Search

Tropical tasar silkworm is a polyphagous silk spinning insect, endemic to India. The silkworms are commercially reared on field-raised host plants, which are geographically contiguous with the wild silkworm fauna. Ecologically, the silkworm is r-selected and evolved with complex survival strategies. Naturally, the population regulated by the interactions between host and natural enemies and their dynamics due to tri -trophic interactions. Hence, understanding the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on silkworm is most critical for increasing the productivity of the cocoons. The cocoon yield trends at different locations are an indication for local specific problems and requirements for specific technological interventions. Cocoon yield obtained at different locations during 2015 to 2017 was analysed for variation in cocoon yield. Further, predator dynamics and incidence of silkworm diseases were also measured to know their impact on silkworms. The results revealed that the highest cocoon yield was recorded in Chhattisgarh (59.97) and West Bengal (54.57) and lowest was in Maharashtra (34.92) and Madhya Pradesh (37.80). Average cocoon yield in Jharkhand and Odisha was 40.18 and 43.30, respectively. Based on the tukeys HSD test, the highest cocoon yield per dfl was recorded at Bilaspur and Pali. The next highest was recorded in Sundergarh, Boirdadar, Patelnaga and Bastar. The significant changes in the predator's population were recorded before and after brushing of the silkworm. Highest incidence was recorded during 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar silkworm and reduced in the subsequent stages. Correlation studies indicated that there was a strong positive linear relationship between silkworm mortality and predator population. Similarly, the silkworm mortality due to disease-causing pathogens was 53.70 %, 26.75 % and 10.90 % during the first crop and 29.27%, 12.10 % and 9.70 % during the second crop in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, respectively. The study showed that the spatial variation in cocoon yield wasinfluenced by the sporadic occurrence of insect-predators and disease-causing organisms at critical stages of rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maharashtra is a traditional state of tasar silk production. The productivity of the state shows that the cocoons yield is hovering around 25-30 cocoons per dfls which might be due to lack of skills and training about the recommended package of practices. Thus, the investigation of impact of training on knowledge, adoption and rearing performance was undertaken with a random sample of 120 tasar silkworm rearers of Maharashtra. The study found that there was a significant impact on knowledge gain and adoption level (p<0.05) post training with the average difference of 34.30 per cent and 27.40 per cent, respectively. As far as the rearing performance was concerned, the hatching percentage and effective rate of rearing showed an improvement of 17.32 per cent and 36.66 per cent, respectively; whereas cocoon yield was improved by 1179 cocoons per 100 dfls. Similarly the annual income of tasar silkworm rearers was improved by Rs.2358/- per 100 dfls. The 't' test of significance showed that there was significant improvement in the hatching percentage, effective rate of rearing, cocoon yield per 100 dfls and annual income per 100 dfls (p<0.05) post training. Thus, study recommend that the frequent training programs about the improved tasar rearing technologies should be organized to achieve the human resource development objective of the state which in turn will help in expanding the Tasar silk industry in state of Maharashtra and in India as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera : Saturnidae) is a commercially exploited vanya silkworm that is raised outdoors on host plants such as Asan and Arjun. Because tasar seed production includes rearing of silkworms for quality seed cocoons production to process them for Disease Free Layings (DFLs) production, it allows for mechanization at several stages of the process, including rearing and plantation management. The various drudgery reducing equipment's used presently are brush cutter, centrifuge, chain saw, cocoon transportation baskets, egg drying machine, electric sprayer, ladder, lime duster, microscopes, secateurs etc. The use of brush cutter for weeding, electric sprayer for spraying, chain saw for pollarding and lime duster for dusting significantly reduces the persondays requirement. Further, the egg dryer helps in quick drying of DFLs than in conventional method. Thereby, the mechanization is helping in increased efficiency of different activities in tasar seed production sector apart from drudgery reduction. The future interventions required in the seed production process are tasar cocoon sorter, tasar seed cocoon garlander, garlanding thread maker, degarlander, moth catcher, grainage house disinfection, disease scanner, pierced tasar cocoon grader etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta is represented by 44 different ecoraces in India. Due to urbanisation, mining and other anthropogenic reasons, many of the wild Tasarecoraces either lost or in the process of extinction which warrants their conservation. Similipal Biosphere Reserve in Mayurbhanj, Odisha is considered to be the natural habitat for many economically important tropical Tasar silkworm namely Modal, Nalia, Jata and Bogai etc. All these wild ecoraces are genetic treasures for Vanya sericulture industry, unfortunately, genetic base of all these ecoraces are depleting day by day. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to ascertain the genetic varability between these ecoraces particularly with reference to cocoon and associated parameters. The study indicated that the ecorace Modal is one of the best with highest average Cocoon length 5.40 (5.23-5.48 cm), breadth 3.47 (3.42-3.50 cm), Cocoon volume 30.03 (29.20-31.10 cc), Single cocoon weight 15.57 (13.48-18.48 g), Single shell weight 3.22 (2.90-3.52 g) and Silk ratio 20.80 (19.11-21.52%) when compared to all other ecoraces. However, result depicted that there was considerable statistically significant variation exists with respect to the different cocoon and associated characters amongst the evaluated ecoraces. Further variation in voltinism and choice of food plants were also evident among the studied ecoraces. The range of variation exists among these ecoraces can effectively be utilized in formulating conservation plan and selective breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tasar sericulture employs considerable size of workers belonging to economically weaker section of the rural sector. The activity is known to provide gainful employment and a notable level of income to the people dependent on community based forest land, for opportunities. With the raising of many number of block tasar plantations ,in addition to the already existing plantations, in the forest community land, the silkworm rearers and silkworm seed producing graineurs have gained opportunity to deploy their existing resources of productionmainly, the family labour. The community living surrounding the tasar block plantations, could benefit by engaging in activities related to tasar silk cocoon production and seed production beside other economic activities like reeling and weaving, by utilising the available family labour. In this regard, four important economic unit models of tasar sericulture for the production of tasar silk cocoon by the