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1. Exploring the complexity and spectrum of racial/ethnic disparities in colon cancer management.

Author: Greenberg, Anya L, Brand, Nathan R, Zambeli-Ljepović, Alan, Barnes, Katherine E, Chiou, Sy Han, Rhoads, Kim F, Adam, Mohamed A, and Sarin, Ankit
Subjects: Humans, Colonic Neoplasms, Treatment Outcome, Databases, Factual, Health Services Accessibility, United States, Female, Male, Healthcare Disparities, Race Factors, Ethnicity, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Racial Groups, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, South Asian People, Southeast Asian People, East Asian People, Colon cancer, Colorectal surgery, Healthcare access, Racial disparities, Colo-Rectal Cancer, Prevention, Digestive Diseases, Cancer, Clinical Research, Good Health and Well Being, Public Health and Health Services, Sociology, Public Health
Abstract: BackgroundColorectal cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across U.S. racial/ethnic groups. Existing studies often focus on a particular race/ethnicity or single domain within the care continuum. Granular exploration of disparities among different racial/ethnic groups across the entire colon cancer care continuum is needed. We aimed to characterize differences in colon cancer outcomes by race/ethnicity across each stage of the care continuum.MethodsWe used the 2010-2017 National Cancer Database to examine differences in outcomes by race/ethnicity across six domains: clinical stage at presentation; timing of surgery; access to minimally invasive surgery; post-operative outcomes; utilization of chemotherapy; and cumulative incidence of death. Analysis was via multivariable logistic or median regression, with select demographics, hospital factors, and treatment details as covariates.Results326,003 patients (49.6% female, 24.0% non-White, including 12.7% Black, 6.1% Hispanic/Spanish, 1.3% East Asian, 0.9% Southeast Asian, 0.4% South Asian, 0.3% AIAE, and 0.2% NHOPI) met inclusion criteria. Relative to non-Hispanic White patients: Southeast Asian (OR 1.39, p
Published: 2023

2. Stress and Symptom Burden in Oncology Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Author: Miaskowski, Christine, Paul, Steven M, Snowberg, Karin, Abbott, Maura, Borno, Hala, Chang, Susan, Chen, Lee M, Cohen, Bevin, Hammer, Marilyn J, Kenfield, Stacey A, Kober, Kord M, Levine, Jon D, Pozzar, Rachel, Rhoads, Kim F, Van Blarigan, Erin L, and Van Loon, Katherine
Subjects: Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Neoplasms, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Pandemics, COVID-19, Symptoms, cancer, loneliness, social isolation, stress, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress, Psychological, symptoms, Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology
Abstract: ContextNo information is available on oncology patients' level of stress and symptom burden during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.ObjectivesTo evaluate for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, levels of social isolation and loneliness, and the occurrence and severity of common symptoms between oncology patients with low vs. high levels of COVID-19 and cancer-related stress. In addition, to determine which of these characteristics were associated with membership in the high-stressed group.MethodsPatients were 18 years and older; had a diagnosis of cancer; and were able to complete an online survey.ResultsOf the 187 patients in this study, 31.6% were categorized in the stressed group (Impact of Event Scale-Revised [score of ≥24]). Stressed group's Impact of Event Scale-Revised score exceeds previous benchmarks in oncology patients and equates with probable post-traumatic stress disorder. In this stressed group, patients reported occurrence rates for depression (71.2%), anxiety (78.0%), sleep disturbance (78.0%), evening fatigue (55.9%), cognitive impairment (91.5%), and pain (75.9%). Symptom severity scores equate with clinically meaningful levels for each symptom.ConclusionWe identified alarmingly high rates of stress and an extraordinarily high symptom burden among patients with cancer, exceeding those previously benchmarked in this population and on par with noncancer patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Given that the COVID-19 pandemic will likely impact cancer care for an indefinite period, clinicians must exhibit increased vigilance in their assessments of patients' level of stress and symptom burden. Moreover, an increase in referrals to appropriate supportive care resources must be prioritized for high-risk patients.
Published: 2020

3. Reply to M.H. Kanter et al

Author: Rhoads, Kim F, Patel, Manali I, Ma, Yifei, and Schmidt, Laura A
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Colonic Neoplasms, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated, Female, Health Services Research, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Male, Clinical Sciences, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Published: 2015

4. How Do Integrated Health Care Systems Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Colon Cancer?

Author: Rhoads, Kim F, Patel, Manali I, Ma, Yifei, and Schmidt, Laura A
Subjects: Digestive Diseases, Cancer, Clinical Research, Colo-Rectal Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Child, Child, Preschool, Colonic Neoplasms, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated, Ethnicity, Female, Health Care Reform, Health Services Research, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Insurance, Health, Male, Middle Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Quality of Health Care, Registries, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract: PurposeColorectal cancer (CRC) disparities have persisted over the last two decades. CRC is a complex disease requiring multidisciplinary care from specialists who may be geographically separated. Few studies have assessed the association between integrated health care system (IHS) CRC care quality, survival, and disparities. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to an IHS positively affects quality of care, risk of mortality, and disparities.Patients and methodsThis retrospective secondary-data analysis study, using the California Cancer Registry linked to state discharge abstracts of patients treated for colon cancer (2001 to 2006), compared the rates of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline-based care, the hazard of mortality, and racial/ethnic disparities in an IHS versus other settings.ResultsMore than 30,000 patient records were evaluated. The IHS had overall higher rates of adherence to NCCN guidelines. Propensity score-matched Cox models showed an independent and protective association between care in the IHS and survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.90). This advantage persisted across stage groups. Black race was associated with increased hazard of mortality in all other settings (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.27); however, there was no disparity within the IHS for any minority group (P > .11 for all groups) when compared with white race.ConclusionThe IHS delivered higher rates of evidence-based care and was associated with lower 5-year mortality. Racial/ethnic disparities in survival were absent in the IHS. Integrated systems may serve as the cornerstone for developing accountable care organizations poised to improve cancer outcomes and eliminate disparities under health care reform.
Published: 2015

5. Adequacy of Lymph Node Examination in Colorectal Surgery

Author: Rhoads, Kim F, Ackerson, Leland K, Ngo, Justine V, Gray-Hazard, Florette K, Subramanian, SV, and Dudley, R Adams
Subjects: Health Services and Systems, Health Sciences, Clinical Research, Cancer, Colo-Rectal Cancer, Digestive Diseases, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.4 Surgery, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Colon, Colonic Neoplasms, Colorectal Surgery, Female, Health Services Research, Humans, Lymph Nodes, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Quality Indicators, Health Care, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, colon cancer, lymph node examination, surgical quality, pay-for-performance, Public Health and Health Services, Applied Economics, Health Policy & Services, Applied economics, Health services and systems, Policy and administration
Abstract: BackgroundExamination of at least 12 lymph nodes (LNs) in the staging of colon cancer (CC) was recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network in 2000; however, rates of an adequate examination remain low. This study compares the impact of the hospital contextual variance against that of the operating surgeon on delivery of an adequate LN examination.Study designRetrospective analysis of California Cancer Registry data for all CC operations (2001-2006). Hierarchical models predicted the adequacy of LN examination as a function of patient, surgeon, and hospital characteristics. Models were created using penalized quasi-likelihood approximation with second order Taylor linearization as implemented in MLwiN 2.15.ResultsA total of 25,606 resections involving 3376 surgeons operating in 346 hospitals were analyzed. Half of cases had an adequate examination. Hierarchical models showed the median odds of an adequate examination associated with the hospital context [(MORhosp 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-2.2) was much higher than that associated with the surgeon (MORsurg 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.4)]. Hospital characteristics teaching and high volume predicted higher odds of an adequate examination. There was no association with hospital revenue.ConclusionsApproximately half of patients undergoing surgery for CC received an adequate LN examination. Hospital contextual factors had a stronger association with receipt of an adequate examination than surgeon factors. Our results suggest that quality improvement initiatives and incentives should be targeted at the hospital level to achieve the highest impact. Furthermore, we have identified nonteaching and low volume settings as rational targets for these efforts.
Published: 2013

6. Exploring the complexity and spectrum of racial/ethnic disparities in colon cancer management

Author: Anya L. Greenberg, Nathan R. Brand, Alan Zambeli-Ljepović, Katherine E. Barnes, Sy Han Chiou, Kim F. Rhoads, Mohamed A. Adam, and Ankit Sarin
Subjects: Male, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Health Services Accessibility, Databases, South Asian People, Sociology, Colorectal surgery, Clinical Research, Ethnicity, Humans, Racial disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Factual, American Indian or Alaska Native, Cancer, Asian, Health Policy, Prevention, Racial Groups, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, East Asian People, Southeast Asian People, Hispanic or Latino, Healthcare access, United States, Race Factors, Colon cancer, Colo-Rectal Cancer, Black or African American, Treatment Outcome, Good Health and Well Being, Colonic Neoplasms, Public Health and Health Services, Female, Public Health, Digestive Diseases
Abstract: Background Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across U.S. racial/ethnic groups. Existing studies often focus on a particular race/ethnicity or single domain within the care continuum. Granular exploration of disparities among different racial/ethnic groups across the entire colon cancer care continuum is needed. We aimed to characterize differences in colon cancer outcomes by race/ethnicity across each stage of the care continuum. Methods We used the 2010–2017 National Cancer Database to examine differences in outcomes by race/ethnicity across six domains: clinical stage at presentation; timing of surgery; access to minimally invasive surgery; post-operative outcomes; utilization of chemotherapy; and cumulative incidence of death. Analysis was via multivariable logistic or median regression, with select demographics, hospital factors, and treatment details as covariates. Results 326,003 patients (49.6% female, 24.0% non-White, including 12.7% Black, 6.1% Hispanic/Spanish, 1.3% East Asian, 0.9% Southeast Asian, 0.4% South Asian, 0.3% AIAE, and 0.2% NHOPI) met inclusion criteria. Relative to non-Hispanic White patients: Southeast Asian (OR 1.39, p p p p p = 0.05), Hispanic/Spanish (OR 1.05 p = 0.02), and Black (OR 1.05, p p p p p p = 0.05). Black patients had significantly higher cumulative incidence of death at every pathologic stage relative to non-Hispanic White patients when adjusting for non-modifiable patient factors (p Conclusions Non-White patients disproportionately experience advanced stage at presentation. Disparities for Black patients are seen across the entire colon cancer care continuum. Targeted interventions may be appropriate for some groups; however, major system-level transformation is needed to address disparities experienced by Black patients.
Published: 2023

7. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease

Author: Maron D. J., Hochman J. S., Reynolds H. R., Bangalore S., O'Brien S. M., Boden W. E., Chaitman B. R., Senior R., Lopez-Sendon J., Alexander K. P., Lopes R. D., Shaw L. J., Berger J. S., Newman J. D., Sidhu M. S., Goodman S. G., Ruzyllo W., Gosselin G., Maggioni A. P., White H. D., Bhargava B., Min J. K., John Mancini G. B., Berman D. S., Picard M. H., Kwong R. Y., Ali Z. A., Mark D. B., Spertus J. A., Krishnan M. N., Elghamaz A., Moorthy N., Hueb W. A., Demkow M., Mavromatis K., Bockeria O., Peteiro J., Miller T. D., Szwed H., Doerr R., Keltai M., Selvanayagam J. B., Gabriel Steg P., Held C., Kohsaka S., Mavromichalis S., Kirby R., Jeffries N. O., Harrell F. E., Rockhold F. W., Broderick S., Bruce Ferguson T., Williams D. O., Harrington R. A., Stone G. W., Rosenberg Y, ISCHEMIA Research Group: Joseph Ricci, A Tello Montoliu, A I Robero Aniorte, Abbey Mulder, Abhay A Laddu, Abhinav Goyal, Abhishek Dubey, Abhishek Goyal, Abigail Knighton, Abraham Oomman, Adam J Jaskowiak, Adam Kolodziej, Adam Witkowski, Adnan Hameed, Adriana Anesini, Afshan Hussain, Agne Juceviciene, Agne Urboniene, Agnes Jakal, Agnieszka Szramowska, Ahmad Khairuddin, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Ahmed Adel, Ahmed Aljzeeri, Ahmed Kamal, Ahmed Talaat, Aimee Mann, Aira Contreras, Ajit Kumar, V K Kumar, Akemi Furukawa, Akshay Bagai, Akvile Smigelskaite, Alain Furber, Alain Rheault, Alaine Melanie Loehr, Alan Rosen, Albert Varga, Albertina Qelaj, Alberto Barioli, Aldo Russo, Alec Moorman, Alejandro Gisbert, Aleksandra Fratczak, Aleksandras Laucevicius, Alena Kuleshova, Alessandro Sionis, Alexander A Sirker, Alexander M Chernyavskiy, Alexandra Craft, Alexandra Vazquez, Alexandre Ciappina Hueb, Alexandre S Colafranseschi, Alexandre Schaan de Quadros, Alexandre Tognon, Ali Alghamdi, Alice Manica Muller, Aline Nogueira Rabaça, Aline Peixoto Deiro, Alison Hallam, Allegra Stone, Allison Schley, Almudena Castro, Alvaro Rabelo Ales, Amanda Germann, Amanda O'Malley, Amar Uxa, Amarachi Ojajuni, Amarino C Oliveira Jr, Amber B Hull, Ambuj Roy, Amer Zarka, Amir Janmohamed, Ammani Brown, Ammy Malinay, Amparo Martinez Monzonis, Amy J Richards, Amy Iskandrian, Amy Ollinger, Ana D Djordjevic-Dikic, Ana Fernández Martínez, Ana Gomes Almeida, Ana Paula Batista, Ana Rita Francisco, Ana S Mladenovic, Ana Santana, Anam Siddiqui, Anastasia M Kuzmina-Krutetskaya, Andras Vertes, Andre S Sousa, Andre Gabriel, André Schmidt, Andrea M Lundeen, Andrea Bartykowszki, Andrea Lorimer, Andrea Mortara, Andrea Pascual, Andreia Coelho, Andreia Rocha, Andrés García-Rincón, Andrew G Howarth, Andrew J Moriarty, Andrew Docherty, Andrew Starovoytov, Andrew Zurick, Andrzej Łabyk, Andrzej Swiatkowski, Andy Lam, Anelise Kawakami, Angela Hoye, Angela Kim, Angelique Smit, Angelo Nobre, Anil V Shah, Anja Ljubez, Anjali Anand, Ankush Sachdeva, Ann Greenberg, Ann Luyten, Ann Ostrander, Anna Di Donato, Anna Cichocka-Radwan, Anna Fojt, Anna Plachcinska, Anna Proietti, Anna Teresinska, Anne Marie Webb, Anne Cartwright, Anne Heath, Anne Mackin, Anong Amaritakomol, Anong Chaiyasri, Anoop Chauhan, Anoop Mathew, Anthony Gemignani, Anto Luigi Andres, Antonia Vega, Antonietta Hansen, Antonino Ginel Iglesias, Antonio Carlos Carvalho, Antonio Di Chiara, Antonio Serra Peñaranda, Antonio Carvalho, Antonio Colombo, Antonio Fiarresga, Anupama Rao, Aquiles Valdespino-Estrada, Araceli Boan, Areef Ishani, Ariel Diaz, Arijit Ghosh, Arintaya Prommintikul, Arline Roberts, Arnold H Seto, Arnold P Good, Arshed Quyyumi, Arthur J Labovitz, Arthur Kerner, Arturo S Campos-Santaolalla, Arunima Misra, Ashok Mukherjee, Ashok Seth, Ashraf Seedhom, Asim N Cheema, Asker Ahmed, Atul Mathur, Atul Verma, Audrey W Leong, Axel Åkerblom, Axelle Fuentes, Aynun Naher, Badhma Valaiyapathi, Baljeet Kaur, Bandula Guruge, Barbara Brzezińska, Barbara Nardi, Bartosz Czarniak, Bebek Singh, Begoña Igual, Bela Merkely, Belen Cid Alvarez, Benjamin J Spooner, Benjamin J W Chow, Benjamin Cheong, Benoy N Shah, Bernard de Bruyne, Bernardas Valecka, Bernhard Jäger, Beth A Archer, Beth Abramson, Beth Jorgenson, Bethany Harvey, Betsy O'Neal, Bev Atkinson, Bev Bozek, Bevin Lang, Bijulal Sasidharan, Bin Yang, Bin Zhang, Binoy Mannekkattukudy Kurian, Bjoern Goebel, Bob Hu, Bogdan A Popescu, Bogdan Crnokrak, Bolin Zhu, Bonnie J Kirby, Brandi D Zimbelman, Brandy Starks, Branko D Beleslin, Brenda Hart, Brian P Shapiro, Brian McCandless, Brianna Wisniewski, Brigham R Smith, Brooks Mirrer, Bruce McManus, Bruce Rutkin, Bruna Edilena Paulino, Bruna Maria Ascoli, Bryn Smith, Byron J Allen, C Michael Gibson, C Noel Bairey Merz, Calin Pop, Cameron Hague, Camila Thais de Ormundo, Candace Gopaul, Candice P Edillo, Carísi A Polanczyk, Carita Krannila, Carla Vicente, Carl-Éric Gagné, Carlo Briguori, Carlos Peña Gil, Carlos Alvarez, Carly Ohmart, Carmen C Beladan, Carmen Ginghina, Carol M Kartje, Caroline Alsweiler, Caroline Brown, Caroline Callison, Caroline Pinheiro, Caroline Rodgers, Caroline Spindler, Carolyn Corbett, Carrie Drum, Casey Riedberger, Catherine Bone, Catherine Fleming, Catherine Gordon, Catherine Jahrsdorfer, Catherine Lemay, Catherine Weick, Cathrine Patten, Cecilia Goletto, Cezary Kepka, Chandini Suvarna, Chang Xu, Chantale Mercure, Charle A Viljoen, Charlene Wiyarand, Charles Jia-Yin Hou, Charles Y Lui, Charles Cannan, Charles Cornet, Charlotte Pirro, Chataroon Rimsukcharoenchai, Chen Wang, Cheng-Ting Tsai, Chen-Yen Chien, Cheryl A Allardyce, Chester M Hedgepeth, Chetan Patel, Chiara Attanasio, Chih-Hsuan Yen, Chi-Ming Chow, Ching Min Er, Ching-Ching Ong, Cholenahally Nanjappa Manjunath, Chris Beck, Chris Buller, Christel Vassaliere, Christian Hamm, Christiano Caldeira, Christie Ballantyne, Christina Björklund, Christine R Hinton, Christine Bergeron, Christine Masson, Christine Roraff, Christine Shelley, Christophe Laure, Christophe Thuaire, Christopher Kinsey, Christopher McFarren, Christopher Spizzieri, Christopher Travill, Chun-Chieh Liu, Chung-Lieh Hung, Chunguang Li, Chun-Ho Yun, Chunli Xia, Ciarra Heard, Cidney Schultz, Clare Venn-Edmonds, Claudia P Hochberg, Claudia Wegmayr, Claudia Cortés, Claudia Escobar, Cláudia Freixo, Claudio T Mesquita, Clemens T Kadalie, Colin Berry, Constance Philander, Corine Thobois, Costantino Costantini, Courtney Page, Craig Atkinson, Craig Barr, Craig Paterson, Cristina Bare, Cynthia Baumann, Cynthia Burman, Dalisa Espinosa, Damien Collison, Dan Deleanu, Dan Elian, Dan Gao, Dana Oliver, Daniel P Vezina, Daniel O'Rourke, Daniele Komar, Danielle Schade, Darrel P Francis, Dastan Malaev, David A Bull, David E Winchester, David P Faxon, David Booth, David Cohen, David DeMets, David Foo, David Schlichting, David Taggart, David Waters, David Wohns, Davis Vo, Dawid Teodorczyk, Dawn Shelstad, Dawn Turnbull, Dayuan Li, Dean Kereiakes, Deborah O'Neill, Deborah Yip, Debra K Johnson, Debra Dees, Deepak L Bhatt, Deepika Gopal, Deepti Kumar, Deirdre Mattina, Deirdre Murphy, Delano R Small, Delsa K Rose, Dengke Jiang, Denis Carl Phaneuf, Denise Braganza, Denise Fine, Derek Cyr, Desiree Tobin, Diana Cukali, Diana Parra, Diane Camara, Diane Minshall Liu, Diego Adrián Vences, Diego Franca de Cunha, Dimitrios Stournaras, Dipti Patel, Dongze Li, Donna Exley, Dorit Grahl, Dragana Stanojevic, Duarte Cacela, Dwayne S G Conway, E Pinar Bermudez, Eapen Punnoose, Edgar L Tay, Edgar Karanjah, Edoardo Verna, Eduardo Hernandez-Rangel, Edward D Nicol, Edward O McFalls, Edward T Martin, Edyta Kaczmarska, Ekaterina I Lubinskaya, Elena A Demchenko, Elena Refoyo Salicio, Eli Feen, Elihú Durán-Cortés, Elisabeth M Janzen, Elise L Hannemann, Elise van Dongen, Elissa Restelli Piloto, Eliza Kaplan, Elizabeta Srbinovska Kostovska, Elizabeth Capasso-Gulve, Elizabeth Congdon, Elizabeth Ferguson, Elizaveta V Zbyshevskaya, Ellen Magedanz, Ellie Fridell, Ellis W Lader, Elvin Kedhi, Emanuela Racca, Emilie Tachot, Emily DeRosa, Encarnación Alonso-Álvarez, Eric Nicollet, Eric Peterson, Erick Alexánderson Rosas, Erick Donato Morales, Erin Orvis, Ermina Moga, Estelle Montpetit, Estevao Figueiredo, Eugene Passamani, Eugenia Nikolsky, Eunice Yeoh, Evgeniy I Kretov, Ewa Szczerba, Ewelina Wojtala, Expedito Eustáquio Ribeiro Silva, F Marin Ortuño, Fabio R Farias, Fabio Fimiani, Fabrizio Rolfo, Fa-Chang Yu, Fadi Hage, Fadi Matar, Fahim Haider Jafary, Fang Feng, Fang Liu, Fatima Ranjbaran, Fatima Rodriguez, Fausto J Pinto, Fauzia Rashid, Federica Ramani, Fei Wang, Fernanda Igansi, Filipa Silva, Filippo Ottani, Fiona Haines, Firas Al Solaiman, Flávia Egydio, Flavio Lyra, Florian Egger, Fran Farquharson, Frances Laube, Francesc Carreras Costa, Francesca de Micco, Francesca Bianchini, Francesca Pezzetta, Francesca Pietrucci, Francesco Orso, Francesco Pisano, Francis Burt, Francisca Patuleia Figueiras, Francisco Fernandez-Aviles, Francois Pierre Mongeon, Frans Van de Werf, Franziska Guenther, Fraser N Witherow, Fred Mohr, Frederico Dall'Orto, Fumiyuki Otsuka, G De La Morena, G Karthikeyan, Gabor Dekany, Gabor Kerecsen, Gabriel Galeote, Gabriel Grossmann, Gabriel Vorobiof, Gabriela Sanchez de Souza, Gabriela Guzman, Gabriela Zeballos, Gabriele Gabrielli, Gabriele Jakl-Kotauschek, Gail A Shammas, Gail Brandt, Gang Chen, Gary E Lane, Gary J Luckasen, Gautam Sharma, Gelmina Mikolaitiene, Gennie Yee, Georg Nickenig, George E Revtyak, George J Juang, Gerald Fletcher, Gerald Leonard, Gerard Patrick Devlin, Gerard Esposito, Gergely Ágoston, Gervasio Lamas, Geza Fontos, Ghada Mikhail, Gia Cobb, Gian Piero Perna, Gianpiero Leone, Giles Roditi, Gilles Barone-Rochette, Girish Mishra, Giuseppe Tarantini, Glenda Wong, Glenn S Hamroff, Glenn Rayos, Gong Cheng, Gonzalo Barge-Caballero, Goran Davidović, Goran Stankovic, Gordana Stevanovic, Grace Jingyan Wang, Grace M Young, Graceanne Wayser, Graciela Scaro, Graham S Hillis, Graham Wong, Grazyna Anna Szulczyk, Gregor Simonis, Gregory Kumkumian, Gretchen Ann Peichel, Grzegorz Gajos, Gudrun Steinmaurer, Guilherme G Rucatti, Guilherme Portugal, Guilhermina Cantinho Lopes, Guillem Pons Lladó, Gunnar Frostfelt, Gurpreet S Wander, Gurpreet Gulati, Gustavo Pucci, Hafidz Abd Hadi, Haibo Zhang, Haitao Wang, Halina Marciniak, Han Chen, Hanan Kerr, Hani Najm, Hanna Douglas, Hannah Phillips, Hao Dai, Haojian Dong, Haqeel Jamil, Harikrishnan Sivadasanpillai, Harry Suryapranata, Hassan Reda, Hayley Pomeroy, Heather Barrentine, Heather Golden, Heather Hurlburt, Heidi Wilson, Helen C Tucker, Helene Abergel, Hemalata Siddaram, Hermine Osseni, Herwig Schuchlenz, Hesong Zeng, Hicham Skali, Hilda Solomon, Hollie Horton, Holly Hetrick, Holly Little, Holly Park, Hongjie Chi, Hossam Mahrous, Howard A Levite, Hristo Pejkov, Huajun Li, Hugo Bloise-Adames, Hugo Marques, Hui Zhong, Hui-Min Zhang, Humayrah Hashim, Hung-I Yeh, Hussien El Fishawy, Ian Webb, Iftikhar Kullo, Igor O Grazhdankin, Ihab Hamzeh, Ikraam Hassan, Ikuko Ueda, Ileana L Pina, Ilona Tamasauskiene, Ilse Bouwhuis, Imran Arif, Ina Wenzelburger, Inês Zimbarra Cabrita, Ines Rodrigues, Inga H Robbins, Inga Soveri, Ingela Schnittger, Iqbal Karimullah, Ira M Dauber, Iram Rehman, Irena Peovska Mitevska, Irene Marthe Lang, Irina Subbotina, Irma Kalibataite-Rutkauskiene, Irni Yusnida, Isabel Estela Carvajal, Isabella C Palazzo, Isabelle Hogan, Isabelle Roy, Ishba Syed, Ishita Tejani, Ivan A Naryshkin, Ivana Jankovic, Iwona Niedzwiecka, J David Knight, Jacek