Search

Self-rated health (SRH) and subjective life expectancy (SLE) are widely used for understanding health and predicting mortality. However, what these items measure remains unclear, due to the lack of conceptual frameworks. We administered a web survey across the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and Mexico. The questionnaire included SRH and SLE, each immediately followed by a question that probed respondents' thought processes. We examined the relationship between SRH and SLE, the response difficulty, and attributes that respondents considered for forming responses. Overall, SRH and SLE were moderately related, eliciting different information and varying in difficulty. Compared to SLE, SRH was perceived as easier but covered a narrower information spectrum. While illness and health behaviors were dominant attributes of SRH responses, family longevity history, life situations, and lack of control were additionally considered for SLE. When combined, SRH and SLE may capture a fuller range of attributes germane to health and mortality.

Using qualitative interviews, focus groups, storytelling and collective journaling, the life experiences of people in a local village community, in South Westphalia, Germany, born between 1930 and 1945, were analysed collaboratively. The research intention was to give the younger generations in that region access to these experiences and insights, within the context of democratic learning and civic education. The focus of this narrative learning project was on the politically relevant issues and themes they contained, above all: the significance of free information and thought, a free cultural life, access to education for all children and youth, a self-determined life for women and girls, as well as cohesion and self-help structures in the social community. Many tales were shared from the Third Reich, making references to Wilhelmine Germany and the Republic of Weimar, including how these times had been narrated to them through their forebearers and families' archives.

Towards the end of the Cold War, the vocabulary of global power, space and economy received a qualitative update. Amongst the terms rapidly gaining prominence since the early 1990s has been the notion of geoeconomics, the coining of which has frequently been attributed to the strategist Edward N. Luttwak. In his interpretation, it signified a transition away from Cold War ideological and military geopolitical competition towards commerce and market‐based geo‐power. Over the past three decades, a 'geoeconomics boom' set in, characterised by think tanks and a varied body of politico‐economic literature making extensive use of the term. Conventionally treated as a neologism, the provenance and earlier iterations of geoeconomics, some dating back more than a century, have been largely ignored by both celebratory and critical accounts. In this paper, we trace and contextualise these earlier instances, leading us to the Geopolitik era in Germany and references to geoeconomics in the United States in the decades after WWII. We thereby offer a critical genealogy of geoeconomics, conceptualised as an object of definitional struggle. Proponents of the term sought to position it variously as a tool of national economic cohesion and competition or as a way of understanding and harnessing shifting global power relations, whilst others sought to subsume geoeconomics to geopolitics. These past struggles track forward into ongoing dialectical tensions between geoeconomics and geopolitics as competing but related geostrategic visions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, we can observe a new rise in classification tools, which differentiate asylum seekers by their country of origin. In Germany, the concepts of Safe Countries of Origin (SCO) and ›Bleibeperspektive‹ (BP) are of special importance in this regard. Both are nowadays deeply interlinked and seem to follow the same governmental rationality. However, looking at them historically reveals that they emerged from very different contexts. The SCO concept differentiates migrants as a part of the asylum dispositif following the logic of deservingness. The BP, on the other hand, can be understood as a form of biopolitical prognosis, which is supposed to predict the future residence of migrants. It was originally used as a concept within the integration and labor dispositifs to assess who is worthy of social benefits. In 2015 the German governmental strategy shifted towards the plan of including and excluding migrants from the first moment of their arrival. Thereby, the matters of deservingness, integration, and labor were addressed at the same time and got more and more interlinked. Thus, also the two concepts became more closely connected and increasingly similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Regent' is the fungal resistant grapevine cultivar with the highest acreage in Germany and an important resistance donor in international breeding programs. It carries the resistance loci Rpv3.1 as well as Ren3 and Ren9 against downy and powdery mildew, respectively. As the parents of 'Chambourcin', the resistant paternal ancestor of 'Regent', did not coincide with the breeder's information, the germplasm repository of JKI Geilweilerhof was screened to find the missing ancestors. SSR marker analysis revealed that 'Joannes Seyve 11369' and 'Plantet' are the true parents of 'Chambourcin' and not 'Seyve Villard 12-417' and 'Chancellor'. Furthermore, the origin of the resistance loci Ren3 and Ren9 could be traced back to the genotypes 'Seibel 4614' and 'Munson'. Since the breeder Hermann Jaeger mentioned 'Munson' as