rearers and production of silkworm seed by the private graineurs, have been discussed and presented in the present study. These models include i) Economics of Daba Bivoltine Tasar Silkworm Rearing, ii) Economics of Daba Trivoltine Tasar Silkworm Rearing, iii) Economics of Commercial Daba Bivoltine Tasar Seed Production by the private Graineurs and iv) Economics of Commercial Daba Trivoltine Tasar Seed Production by the Private Graineurs. The estimated costs associated and the measure of profits in tasar sericulture, are worked out employing standard procedures adopted for accounting costs and returns. It revealed that the estimated net farm income and family labour income, from rearing 600 Disease Free Layings of Daba Bivoltine, is to the tune of Rs. 35,139 per year and Rs. 98,739 per year respectively with a cost benefit ratio of 1:1.39. Similarly, the estimated net farm income and family labour income, from rearing 900 Disease Free Layings of Daba Trivoltineis to the tune of Rs. 34,989 per year and Rs. 1,04,589 per year with a cost benefit ratio of 1:1.35. Further the estimated net income and family labour income by processing 80000 Daba Bivoltine tasar seed cocoon by a private graineur is to the extent of Rs. 99,650 per year and Rs. 1,14,450 per year respectively with a cost benefit ratio of 1:1.42. Similarly, the estimated net income and family labour income by processing 90000 Daba Trivoltine tasar seed cocoons by a private graineur is to the extent of Rs. 99,650 per year and Rs. 1,14,450 per year respectively with a cost benefit ratio of 1:1.42.It thus reveals that the tasar sericulture has a potential to employ the available family labour for gainful employment and provide livelihood income to the weaker sections of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antheraea proylei Jolly (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is the only commercially exploited oak tasar silkworm mainly reared outdoor on different food plants. The total larval period of oak tasar silkworm recorded by feeding Quercus serrata, Quercus griffithii and Lithocarpus dealbata during spring season was 33, 34 and 40 days respectively whereas it was extended by four to five days during autumn season. Spring season showed better effective rate of rearing (ERR) in Q. serrata, Q. griffithii and L. dealbata fed worms recorded 42.05, 40.96 and 38.00 respectively whereas it was only 27.27, 25.75 and 14.53 respectively during autumn season. The present study indicated that, among the two seasons rearing performance was better in spring season over autumn season. Whereas among the food plants, performance of cocoon parameters like single cocoon weight, peduncle length, shell weight, pupal weight etc. was observed superior with Q. serrata as a food plant than those fed with Q. griffithii and L. dealbata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beauveria pseudobassiana RGM 2184 has shown 80% maximum efficacy against the pest Lobesia botrana in the autumn and winter seasons. This suggests that the strain possesses an interesting battery of enzymes that are cold-adapted to penetrate the thick and hydrophobic cocoon of L. botrana. In this study, screening of the proteolytic, lipolytic, and chitinolytic activity of enzyme extracts secreted by the RGM 2184 strain was carried out in various culture media. The enzyme extracts with the highest activity were subjected to zymography and mass spectrometry. These analyses allowed the identification of two proteases, two lipases, and three chitinases. Comparative analysis indicated that the degree of similarity between these enzymes was substantially reduced when the highest degree of taxonomic relatedness between RGM 2184 and the entomopathogenic fungus strain was at the family level. These results suggest that there is a wide variety of exoenzymes in entomopathogenic fungi species belonging to the order Hypocreales. On the other hand, exoenzyme extract exposure of cocoons and pupae of L. botrana provoked damage at 10 °C. Additionally, an analysis of the amino acid composition of the RGM 2184 exoenzyme grouped them close to the cold-adapted protein cluster. These results support the use of this strain to control pests in autumn and winter. Additionally, these antecedents can form a scaffold for the future characterization of these exoenzymes along with the optimization of the strain's biocontrol ability by overexpressing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of visiting the Porcupine Gorge's Pyramid campground in Queensland in August 2022 and investigating diversity of insects including plesiochrysa ramburi, theristria and mystery mantispidae.

Sericulture's resource efficiency are critical for long-term growth and contributes greatly to Kashmir's rural and urban economies for sustainable livelihood and inclusive growth. Mulberry plantations, silkworm rearing, reeling, and silk textile manufacturing is all part of the silk farming process. The primary goal of this research was to determine the socioeconomic features of silk worm rearers, as well as to analyze and assess the resource use pattern of silk cocoon in Kashmir valley. The study is empirical in nature, and data was collected from 334 respondents in silk farming-rich zones such as Anantnag and Baramulla in 2021-22 utilising a pre-tested structured interview schedule and purposeful stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistics and Cobb Douglas production function analysis were used to conduct this study's analysis. The results showed that generally, silk worm rearers in Baramulla and Anantnag were inefficient in their use of resources avail‑able to them. Silkworm seed, mulberry leaves, silkworm rearing sheds were underutilized, while labour, disinfectants were over utilized by the farmers. The results further showed that sericulture farmers in Anantnag and Baramulla exhibit increasing returns to scale, indicating that the famers can increase their output by increasing the use of some of the key resources. The finding revealed that silk rearers in Baramulla and Anantnag districts of Kashmir valley were experiencing increasing return to scale. As the total of calculated coefficients of significant variables was found to be more than unity, (1.32).MVP indicates that there is still scope to invest in the study's elements in order to attain the best resource combination and profit maximisation. Incentives and techniques targeted at encouraging farmers to enhance silk cocoon production, such as better government administration of the current subsidy programme and efficient input delivery through sericulture-based centres to ensure silk worm farmers have easy access. This research proved that an intense integrated approach to balanced regional development can help the Kashmir valley's silk industry survive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken with the objective of understanding the performance of V1 mulberry cultivar as small tree under different spacing and stump height. Field experiment was laid out in split plot design having three spacing [(S1-2.4 x 1.2 m), (S2 - 2.4 x 1.8 m), (S3- 2.4 x 2.4 m)] and three stump heights [(H1-0.5 m), (H2 -1.0 m), (H3-1.5 m)] under irrigated condition during 2016-2021 at College of Sericulture, Chintamani. In chemoassay of leaf, all the nine treatments showed very good content of moisture (73.13 - 79.71%), crude protein (25.56 - 29.53%), total sugars (16.34 - 17.37%), total chlorophyll (3.076 - 3.266 mg/g), total minerals (9.79 - 10.67%) and crude fibre (11.07 - 11.77%). In bioassay also, they