Kusmierek, Jackie M White, Jackie Chow, Jacob Udell, Jacqueline E Tamis-Holland, Jacqueline Fannon, Jacquelyn A Quin, Jacquelyn Do, Jaekyeong Heo, Jakub Maksym, James E Davies, James H O'Keefe Jr, James J Jang, James Cha, James Harrison, James Hirsch, James Stafford, James Tatoulis, Jamie Rankin, Jan Henzel, Jan Orga, Jana Tancredi, Janaina Oliveira, Jane Burton, Jane Eckstein, Jane Marucci, Janet P Knight, Janet Blount, Janet Halliday, Janetta Kourzenkova, Janitha Raj, Jan-Malte Sinning, Jaqueline Pozzibon, Jaroslaw Drozdz, Jaroslaw Karwowski, Jason D Glover, Jason Loh Kwok, Jason T Call, Jason Linefsky, Jassira Gomes, Jati Anumpa, Javier J Garcia, Javier Courtis, Jay Meisner, K Jayakumar, Jayne Scales, Jean E Denaro, Jean Michel Juliard, Jean Ho, Jeanette K Stansborough, Jean-Michel Juliard, Jeanne Russo, Jeannette J M Schoep, Jeet Thambyrajah, Jeff Leimberger, Jeffery A Breall, Jeffrey A Kohn, Jeffrey C Milliken, Jeffrey Anderson, Jeffrey Blume, Jeffrey Kanters, Jeffrey Lorin, Jeffrey Moses, Jelena J Stepanovic, Jelena Celutkiene, Jelena Djokic, Jelena Stojkovic, Jenne M Jose, Jenne Manchery, Jennifer A Mull, Jennifer H Czerniak, Jennifer L Stanford, Jennifer Gillis, Jennifer Horst, Jennifer Isaacs, Jennifer Langdon, Jennifer Thomson, Jennifer Tomfohr, Jennifer White, Jen-Yuan Kuo, Jeremy Rautureau, Jerome Fleg, Jessica Berg, Jessica Rodriguez, Jessica Waldron, Jhina Patro, Jia Li, Jiajia Mao, Jiamin Liu, Jian'an Wang, Jianhua Li, Jianxin Zhang, Jie Qi, Jihyun Lyo, Jill Marcus, Jim Blankenship, Jing Zhang, Jingjing Liu, Jing-Yao Fan, Jiun-Yi Li, Jiwan Pradhan, Jiyan Chen, J M Rivera Caravaca, Jo Evans, Joan Garcia Picart, Joan Hecht, Joanna Jaroch, Joanna Zalewska, Joanne Kelly, Joanne Taaffe, João Reynaldo Abbud, João V Vitola, Joaquín V Peñafiel, Jocelyne Benatar, Jody Bindeman, Joe Sabik, Joel Klitch, Johann Christopher, Johannes Aspberg, John D Friedman, John F Beltrame, John F Heitner, John Joseph Graham, John R Davies, John Doan, John Kotter, John Kurian, John Mukai, John Pownall, Jolanta Sobolewska, Jon Kobashigawa, Jonathan L Goldberg, Jonathan W Bazeley, Jonathan Byrne, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Jonathan Leipsic, Jonean Thorsen, Jorge F Trejo Gutierrez, Jorge Escobedo, Jorik Timmer, José A Ortega-Ramírez, José Antonio Marin-Neto, Jose D Salas, Jose Enrique Castillo, Jose Francisco Saraiva, José J Cuenca-Castillo, Jose L Diez, José Luis Narro Villanueva, José Luiz da Vieira, José M Flores-Palacios, Jose Ramon Gonzalez, Jose Seijas Amigo, Jose Fragata, Josep Maria Padró, Josheph F X McGarvey Jr, Joseph Hannan, Joseph Sacco, Joseph Sweeny, Joseph Wiesel, Josephine D Abraham, Joshua P Loh, Joy Burkhardt, Joyce R White, Joyce Riestenberg-Smith, Judit Sebo, Judith L Meadows, Judith Wright, Judy Mae Foltz, Judy Hung, Judy Otis, Juergen Stumpf, Jui-Peng Tsai, Julia S Dionne, Julia de Aveiro Morata, Julie Bunke, Julie Morrow, Julio César Figal, Jun Fujita, Jun Jiang, Junhua Li, Junqing Yang, Juntima Euathrongchit, Jyotsna Garg, K Manjula Rani, K Preethi, Kaatje Goetschalckx, Kai Eggers, Kamalakar Surineni, Kanae Hirase, T R Kapilamoorthy, Karen Calfas, Karen Gratrix, Karen Hallett, Karen Hultberg, Karen Nugent, Karen Petrosyan, Karen Swan, Karolina Kryczka, Karolina Wojtczak-Soska, Karolina Wojtera, Karsten Lenk, Karthik Ramasamy, Katarzyna Łuczak, Katarzyna Malinowska, Kate Pointon, Kate Robb, Katherine Martin, Kathleen Claes, Kathryn Carruthers, Kathy E Siegel, Katia Drouin, Katie Fowler-Lehman, Kavita Rawat, Kay Rowe, Keiichi Fukuda, Keith A A Fox, Ken Mahaffey, Kendra Unterbrink, Kenneth Giedd, Kerrie Van Loo, Kerry Lee, Kerstin Bonin, Kevin R Bainey, Kevin T Harley, Kevin Anstrom, Kevin Chan, Kevin Croce, Kevin Landolfo, Kevin Marzo, Keyur Patel, Khaled Abdul-Nour, Khaled Alfakih, Khaled Dajani, Khaled Ziada, Khaula Baloch, Khrystyna Kushniriuk, Kian-Keong Poh, Kim F Ireland, Kim Holland, Kimberly Ann Byrne, Kimberly E Halverson, Kimberly Elmore, Kimberly Miller-Cox, Kiran Reddy, Kirsten J Quiles, Kirsty Abercrombie, Klaus Matschke, Konrad Szymczyk, Koo Hui Chan, Kotiboinna Preethi, Kozhaya Sokhon, Krissada Meemuk, Kristian Thygesen, Kristin M Salmi, Kristin Newby, Kristina Wippler, Kristine Arges, Kristine Teoh, Krystal Etherington, Krystyna Łoboz-Grudzień, Krzysztof W Reczuch, Krzysztof Bury, Krzysztof Drzymalski, Krzysztof Kukuła, Kuo-Tzu Sung, Kurt Huber, Ladda Douangvila, Lance Sullenberger, Larissa Miranda Trama, Laszlone Matics, Laura Drew, Laura Flint, Laura 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Luiz A Carvalho, Luyang Xiong, Lynette L Teo, Lynn M Neeson, Lynne Winstanley, M Barbara Srichai-Parsia, M Quintana Giner, M Sowjanya Reddy, M Valdés Chávarri, M Grazia Rossi, Maarten Simoons, Maayan Konigstein, Maciej Lesiak, Maciej Olsowka, Mafalda Selas, Magalie Corfias, Magdalena Madero Rovalo, Magdalena Łanocha, Magdalena Miller, Magdalena Misztal-Teodorczyk, Magdalena Rantinella, Magdy Abdelhamid, Magnolia Jimenez, Mahboob Alam, Mahevamma Mylarappa, Mahfouz El Shahawy, Mahmoud Mohamed, Mahmud Al-Bustami, Majo X Joseph, Malgorzata Frach, Małgorzta Celińska-Spodar, Malte Helm, Manas Chacko, Mandy Murphy, Manitha Vinod, Manjula Rani, Manu Dhawan, Manuela Mombelli, Marcel Weber, Marcello Galvani, Marcelo Jamus Rodrigues, Marcia F Dubin, Marcia F Werner Bayer, Marcin Szkopiak, Marco Antonio Monsalve, Marco Bizzaro Santos, Marco Magnoni, Marco Marini, Marco Sicuro, Marco Zenati, Marcos Valério Coimbra Resende, Marek Roik, Margalit Bentzvi, Margaret Gilsenan, Margaret Iraola, Margot C 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Hayes, Sebastian Sobczak, Senait Asier, Sergey A Sayganov, Seth I Sokol, Shaheen Pandie, Shaiful Azmi Yahaya, Shamir Mehta, Shao-Ping Nie, Sharad Chandra, Sharder Islam, Sharon Tai, Sheetal Rupesh Karwa, Sheri Ussery, Sheromani Bajaj, Sherron C Crook, Shigeyuki Nishimura, Shintaro Nakano, Shirin Heydari, Shiv Kumar Choudhary, Shivali Patel, Shobana Ganesan, Shruti Pandey, Shuyang Zhang, Shweta Hande, Siddharth Gadage, Sik-Yin V Tan, Silvia Zottis Poletti, Silvia Riera, Silvia Valbuena, Simon Walsh, Simona Maspoli, Simone Savaris, Si-Ting Feng, So Yang Cho, Solomon Yakubov, Songlin Zhu, Songtao Wang, Sonia Guerrero, Sonika Gupta, Sonja Salinger Martinovic, Sonya Brons, Sorin Brener, Sothinathan Gurunathan, Souheil Saba, Soundarya Nayak, Sowjanya Reddy, Srinivasa Potluri, Sriram Sudarshan, Srun Kuanprasert, Stacie Van Oosterhout, Stamatios Lerakis, Stanley E Cobos, Stefan C Bertog, Stefan M Simović, Stefan Weikl, Stefano Di Marco, Stefano Provasoli, Stephanie A Tirado, Stephanie C Boer, Stephanie M Lane, Stephanie Ferket, Stephanie Kelly, Stephanie Wasmiller, Stephen H McKellar, Stephen P Hoole, Stephen Fremes, Stephen Preston, Steve Leung, Steven A Fein, Steven J Lindsay, Steven P Sedlis, Steven Giovannone, Steven Michael, Steven Weitz, Stijn van Vugt, Subhash Banerjee, Sudhir Naik, Suellen Hosino, Sukie Desire, Sukit Yamwong, Suku T Thambar, Sulagna Mookherjee, Suman Singh, Sundeep Mishra, Sunil Kumar Verma, Supap Kulthawong, Supatchara Khwakhong, Surendra Naik, Suresh Babu, Surin Woragidpoonpol, Suryaprakash Narayanappa, Susan Derbyshire, Susan Gent, Susan Mathus, Susan Milbrandt, Susan Moore, Susan Regan, Susan Stinson, Susan Webber, Susana Silva, Susanna Stevens, Susanne Gruensfelder, Suthara Aramcharoen, Suvarna Kolhe, Suzana Tavares, Suzanne Arnold, Suzanne Welsh, Svetlana Apostolovic, Swapna Kunhunny, Ta-Chuan Hung, Taissa Zappernick, Tali Sharir, Talita Silva, Tamara Colaiácovo Soares, Tapan Umesh Pillay, Tarun K Mittal, Tatiana Trifonova, Tauane Bello Duarte, Tauqir Huk, Téodora Dutoiu, Terrance Chua, Terry Weyand, Thabitha Charles, Theodoros Kofidis, Theresa McCreary, Thierry Lefevre, Thippeekaa Arumairajah, Thitipong Tepsuwan, Thomas J Mulhearn, Thomas M Meyer, Thomas P Rocco, Thomas R Downes, Thomas Crain, Thomas Haldis, Thomas Mathew, Thomas Redick, Thounaojam Indira Devi, Thuraia Nageh, Tia Cauthren, Tiago Silva, Tiffany Little, Tijana Andric, Tina Harding, Titus Lau, Tiziana Formisano, Tiziano Moccetti, Tomasz Ciurus, Tomasz Mazurek, Tomasz Tarchalski, Toshiyuki Nagai, Tri Tran, Tricia Youn, Trish Tucker, Trudie Milner, Tuhina Bose, Tushar Kotecha, Udo Sechtem, Uma S Valeti, Umberto Cucchini, Umesh Badami, Upendra Kaul, V K Bahl, V S Narain, Valentina Casali, Valeria Godoy, Valerie Robesyn, Vamshi P Priya, Vandana Yadav, Vera McKinney, Veronica De Lenges, Veronica Tinnirello, Vicente Miro, Victor Navarro, Victoria Gumerova, Victoria Hernandez, Vidya Seeratan, Vijay Kumar, Vikentiy Y Kozulin, Viktoria Bulkley, Vilmar Veiga Jr, Vincent Setang, C P Vineeth, Virginai Pubull Nuñez, Virginia Fernández-Figares, Vitor Gomes, Viviana Gabriel, Viviane Dos Santos, Viviane Almeida, Vlad A Iliescu, Vladan Mudrenovic, Vladimir Dzavik, Vojislav L Giga, Walter Enrique Mogrovejo, Wan Xian Chan, Wanda C Marfori, Wanda Parker, Warangkana Mekara, Wassim Nona, Wayne Old, Wayne Pennachi, Weerachai Nawarawong, Wei Chen, Wei Su, Weibing Xing, Wei-Ren Lan, Wenda Crawford, Wendy L Stewart, Wendy Drewes, Wenhua Lin, William B Abernethy, William D Salerno, William F Fearon, William Vergoni, William Weintraub, Winnie C Sia, Wlodzimierz J Musial, Xacobe Flores-Ríos, Xavier Garcia-Moll Marimon, Xi Su, Xiang Ma, Xiangqiong Gu, Xiao Wang, Xiaomei Li, Xiaowei Yao, Xin Fu, Xin Su, Xin Zeng, Xinchun Yang, Xiuhong Li, Xuehua Fang, Xutong Wang, Yaming Geng, Yan Yan, Yanek Pépin-Dubois, Yanfu Wang, Yang Wang, Yanmeng Tian, Yaping Huang, Yechen Han, Yesenia Zambrano, Yi-Hsuan Yang, Ying Tung Sia, Yining Yang, Yitong Ma, Yolayfi Peralta, Yongjian Wu, Yu Kunwu, Yu Zhao, Yudong Peng, Yueh-Hung Lin, Yulan Zhao, Yumei Dong, Yunhai Zhao, Yutthaphan Wannasopha, Yvonne Taul, Zakir Sahul, Zalina Kudzoeva, Zbigniew Kalarus, Zeljko Z Markovic, Zhen Huang, Zheng Ji, Zhenyu Liu, Zhou Yue, Zhulin Zhang, Zhuxi Li, Zile Singh Meharwal, Ziliang Bai, Zixiang Yu, Zohra Huda, Zoltan Davidovits
Subjects: Male, Cardiac Catheterization, Computed Tomography Angiography, medicine.medical_treatment, Myocardial Ischemia, Coronary Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Coronary Angiography, ISCHEMIA Research Group, law.invention, Angina, Coronary artery disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Revascularization, 030212 general & internal medicine, Coronary Artery Bypass, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Cardiac catheterization, General Medicine, Middle Aged, humanities, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiology, Female, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Ischemia, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Geriatric cardiology, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Angina, Unstable, Aged, business.industry, Coronary Artery Bypa, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Bayes Theorem, medicine.disease, Heart failure, Quality of Life, business
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS: We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS: Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, -1.8 percentage points; 95% CI, -4.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; ISCHEMIA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01471522.).
Published: 2020
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8. Breast milk n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood pressure