a direct descendant of Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. linsecomii (Buckley) L. H. Bailey and Vitis rupestris Scheele, one of these wild species might have been the donor of the loci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among ten hearing-impaired (HI) families mostly of German descent dwelling the Venezuelan isolate Colonia Tovar, which were initially studied several decades ago to assess the etiology of their profound/prelingual nonsyndromic deafness phenotype, an undescribed genotype/phenotype was found. Forty-eight subjects, including 8 of the still living 143 originally searched with audiograms 4 decades ago, were retested and their DNA collected. A genomic search of 27 loci involved in HI was performed on a randomly chosen prelingual deaf patient. Subsequently, GJB2 sequencing was performed in all subjects from each pedigree. Haplotypes were constructed with five intragenic GJB2 SNPs (rs117685390, rs7994748, rs2274084, rs2274083, and rs3751385). Audiograms performed along 5 decades were compared to evaluate age-related hearing loss in the different genotypes found in the population. Results: Three prelingual deaf siblings, having the highest recorded symmetrical hearing loss of all the known affected in the isolate, carried the very rare mutation c.35dupG (p.V13Cfs*35) at GJB2 in a homozygous condition. Two additional GJB2 mutations were identified (p.W77R and c.35delG) in the isolate. Allelic disequilibrium in both c.35dupG and p.W77R carriers (with in-phase haplotype T;T;G;A;C) were found, although not so in the 2 other found c.35delG independent haplotypes. A compound heterozygote in trans (c.35delG/c.35dupG) was audiometrically distinguishable from both the c.35dupG and c.35delG homozygotes. Conclusions: A relatively higher frequency of mutation of c.35dupG found than elsewhere was retrospectively inferred for the ancient population of the Kaiserstuhl region in Germany, having an opposite epidemiological situation to the one found with the contiguous and very frequent c.35delG. Haplotype analysis suggests founder phenomena and independent occurrence, hundreds of generations back in Caucasoid populations for both mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kriminologisches Journal is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent years have seen a series of anniversaries of iconic protests. This draws attention to social movements' long-term legacies both in terms of their impact on society at large as well as their influence on subsequent cycles of mobilization. The growing literature on the interconnections between memories and movements provides crucial insights into such legacies as it explores how movements are remembered or forgotten. The paper aims to contribute to this literature and our understanding of continuities and discontinuities between different cycles of mobilization. For this purpose, we explore how activists of a central strand of the German anti-austerity movement, Blockupy, remember the '68 movement. Based on interviews with Blockupy activists and a media analysis, the paper shows how Blockupy activists largely share a joint memory of '68 despite ideological and generational differences. This shared memory is characterized by recurrent patterns of mnemonic adoptions of some '68 traits and rejection of others. At the same time, we reveal that this memory is only partly movement-specific as it overlaps with public memories in several respects. Activists however clearly reject public memories with respect to '68's central goals. The paper's findings show how impacts of past movements on later activism are shaped by activists' memories of that past and in particular by two levels of mnemonic rejection and adoption: how activists reject or adopt characteristics of a past movement and, in doing so, how they reject or adopt public memories of that movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life of the Kirschels/Kürschels, a family of clockmakers from Sighijoara (Schafiburg, Segesvar), is virtually unknown to historians in Transylvania. This family's chronicle, entitled Chronik der Familie Kirschel in Scbassburcj aus dem 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, is kept in the Transylvanian archive in Gundelsheim, Germany. It provides valuable information on the life of this family, thus proving its relevance for genealogical research, and on the town of Sighijoara. Its many entries are written in standard German, German dialect, Latin, Hungarian, Italian, Old Greek, and French. The chronicle and the account-book were written in a copybook that had originally belonged to the theology student Martin Guist who was later ordained priest in a parish close to Sighijoara and gave it to the Kirschels/Kürschels. The chronicle and account-book entries were written by four family members who enjoyed professional success and were well-respected in Sighijoara. For instance, Johannes Kürschel (1674--1741) was appointed judge in the Seat of Schafiburg. The chronicle provides information on family hie, the environment and the perception of time, among others. However, the data on the family and household members are vague, being mosdy limited to dates of birth and death, christenings, weddings, and travels. As regards the perception of the environment, there is information on the price of bread, grain and other foodstuffs, as well as on the use of wood/timber. In addition, there is an interesting description of the passing of a comet, not mentioned in other sources. Not least, the chronicle provides information on the perception of time by both the chroniclers and ordinary people. The Kürschels are the