exhibited better rearing performance with optimal range of mature larval weight (39.40 - 43.29g), effective rate of rearing (93.24 - 96.40%), cocoon yield / 100 DFLs (87.29 - 89.49 kg), cocoon weight (1.836 - 1.885 g), cocoon shell weight (0.397 - 0.433 g), cocoon filament length (1080 - 1230 m) with reduced larval duration (547 - 589 hr) and lower denier (2.828 - 3.018). In all the treatments, majority of chemoassay and bioassay parameters were found marginally better during monsoon, followed by winter and summer. Highly significant positive correlations were noticed between four biochemical parameters viz., crude protein, total sugars, total chlorophyll and total minerals and six bioassay parameters viz., mature larval weight, effective rate of rearing, cocoon yield, single cocoon weight, single cocoon shell weight and filament length. Three treatments viz., S3H3, S2H3 and S3H2 showed better performance ranking first, second and third in both chemoassay and bioassay. However, the superiority of any of the nine treatments studied has to be judged by considering the leaf yield, Leaf- Cocoon ratio and Benefit - Cost ratio under variable intensity of cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcatheter device closure is a well-established treatment for suitable ventricular septal defects (VSDs). The Cocoon Membranous VSD Occluder is a relatively new device specifically designed for perimembranous VSDs. Existing research on the Cocoon Membranous VSD Occluder for closing PM VSD is limited. This study aimed to describe a single-center experience using the Cocoon Membranous VSD Occluder for perimembranous VSD. We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent device closure of perimembranous VSD using the Cocoon occluder between May 2023 and April 2024. Procedural success, complications, and short-term outcomes were evaluated. Between May 2023 and April 2024, 13 patients with perimembranous VSD and left-to-right shunt underwent device closure with the Cocoon Membranous VSD Occluder. Twelve patients (92.3 %) achieved successful VSD closure. The mean age was 8.06 years with standard deviation (SD) of 7.24 years. The mean weight was 11.98 kg with SD of 18.93 kg. The mean VSD size was 4.96 mm with SD of 0.92 mm. The VSD was crossed from the right ventricle in 5 patients and from the left ventricle in 9 patients. All patients had successful device placement from the right ventricle approach. The Cocoon Membranous VSD device size ranged from 6 to 4 mm to 12–4 mm. In one smaller patient, the device was electively removed due to significant flow through an additional exit, and the patient subsequently underwent surgery. Another patient developed hemoglobinuria on the fourth day, which resolved by the tenth day with hydration therapy. Two patients experienced trivial to mild aortic regurgitation, and one had Wenckebach phenomenon that resolved the next day. In the short-term follow-up (mean duration of 4.33 months), all patients were doing well, had good device performance, and showed no evidence of heart block. Device closure of perimembranous VSD in infants with the Cocoon Membranous VSD Occluder appears to be safe and effective in carefully selected patients during short-term follow-up. Larger studies with long-term data are necessary for future recommendations. • The Cocoon Membranous VSD Occluder is a new option for perimembranous VSD Closure. • This device features a symmetrical double-disc nitinol device with a 4 mm waist. • The discs are reinforced with fabric and come in a wide range of sizes. • The Cocoon occluder facilitates a compact closure of the VSD, leading to effective flow occlusion. • Early follow-up data suggests that the device is relatively safe and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larvae of the moth Hyalophora cecropia spin silk cocoons with morphologically distinct layers. We investigated the expression of the individual silk protein components of these cocoons in relation to the morphology of the silk gland and its affiliation to the different layers of the cocoon. The study used transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify 91 proteins associated with the silk cocoons, 63 of which have a signal peptide indicating their secretory nature. We checked the specificity of their expression in different parts of the SG and the presence of the corresponding protein products in each cocoon layer. Differences were observed among less abundant proteins with unclear functions. The representation of proteins in the inner envelope and intermediate space was similar, except for a higher proportion of probable contaminating proteins, mostly originating from the gut. On the other hand, the outer envelope contains a number of putative enzymes with unclear function. However, the protein most specific to the outer layer has sequence homology to putative serine/threonine kinase-like proteins and some adhesive proteins, and its closest homolog in Bombyx mori was found in the scaffold silk. This research provides valuable insights into the silk production of the cecropia moth, highlighting both similarities and differences to other moth species. [Display omitted] • The silk of Hyalophora cecropia lacks the fibroin light chain and fibrohexamerin/P25, which are the canonical silk proteins in most moths. • All three layers of H. cecropia cocoon have the same composition of most canonical silk proteins; only Sericin1 is slightly less abundant in the intermediate space and more abundant in the inner envelope. • The outer envelope of the H. cecropia cocoon shows an enrichment of protease inhibitors and several putative enzymes. • An abundant protein localized exclusively in the outer envelope of the H. cecropia cocoon is a potential adhesive with the closest homolog in the scaffold silk of Bombyx mori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) represent one of the largest groups of organisms on Earth with more than 45,000 recorded species found in nearly all terrestrial communities. In these communities, spiders are obligate predators and generalist consumers regulating the density of pests. Spiders have a stupefying array of prey hunting strategies ranging from ambushing to the use of complex silk nares. Spider silk is incredibly tough and can be used for many applications such as wrapping and immobilization, catching prey, as dragline to connect spiders to the web, as ballooning to aid dispersal of juveniles, as shelters in burrows, for mating, and as egg sacs (or cocoons). Typically, spider egg sacs are multilayered, complex structures that physically protect the eggs and hatchlings against parasitoids, predators as well as changing temperatures. Much research has been undertaken to elucidate the ecological role of spiders and the mechanical characteristics of silks. However, few studies have examined the parental care of spiders and the role of egg sacs. This review goes into great detail about spider parental care and the functions of egg sacs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rearing of Harrisinopsis robustaJordan, 1913 (Zygaenidae: Procridinae) in Suriname is described. A cluster of 30–40 last instar, aposematically colored, larvae was found feeding on Hirtella paniculata (Chrysobalanaceae). Three females eclosed in April 2019 and two males in April-May 2020. The phylogeny of the Monalita-Harrisinopsis species group is shown, the habitus and genitalia of the species figured and the genus MonalitaTremewan, 1973 is synonymized with HarrisinopsisJordan, 1913. Both sexes of H. robusta are described as