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This article explores the representation of identity in selected Anglophone and Francophone Cameroonian history textbooks via their coverage of the reunification of Cameroon. A far-reaching effect of the 1916 Anglo-French partition of German Cameroon and of the reunification of the territory in 1961 is that, in spite of the plurality of precolonial identities, it is the legacies of Anglo-French colonial heritage that seem to be the overwhelming identity indicators in contemporary Cameroon. This content analysis found that the Anglophone history textbook presented a clear Anglophone identity which stood in conflict with the identity promoted by the Francophone textbook, which was characterized by national and colonial Francophone assimilationism. Such representations suggest that the Cameroonian nation state as a colonial geopolitical construct is more imagined than real.

This article is one among a series of studies on the acquisition of patterns of linguistic variation observable in the speech of native speakers of Canadian French by French immersion (FI) students. The present study is centered on deletion of the central vowel schwa, a widespread feature of casual spoken French. In this study, FI students are compared with same age native speakers of Ontario French. Our study has arrived at the following main findings: (I) Fl students delete schwa much less frequently than do the speakers of Ontario French; (II) FI students observe the same phonetic constraints that influence schwa deletion in native Ontario French; (III) FI students do not observe the constraint of topic formality which is observable in native Ontario French; and (IV) FI students who have had extracurricular contacts with native speakers of French display higher rates of schwa deletion than the FI students who have not had such contacts. (Contains 6 tables and 3 footnotes.)

Teacher professionalization is a recent field of study in France that developed in conjunction with establishing the Instituits Universitaires de Formation des Maitres (UFMS) in 1989 and other changes that have brought elementary and secondary teachers into closer relationship. Both groups now have similar training and unionization modes. (Contains 17 references.) (MLH)

Reviews works of cultural historians of the French Revolution. Analyzes interpretations of what constituted "the people" in three late eighteenth-century sources: Diderot's "Encyclopedie," contemporary political pamphlets, and Louis-Sebastien Mercier's vignettes of Parisian street life. Contends representation of "the people" in these sources has more legitimacy than either Marxist or revisionist portraits. (CH)

A survey regarding perceptions towards inservice training was mailed to a sample of teachers from secondary schools and secondary vocational schools in France. A representative group of 988 replies was analyzed to reveal five concepts of training. The concepts and which teachers subscribe to them are described. (MT)

Discusses two audiences for whom classical teaching and training courses are intended. Provides an analysis of these audiences with regard to the use and relevance of Computer Assisted Education (CAE). (TW)

The relative calm among students in France in the 1970s is explained in terms of the institutionalization of politics within the university, increased diversity on campus, and the relatively increasing returns of higher education. Conflicts of the 1970s are characterized as corporalistic-particularistic-materialistic. (JMF)

Describes a project to provide developing countries with access to scientific and technological information produced in connection with French bilateral development cooperation programs. Making an inventory of the available material, the users of the information, processing the information, and the development of a documentation policy are discussed. (Author/JL)