first Transylvanian chroniclers to record the exact time when events occurred. By introducing clocks with a chime mechanism that struck on the quarter hour, half hour, three-quarter hour and on the hour, they (re)organised working hours. Thus, time started to be perceived differently than before. The organisation of work according to secular hours instead of canonical hours demonstrates that in eighteenth-century Transylvanian towns power shifted into the hands of guilds and traders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To answer the question as to the relation of the idea of Bildung and the historical and genealogical critique of contemporary culture, this article takes a detour through nineteenth-century German thought to recall the primary ideas, institutions, and processes such as the university, knowledge/scholarship (Wissenschaft), humanity, and humaneness as well as related ideas and values, as theorized by Wilhelm von Humboldt. In a second step, it traces the critique leveled at neo-humanism by Friedrich Nietzsche who argues that the higher education system during the Second Empire achieved the exact opposite of what was originally intended. Finally, it draws some conclusions with an eye to the present situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article deals with the relationship between names and their symbolic capital as a theme in Theodor Fontane’s Poggenpuhls. While the eponymous poor but noble family relies on its notable surname, different names were being popularized through advertising as part of the social and economic upheavals at the end of the 19th century. This rivalry between a genealogical and a primarily economic way of publicizing and valorizing names is not only present in the novel’s dialogues, with noteworthy references to highly popular contemporary firms, but is also part of its spatial setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence on the frequency of a positive family history of colorectal cancer (CRC) among individuals aged <55 years is lacking. General practice setting might be well suited for the identification of individuals in this above-average risk group.Objective: To determine the frequency of a reported positive family history of CRC among patients aged 40 to 54 years in a general practice setting.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 21 general practices in Germany. Patients aged 40 to 54 years were identified by means of the practice software and interviewed by health care assistants using a standardized four-item questionnaire. Outcome was occurrence of a positive family history of CRC, defined as at least one first-degree relative (FDR: parents, siblings, or children) with CRC. Further measurements were FDRs with CRC / colorectal polyps (adenomas) diagnosed before the age of 50 and occurrence of three or more relatives with colorectal, stomach, cervical, ovarian, urethel or renal pelvic cancer.Results: Out of 6723 participants, 7.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.6% to 7.8%) reported at least one FDR with CRC and 1.2% (95% CI 0.9% to 1.5%) reported FDRs with CRC diagnosed before the age of 50. A further 2.6% (95% CI 2.3% to 3.0%) reported colorectal polyps in FDRs diagnosed before the age of 50 and 2.1% (95% CI 1.8% to 2.5%) reported three or more relatives with entities mentioned above.Conclusion: One in 14 patients reported at least one FDR with CRC. General practice should be considered when defining requirements of risk-adapted CRC screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Institute of Pharmacology of the University of Strasbourg played an eminent role in the development and international spread of pharmacology between 1872 and 1918. In this article, genealogy and biographies of key players are documented. Unfortunately, lack of data did not permit the complete biographical description of all scientists. Oswald Schmiedeberg played a decisive role in the global establishment of pharmacology, having trained most of the professors of his time. From Strasbourg, pharmacology spread into many countries including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, the UK, and the USA. The Institute of Pharmacology in Strasbourg played a major role in the establishment of both academic pharmacology and the modern pharmaceutical industry. The Institute of Pharmacology in Strasbourg also mirrors the history of Germany and France and the Nazi period., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetically driven disorders with the hallmark of progressive spastic gait disturbance. To investigate the phenotypic spectrum, prognostic factors, and genotype-specific differences, we analyzed baseline data from a continuous, prospective cohort.Methods: We recruited 608 HSP cases from 519 families of mostly German origin. Clinical severity was assessed by the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale. Complicating symptoms were recorded by a standardized inventory.Results: Family history indicated dominant (43%), recessive (10%), and simplex (47%) disease. We observed a significant male predominance, particularly in simplex cases without a genetic diagnosis. Disease severity increased with disease duration. Earlier disease onset was associated with less severe disease. Specific complicating features including cognitive impairment, extrapyramidal or peripheral motor involvement, and ataxia were associated with worse disease severity. Disease severity also depended on the genotype. HSP cases maintained the ability to walk independently for a median disease duration of 22 years. Early onset cases were able to maintain free walking significantly longer