are the last instar larvae and cocoon. The biology of the species is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the circumstellar structures around evolved stars provide vital information on the evolution of the parent star and the properties of the local interstellar medium. In this work, we present the discovery and characterization of an optical cocoon tail behind the star HD 185806. The cocoon apex emission is puzzling, as it is detected in the infrared but shows no signal in the optical wavelength. The H α and [O  iii ]  fluxes of the nebular structure vary from 2.7 to 8.5 × 10−12 erg s−1 cm−2 and from 0.9 to 7.0 × 10−13 erg s−1 cm−2, respectively. Through high-resolution spectroscopy, we derive the spectral type of the star, construct the position–velocity diagrams of the cocoon tail for the H α, [O  iii ], and [N  ii ] emission lines, and determine its velocity in the range of −100–40 km s−1. Furthermore, we use SED fitting and mesa evolutionary models adopting a distance of 900 pc, and classify HD 185806 as a 1.3 M⊙ star, in the transition phase between the RGB and early AGB stages. Finally, we study the morpho-kinematic structure of the cocoon tail using the astronomical software SHAPE. An ellipsoidal structure, with an inclination of ∼19° with respect to the plane of sky is found to better reproduce the observed cocoon tail of HD 185806. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we expand upon our use of the cocoon metaphor for understanding and working with organizations from a psychodynamic perspective. Conceived as both defensive and generative, cocoons are relational phenomena that manifest throughout organizations and risk being mistaken as dysfunctional entities in need of dismantling. To illustrate the utility of the cocoon metaphor in conceptualizing organizational problems, we present a case study of a hospital restructuring following its acquisition by a for‐profit health care system and driven by efficiency and cost‐savings. The resulting disruptions across operating divisions created a set of problems that necessitated the help of an outside consultant. Engaging members of the organization in the task of solving their own problems entailed recognizing their (inter)subjective experiences and behaviors as more than just defensive hiding, or aggressive attacking, but also as holding the potential for new ways of working and relating. It also entailed showing leaders how to replace environmental impingement in the form of "looking for mistakes" with what we call, borrowing from Marion Milner (1969), a "waiting watchfulness" that fostered understanding of the emotional world inside, outside, and at the boundaries of cocoons to promote organizational learning and meaningful change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to use natural antimicrobial such as onion powder ( Allium sp.) which has an effective role as a strong antibiotic to raise the immunity of sensitive silkworm larvae to infection with many diseases. Three doses of Onion powder were used 5,10 and 15gm, and the following was studied: The first is: Haemolymph of the fifth instar larvae: where the percentage of dissolved solids, the total number of blood cells and the differentiation number of blood cells were calculated. Results showed that the dose of 10 gm recorded a maximum number in T.S.S. (17.67%), while the dose of 5 gm showed a maximum number of THC (3500 haemocytes /mm³). Also, data recorded a significant difference between doses and control in the five types of cells in the haemolymph. The second: The economic parameters of the cocoons and the weight of silkworm larvae of the fifth age and the effect of using the onion powder on these traits were studied. The results showed that the maximum weight of the larvae was in the dose of 15 gm while the dose of 10 gm was the highly increment in the weight of cocoon, cocoon shell weight and the shell ratio. It concluded that the use of 5 and 10gm from Onion Powder as supplementary feeding on the mulberry leaves enhanced the immunology of larvae without affecting the quality of the economic parameters of the cocoons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research study was conducted in the Agricultural University – Plovdiv in the period 2020–2021. The following newly created F1 silkworm hybrids were tested: Vratsa 63xLine22 x Nig2xMerefa6; Nig2хMerefa6 х Vratsa 63хLine22. The industrial hybrid Super1 x Hesa2 was used as a control. The present research paper aimed at examining the values of the following important quantitative features of the new silkworm tetra-hybrids: fresh cocoon weight; shell weight; shell ratio; the good quality cocoons; the percentage of dry from raw cocoons. It was established that both new hybrids had higher values for the quantitative features compared to the used control variant. With relation to the fresh cocoon weight, the shell weight, the silkiness and the good quality cocoons, the hybrid Nig2хMerefa6 х Vratsa 63хLine22 had the highest indicators, followed by Vratsa 63хLine22 х Nig2хMerefa6, and Super1 х Hesa2 being last. It was concluded that both newly created hybrids could be recommended as appropriate for use into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vermicompost, created by earthworms after eating and digesting organic waste, plays an important role as an organic fertiliser in sustainable agriculture. In this study, a deep learning-based smart system was developed to separate earthworm cocoons used in the production of vermicompost from the compost and return it to production. In the first stage of the study, a dataset containing 1000 images of cocoons was created. The cocoons in each image were labeled and training was performed using a deep learning architecture, one-stage and two-stage models. The models were trained over 2000 epochs with a learning rate of 0.01. From the experimental results, faster R-CNN with ResNet50-FPN model detected the earthworm cocoons better compared to other models. The best performance was obtained by this model with an average precision (AP) of 0.89. In the other stage of the study, the cocoons detected by the software were separated from the compost using a specially designed conveyor belt system. In this process, the detected cocoons are separated from the compost using 10 pneumatic valves that spray air at the separation point. The study is the first of its kind that enables earthworm cocoons to be returned to production with the use of a real-time intelligent system. It also contributes to the literature on small object detection using deep learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muga cocoons were procured from Jorhat, Kamrup and Lakhimpur districts in spring and autumn season. The objective was to determine the impact of three regions and commercial seasons on cocoon characters in terms of cocoon size, cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight and shell ratio. The experiment was laid out in completely randomised design with three replications. The impact of three regions and two seasons was found to be significant on cocoon parameters. Large sized cocoons were obtained from Kamrup district followed by Lakhimpur and Jorhat in autumn season compared to those obtained in spring season. Cocoon weight, shell weight, pupal weight and shell ratio percentage (5.73g, 0.51g, 5.19g and 8.74% respectively) were found to be significantly higher in Kamrup as compared to Lakhimpur (5.4g, 0.46g, 4.94g and 8.43% respectively) while lowest was recorded in Jorhat district (5.27g, 0.43g, 4.83g