that they manifest. A patient may appreciate active involvement in some decisions while choosing to remain in the background for others. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The field of radiology may establish a role more fully in personalized medicine by facilitating patient-centered counseling and evidence-based practice with regard to imaging use, and in the future, increasing direct participation in the creation and implementation of tools for personalized risk-benefit analyses and shared decision-making.

The primary impetus for the Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities by the International Committee of the Red Cross was the need for an accepted understanding of the notion of ‘direct participation in hostilities’. The Interpretive Guidance recommends that in non-international armed conflicts organised armed groups consist only of persons whose continuous function for the groups involves taking direct part in hostilities. The objective of this article is to assess to what extent the ‘continuous combat function’ category strengthens the protection of civilians under the principle of distinction.