and were at less risk to become wheelchair dependent.Interpretation: This cross-sectional cohort study provides the first large-scale data on disease manifestation, progression, and modifying factors, with relevance for counseling of HSP families and planning of future cross-sectional and natural history studies. Later age of onset, specific complicating features, and the SPG11 genotype are strongly associated with more severe disease. Future interventional studies will require stratification for modifiers of disease progression identified in this study. Prospective longitudinal studies will verify progression rates calculated in this baseline analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elchanan Henle Kirchhan, author of the well-known ethical work Simchat ha-Nefesh, was born in 1666 as the seventh of twelve children in the Hessian town of Kirchhain near Marburg. Based on their family tree, drawn up in Hebrew letters in Hildesheim in 1812, this article follows biographical traces of his family members. It analyses the economic, spiritual and social rank of the large family within the Jewish society. The study reveals the position of many family members as leaders (Vorsteher, Parnassim) not only of the Hessian territorial Jewry (Landjudenschaft) but also of important Jewish urban communities like Halberstadt and Hildesheim during the seventeenth and eighteenth century and shows the family's trans-regional relations. Accordingly, this article argues the Parnassim to be a »political elite« with a separate social rank, similar to the rabbinic and economic elites, within the Jewish society of their time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a list of 16 names of men from a manuscript of doctor Beifuβ Josephus of Worms in Worms, Germany all either Wallich or Walch. The author attempts to reconstruct the men's relationship to one another as well as to Worms and postulates that the Wallichs and Walchs are the descendants of five socially elite Jewish brothers. Differences in versions of the list developed by scholars are identified, the roles of Walchs and Wallichs as religious leaders (parnas) and rabbis in Worms is discussed, and information is offered on attempts at dating and classifying the list as a genealogy.

We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses historical research on the Schwarz family archives in Dresden and Lüneburg, Germany. An overview of the family's genealogy is presented, an overview of the contents of the archive and its library and art collection is offered including its family record books, paintings, and manuscripts.

Abstract: Excavation in and around a Medieval church in Gammertingen, Germany, revealed the skeletal remains of eight individuals dating to the 10th and 11th century AD. Archaeologists hypothesized that the individuals were the first members of a family later known as the Counts of Gammertingen, a medieval high nobility family. In an interdisciplinary approach, Strontium isotope and ancient DNA techniques were performed in order to test the hypothesis that the church was used as a family burial site and to investigate the provenance of family members. Seven of the eight individuals can be placed in a three-generation genealogy. The isotope analyses establish that the eighth individual had a different birthplace and possibly became a member of the Counts of Gammertingen through marriage. Further, genetic data revealed that distant relatives of the paternal lineage are still present in this area today. Thus, the combined results lead to a very detailed knowledge about a 1000-year old noble family. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

What could we possibly learn from a 70 year correspondence from the years of the Second World War, when the course of subsequent history has already been known? The sociologist is interested in seeing how an event unfolds, how it generates other actions, how the actors are driven by, what their strategies are and how they interact. The aim of the present essay is to identify those sociological concepts, that could lead us to explanations of the geopolitical, regarding the way Germany built up its hegemony, by starting from a genealogical perspective, that is, by identifying the logics of a situation and by understanding the reasoning behind individual decision while taking into consideration the analysis of the discourse. We take into account how enforcing a drastic peace treaty on Germany has lead to high surveillance costs that could not be sustained by the victors because of their path dependence, which ultimately led to the fact of the 'good' being sacrificed for the sake of the 'comfortable'. We understand how military successes represent the test of truth for an ideology and provide the Nazi leaders with their legitimacy, inciting a group phantasm. We discern, in the relations between Germany, Soviet Union and the French-English duo, all the elements of a triad and, implicitly, all elements of power that are generated by a game based on imposing and accepting uncertainties. All of the above bare evidence to the fact that sociological notions and concepts can produce revelations when taken into new domains, such as geopolitics and war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a conference on the history of the nobility in Central Germany in the 15th through 18th centuries, held in Drübeck, Germany, from March 7-9, 2012. Topics of discussion included medieval myths of the classical origin of noble families, political, social, and economic power on landed estates in Saxony, Germany, and the attitudes of the landed nobility to the secularization of monasteries.