and 8.20% respectively) irrespective of the seasons. Considering the seasons, cocoons obtained from autumn were superior in terms of cocoon characters (5.66g cocoon weight, 0.49g shell weight, 5.16g pupal weight and 8.63% shell ratio) than those of spring season. Kamrup district and autumn season have turned out to be the best region and best season clearly indicating that region and season influences the cocoon characters of muga silkworm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universitas Scientiarum is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water vapor increases the electrical conductivity of silk cocoons, human hair, jute, and corn silk. This phenomenon is unclear. In the present study, XPS analysis of cocoons showed that water vapor reduces the surface presence of low-energy carbon species (C–C, C–H). In contrast, electron-dense, high-energy carbon species (C–N, C=C, C=O) remained unchanged, possibly enhancing surface charge hopping. While water vapor improves the conduction, the deficiency of charge carrier diminishes the effect. We increase the charge carrier by soaking the cocoon in an aqueous solution of common salt (NaCl) to amplify the current. Salt treatment followed by 2-min exposure to water vapor results in a sharp upward spike in the current (3.6 ± 1.07 mA, n = 12; mean ± SE) from the baseline (0.06 ± 0.02 mA, n = 12). After 1 h, it maintains an average value of 0.39 ± 0.12 mA; n = 12, indicating an upward shift in the baseline. Every time the cocoon charges with water vapor, the next charging cycle initiates after the cocoon dries up. Inspired by the cocoon ecology, we demonstrate an alternating 'water vapor–dry air' cycle for rapid charging and discharging of the cocoon battery. Finally, we designed a prototype of a self-lighting kettle and water–vapor panels for futuristic homes using a 'brine-silk cocoon protein bio-battery,' where moist waste heat generates electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silkworm cocoonsare an insect engineered multi-layered bio-material constructs that holds a matchless position in textile as well as bio-medical industry. We have investigated the structure and morphology of muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis cocoons that are endemic and semi-domestically reared in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam and other neighboring regions of North-east India. Further, the contribution of obtained structural features toward the mechanical properties of cocoon and silk fibers are quantified and discussed. We identified the nonwoven fiber architecture in the muga cocoons with continuous silk filaments conglutinated in the sericin matrix and calcium oxalate crystals on the outer surface. The measured properties of the cocoon structure fall between those of domesticated bombyx mori (mulberry) and other wild cocoons (temperate and tropical tasar cocoons). The study also highlights the feeble and low compactness nature of muga cocoons that requires a meticulous breeding program aiming at genetic improvement of muga silkworms in the form high-yielding and compact cocoons with better characteristics for commercial utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a unique and important biopolymer composite, silkworm cocoons have evolved a wide range of different structures and combinations of physical and chemical properties to resist environmental damage and attacks from natural predators. A combination of characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, mechanical tests, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to investigate the morphologies, mechanical properties, and nanoscale organizations of Antheraea pernyi cocoons from two different source regions. Mechanical tests were carried out by using rectangular specimens cut from four directions 0° (width of the cocoons), ±45°, and 90° (the length of the cocoon), separately. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, initial modulus, and maximum load of cocoon in four directions were measured. The structural analysis of silkworm cocoon shows that there is a slightly different combination of morphology and properties that have adapted to coping with diverse local environments. The results of the mechanical properties of silkworm cocoons show that the A. pernyi cocoon from north of China behaved stronger and tougher. Besides, there were slight differences among the results of mechanical properties for 0°, ±45°, and 90° directions of these cocoons. Our studies will help formulate bio-inspired design principles for new materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the performance of six (6) parental F1 silkworm hybrids fed with mulberry leaves enriched with honey concentrations. Evaluation of the different silkworm hybrids was based on cocoon and egg production parameters. Treatments were arranged in Split Plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and comparison of treatment means were determined using Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) Test. Interaction of honey concentration and silkworm hybrids was tested using Fisher's protected Least Significant Difference (LSD). Mulberry leaves enriched with 30% honey concentration gave higher cocoon yield box-1 when fed to silkworm hybrids DMMMSU 201, DMMMSU 208, DMMMSU 210 and DMMMSU 215; and 45% honey concentration was best for DMMMSU 201. Hybrid DMMMSU 210 gave higher single cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell percentage with a 15% honey-enriched diet. Hybrids DMMMSU 210 gave higher hatching percentage with 15% and 30% honey enrichment while DMMMSU 201, 202 and 208 responded positively with all the treatment concentrations. The effect of honey-enriched mulberry on cocoon and egg parameters could be attributed to honey concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The range of single fiber length in both white and brick red eri cocoons is very high due to inactivity of Filipi's gland of silkworm along with open structure of cocoons' shells. This wide range can be reduced by staple cutting process after cocoons' opening. The average fiber length is improved with more value of staple cut length. Due to staple cutting, short fiber generation occurred and descending trend was noticed with increase of staple cut length. Hauteur value is enhanced with increase of staple cut length and significant difference exists between 100 mm and 200 mm staple. Similarly, higher proportion of longer fiber percentage was revealed with increase of staple length. Since there is restriction of long fiber up to 200 mm for setting of rollers in drafting zone of speed frame and ring frame in case of long staple spinning, length can be set between 100 mm and 150 mm. Due to difference in measurement principle, the average fiber length assessed by BISFA oil plate method and Hauteur and Barbe evaluated by Almeter is not similar. So, expressions have been derived for prediction of Hauteur as well as Barbe from fiber length measured by BISFA oil plate method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure was developed for preparing a hemosorbent by chemical and physical modification of natural silk and fibrous waste obtained by processing Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons. Complete separation of silk threads into pure fibroin and sericin was achieved by hydrolysis of silk fibers and fibrous waste in water in a closed system at 110°С and a pressure of 0.143 MPa for 24 h. Hydrolysis of pure fibroin was performed in an aqueous medium at 130°С under a