Author: Barbara Heude, Alet H. Wijga, Ken D. Stark, Hans Bisgaard, Signe Bruun, Rebecca K. Vinding, Kim F. Michaelsen, Klaus Bønnelykke, Henriette Boye Kyhl, Henriette A. Smit, Carel Thijs, Steffen Husby, Lenie van Rossem, Martine Armand, Jonathan Y. Bernard, Lotte Lauritzen, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Odense University Hospital (OUH), Epidémiologie cardiovasculaire et métabolique, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Maastricht University [Maastricht], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Netherlands Heart Foundation (Grant no. 2013T025), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Odense University Hospital, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University [Maastricht]-School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Epidemiologie, RS: CAPHRI - R5 - Optimising Patient Care, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Armand, Martine
Subjects: Male, LACTATION, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Breastfeeding, CHILDHOOD, Medicine (miscellaneous), Physiology, HEART-RATE, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Breast milk, FISH-OIL SUPPLEMENTATION, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, LATER LIFE, Lactation, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Faculty of Science, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Fatty acids, Children, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nutrition and Dietetics, Milk, Human, business.industry, food and beverages, Original Contribution, ARACHIDONIC-ACID, DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID, PREVENTION, [SDV.AEN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Breast Feeding, Blood pressure, medicine.anatomical_structure, PREGNANCY, chemistry, Docosahexaenoic acid, Meta-analysis, Cohort, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, INFANCY, Female, business, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: Purpose It is controversial whether a higher intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA) through breastfeeding is associated or not to a lower blood pressure (BP) during childhood. We aimed to clarify this point by undertaking a meta-analysis involving the data from seven European birth cohorts. Methods We searched https://www.birthcohort.net for studies that had collected breast milk samples, and had at least one BP measurement in childhood. Principal investigators were contacted, and all agreed to share data. One additional study was identified by contacts with the principal investigators. For each cohort, we analyzed the association of breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs with systolic and diastolic BP with linear mixed effects models or linear regression, and pooled the estimates with a random effects model. We also investigated age-specific and sex-specific associations. Results A total of 2188 participants from 7 cohorts were included. Overall, no associations between breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs and BP were observed. In the pooled analysis, each 0.1 wt% increment in breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was associated with a 1.19 (95% CI − 3.31, 0.94) mmHg lower systolic BP. Associations were similar for boys and girls and at different ages. Conclusion In this individual participant meta-analysis, we found no evidence for an association between breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs and BP.
Published: 2021
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9. Lifestyle Intervention in Pregnant Women With Obesity Impacts Cord Blood DNA Methylation, Which Associates With Body Composition in the Offspring

Author: Charlotte Ling, Kristina M Renault, Emma Malchau Carlsen, Mads Vendelbo Lind, Kirsten Nørgaard, Josefine Jönsson, Angela C. Estampador, Kim F. Michaelsen, Alexander Perfilyev, Allan Vaag, Paul W. Franks, Line Hjort, and Sonia García-Calzón
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Offspring, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Adipose tissue, Physiology, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Disease, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Lifestyle intervention, Internal Medicine, Medicine, Birth Weight, Humans, Epigenetics, Obesity, Exercise, Life Style, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, DNA Methylation, medicine.disease, Fetal Blood, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Cord blood, DNA methylation, Lean body mass, Body Composition, Female, Pregnant Women, business, Obesity Studies
Abstract: Maternal obesity may lead to epigenetic alterations in the offspring and might thereby contribute to disease later in life. We investigated whether a lifestyle intervention in pregnant women with obesity is associated with epigenetic variation in cord blood and body composition in the offspring. Genome-wide DNA methylation was analyzed in cord blood from 208 offspring from the TOP-study, which includes pregnant women with obesity randomized to lifestyle interventions comprised of physical activity with or without dietary advice versus controls (standard of care). DNA methylation was altered at 379 sites, annotated to 370 genes, in cord blood from offspring of mothers following a lifestyle intervention versus controls (FDRDISC1, GBX2, HERC2 and HUWE1, partially mediates the effect of the lifestyle intervention on lean mass in the offspring (FDRp lifestyle interventions in pregnant women with obesity are associated with epigenetic changes in offspring, potentially influencing the offspring’s lean mass and early growth.
Published: 2021

10. Thymus size and its correlates among children admitted with severe acute malnutrition: a cross-sectional study in Uganda

Author: Maria Wiese, Nicolette Nabukeera-Barungi, Musemma K Mohammed, Benedikte Grenov, Kim F. Michaelsen, Vibeke Brix Christensen, Henrik Friis, Ezekiel Mupere, Dennis Sandris Nielsen, Hanifa Namusoke, Christian Mølgaard, Betty Lanyero, and Maren Johanne Heilskov Rytter
Subjects: Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Referral, Cross-sectional study, Severe Acute Malnutrition, Breastfeeding, Thymus Gland, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Atrophy, Size, Ultrasound, Faculty of Science, Humans, Medicine, Uganda, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Children, business.industry, Malnutrition, lcsh:RJ1-570, Infant, lcsh:Pediatrics, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Thymus, Cross-Sectional Studies, Severe acute malnutrition, Child, Preschool, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, business, Research Article
Abstract: Background Malnutrition continues to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity among children in resource limited settings. Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) experience severe thymus atrophy, possibly reflecting poor immune function. This immune dysfunction is responsible for the severe infections they experience which lead to mortality. Since their immune dysfunction is not fully understood and there has been a lapse in research in this field, more research is needed. Knowing the correlates of thymus size may help clinicians identify those with more severe atrophy who might have more severe immune impairment. We aimed to describe thymus size and its correlates at admission among children hospitalized with SAM. Methods This cross-sectional study involved children 6-59 months admitted with complicated SAM in Mulago National Referral Hospital. Well-nourished children from same communities were used as a community reference group for thymus size. At admission, thymus size was measured by ultrasound scan. Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were identified at admission. A linear regression model was used to determine correlates of thymus size among children with SAM. Results Among 388 children with SAM, the mean age was 17±8.5 months and 58% were boys. The mean thymus size was 3.14 (95% CI 2.9; 3.4) cm2 lower than that of the 27 healthy community reference children (1.06 vs 4.2 cm2, p 2 weeks duration of sickness (-0.10; 95% CI -0.19; -0.01). Conclusion The thymus is indeed a barometer for nutrition since all anthropometric measurements and breastfeeding were associated with bigger thymus. The immune benefits of breastfeeding among children with SAM is underscored. Children with longer duration of illness had a smaller thymus gland indicating that infections have a role in the cause or consequence of thymus atrophy.
Published: 2021
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11. Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Is Positively Associated with Growth and Cognition in 6- to 9-Year-Old Schoolchildren from Ghana