The article reports on a conference on the history of the medieval duchy of Lower Lorraine from the 10th through the 12th century, held in Kleve-Rindern, Germany, from February 23-24, 2012. Topics of discussion included royal palaces in the area, such as those in Aachen, Germany, Nijmegen, Netherlands, and Utrecht, Netherlands, genealogical research on the Dutch nobility in the Middle Ages, and the philanthropic activities of the counts of Hamaland, as evident from the endowment of the Elten, Germany, convent.

This article traces the trajectories of consumer policy in Finland and Germany in the light of a comparative history in order to reflect upon the notion of consumer empowerment in public policy. The principle developments of contemporary consumer policy can be traced back to the post-war political and economic integrations arising from the initial idea of free markets and individual freedom emphasized in classical liberalism. The article explores this development in Finland and Germany to the point of the establishment of a joint European Union (EU) consumer policy to reveal the notion of consumer empowerment. This approach creates an understanding of the peculiarities of consumer policy in EU member states despite the presence of a joint European policy area. Nowadays, both Finnish and German consumers find EU regulations excessive. It is important to acknowledge the influence of this historic development in order to understand what consumer empowerment meant in the past and thus to further develop policy action on a joint level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal for Baltic & Nordic Studies/Revista Romana de Studii Baltice si Nordice is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the summary of a conference that focused on the 900 year history of the dukes of Holstein and Stormarn in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was held on June 4, 2011 in Itzehoe, Germany. Topics under discussion at the conference included the historiography of the counts of Hamburg, Germany, a talk on the castles and residences of the Schauenburger Family in Nordelbingen, Germany, and an analysis of family and marriage politics of the Schauenburger noble family.

In this article, I explore the dominant narratives about Islam in German history textbooks from the eighteenth century until the present day. I thereby deconstruct a longue durée script with a rather curious pattern. Until the 1980s, textbook narratives about Islam were rooted exclusively in people's historical imagination. Only when the children of Turkish workers entered the classroom did textbook authors try to accommodate knowledge based on real encounters. By addressing the di erent stages of this longue durée script, I enquire into the functions of narratives as they underpinned a German and European "we." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Hitler's troops invaded and occupied the city of Kharkov in Ukraine, my grandparents Nadia, 26, and Petro, 30, had two young children, aged 7 and 5. My mother had not yet been born. In this tense and uncertain period it was unclear whether Ukraine would ultimately be controlled by Stalin or Hitler. There was nothing to recommend one over the other, they often said. Both regimes were brutal and both targeted Ukrainians. Mid-1943 marked a turning point-the end of their lives in Ukraine and the first stage of a journey into the unknown that led to their eventual arrival in Australia in 1949 as post-war refugees. They were packed into railway goods wagons with other Ukrainians and were taken from Kharkov, where they had built their world, to Dwikozy in Poland. This was the place of their first displacement from everything that made up their history and identity-homeland, language, culture, family, community, and career. Like many other refugees my grandparents attempted to compensate for the loss of their past by trying to recover it repeatedly years later in the stories that they told. In 1998, when I was in my 20s, I travelled to Dwikozy to try to connect with my grandparents' memories and to better understand their lives. The place I found was indeed in the same physical location but when I returned to Australia and showed them what I had found it did not refresh or enrich my grandparents' memories, as I had expected it would, even though there were confirming landmarks and signposts that they recognised. To them the place I was anxious to describe in words and photographs was an alien place, not the place they told stories of, not the place of their memories. Drawing upon my grandparents' own stories of Dwikozy, this paper raises the issue faced by all biography, but especially intergenerational family biography, of the need to tread carefully when intruding into the memories of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact that negative stereotypes have on suitability ratings of Turkish applicants in a simulated hiring scenario. Design/methodology/approach - This paper utilizes a within subjects experimental design in which participants assessed four fictitious male candidates ostensibly applying for a managerial position; two of German descent, two of Turkish descent. Participants also completed a newly developed measure designed to assess the degree to which people endorse negative stereotypes of Turkish males in managerial positions. Findings - The results suggest that the endorsement of a negative Turkish stereotype significantly predicts suitability ratings for highly qualified Turkish candidates. Research limitations/implications - Stereotype endorsement should be considered when investigating, and making claims about the impact of demographic