pressure of 0.145 MPa. Then, the temperature was raised to 210°С at a pressure of 0.60 MPa, and the mixture was subjected to ultrasonic dispersion and microwave (2450 MHz) irradiation for 1‒15 min. The composition, structure, and physicochemical properties of the hemosorbent were studied by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The hemosorbent obtained exhibits high activity in sorption of vitamin В12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is mounting that recent multiwavelength detections of fast blue optical transients (FBOTs) in star-forming galaxies comprise a new class of transients, whose origin is yet to be understood. We show that hydrogen-rich collapsing stars that launch relativistic jets near the central engine can naturally explain the entire set of FBOT observables. The jet–star interaction forms a mildly relativistic shocked jet (inner cocoon) component, which powers cooling emission that dominates the high velocity optical signal during the first few weeks, with a typical energy of ∼1050–1051 erg. During this time, the cocoon radial energy distribution implies that the optical light curve exhibits a fast decay of |$L \,\, \buildrel\propto \over \sim \,\,t^{-2.4}$|⁠. After a few weeks, when the velocity of the emitting shell is ∼0.01 c, the cocoon becomes transparent, and the cooling envelope governs the emission. The interaction between the cocoon and the dense circumstellar winds generates synchrotron self-absorbed emission in the radio bands, featuring a steady rise on a month time-scale. After a few months the relativistic outflow decelerates, enters the observer's line of sight, and powers the peak of the radio light curve, which rapidly decays thereafter. The jet (and the inner cocoon) becomes optically thin to X-rays ∼day after the collapse, allowing X-ray photons to diffuse from the central engine that launched the jet to the observer. Cocoon cooling emission is expected at higher volumetric rates than gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by a factor of a few, similar to FBOTs. We rule out uncollimated outflows, however, both GRB jets and failed collimated jets are compatible with all observables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: As the most diverse genus in the family Limnephilidae, Limnephilus Leach, 1815 (194 extant species and 9 fossil species), has a wide distribution and a broad range of ecological tolerances among its species. Although it has a high species diversity in the Holarctic region, only 16 species have been recognized in China until now, of which 7 are endemic to China. In this study, a new species of the genus Limnephilus was found. The adult females, larvae, and pupae of this new species were associated with the adult males based on COI sequencing, and all the life stages except for the egg stage are described and illustrated. In addition, the biological and habitat information for this new species is provided. Furthermore, all of the Limnephilus species from the Chinese mainland are revised at the species group level, and diagnoses for species groups and species (keys of groups and species) are given, along with a distribution map. Fifty individuals of Limnephilus from the Qinghai Province, China, were examined, and their COI barcode sequences were extracted and analyzed. Forty individuals of Limnephilus from the Insect Collection of Nanjing Agricultural University (ICNAU), China, were examined, and photos of the male genitalia of four Limnephilus species are here presented. The males, females, larvae, and pupae of a new species, Limnephilus deqianensis n. sp., associated via COI barcode sequences, are described and illustrated. Ecological photos of the male, pupal case, and the habitat of the new species L. deqianensis n. sp. are also provided. Five species groups containing all seventeen Chinese Limnephilus species are revised. Diagnoses, keys, and a distribution map of them are provided. All of the sequences have been uploaded to GenBank. All specimens are deposited in the ICNAU, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanin has been reported to have potential applications in industries such as cosmetics and food due to its anti-UV and antioxidative qualities. However, the corresponding data on its safety evaluation or biological consequences are fairly limited; such data are critical given its widespread use. The effect of different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%) of melanin on growth status (larvae length and weight, cocoon weight, and morphology), the microstructure of the various tissues (fat body, silk gland, and midgut), and silk properties was studied by using the silkworm (bombyx mori) as the model organism. The weight and length of silkworm larvae fed with melanin were lower than the control, indicating that melanin appears to have a negative effect on the growth status of silkworms; however, the histophysiology analysis indicates that the cell morphologies are not changed, the XRD and FTIR spectra indicate that the secondary and crystalline structures of silks are also well preserved, and the thermogravimetric analysis and tensile test indicate that the thermal stability and mechanical properties are well maintained and even improved to some extent. Generally, it indicates that melanin has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of silkworm larva but causes no harm to the cell microstructures or silk properties; this demonstrates that the safety of melanin as a food addictive should be considered seriously. The increase of thermal stability and mechanical properties shows that melanin may be a good chemical modifier in textile industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk fibroin exhibits high biocompatibility and biodegradability, making it a versatile biomaterial for medical applications. However, contaminated silkworm-derived substances in remnant sericin from the filature and degumming process can result in undesired immune reactions and silk allergy, limiting the widespread use of fibroin. Here, we established transgenic silkworms with modified middle silk glands, in which sericin expression was repressed by the ectopic expression of cabbage butterfly-derived cytotoxin pierisin-1A, to produce cocoons composed solely of fibroin. Intact, nondegraded fibroin can be prepared from the transgenic cocoons without the need for sericin removal by the filature and degumming steps that cause fibroin degradation. A wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis revealed low crystallinity in the transgenic cocoons. However, nondegraded fibroin obtained from transgenic cocoons enabled the formation of fibroin sponges with varying densities by using 1–5% (v/v) alcohol. The effective chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells was induced following their cultivation on substrates coated with intact fibroin. Our results showed that intact, allergen-free fibroin can be obtained from transgenic cocoons without the need for sericin removal, providing a method to produce fibroin-based materials with high biocompatibility for biomedical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe the first reported nest of Bombus morrisoni, a species with an extensive range in the arid Intermountain Region of the Nearctic. The mature, naturally terminated nest consisted of 424 nest cells (cocoons), with 328 non-gyne cells and 94 gyne cells. The nest also had two kinds of understudied structures associated with bumble bee nests: pollen columns and a wax canopy. We found five pollen columns