Author: Benedikte Grenov, Anja Serena, Kim F. Michaelsen, Anni Larnkjær, Reginald Lee, Mark J. Manary, and Christian Mølgaard
Subjects: Male, Rural Population, Milk intake, medicine.medical_treatment, Medicine (miscellaneous), Growth, Ghana, law.invention, Insulin-like growth factor, Cognition, Animal science, Double-Blind Method, Randomized controlled trial, law, medicine, Animals, Humans, Amino Acids, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Child, Nutrition and Dietetics, Milk protein, business.industry, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, food and beverages, Milk Proteins, Milk, Rice protein, Dietary Supplements, Body Composition, Female, Dried Blood Spot Testing, business, Linear growth
Abstract: BACKGROUND Milk intake stimulates linear growth and improves cognition in children from low-income countries. These effects may be mediated through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the effect of milk supplement on circulating IGF-1 and to assess IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition in children. METHODS Secondary data on blood spot IGF-1 from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 6-9-y-old children from rural Ghana were analyzed. Intervention groups received porridge with non-energy-balanced supplements: 8.8 g milk protein/d, 100 kcal/d (Milk8); 4.4 g milk and 4.4 g rice protein/d, 100 kcal/d (Milk/rice); 4.4 g milk protein/d, 48 kcal/d (Milk4); or a control (no protein, 10 kcal/d). IGF-1, length, body composition, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were measured at 3.5 or 8.5 mo. Linear regressions were used to assess the effect of milk interventions on IGF-1 and IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition. RESULTS The increase in IGF-1 was 15.3 (95% CI: 3.3, 27.3) ng/mL higher in children receiving Milk8 compared with the control. The IGF-1 increases in the isonitrogenous, isoenergetic Milk/rice or the Milk4 groups were not different from the control (P ≥ 0.49). The increase in IGF-1 was associated with improvements in 4 out of 5 CANTAB domains. The strongest associations included reductions in "mean correct latency" from Pattern Recognition Memory and "pre-extradimensional (pre-ED) shift errors" from Intra/Extradimensional Set Shift (P ≤ 0.005). In addition, change in IGF-1 was positively associated with changes in height, weight, and fat-free mass (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intake of skimmed milk powder corresponding to one, but not half a glass of milk on school days stimulates IGF-1 in 6-9-y-old Ghanian children. IGF-1 seems to mediate the effect of milk intake on growth and cognition. The association between IGF-1 and cognition in relation to milk intake is novel and opens possibilities for dietary interventions to improve cognition.
Published: 2020
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12. Birthweight z-score and fat-free mass at birth predict body composition at 3 years in Danish children born from obese mothers

Author: Nanna R. Berglund, Jack I. Lewis, Kim F. Michaelsen, Christian Mølgaard, Kristina M. Renault, and Emma M. Carlsen
Subjects: Bioelectrical impedance analysis, Offspring body composition, Fat mass, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Denmark, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Mothers, General Medicine, Body Mass Index, Fat-free mass, Absorptiometry, Photon, Maternal obesity, Child, Preschool, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Faculty of Science, Body Composition, Electric Impedance, Birth Weight, Humans, Female, Obesity, Child, human activities
Abstract: Aim: We investigated associations between newborn body composition and anthropometry and body composition at 3 years in Danish children born from obese mothers.Methods: Analyses are based on data from the observational cohort study SKOT II (SKOT; small children's diet and wellbeing (Danish)). Body composition at birth and at 3 years was assessed by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), respectively. Multiple linear regression models were applied to determine associations between newborn body composition and anthropometry and body composition at 3 years.Results: Birthweight z-score (BWZ) was positively associated with fat-free mass (FFM), height, fat-free mass index (FFMI), fat mass (FM) and fat mass index (FMI) at 3 years. Newborn FFM was positively associated with FFM, height, FFMI and FM at 3 years and positive trends were seen between newborn FM and FM and FMI at 3 years.Conclusion: We showed that infants born with a higher BWZ go on to be taller at 3 years. They also grow to be heavier, to which FM and FFM both contribute, independently of linear growth. Additionally, it seems that FFM tracks into early childhood, thus supporting intrauterine programming of later health.
Published: 2022
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13. Abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: a Mendelian randomization analysis

Author: Tenna Ruest Haarmark Nielsen, Anni Larnkjær, Mika Kähönen, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen, Timo A. Lakka, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen, Germán D. Carrasquilla, Cilius Esmann Fonvig, Niels Grarup, Anna Viitasalo, Mustafa Atalay, Mette Hollensted, Theresia M. Schnurr, Jens-Christian Holm, Sami Heikkinen, Mads Vendelbo Lind, Katja Pahkala, Christine Frithioff-Bøjsøe, Kim F. Michaelsen, Niina Pitkänen, Olli T. Raitakari, and Terho Lehtimäki
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Medicine (miscellaneous), Blood lipids, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Coronary Artery Disease, Type 2 diabetes, Overweight, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Waist–hip ratio, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Mendelian randomization, Faculty of Science, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Allele, Child, Children, Triglycerides, Adiposity, Nutrition and Dietetics, Waist-Hip Ratio, business.industry, Waist-to-hip ratio, Abdominal adiposity, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, ALSPAC, Cardiovascular disease risk, medicine.disease, Obesity, Cardiometabolic risk, 3. Good health, Original Research Communications, Meta-analysis, Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Child, Preschool, Female, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Background: Mendelian randomization studies in adults suggest that abdominal adiposity is causally associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease in adults, but its causal effect on cardiometabolic risk in children remains unclear.Objective: We aimed to study the causal relation of abdominal adiposity with cardiometabolic risk factors in children by applying Mendelian randomization.Methods: We constructed a genetic risk score (GRS) using variants previously associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI) and examined its associations with cardiometabolic factors by linear regression and Mendelian randomization in a meta-analysis of 6 cohorts, including 9895 European children and adolescents aged 3-17 y.Results: WHRadjBMI GRS was associated with higher WHRadjBMI (β = 0.021 SD/allele; 95% CI: 0.016, 0.026 SD/allele; P = 3 × 10-15) and with unfavorable concentrations of blood lipids (higher LDL cholesterol: β = 0.006 SD/allele; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.011 SD/allele; P = 0.025; lower HDL cholesterol: β = -0.007 SD/allele; 95% CI: -0.012, -0.002 SD/allele; P = 0.009; higher triglycerides: β = 0.007 SD/allele; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.012 SD/allele; P = 0.006). No differences were detected between prepubertal and pubertal/postpubertal children. The WHRadjBMI GRS had a stronger association with fasting insulin in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity (β = 0.016 SD/allele; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.032 SD/allele; P = 0.037) than in those with normal weight (β = -0.002 SD/allele; 95% CI: -0.010, 0.006 SD/allele; P = 0.605) (P for difference = 0.034). In a 2-stage least-squares regression analysis, each genetically instrumented 1-SD increase in WHRadjBMI increased circulating triglycerides by 0.17 mmol/L (0.35 SD, P = 0.040), suggesting that the relation between abdominal adiposity and circulating triglycerides may be causal.Conclusions: Abdominal adiposity may have a causal, unfavorable effect on plasma triglycerides and potentially other cardiometabolic risk factors starting in childhood. The results highlight the importance of early weight management through healthy dietary habits and physically active lifestyle among children with a tendency for abdominal adiposity.
Published: 2019
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14. Correlates of Gut Function in Children Hospitalized for Severe Acute Malnutrition, a Cross-sectional Study in Uganda

Author: Dennis Sandris Nielsen, Maria Wiese, Nicolette N Barungi, Pingping Jiang, Hanne Frøkiær, Benedikte Grenov, Betty Lanyero, Christian Mølgaard, Maren Jh Rytter, Henrik Friis, Ezekiel Mupere, Kim F. Michaelsen, Musemma K. Muhammed, Hanifa Namusoke, Hannah Pesu, and Vibeke Brix Christensen
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Malabsorption, Cross-sectional study, Severe Acute Malnutrition, Neopterin, Gastroenterology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Malabsorption Syndromes, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, 030225 pediatrics, Internal medicine, Edema, Citrulline, Humans, Medicine, Uganda, Feces, Candida, Peroxidase, business.industry, Case-control study, Infant, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, chemistry, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, medicine.symptom, business, Child, Hospitalized, Biomarkers
Abstract: Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) may have impaired intestinal function, which can result in malabsorption, diarrhoea, and poor growth. This study evaluated the gut function of children with SAM using fecal and blood biomarkers and assessed their correlates.A cross-sectional study, nested in a randomized trial (www.isrctn.com, ISRCTN 16454889), was conducted at Mulago hospital, Uganda among subgroups of 400 children with complicated SAM and 30 community controls. Gut function was evaluated by 5 biomarkers: plasma citrulline, fecal myeloperoxidase and fecal neopterin, bacterially derived 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed Spacer region (ITS) specific for Candida spp. in blood.Compared with controls, children with SAM had lower median plasma citrulline (5.14 vs 27.4 μmol/L, P 0.001), higher median fecal myeloperoxidase (18083 vs 7482 ng/mL, P = 0.001), and fecal neopterin (541 vs 210 nmol/L, P 0.001). A higher blood concentration of 16S rRNA gene copy numbers was observed among children with SAM (95 vs 28 copies/μl, P = 0.05), whereas there was no difference in the blood concentration of Candida-specific ITS fragment.Among those with SAM, plasma citrulline was lower in children with edema, diarrhoea, dermatosis, and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP)10 mg/L. Fecal neopterin was positively correlated with symptoms of fever and cough whereas it was negatively correlated with mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight-for-height z score (WHZ), edema, and dermatosis.Children with complicated SAM seem to have impaired gut function characterized by reduced enterocyte mass, intestinal inflammation, and increased bacterial translocation.
Published: 2019
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15. FADS and PPARG2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms are Associated with Plasma Lipids in 9-Mo-Old Infants

Author: Torben Hansen, Lotte Lauritzen, Ulla Vogel, Mads Vendelbo Lind, Theresia M. Schnurr, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Ingvild D Amundsen, and Kim F. Michaelsen
Subjects: Fatty Acid Desaturases, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Erythrocytes, Genotype, Denmark, Linoleic acid, Medicine (miscellaneous), Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Cohort Studies, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Alleles, Triglycerides, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, business.industry, Cholesterol, Infant, Lipids, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Diet, PPAR gamma, Breast Feeding, Fatty acid desaturase, Endocrinology, chemistry, Docosahexaenoic acid, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, biology.protein, Female, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Arachidonic acid, business, Breast feeding, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: BACKGROUND Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), e.g., linoleic acid and n-3 (ω-3) long-chain PUFAs, has been shown in adults to affect plasma cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs), respectively. Little is known about the effects of PUFAs on plasma lipids in early life. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the associations between plasma concentrations of total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and TGs in infants and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase genes (FADS) oppositely associated with docosahexaenoic acid (rs1535 and rs174448) and potential effect modification by a functional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 gene variant (PPARG2 Pro12Ala). METHODS In 9-mo-old infants (n = 561) from 3 Danish cohorts, we analyzed associations between plasma lipids, erythrocyte PUFAs, and FADS SNPs, and interactions with PPARG2 Pro12Ala genotype, by multiple linear regression. We also examined potential effect modification by breastfeeding, as 46% of the infants were still being breastfed. RESULTS Minor allele carriage of rs174448 was associated with lower total cholesterol (difference: -0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.06 mmol/L; P = 0.006) and LDL cholesterol (difference: -0.15 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.29, -0.01 mmol/L; P = 0.035), but no associations were observed with TGs or for rs1535. Minor allele carriage of both FADS SNPs was associated with 1 SD lower HDL cholesterol, but only in currently breastfed infants (rs174448 × breastfeeding, P = 0.080; rs1535 × breastfeeding, P = 0.030) and PPARG2 minor allele carriers (rs174448 × PPARG2, P = 0.001; rs1535 × PPARG2, P = 0.004). Erythrocyte arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were inversely associated with LDL cholesterol [estimated effect (β): -0.3 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.06, -0.00 mmol/L per percentage of fatty acids (FA%); P = 0.035] and TGs (β: -0.23 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.41, -0.05 mmol/L per FA%; P = 0.015), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The observed associations with FADS variants indicate that PUFAs are involved in plasma lipid regulation in 9-mo-old infants. Observed FADS SNP differences and interactions with breastfeeding and PPARG2 warrant additional studies to explore the effects of individual FADS SNPs on PUFA status and potential genetic modification of dietary PUFA effects.
Published: 2019
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16. A nutrient-responsive hormonal circuit mediates an inter-tissue program regulating metabolic homeostasis in adult Drosophila