characteristics on evaluative workplace outcomes. Practical implications - In the service of diversity, organizations should be acutely aware of how stereotyping may impact human resources processes. Originality/value - This paper adds to the literature regarding the impact of bias on evaluative workplace outcomes, furthering the notion that explicitly endorsed stereotypes do indeed affect such outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the possibility of using genealogies of noble families as a source for social sciences, to analyse the social reality of noble families, during the transition from a class structured to a civil based society. Genealogies of noble families have been published since the 19th century, but they were stopped during the second world war. These publications were resumed in 1951. In these genealogies the following information of each person are published: Name and family name, date of birth and date of death. The same data, concerning the spouse, education, profession, information concerning an estate and membership in voluntary organisations was collated. The analysis of this mass data enables statements concerning the change of professions, to the number of marriages and to the mobility of marriage, to the number of children, to length of marriage and, to a certain extent, social participation. But there is a lack of data concerning the education, the professional career and the professions of the noble daughters. As an alternative source, there may be family histories, which were published for a number of families, which could be used. In this paper the differences, between family history and genealogies, will be presented in detail. Finally, with the help of a limited database, an exemplary inquiry can be made concerning the adaptation of the Saxon nobility to the norms of the civil society. In particular, the changes that have taken place in general and vocational education as well as the effects of the modified ways of vocational training on the occupation of the Saxon nobility during the 19th and 20th century will be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the influence of popular genealogy in Germany during the early twentieth century. It argues that family memory and its attendant practices followed changes in German national identity. The section refers to the growth of genealogy and its practice, which allows researchers to understand how the turn-of-the-century obsession with human biology manifested itself in popular, everyday contexts. The author concludes that in the early twentieth century family memory in Germany thus became more research oriented that demands scientific methodologies and the metamorphosis of heritages into artifacts.

The article shares the accomplishments of Hans Simmel, a pathologist and a professor of medicine in Jena, Germany. It cites the creation of Simmel's "Lebenserinnerungen," which detailed the story of his life, including family genealogy, his efforts to learn methods of scientific investigation and to find the scientific basis for medical practice. It mentions that Simmel focused mainly on pathology and hematology. It notes that Simmel was also interested in pediatrics because of his relationship with a good teacher in pediatrics.

In 1808, an Estate of the lesser nobility of the Lower Austrian diet approved a statute barring from membership persons of Jewish descent in the `third degree' regardless of confession. It is the only documented instance in Europe for the revolutionary era of such a paragraph that, in its rejection of Jewish ancestry in both the paternal and maternal lines, resembled the early modern Spanish statutes of `blood purity' and the twentieth-century Nuremberg laws. The Josephian patent of toleration of 1782 had not allowed Jews to become members of the corporate nobility (the first Jew was only ennobled in 1789), but had relieved some of the worst aspects of discrimination. By the early nineteenth century, the archduchy of Lower Austria (including the imperial capital at Vienna) contained the largest, wealthiest, and most self-confident Jewish community in the Hapsburg Monarchy. The statute of 1808 was a reaction to Jewish acculturation to the upper class (including conversion, intermarriage, concessions of property-rights, the existence of salons in which Jews and new Christians mired with the nobility) that presented a perceived threat to the status of its marginal members (lesser landed nobles, ennobled officialdom, and ennobled professionals). The statute was also a product of the politically and nationally charged atmosphere in Vienna between the Austrian defeat by Napoleon at Austerlitz (1805) and the renewed war against France (1809). No simple ideological continuum connects the Lower Austrian paragraph to either the early modern Spanish or the late modern Nazi ordinances. But it was the first such statute to take shape in a political context fraught with recognizably late modern concepts of' nation'. The statute of 1808 furthermore evidences the continuing fractured nature of public authority and lack of thorough-going state-formation in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of women in German society and science in the early 20th century. It is noted that notions of genealogy became increasingly woman-centered toward the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Comments are made concerning an influential publication by German historian and genealogist Otto von Dungern, in which genealogical research focusing on female lines of ancestry was presented. Further information is provided about notions of nobility and gender equality in national socialist Germany.