rising amid the cocoons. A 0.3-mm-thick wax canopy spanned over the entire nest. An estimated 40 million pollen grains were incorporated into the 19 g wax canopy, demonstrating that B. morrisoni devotes a significant amount of pollen to this non-dietary purpose. Bombus morrisoni is a species of conservation concern due to an observed reduction in their historic distribution. The data generated in our study contributes to the much-needed comparative accounts of bumble bee nesting biology and has consequential implications in supporting management and conservation decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk is a distinctive and significant category of natural structural protein fiber. With a remarkable structure and versatility, silk has emerged as a topic of scientific study perennially because of its chemical, physical and biological properties. Meanwhile, in order to have an omnifaceted understanding of silk, the environmental performance of silk production is also worthy of attention. With the concern of global warming, efforts are increasingly focused on understanding and addressing carbon emission in the life cycle of silk products. However, the majority of current studies give priority to the carbon emission of either just one or a few stages of silk products' life cycle, or to a specific type of silk product. On the basis of a review of literature on the life cycle assessment of silk products, this study presents a full-scale review of the quantification of the carbon emission and carbon neutrality of cocoon acquisition, industrial production of silk products, distribution, consumption, and recycling. The analysis revealed that the carbon sequestration by photosynthesis at the stage of cocoon acquisition could not be ignored. It is of importance to establish complete and unified system boundaries when quantifying carbon emissions in the industrial production of silk products. Reasonable models of washing times and washing modes are needed to assess carbon emissions in the domestic laundry of silk products. At the end of life phase of silk products, the positive impact on carbon emission in the phase of silk recycling is noteworthy. This study will help interested scholars, manufacturers and consumers to gain an in-depth understanding of the carbon emissions and carbon neutrality of silk products, and it is also of great value for exploring new production processes for reducing carbon emissions of silk products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six different mounting materials viz., Mulberry shoot mountage, Dried grass mountage, Typha grass mountage, Maize straw mountage, Wicker willow shoot mountage and Plastic collapsible mountage (control), were evaluated during the course of the present study. Maize straw mountage was found to be excellent for most of the cocoon parameters viz., single cocoon weight (1.8g), single shell weight (0.430g), cocoon shell percentage (23.8%), Silk productivity (6.14cg) and pupation rate (93.11%). The reeling parameters viz., average filament length (1068m), non-breakable filament length (476m), denier (2.64), raw silk percentage (16.28%) and reelability (82.35%) were also found better in newly designed Maize straw mountage. From the studies conducted, it is concluded that maize straw can be used as an alternative mounting materialfor spinning cocoons by silkworm larvae with good success so that farmers can get good remuneration for their produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual dimorphism is seen in many dioecious plant and animal species, which may influence their trophic interactions. The differences in trophic interactions derived from sexual dimorphism in plants may influence herbivorous performance and population dynamics. Both silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and mulberry (Morus alba L.) usually exhibit sexual dimorphism. However, few studies have been conducted on the effect of sex-related silkworm and mulberry pairings on cocoon and silk qualities, which are crucial in sericulture. Here, we compared the differences in cocoon and silk qualities under four feeding combinations (FS-FL: female silkworm fed with leaves from female mulberry trees; MS-FL: male silkworm fed with leaves from female mulberry trees; FS-ML: female silkworm fed with leaves from male mulberry trees; MS-ML: male silkworm fed with leaves from male mulberry trees). The results showed that silkworms exhibited male-biased herbivory with more male mulberry leaves digested. The FS-ML group had higher silk weight and silk ratio of fresh cocoons than the FS-FL group, and the MS-ML group had lower coarse points than the MS-FL group. Compared with groups FS-ML and FS-FL, both MS-FL and MS-ML had smaller cocoons with longer silk lengths and a higher silk ratio of the fresh cocoons. In addition, the Entropy Weight-TOPSIS method showed the cocoon quality rank as FS-ML > FS-FL > MS-FL > MS-ML, whereas silk quality rank was MS-ML > FS-FL > FS-ML > MS-FL. These results indicate that the quality of cocoon and silk is related to the interaction of silkworm and mulberry at the sex level. Furthermore, female silkworms fed with female and male tree leaves have a higher total yield in cocoon production, while male silkworms fed with male tree leaves produced higher silk quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully fed larvae of three Australian bee species formerly classified as Colletidae: Paracolletini are described and compared in light of recent phylogenetic studies. Two of these species, Leioproctus (Goniocolletes) wanni (Leijs and Hogendoorn) and Trichocolletes orientalis Batley and Houston, belong in the Neopasiphaeinae, while the third, Paracolletes crassipes Smith, belongs in Diphaglossinae: Paracolletini (sensu Almeida et al., 2019). We find that larval characters support the separation of Paracolletes from the neopasiphaeines, in particular the spoutlike salivary gland opening associated with cocoon spinning. In addition, we suggest that nest architecture of P. crassipes includes a feature that prevents flooding of open brood cells, a feature common to a number of other large ground-nesting bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta is an endemic wild silk fauna distributed in the tropical forests of India. Given the commercial value of tasar-silk, tribals and forest dwellers practice tasar-culture for their livelihood. Pre-designed rearing systems and tritrophic interaction have posed greater threats on silkworm by escalating natural enemies during outdoor rearing process decreasing the cocoon yield. Among the various natural enemies, the Xanthopimpla konowi is a noted parasitoid on A. mylitta affecting the production of both eggs and raw silk. Hence, this study was intended to reveal the infestation dynamics of X. konowi on tasar silkworms of Chhattisgarh in the past decade (2010–2021). X. konowi infested 1.87% to 6.13% of diapause seed cocoons of A. mylitta during 2010–20 and abruptly increased parasitisation of 12.08% in 2020–21. Heavy infestation in 2020–21 was recorded to be high in intensive rearing areas (20.87%) than extensive (4.93%) and exclusive bivoltine zones (4.34%). Further, the parasitization increased positively with the advancement of cropping season within the year in 2020–21. Moreover, the parasitization of X. konowi was significantly less (< 3%) on the cocoons harvested early and preserved inside the nylon net compared to delayed harvested and open field preservation (24%). Low paratisation was also observed in isolated rearing