Author: Takashi Koyama, Julian A. T. Dow, Kim F. Rewitz, Kenneth Veland Halberg, Shireen A. Davies, Muhammad Tayyib Naseem, Selim Terhzaz, and Stanislav Nagy
Subjects: Male, Genetics of the nervous system, Science, Longevity, Neurophysiology, General Physics and Astronomy, Adipose tissue, Hormone receptors, Biology, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Energy homeostasis, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Animals, Drosophila Proteins, Homeostasis, Adipokinetic hormone, Receptor, Multidisciplinary, Neuropeptides, Endocrine system and metabolic diseases, Nutrients, General Chemistry, Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid, Cell biology, Drosophila melanogaster, Mutagenesis, Insect Hormones, Female, Signal transduction, Energy Metabolism, Oligopeptides, Neuromedin U, Signal Transduction, Hormone
Abstract: Animals maintain metabolic homeostasis by modulating the activity of specialized organs that adjust internal metabolism to external conditions. However, the hormonal signals coordinating these functions are incompletely characterized. Here we show that six neurosecretory cells in the Drosophila central nervous system respond to circulating nutrient levels by releasing Capa hormones, homologs of mammalian neuromedin U, which activate the Capa receptor (CapaR) in peripheral tissues to control energy homeostasis. Loss of Capa/CapaR signaling causes intestinal hypomotility and impaired nutrient absorption, which gradually deplete internal nutrient stores and reduce organismal lifespan. Conversely, increased Capa/CapaR activity increases fluid and waste excretion. Furthermore, Capa/CapaR inhibits the release of glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone from the corpora cardiaca, which restricts energy mobilization from adipose tissue to avoid harmful hyperglycemia. Our results suggest that the Capa/CapaR circuit occupies a central node in a homeostatic program that facilitates the digestion and absorption of nutrients and regulates systemic energy balance., Maintaining metabolic homeostasis during feeding and fasting states is critical to animal survival. Here the authors show that Capa hormone signaling, homologs to mammalian Neuromedin U, helps control homeostasis via regulation of nutrient uptake and energy storage in Drosophila.
Published: 2021
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17. Accelerating cancer clinical trial recruitment through a financial reimbursement program integrated with patient navigation: an interrupted time series analysis

Author: Darcy V. Spicer, Andrea Skafel, Sylvia Zhang, Kim F. Rhoads, Alyssa Lalanne, Hala T. Borno, Eric J. Small, Dana Dornsife, Tracy Kuo Lin, and Robert Johnson
Subjects: Finance, Male, business.industry, Accrual, Health Policy, Patient Selection, Context (language use), Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Clinical trial, Patient recruitment, Indirect costs, Oncology, Intervention (counseling), Neoplasms, Medicine, Humans, Patient Navigation, Female, Health Expenditures, business, Reimbursement
Abstract: Background Cancer treatment clinical trials face major challenges with patient recruitment. Strategies to address patient indirect costs associated with clinical trial participation may accelerate accrual overall. The current study examined the effect of the IMproving Patient Access to Clinical Trials (IMPACT) intervention on patient accrual to cancer treatment clinical trials at an academic medical center. The IMPACT intervention was an onsite patient navigator combined with a financial reimbursement program to address patient out of pocket costs and began on September 2018. Methods This analysis measured frequency of patient enrollment in cancer treatment clinical trials and available cancer treatment clinical trials per month between January 1, 2016 and March 31, 2020. An interrupted time-series analysis (ITSA) was conducted to estimate changes in patient enrollment attributable to the IMPACT intervention. Results During the study period, a mean of 69 patients enrolled in clinical trials per month (standard deviation (SD = 13), with 27 (SD = 7) in early phase vs 41 (SD = 12) in late phase clinical trials. The number of available clinical trials per month was 51 (SD = 2) overall, with 23 (SD = 1) in early phase vs 28 (SD = 1) in late phase context. A total of 3470 patients were enrolled in cancer treatment clinical trials during the evaluated time period, the majority of whom were men (1895, 55 %) and racially white (2267, 65 %). A statistically significant increase in the number of patients accrued as compared to the pre-intervention trend was observed; with approximately 1 additional patient accrued per month, with a larger effect on increase patient accrual for late phase clinical trials. Discussion This study observed that the IMPACT intervention accelerated clinical trial recruitment, especially among late phase clinical trials. Future research will examine strategies to leverage this infrastructure to optimize recruitment among underrepresented patients. Policy summary To improve clinical trial recruitment and ensure that trial results are representative of a diverse population it is critical for health policies consider patient out-of-pocket costs and potential reimbursement to alleviate financial burden associated with clinical trial participation. Furthermore, policies for facilitating clinical trial recruitment and participant retention should budget for and incorporate a navigation component to assist patients who may not be familiar with the healthcare system and available financial assistance.
Published: 2021

18. The effect of milk and rapeseed protein on growth factors in 7-8 year-old healthy children - A randomized controlled trial

Author: Camilla T. Damsgaard, Christian Mølgaard, Benedikte Grenov, Anni Larnkjær, Kim F. Michaelsen, and Christian Ritz
Subjects: Male, Rapeseed, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, law.invention, Plant protein, Endocrinology, Primary outcome, Animal science, Randomized controlled trial, Double-Blind Method, law, medicine, Faculty of Science, Insulin, Animals, Humans, Mass index, Child, Plant Proteins, business.industry, Growth factor, Brassica napus, Milk Proteins, Prognosis, Animal source protein, Milk, Dietary Supplements, IGF-1, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Composition (visual arts), Female, business, Growth factors, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Objective: Milk protein may stimulate linear growth through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, the effect of plant proteins on growth factors is largely unknown. This study assesses the effect of combinations of milk and rapeseed protein versus milk protein alone on growth factors in children.Design: An exploratory 3-armed randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted in 129 healthy 7-8 year-old Danish children. Children received 35 g milk and rapeseed protein (ratio 54:46 or 30:70) or 35 g milk protein per day for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was difference in IGF-1 changes between intervention groups after 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in IGF-1 after 1 week and changes in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), IGF-1/IGFBP-3, insulin, height, weight and body composition after 1 and 4 weeks. Results were analysed by multiple linear mixed-effect models.Results: There were no differences in changes of plasma IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio or insulin between groups after 1 or 4 weeks based on 89 complete cases (P > 0.10). IGF-1 increased by 13.7 (95% CI 9.7;17.7) ng/mL and 18.0 (14.0;22.0) ng/mL from baseline to week 1 and 4, respectively, a 16% increase during the intervention. Similarly, insulin increased by 31% (14; 50) and 33% (16; 53) from baseline to week 1 and 4. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) increments were higher with milk alone than rapeseed blends (P < 0.05), coinciding with a trend towards a lower height increment. Body mass index increased within all groups (P < 0.05), mainly due to an increase in FFMI (P < 0.01).Conclusion: There were no differences in changes of growth factors between the combinations of milk and rapeseed protein and milk protein alone in healthy, well-nourished children with a habitual intake of milk. Within groups, growth factors increased considerably. Future studies are needed to investigate how intakes of plant and animal proteins affect childhood growth.
Published: 2021
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19. Profiling Tissue and Biofluid miR-155-5p, miR-155*, and miR-146a-5p Expression in Graft vs. Host Disease

Author: Matthew Collin, Kim F. Pearce, Sakhila Ghimire, Jean Norden, Hildegard Greinix, Mateja Kralj Juric, Rachel E Crossland, Clare Lendrem, Ernst Holler, Anne M. Dickinson, and Eva Mischak-Weissinger
Subjects: Adult, Male, lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Immunology, Graft vs Host Disease, Urine, Gastroenterology, Cohort Studies, miR-155, Young Adult, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Internal medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, Original Research, Aged, Inflammation, GvHD, microRNA, business.industry, Gene Expression Profiling, Extracellular vesicle, Middle Aged, Pathophysiology, Intestines, Transplantation, MicroRNAs, surgical procedures, operative, Cohort, biomarker, Biomarker (medicine), Female, extracellular vesicle, lcsh:RC581-607, business, Complication, Biomarkers, transplantation
Abstract: Introduction: Acute graft vs. host disease (aGvHD) is a frequent complication following allogeneic haematopoeitic transplantation (HSCT). Despite recent advances, there are no universally accepted biomarkers to determine development of aGvHD. MicroRNAs miR-146a and miR-155 have been previously associated with aGvHD and show promise as clinically translatable biomarkers. In this study, we performed comprehensive expression profiling of miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-155* expression in aGvHD target tissue and biofluids and relate expression to post-HSCT outcomes.Materials and Methods: MicroRNA expression was assessed by qRT-PCR in gastrointestinal (n = 31) and skin (n = 31) biopsies as well as serum (exploratory cohort n = 34, verification cohort n = 81, diagnostic cohort n = 65) and urine (exploratory cohort n = 30, verification cohort n = 56, diagnostic cohort n = 20) biofluids, including extracellular vesicle (EV) cohorts (serum EV n = 15, urine EV n = 30). Expression was related to aGvHD incidence, severity and overall survival.Results: In GI samples, expression of miR-155 (p = 0.03) and miR-146a (p = 0.03) was higher at aGvHD onset compared to patients with no GvHD. In skin biopsies, expression of miR-155 (p = 0.004) was upregulated in aGvHD patients compared to normal control skin. Expression of miR-146a was higher in aGvHD compared to no aGvHD biopsies (p = 0.002). In serum, miR-155 (p = 0.03) and miR-146a (p = 0.02) expression was higher at day 14 (D14), while in urine expression was elevated at D7 post-HSCT in patients who developed aGvHD compared to those disease-free. This was verified in an independent serum (miR-155 p = 0.005, miR-146a p = 0.003) and urine (miR-155 p = 0.02, miR-146a p = 0.04) cohort, where both microRNAs were also associated with aGvHD by ROC analysis. In serum and urine samples taken at the time of aGvHD symptoms, expression of miR-155 and miR-146a was also elevated (serum miR-155 p = 0.03, miR-146a p < 0.001; urine miR-155 p = 0.02, miR-146a p = 0.02). In contrast, miR-146a and miR-155 were downregulated at D14 in serum EVs and at D7 in urine EVs in patients who developed aGvHD compared to those that remained disease-free, in both an exploratory (serum miR-155 p = 0.02, miR-146a p = 0.06; urine miR-155 p = 0.02, miR-146a p = 0.07) and an independent cohort (serum miR-155 p = 0.01, miR-146a p = 0.02).Conclusions: These results further support a role for miR-155 and miR-146a as non-invasive, clinically relevant biomarkers for aGvHD. However, the link between their involvement in generalized inflammation and in specific pathophysiology requires further investigation at a systemic level.
Published: 2021
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20. Impact of food supplements on early child development in children with moderate acute malnutrition: A randomised 2 x 2 x 3 factorial trial in Burkina Faso