Discussions of Barbara Honigmann have repeatedly placed her work on the cusp of what is summarily called "German Jewish relations," hence framing it as exploring interstitial figurations of culture and identity positions. This article, by contrast, returns to a moment that has remained implicit, namely to the difficult Gespräch between two generations whose lives have been crossed, albeit differently, by the darkest hour for Jews living in Germany. Honigmann's autobiographically inspired first-person narrators, who grew up in the GDR before 1989, will comment again and again on how virtually no exchange between parents and children of Jewish background, however much desired by the latter, seems possible. Confronting the taboo on the past, therefore, necessitates a radical rethinking of genealogy as well as transgenerational remembrance and especially Gespräch, something Honigmann's texts provoke by way of rewriting Berlin in terms of a heterotopic spatiality (Foucault) through which the metropolis and the necropolis, specifically the cemetery space of Berlin-Weißensee, begin to contest the interdiction on the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an account of the author's family generation in Germany. His grandfathers and colleagues had a calling that was the center of their lives including the free professions of medicine, law, and the clergy. His doctor-forebears are the direct heirs of clinicians devoted to the creation and expansion of a scientific basis for medicine.

Interviews with 29 Holocaust survivors indicate wide variation in degree of aversion to Germans and activities associated with Germany. For some survivors, aversion is limited to those closest to the Nazi perpetrators; for others aversion includes anyone with German ancestry and any situation or product linked to contemporary Germany. This wide range of aversion following horrific experiences is not easily explained by known psychological mechanisms, and has important implications for understanding and ameliorating ethnopolitical conflict. Possible sources of variation in aversion are explored with measures of personality differences and differences in Holocaust experience. Results indicate that degree of trauma during the Holocaust is not significantly related to aversion, and that strong predictors of aversion are degree of blame of Germans not directly involved in the Holocaust, religiosity, and German origin. Aversion to Germans is strongly related to aversion to contemporary Arabs and Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives – To determine the frequency of familial focal and segmental dystonias in a large patient cohort with primary dystonia from north-western Germany. Material and methods – In this study, 130 patients with focal or segmental dystonia were examined and a family history was obtained. Whenever possible, affected relatives were examined (a total of 789 first-degree relatives). Data on disease duration, age at disease onset and age of the patients were investigated by Student's t- test and a segregation analysis was performed by Weinberg's proband method. Results – Age at onset of disease was significantly later in the blepharospasm group. Only in the writer's cramp group were women outnumbered by men. A positive family history was found in 15 of the 130 index patients (11.5%). None of 102 index patients tested carried the GAG deletion in the DYT1 gene. Conclusion – In accordance with previous series our study provides evidence that primary focal dystonia may have a genetic etiology, most probably caused by an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although as many as 10% of pancreatic cancer cases may have an inherited component, familial pancreatic cancer has not been linked to defects in any specific gene. Some studies have shown that families with germline mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 have an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers, as well as a modestly increased risk of pancreatic cancer. To study these relationships in more detail, we examined whether BRCA2 germline mutations are associated with familial pancreatic cancer.Methods: We identified 26 European families in which at least two first-degree relatives had a histologically confirmed diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We sequenced genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from participating family members to identify germline mutations in BRCA2.Results: Three (12%, exact 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2% to 30%) families carried germline frameshift mutations in the BRCA2 gene that are predicted to result in a truncated BRCA2 protein. Two additional families harbored mutations previously designated as unclassified variants of BRCA2. Thus, 19% (exact 95% CI = 7% to 39%) of the families in our study had either a frameshift mutation or an unclassified variant of BRCA2. None of the families in our study met the criteria for familial breast or ovarian cancer.Conclusions: Our data support an important role for BRCA2 