Objectives: Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of meningitis and septicaemia. The hyperinvasive ST-11 clonal complex (cc11) caused serogroup C (MenC) outbreaks in the US military in the 1960s and UK universities in the 1990s, a global Hajj-associated serogroup W (MenW) outbreak in 2000-2001, and subsequent MenW epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. More recently, endemic MenW disease has expanded in South Africa, South America and the UK, and MenC cases have been reported among European and North American men who have sex with men (MSM). Routine typing schemes poorly resolve cc11 so we established the population structure at genomic resolution.Methods: Representatives of these episodes and other geo-temporally diverse cc11 meningococci (n = 750) were compared across 1546 core genes and visualised on phylogenetic networks.Results: MenW isolates were confined to a distal portion of one of two main lineages with MenB and MenC isolates interspersed elsewhere. An expanding South American/UK MenW strain was distinct from the 'Hajj outbreak' strain and a closely related endemic South African strain. Recent MenC isolates from MSM in France and the UK were closely related but distinct.Conclusions: High resolution 'genomic' multilocus sequence typing is necessary to resolve and monitor the spread of diverse cc11 lineages globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades, the sprawling of urbanisation has resulted in the loss of natural habitats and in landscape fragmentation and thus represents one of the main causes of the erosion of biodiversity. Green spaces in urban areas help maintain ecological connectivity and provide ecosystem services to citizens. The impact of urban green spaces on the conservation of biodiversity and their contribution to ecological networks in urban areas have been studied. However, little is known about the area occupied by green spaces at business sites (GSBS) or about their organisation within the urban matrix and their possible contribution to the maintenance of functional connectivity at local and regional scales. This study analysed the evolution in the dynamics and locations of business sites over the past 30 years in the Ile-de-France region. Cartographic data allowed us to identify GSBS which spanned 8700 ha and represented 8% of the urban green spaces forming the herbaceous network. Using a graph theoretic modelling approach, we quantified the potential contribution of GSBS to regional connectivity. We demonstrated that GSBS did not add to connectivity in terms of total area but rather through the density of the links that these sites shared with other green spaces or via their strategic position in the network, i.e., their capacity to serve as stepping stones. The contribution of GSBS was greatest in suburban and pericentral sectors, where most business activities have been developed in the past 30 years and land resources remain available for green space development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article examines the causes and experience of field-crop specialization and its consequences for family farms. First of all, the article reviews the academic literature on family farming and shows how, far from hindering capitalist development, family farming has been a useful tool for public policy encouraging such development. It then proposes to look at family farming as a model which aggregates a set of social norms and practices which may to some extent be disconnected. The article is based on a qualitative case study carried out in northern Côte d'Or, France. It shows that in this area field-crop specialization results from a withdrawal of dairy, thus triggering a process of detachment with regard to certain characteristics of family farming. This initial disconnection is followed by other recombinations of links, creating the opportunity for several possible ways forward. Finally, the article analyzes the effects of specialization on farming in partnerships and farm management, emphasizing the decoupling of business from household, and management from field work. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the evolution of the Agence bibliographique de l'enseignement supérieur (Abes), a administrative institution serving French academic libraries. According to the author, the projects of the Abes include opening the libraries' data, developing the catalogs, and developing the acquisition of digital resources.

Abstract: The preservation of biodiversity, city-dwellers’ quality of life and equality are major issues in promoting sustainable cities. We chose to work at the built-up and much-valued heart of an agglomeration: Paris. We attempt to verify whether public semi-natural spaces with spontaneous vegetation and green frames provide ecosystem services to city-dwellers in an equitable way, and what is the role played by urban landscapes in this relation. Based upon existing datasets, a spatial and statistical analysis of relationships between public semi-natural spaces, urban landscapes and socioeconomic profiles of households was carried out. We compare their spatial patterns, which vary considerably. Mean income per vegetal and landscape cluster and correlations between income, ecological parameters and building density show complex and non-linear relationships. According to Multiple Correspondence Analysis, clusters of public semi-natural spaces, floristic richness and ecological diversity are associated with specific household socioeconomic profiles and landscape design. In the western built-up Haussmann districts inhabited by well-off households, public seminatural spaces provide low ecosystem services. Conversely, in the eastern and peripheral quarters where lower-income households live, public semi-natural spaces provide higher ecosystem services. It is not only well-off households which benefit from being close to urban parks and waterways. Blue and green frames cross districts inhabited by different household profiles. The implications of such results on inequalities between city-dwellers depends whether the presence of public semi-natural spaces actually improves their quality of life. These results are highly significant at a time when urban planners are putting the city''s Biodiversity Plan in place. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An 18-month-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat, domiciled in the southwest of France, was first presented having suffered for a few days from dysorexia and vomiting. Abdominal palpation revealed lymph node enlargement. Cytological examinations of a fine needle aspirate demonstrated granulomatous inflammation with many non-staining elements consistent with mycobacteria. Diagnosis was confirmed by culture and polymerase chain reaction and Mycobacterium avium subspecies was isolated. Treatment was initiated with marbofloxacin, rifampicin and cefoxitin. There was a rapid clinical improvement. The cat suddenly died 2 months later. The main hypothesis is the administration of an inappropriate combination therapy that leads to the development of mycobacterial resistance. A volvulus and acute peritonitis secondary to the significant enlargement of a mesenteric lymph node were present at necropsy. Histopathological analysis of mesenteric lymph node, liver and spleen revealed multicentric granulomatous and severely necrotic lesions with numerous Ziehl–Neelsen positive intracytoplasmic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologie du Travail is the property of Association pour le Developpement de la Sociologie du Travail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article the author discusses circumstances surrounding the 1812 publication of the book "Anatomie du gladiateur combattant, applicable aux beaux arts, ou, Traité des os, des muscles, du mécanisme des mouvemens, des proportions et des caractères du corps humain," by Jean-Galbert Salvage. A number of issues are examined including the functioning of the French government immediately following the French Revolution and the nature of patronage in post-Revolutionary France. A biography of Salvage is provided.