Author: Vibeke Brix Christensen, Ann-Sophie Iuel-Brockdorff, Kevin Phelan, Charles W Yaméogo, Christian Ritz, Kim F. Michaelsen, Albertine Ouédraogo, Melissa Gladstone, Suzanne Filteau, Henrik Friis, Christian Fabiansen, Mette F Olsen, Per Ashorn, Bernardette Cichon, André Briend, Tampere University, Clinical Medicine, and Department of Paediatrics
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Time Factors, Physiology, Social Sciences, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, law.invention, Families, Child Development, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Interquartile range, law, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, 030212 general & internal medicine, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Children, Breast Milk, Language, Age Factors, General Medicine, Milk Proteins, Infant Nutrition Disorders, Body Fluids, Milk, Treatment Outcome, Motor Skills, Acute Disease, Soybean Proteins, Medicine, Female, Anatomy, Child Language, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Nutritional Supplementation, Motor Proteins, Gross motor skill, Severe Acute Malnutrition, Nutritional Status, Breast milk, Beverages, 03 medical and health sciences, Molecular Motors, Internal medicine, Statistical significance, Burkina Faso, medicine, Humans, Nutrition, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Malnutrition, Cognitive Psychology, Biology and Life Sciences, Proteins, Infant, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Diet, Food, Age Groups, People and Places, Dietary Supplements, Cognitive Science, Population Groupings, business, Neuroscience
Abstract: Background Lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) and corn–soy blends (CSBs) with varying soy and milk content are used in treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). We assessed the impact of these supplements on child development. Methods and findings We conducted a randomised 2 × 2 × 3 factorial trial to assess the effectiveness of 12 weeks’ supplementation with LNS or CSB, with either soy isolate or dehulled soy, and either 0%, 20%, or 50% of protein from milk, on child development among 6–23-month-old children with MAM. Recruitment took place at 5 health centres in Province du Passoré, Burkina Faso between September 2013 and August 2014. The study was fully blinded with respect to soy quality and milk content, while study participants were not blinded with respect to matrix. This analysis presents secondary trial outcomes: Gross motor, fine motor, and language development were assessed using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT). Of 1,609 children enrolled, 54.7% were girls, and median age was 11.3 months (interquartile range [IQR] 8.2–16.0). Twelve weeks follow-up was completed by 1,548 (96.2%), and 24 weeks follow-up was completed by 1,503 (93.4%); follow-up was similar between randomised groups. During the study, 4 children died, and 102 children developed severe acute malnutrition (SAM). There was no difference in adverse events between randomised groups. At 12 weeks, the mean MDAT z-scores in the whole cohort had increased by 0.33 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.37), p < 0.001 for gross motor; 0.26 (0.20, 0.31), p < 0.001 for fine motor; and 0.14 (0.09, 0.20), p < 0.001 for language development. Children had larger improvement in language z-scores if receiving supplements with milk (20%: 0.09 [−0.01, 0.19], p = 0.08 and 50%: 0.11 [0.01, 0.21], p = 0.02), although the difference only reached statistical significance for 50% milk. Post hoc analyses suggested that this effect was specific to boys (interaction p = 0.02). The fine motor z-scores were also improved in children receiving milk, but only when 20% milk was added to CSB (0.18 [0.03, 0.33], p = 0.02). Soy isolate over dehulled soy increased language z-scores by 0.07 (−0.01, 0.15), p = 0.10, although not statistically significant. Post hoc analyses suggested that LNS benefited gross motor development among boys more than did CSB (interaction p = 0.04). Differences between supplement groups did not persist at 24 weeks, but MDAT z-scores continued to increase post-supplementation. The lack of an unsupplemented control group limits us from determining the overall effects of nutritional supplementation for children with MAM. Conclusions In this study, we found that child development improved during and after supplementation for treatment of MAM. Milk protein was beneficial for language and fine motor development, while suggested benefits related to soy quality and supplement matrix merit further investigation. Supplement-specific effects were not found post-intervention, but z-scores continued to improve, suggesting a sustained overall effect of supplementation. Trial registration ISRCTN42569496, In this analysis of secondary trial outcomes, Mette F. Olsen and colleagues show the effects of different supplements on child language and motor skill development., Author summary Why was this study done? Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects more than 33 million children globally with long-term consequences for their development. There has been a call for research on the effects of MAM treatment on functional outcomes, but previous trials have not assessed effects of the treatments on child development. What did the researchers do and find? We conducted a randomised trial of 1,609 children with MAM in Burkina Faso to investigate the effectiveness of supplemental foods, including a comparison of matrix (lipid-based nutrient supplements [LNS] or corn–soy blend [CSB]), soy quality (soy isolate or dehulled soy), and content of milk protein (0%, 20%, or 50% of protein). We assessed child development as gross motor, fine motor, language, and cognitive skills using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT). We found that child development improved across intervention groups during the supplementation and continued to improve after the supplementation had ended. Supplements containing milk protein were beneficial for fine motor and language development. Our findings also indicated a benefit of soy isolate over dehulled soy and a benefit of LNS over CSB among boys. What do these findings mean? Previously reported findings from this trial showed that children mainly put on fat-free mass during supplementation. With the data presented here, we show that motor, language, and cognitive development of children also improve during supplementation and that this improvement is sustained post-supplementation. Our results support the use of milk protein in food products, while suggested benefits of soy isolate and LNS merit further investigation. These findings contribute to the needed evidence of supplementation effects on functional outcomes, including child development, and allow better understanding of children’s ability to thrive following MAM treatment.
Published: 2020
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21. Current prescribing practices and guideline concordance for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women

Author: Joanna Langner, Randall S. Stafford, and Kim F. Chiang
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Concordance, Population, Inappropriate Prescribing, Drug Prescriptions, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibiotic resistance, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Medical prescription, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Adverse effect, education, Aged, Retrospective Studies, education.field_of_study, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, business.industry, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odds ratio, Guideline, Middle Aged, United States, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Cross-Sectional Studies, Nitrofurantoin, Emergency medicine, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Urinary Tract Infections, Female, Guideline Adherence, business, medicine.drug, Fluoroquinolones
Abstract: Uncomplicated urinary tract infections are one of the most common bacterial infections in the United States. Clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and Fosfomycin as first-line antibiotic treatments and discourage the use of fluoroquinolone antibiotic agents. US Food and Drug Administration released several black box warnings about fluoroquinolones over the past decade owing to antibiotic resistance and a high burden of adverse events. Historically, uncomplicated urinary tract infections have high rates of guideline-discordant treatment with past studies noting substantial use of fluoroquinolones, directly contradicting clinical practice guidelines.This study aimed to assess the current concordance of physician prescribing practices with Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women and identify patient and physician predictors of guideline concordance.A retrospective observational secondary analysis was conducted using a series of cross-sectional data extracted from the IQVIA (Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania) National Disease and Therapeutic Index from 2015 to 2019. An estimated 44.9 million women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections at the age of 18 to 75 years were treated as outpatients. This population was selected to lack relevant comorbidities or urological abnormalities so that it matched the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines. The proportion of prescriptions for each antibiotic drug class were reported with 95% confidence intervals and compared with the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines. Patient and physician characteristics were included in a multivariate logistic regression model to identify independent predictors of antibiotic selection and thereby guideline concordance.Of the visits that resulted in antibiotic treatment, the overall concordance rate was 58.4% (26.2 million visits of 44.9 million visits) and increased from 48.2% (3.9 million visits of 8.1 million visits) in 2015 to 64.6% (6.3 million visits of 9.8 million visits) in 2019. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic agents were fluoroquinolones (36.4%, 16.3 million visits of 44.9 million visits), nitrofurantoin (31.8%, 14.3 million visits of 44.9 million visits), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (26.3%, 11.8 million visits of 44.9 million visits). From 2015 to 2019, fluoroquinolone use decreased whereas nitrofurantoin and beta-lactam use increased. Based on the logistic regression, patients aged 18 to 29 years (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-1.88; P.001) and 30 to 44 years (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.42; P=.020) had a statistically significantly higher likelihood of receiving guideline-concordant treatment than patients aged 45 to 75 years (reference group). Obstetricians-gynecologists (odds ratio, 3.56; 95% confidence interval, 2.91-4.37; P.001) and urologists (odds ratio, 3.51; 95% confidence interval, 2.45-5.13; P.001) had a statistically significantly higher likelihood of concordant treatment than all other specialties combined (reference group).Guideline discordance continues in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections with the overuse of fluoroquinolones and the underuse of first-line antibiotic agents. Although improving, continued misuse of antibiotic agents may contribute to the growing rates of antibiotic resistance. Actions such as educating physicians about antibiotic resistance and clinical practice guidelines and providing feedback on prescription habits are needed to increase guideline concordance and therefore reduce the use of fluoroquinolones, especially for physicians in family and internal medicine.
Published: 2020