germline mutations in a subpopulation of families with familial pancreatic cancer. BRCA2 mutation analysis should be included in molecular genetic testing and counseling strategies in families with at least two first-degree relatives affected with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human neutrophil antigen-1c (HNA-1c) (SH) has been described as the third alloantigen of the Fc receptor type IIIb (FcgammaRIIIb) for IgG beside the known alloantigens HNA-1a (NA1) and HNA-1b (NA2). Controversy exists on the assignment of the HNA-1c coding gene to the FCGR3B locus and on a possible linkage between the HNA-1c and HNA-1a coding genes.Study Design and Methods: Two hundred sixty northern German blood donors and 43 individuals from Uganda were typed for FCGR3B*1 (NA1), FCGR3B*2 (NA2), and FCGR3B*3 (SH) by allele-specific PCR. In a subset of FCGR3B*3-positive probands, PCR-amplified FCGR3 fragments were subcloned and sequenced. Transmission of FCGR3B*3 was analyzed in family studies. A possible correlation with the FcgammaRIIIb alloantigen expression was investigated by flow cytometry.Results: In the northern German population, FCGR3B*3 was found exclusively in individuals carrying FCGR3B*1 independent of the existence of FCGR3B*2 at a frequency of 5 percent. In the individuals from Uganda, each possible combination of FCGR3B*1, FCGR3B*2, and FCGR3B*3 was detected. FCGR3B*3 frequency was 34.9 percent. Within both populations, some individuals carried each of the three genotypes. DNA sequencing revealed new FCGR3 variants caused by single nucleotide exchanges at the typical polymorphic positions. In one individual, six different FCGR3 variants were detected.Conclusion: The coincidence of the three known FCGR3B alleles varies within the population of Germany and Uganda. Three simultaneous FCGR3B forms may be explained by two gene loci, but the basis of the high number of different variants in some individuals still remains unclear. Possible explanations may be a hypermutation mechanism or a number of FCGR3 higher than expected hitherto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relationship between current German management accounting techniques (referred to as "Controlling" in German-speaking areas), Taylorism, and an eighteenth-century prison design by Jeremy Bentham, the Panopticon? Using a Foucauldian "archaeological" approach combined with "genealogical" concerns, we argue that panopticism as a disciplinary instrument and as an organizing metaphor can still be discerned in current German management accounting concepts as well as in one of its conceptual ancestors, Taylorism. Our analysis constitutes a critical reflection of the impacts of panopticism as an underlying metaphor for present-day German management accounting, especially with regard to the "successful" implementation of management accounting tools and their organizational consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large supravalvular aortic stenosis kindred, with a point mutation in exon 18 and a stop codon in exon 22 of the elastin gene, is described. Clinically, the disease severity appeared to increase in successive generations in this family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the Third Reich, or Greater Germany, while highlighting the origins of German dictator Adolf Hitler. Information on Maria Schickelgruber who gave birth to a son named Alois Schickelgruber, father of Adolf Hitler; Where the event took place; Examination of his origin.

This article focuses on the micro-analysis of the child mortality and reproductive behavior in German village populations. Data for the present study come from 14 German village genealogies and relate to couples married during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries although deficiencies in the source material lead to the exclusion of couples married during the earlier periods in some villages. With the exception of one village, births occurring after 1899 to couples married before 1900 are included, and hence the period covered by the study extends into the early part of the twentieth century. The nature and quality of these genealogies, the selection of families for analysis and descriptive information about most of the villages have all been discussed elsewhere. The data are in the form of reconstituted family histories linking birth, marriage, and death dates of each married couple and their children into a chronology of vital events and are similar to retrospective fertility histories collected in salt pie surveys which has been used to assess the child replacement effect for developing countries. These historical data, however, have three important advantages. First, they are based on vital event which were registered as they occurred and, thus, are not subject to problems of recall commonly associated with retrospectively reported birth histories. Secondly, they refer to couples who have all completed their childbearing; such completed reproductive histories are, obviously superior to incomplete ones for assessing the replacement effect.