Copyright of Bulletin des bibliothèques de France is the property of ENSSIB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Left- and right-handers in humans coexist at least since the Paleolithic, and this variation in hand preference has a heritable basis. Because there is extensive evidence of an association between left-handedness and several fitness costs, the persistence of the polymorphism requires an explanation. It is not known whether the frequency of left-handedness in Western societies is stable or not. If the polymorphism is at equilibrium and maintained by frequency dependence, it implies that the fitness of left-handers equals that of right-handers. On the contrary, if left- and right-handers have a different fitness, the polymorphism will evolve. Using two large cohorts of French adults (men and women), we investigated the relations between handedness and several estimators of the reproductive value: marital status, number of sexual partners (of the opposite sex), number of children, and number of grandchildren. Left-handers seem to have disadvantages for some life-history traits, such as marital status (for women) and number of children. For other traits, we observed sex-dependent interactions with socioeconomic status: for high-income categories, left-handed women report less sex partners and left-handed men have more grandchildren. These kinds of interactions are to be expected under the hypothesis that the polymorphism of handedness is stable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Bulletin des bibliothèques de France is the property of ENSSIB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Française de Sociologie is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin des bibliothèques de France is the property of ENSSIB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A biography of Louis Rose is presented. Born in 1785 in France, Rose immigrated to live in Natchitoches, Louisiana before he was recruited by Haden Edwards in November 1826 for the Fredonia Rebellion. He is said to be the only one who decided to leave the Texan troops in the Alamo led by Colonel William Travis on March 3, 1836 when defeat was certain. Also explored are the accounts of his escape from enemy lines and the ignominy resulting from his abandonment of the troops.

The article discusses the conferences organized from September 27 to September 29, 2012 in Paris, France, about art collection in libraries in France. Themes include the access to art documentation in libraries, the digitization of library materials, and the website located at artlibraries.net, a virtual catalog for art history.

The article focuses on territorial competitive intelligence, or intelligence économique (IE). The author discusses the emergence of IE in France in 2003 based on the report titled "Intelligence économique, compétitivité et cohésion sociale," by Bernard Carayon. He notes how decentralization, the growing responsibilities of local governments, and the establishment of intercommunal cooperation (EPCI), which encourages regional governments to develop IE for the benefit of business enterprises.

The article discusses developments related to freedom of information in France, focusing on a new informational service, designed by the French public research organization Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), which is designed to help people protect their personal information. The service and its related legal obligations is called correspondant Informatique et libertés (CIL) and will be put to use in both the private and public domain in Frans. Other topics mentioned include the uses of CIL which include simplifying and formalizing administrative tasks, helping ensure ethical public and business transactions, and protecting sensitive information.

The pig is one of the main reservoirs of Yersinia enterocolitica strains pathogenic to humans. A description of the Y. enterocolitica population in this reservoir, and accurate discriminatory techniques for typing isolates are needed for prevention, outbreak investigation, and surveillance. This study investigates the genetic diversity of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates obtained from pig tonsils in a French pig slaughterhouse in 2009 (S1) and 2010 (S2). The use of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and MLVA as typing techniques was also compared and evaluated. First, a total of 167 isolates (12 of biotype 3 recovered during S1, and 155 of biotype 4 recovered during S1 and S2) were typed by PFGE using the XbaI enzyme. MLVA was then tested on all the biotype 3 isolates in addition to 70 selected biotype 4 isolates recovered over the 2 years. PFGE generated two specific XbaI-PFGE profiles for biotype 3 isolates. Nine XbaI profiles were obtained for biotype 4, with a higher diversity (ID = 0.599) than biotype 3 (ID = 0.167). Two out of the nine XbaI profiles were reported during both surveys and at different months. MLVA improved the differentiation between isolates; the index of diversity reached 0.621 and 0.958, respectively, for biotype 3 (three MLVA types) and biotype 4 (32 MLVA types). The MLVA types for biotype 4 differed over the two surveys, but some isolates with different MLVA types were genetically closely related. This study provides an initial evaluation of the genetic diversity of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from pigs in France. We show that some PFGE profiles are maintained in the pig production sector, and, through MLVA, that part of the Y. enterocolitica population remained genetically close over the two years. MLVA proved its effectiveness as a tool for investigating pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from pigs., (© 2018 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)