fields. Emergence pattern of X. konowi from diapause cocoons of heavy infested areas (24.74%, 8.10%, and 2.17% infested lots) obtained a normal curve compared to bimodal curve in low infested area lots (2.85%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we carry out a semi-analytic general relativistic study of a Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) jet that is breaking out of a cocoon or stellar envelope. We solve hydrodynamic equations with the relativistic equation of state that takes care of fluid composition. In short GRBs, a general relativistic approach is required to account for curved spacetime in strong gravity. The piercing of the jet through the cocoon resembles a de Laval nozzle and the jet may go through recollimation shock transitions. We show that the possibility of shock transition and the shock properties are sensitive to the matter composition and the cocoon strength. Obtained Lorentz factors in thermally driven jets comfortably reach few ×10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to get cheap and new methods to color the silk of silkworm bombyx mori L. without affecting the economic parameters of the silkworm. Two colors were used to color the cocoons, Red and Blue. In each group, Meany parameters were studied. Both colors showed a positive significance compared to the control group. The percent from control was calculated and it had no negative effect on the parameters. Larval fresh weight at the end of the 5th instar was (2.857and 2.588gm) in red and blue, respectively. The maximum mean numbers were recorded in shell weight and shell ratio (0.284gm. and 20.87 %) in the blue color, respectively. Also, data cleared that using Food Coloring as a supplement in feeding detected a non-significant decrease in the parameters of silkworm compared with the control. However, the cost of the food colorants is cheaper than the industrial dyes. More studies need to assess how to get coloring silk at a low cost, is available, healthy, and enduring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leaf webber Diaphania pulverulentalis is identified as one of the major pest which infests mulberry gardens and cause damage to mulberry growth and development and reduced nutritive levels in leaves. As mulberry is the prime food source of silkworm Bombyx mori L. the leaf webber infested leaves fed to the silkworm shows greater impact on the yield of, cocoon both quantity and quality. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to understand the impact of leaf webber infestation on various popular mulberry varieties and on silkworm growth and cocoon yield. Methods: The study was conducted in selected ten mandals of Anantapuramu district, Andhra Pradesh during 2016-2019. The infested leaves were collected randomly form each mulberry garden and the same were analysed for various parameters like growth and development and biochemical parameters and silkworm bioassay. And analysed as per standard operating proceures. Result: Photosynthetic pigments of leaf webber infested mulberry leaves. i.e total chlorophylls in selected three mulberry varieties are decreased by an average of 40.17% and followed by carotenoids with a average decrease of 40.85%. Biomolecule components mainly proteins in selected varieties found to be decreased with the average percentage of 24.62 and carbohydrates and starch decreased with the average percentage of 47.09% 16.09% respectively. but in the phenols are increased with the average percentage of 57.39%, when compared with control (7.61%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research work presents a collision prediction method of mobile robots. The authors of the work use so-called, virtual cocoons to evaluate the collision criteria of two robots. The idea, mathematical representation of the calculations and experimental simulations are presented in the paper work. A virtual model of the industrial process with moving mobile robots was created. Obstacle avoidance was not solved here. The authors of the article were working on collision avoidance problem solving between moving robots. Theoretical approach presents mathematical calculations and dependences of path angles of mobile robots. Experimental simulations, using the software Centaurus CPN, based on colored Petri nets, has shown, that the possible conflict can be predicted in advance using calculations of the angle of movement of two possibly colliding cocoons. Authors of the paper presents and explains experimental simulations, where robots are moving in different path angles, which intersects each other. Proposed collision avoidance algorithm solves collision avoidance task using several possibilities. Software Centaurus CPN gives possibility to stop simulation of manufacturing process in the place where it finds possible collision between two cocoons. In order to check correctness of proposed collision prediction and avoidance algorithm, further simulation is done step by step, while situation is solved. Simulated manufacturing process is continued till new possible collision is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parapoynx diminutalis was observed in Hydrilla verticillata (a weed) in artificial tanks at Kerala Agricultural University. The incidence was so severe that the entire biomass of hydrilla was eaten away by the larvae which pupated in water. Pupal case was made of stem pieces of hydrilla, thus curtailing the growth and multiplication of the weed was suppressed in a period of one month indicating that this is a potential biocontrol agent for the weed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify best mulberry variety for chawkie rearing and its impact on economic characters of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), experiments were conducted in three seasons viz., autumn -2019, spring -2020 and autumn-2020, with six mulberry varieties (C-2038, Tr-23, PPR-1(S-140), S-1635, S-146 and G-2). Based on the weight of 10 mature larvae (g), cocoon yield by weight (kg), single cocoon weight (g), single shell weight (g) and shell ratio (%), S-1635 and S-140 (PPR-1) were found suitable for chawki rearing in sub-tropical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) are associated to the collapse of a massive star and the formation of a relativistic jet. As the jet propagates through the star, it forms an extended, hot cocoon. The dynamical evolution of the jet/cocoon system and its interaction with the environment has been studied extensively both analytically and numerically. On the other hand, the role played by the supernova (SN) explosion associated with LGRBs in determining the outcome of the system has been barely considered. In this paper, we discuss the large landscape of outcomes resulting from the interaction of the SN, jet, and cocoon. We show that the outcome depends mainly on three time-scales: the times for the cocoon and SN shock wave to break through the surface of the progenitor star, and the time needed for the cocoon to engulf completely the progenitor star. The delay between the launch of the SN shock moving through the progenitor star and the jet can be related to these three time-scales. Depending on the ordering of these time-scales, the jet-cocoon might propagate inside the SN ejecta or the other way around, and the outcome for the properties of the explosion would be different. We discuss the imprint of the complex interaction between the jet-cocoon and the SN shock on the emergent thermal and non-thermal radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]