22. Novel loci for childhood body mass index and shared heritability with adult cardiometabolic traits

Author: Inês Barroso, Peter D. Sly, Jose Ramon Bilbao, Nicholas J. Timpson, Johan G. Eriksson, Maria M. Groen-Blokhuis, Sijmen A. Reijneveld, Dariusz Gruszfeld, George Davey Smith, Christine Power, Eva Reischl, Mandy Vogel, Andrew T. Hattersley, Øyvind Helgeland, Niina Pitkänen, Akram Alyass, Jean-Paul Langhendries, Elina Hyppönen, Kathrin Landgraf, Loreto Santa-Marina, Frank Geller, Christopher D. Brown, Elvira Verduci, Katja Pahkala, Olli T. Raitakari, Joaquin Escribano, Torben Hansen, Hakon Hakonarson, Barbara Heude, Bridget A. Knight, Maties Torrent, Robin N Beaumont, Judith M. Vonk, Estelle Lowry, Patrick G. Holt, Harold Snieder, Carol A. Wang, Mark I. McCarthy, Christine Frithioff-Bøjsøe, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Natalia Vilor-Tejedor, Lisbeth Carstensen, Catharina E. M. van Beijsterveldt, Ville Karhunen, Virpi Lindi, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Jordi Sunyer, Jaakko T. Leinonen, Clare S. Murray, Klaus Bønnelykke, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, André G. Uitterlinden, Janine F. Felix, John A. Curtin, Mika Kähönen, Jorma Viikari, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Oluf Pedersen, Carmen Iñiguez, Harri Niinikoski, Wieland Kiess, Kim F. Michaelsen, Evie Stergiakouli, Anni Heiskala, Alessandra Chesi, Craig E. Pennell, Mohammed H Zafarmand, Peter Rzehak, Kook K Teo, Aihuali Li, Marie Standl, Veit Grote, Momoko Horikoshi, Ellen A. Nohr, Eleanor Wheeler, Rachel M. Freathy, Iryna O. Fedko, Gerard H. Koppelman, Elisabeth Widen, Jens-Christian Holm, Raimo Joro, David Meyre, Mustafa Atalay, Theresia M. Schnurr, Camilla Schmidt Morgen, Adnan Custovic, Niels Grarup, Trevor A. Mori, Terho Lehtimäki, Christian Theil Have, Angela Simpson, Mads Melbye, Bjarke Feenstra, Lawrence J. Beilin, Stefan Johansson, Ioanna Ntalla, Martine Vrijheid, Mariona Bustamante, George Dedoussis, Sylvain Sebert, Jonas Bacelis, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Elisabeth Thiering, Ken K. Ong, Eleftheria Zeggini, Berthold Koletzko, Karine Clément, Bo L. Chawes, Mette Hollensted, Babette S. Zemel, Markus Scholz, Holger Kirsten, Antje Körner, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, Barbera D. C. van Schaik, Philippe Froguel, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, Dorret I. Boomsma, Struan F.A. Grant, Loic Yengo, Jonathan P. Bradfield, Tenna Ruest Haarmark Nielsen, Suzanne Vogelezang, Jakob Stokholm, Pål R. Njølstad, Bo Jacobsson, Marc Vaudel, Peter J. van der Most, Andreas Kühnapfel, Mads Vendelbo Lind, Timo A. Lakka, Saskia Selzam, Robert Plomin, Marie-Aline Charles, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Kalliope Panoutsopoulou, Fernando Rivadeneira, Rebecca K. Vinding, Hans Bisgaard, I. S. Farooqi, Joachim Heinrich, Diana L. Cousminer, Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo, Claire Monnereau, European Commission, Epidemiology, Erasmus MC other, Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Data Science, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, APH - Aging & Later Life, APH - Global Health, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, APH - Personalized Medicine, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, APH - Methodology, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Public and occupational health, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), University of Manchester [Manchester], University of Kuopio, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), University of Bristol [Bristol], Université d'Oulu, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM), University of Newcastle [Australia] (UoN), Turku University Hospital (TYKS), Statens Serum Institut [Copenhagen], Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg [Göteborg], Metabolic functional (epi)genomics and molecular mechanisms involved in type 2 diabetes and related diseases - UMR 8199 - UMR 1283 (GI3M), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Norwegian Institute of Public Health [Oslo] (NIPH), King‘s College London, University of Groningen [Groningen], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], University of Exeter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), University of the Basque Country [Bizkaia] (UPV/EHU), The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], The University of Western Australia (UWA), Nutrition et obésités: approches systémiques (nutriomics) (UMR-S 1269 INSERM - Sorbonne Université), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Imperial College London, University of Helsinki, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Bergen (UiB), University of Tampere [Finland], University of Oulu, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Turku, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Haukeland University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust University College London Wellcome 090532106130098381203141212259WT206194United States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)U01DK105535National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)NF-SI-0617-10090Netherlands Organization for Health Research and DevelopmentTOP 40-00812-9811010American Diabetes Association1-17-PDF-077Daniel B. Burke Chair for Diabetes Research United States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USAR01 HD058886Agencia de Gestio D'Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca Agaur (AGAUR)2017 FI_B 00636Generalitat de Catalunya -Fons Social Europeu European Research Council Advanced Grant META-GROWTH (ERC-2012-AdG) 322605Oak Foundation Fellowship Wellcome TrustEuropean CommissionWT104150098497/Z/12/ZRoyal Society of LondonEuropean CommissionWT104150Wellcome Trust098395/Z/12/ZNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceCanada Research Chairs Finnish Cultural Foundation KNAW Academy Professor Award PAH/6635TARGET Danish Diabetes Academy Copenhagen Graduate School of Health and Medical Sciences Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (VIDI) 016.136.361European Research Council (ERC)European Commission648916European Research Council (ERC)European Commission UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Medical Research Council UK (MRC)European CommissionMRC_MC_UU_12012/5MC_UU_00011/1National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Botnar Foundation Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Endowment European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) project Beta-JUDO 279153University of Bristol UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Medical Research Council UK (MRC)MC_UU_00011/1MC_UU_00011/3French National Agency of Research, F-CRIN/FORCE, Clinicum, Johan Eriksson / Principal Investigator, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Genomics of Sex Differences, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Elisabeth Ingrid Maria Widen / Principal Investigator, Genomic Discoveries and Clinical Translation, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Universität Leipzig, University of Oxford, Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, University of Newcastle [Callaghan, Australia] (UoN), Metabolic functional (epi)genomics and molecular mechanisms involved in type 2 diabetes and related diseases - UMR 8199 - UMR 1283 (EGENODIA (GI3M)), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Nutrition et obésités: approches systémiques (UMR-S 1269) (Nutriomics), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Felix, Janine F [0000-0002-9801-5774], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Biological Psychology, APH - Mental Health, Felix, Janine F. [0000-0002-9801-5774], Tampere University, Tampere University Hospital Catchment Area, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Public Health Research (PHR), Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Vogelezang, Suzanne, Bradfield, Jonathan P, Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S, Curtin, John A, Hyppönen, Elina, Felix, JF, and Early Growth Genetics Consortium
Subjects: Male, Genetic-variation, Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases, Pooled Analysis, Blood Pressure, 0302 clinical medicine, Human genetics, Mendelian Randomization, Young adult, Child, health care economics and organizations, Body mass index, Adiposity, Genetics & Heredity, 0303 health sciences, Statistics, 1184 Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, Genomics, adulto, 3. Good health, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Preschool, Physical Sciences, Menarche, genetic-variation, presión sanguínea, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Genetic loci, education, enfermedades cardiovasculares, Prostate-specific Antigen, Genetic correlation, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Diabetes Mellitus, Genetics, Humans, prostate-specific antigen, Statistical Methods, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, childhood, 0604 Genetics, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Science & Technology, Early Growth Genetics Consortium, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Single nucleotide polymorphisms, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Biological Tissue, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, estudio de asociación genómica completa, genetic factors, mendelian randomization, análisis de la aleatorización mendeliana, proteínas de transporte de monosacáridos, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Mathematics, Demography, Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Risk, Cancer Research, obesity, Physiology, humanos, adolescente, Overweight, QH426-470, Genome-wide association studies, Waist–hip ratio, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, Medicine and Health Sciences, body mass index (BMI), Genetics of disease, Genetics (clinical), 2. Zero hunger, adiposity, Metaanalysis, Physiological Parameters, Connective Tissue, Female, medicine.symptom, Anatomy, pooled analysis, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Research Article, Adult, cardiovascular risk, Adolescent, Birth weight, menarquia, Adipose tissue, Biology, 3121 Internal medicine, Research and Analysis Methods, medicine, overweight, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Obesity, 030304 developmental biology, Waist-Hip Ratio, índice de masa corporal, Body Weight, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, predisposición genética a la enfermedad, Heritability, Genome Analysis, young-adults, Genome-wide Association, índice cintura-cadera, Young-adults, genome-wide association, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: The genetic background of childhood body mass index (BMI), and the extent to which the well-known associations of childhood BMI with adult diseases are explained by shared genetic factors, are largely unknown. We performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of BMI in 61,111 children aged between 2 and 10 years. Twenty-five independent loci reached genome-wide significance in the combined discovery and replication analyses. Two of these, located nearNEDD4LandSLC45A3, have not previously been reported in relation to either childhood or adult BMI. Positive genetic correlations of childhood BMI with birth weight and adult BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, diastolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes were detected (R(g)ranging from 0.11 to 0.76, P-values, CP received funding from the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and University College London. MMcC is a Wellcome Senior Investigator and an NIHR Senior Investigator. MMcC received funding from Wellcome (090532, 106130, 098381, 203141, 212259), NIDDK (U01DK105535), and NIHR (NF-SI-0617-10090). TGMV was supported by ZonMW (TOP 40-00812-9811010). DLC was supported by the American Diabetes Association Grant 1-17-PDF-077. SFAG is supported by the Daniel B. Burke Chair for Diabetes Research and NIH Grant R01 HD058886. NVT is funded by a pre-doctoral grant from the Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2017 FI_B 00636), Generalitat de Catalunya -Fons Social Europeu. BK received personal funding from the European Research Council Advanced Grant META-GROWTH (ERC-2012-AdG -no. 322605). BF was supported by an Oak Foundation Fellowship. RMF and RNB are supported by Sir Henry Dale Fellowship (Wellcome Trust and Royal Society grant: WT104150). ATH is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator award (grant number 098395/Z/12/Z). DM is supported by a Canada Research Chair. DLC was supported by the American Diabetes Association Grant 1-17-PDF077. JTL was supported by the Finnish Cultural Foundation. DIB received a KNAW Academy Professor Award (PAH/6635). MH received PhD scholarship funding from TARGET (http://target.ku.dk), The Danish Diabetes Academy (http://danishdiabetesacademy.dk) and the Copenhagen Graduate School of Health and Medical Sciences. VWVJ received funding from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (VIDI 016.136.361) and the European Research Council (ERC-2014-CoG-648916). ISF was supported by the European Research Council, Wellcome Trust (098497/Z/12/Z), Medical Research Council (MRC_MC_UU_12012/5), the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, the Botnar Foundation, the Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Endowment and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) project Beta-JUDO n degrees 279153. IB acknowledges funding from Wellcome (WT206194). ES works in a unit that receives funding from the University of Bristol and the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1, MC_UU_00011/3). GDS works in the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, which is supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1). KC received funds from the French National Agency of Research, F-CRIN/FORCE. All funding for the studies that provided the underlying data for this manuscript can be found in S1 Text. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, data interpretation, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Published: 2020
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23. Overweight in childhood of exclusively breastfed infants with a high weight at 5 months

Author: Melanie Wange Larsson, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Lars Ängquist, Camilla Schmidt Morgen, and Kim F. Michaelsen
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pediatric Obesity, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Breastfeeding, Overweight, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, High weight, Odds, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, children, Faculty of Science, cohort study, overweight, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Original Articles, Odds ratio, Confidence interval, Breast Feeding, exclusive breastfeeding, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, high infant weight, Original Article, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, Cohort study
Abstract: High infant weight increases the risk of childhood overweight, while breastfeeding may reduce the risk. However, some infants have a very high weight gain even though they are exclusively breastfed. We examined the risk of a high body mass index (BMI) and overweight in childhood for infants ≥2.5 SD above the median weight-for-age (WAZ) at age 5 months according to duration of exclusive breastfeeding (≤2, >2 to 2 to
Published: 2020
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24. Association between admission criteria and body composition among young children with moderate acute malnutrition, a cross-sectional study from Burkina Faso

Author: Kevin Phelan, Susan Shepherd, Bernardette Cichon, Kim F. Michaelsen, Jonathan C. K. Wells, Henrik Friis, Charles W Yaméogo, Vibeke Brix Christensen, Ann-Sophie Iuel-Brockdorf, André Briend, Per Ashorn, Suzanne Filteau, Christian Fabiansen, Christian Ritz, Tampere University, Clinical Medicine, and Department of Paediatrics
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Cross-sectional study, lcsh:Medicine, Paediatric research, Article, Fat mass, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Internal medicine, Burkina Faso, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Trial registration, Nutrition, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Multidisciplinary, Anthropometry, business.industry, Severe Acute Malnutrition, lcsh:R, Infant, medicine.disease, Publisher Correction, Confidence interval, 3141 Health care science, Malnutrition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Treatment Outcome, Adipose Tissue, Body Composition, lcsh:Q, Female, Nutrition Therapy, business
Abstract: Children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) are treated based on low weight-for-length z-score (WLZ), low mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) or both. This study aimed to assess associations of admission criteria and body composition (BC), to improve treatment of MAM. We undertook a cross-sectional study among 6–23 months old Burkinabe children with MAM. Fat-free (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were determined by deuterium dilution and expressed as FFM (FFMI) and FM index (FMI). Of 1,489 children, 439 (29.5%) were recruited by low MUAC only (MUAC-O), 734 (49.3%) by low WLZ and low MUAC (WLZ-MUAC) and 316 (21.2%) by low WLZ only (WLZ-O). Thus, 1,173 (78.8%) were recruited by low MUAC, with or without low WLZ (ALL-MUAC). After adjustments, WLZ-O had 89 g (95% confidence interval (CI) 5; 172) lower FFM compared to MUAC-O. Similarly, WLZ-O had 0.89 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.77; 1.01) lower FFMI compared to MUAC-O, whereas there was no difference for FMI. However, boys included by WLZ-O compared to MUAC-O had 0.21 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.05; 0.38) higher FMI. In contrast, girls included by WLZ-O had 0.17 (95% CI 0.01; 0.33) kg/m2 lower FMI compared to MUAC-O (interaction, p = 0.002). We found that different criteria for admission into MAM treatment programmes select children with differences in BC, especially FFMI.Trial registration: ISRCTN42569496.
Published: 2020
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25. Early development in children with moderate acute malnutrition: A cross‐sectional study in Burkina Faso

Author: Kevin Phelan, Jonathan C. K. Wells, Mette F Olsen, Charles W Yaméogo, Kim F. Michaelsen, Per Ashorn, Suzanne Filteau, Albertine Ouédraogo, Christian Ritz, Bernardette Cichon, Christian Fabiansen, André Briend, Melissa Gladstone, Henrik Friis, Vibeke Brix Christensen, Ann-Sophie Iuel-Brockdorff, Lotte Lauritzen, Lääketieteen ja terveysteknologian tiedekunta - Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, and Tampere University
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, moderate acute malnutrition, Cross-sectional study, Psychological intervention, Polysaturated fatty acids, MDAT, Hemoglobins, Child Development, 0302 clinical medicine, Faculty of Science, Terveystiede - Health care science, 030212 general & internal medicine, Motor skill, anthropometry, Nutrition and Dietetics, Sisätaudit - Internal medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nutrition Surveys, Motor Skills, Acute Disease, Female, Original Article, polyunsaturated fatty acids, Iron, Gross motor skill, Nutritional Status, Language Development, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, Burkina Faso, medicine, Humans, child development, body composition, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Malnutrition, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Original Articles, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, haemoglobin, Child development, Cross-Sectional Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Africa, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, business
Abstract: Malnutrition impairs cognitive, communication, and motor development, but it is not known how nutrition and health are associated with development in children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). We aimed to describe motor and language development of children with MAM and explore its nutrition and health‐related correlates. This cross‐sectional study used baseline data from a nutritional trial in children with MAM aged 6–23 months in Burkina Faso. Motor and language skills were assessed using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT). Linear mixed models were used to explore potential correlates of MDAT including socio‐economic status, anthropometry, body composition, whole‐blood polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), haemoglobin (Hb), iron status, and morbidity. We also assessed child and caregiver participation during MDAT procedures and their associations with correlates and development. MDAT data were available for 1.608 children. Mean (95% CI) MDAT z‐scores were −0.39 (−0.45, −0.34) for gross motor, 0.54 (0.48, 0.59) for fine motor, and −0.91 (−0.96, −0.86) for language skills. Children with higher mid‐upper arm circumference, weight‐for‐height, height‐for‐age, fat‐free mass, n‐3 PUFAs, Hb, and iron status had better MDAT z‐scores, whereas children with more fat mass index, anaemia, illness, and inflammation had poorer z‐scores. In addition, children living in larger households or with an unmarried mother had poorer MDAT z‐scores. Associations between morbidity and z‐scores were largely explained by children's poorer participation during MDAT assessment. The identified factors associated with child development may inform interventions needed to stimulate development during or after management of MAM.
Published: 2020
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26. Serum cobalamin in children with moderate acute malnutrition in Burkina Faso: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial

Author: Henrik Friis, Bernardette Cichon, Christian Fabiansen, Ann-Sophie Iuel-Brockdorff, Charles W. Yaméogo, Christian Ritz, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, André Briend, Kim F. Michaelsen, Vibeke B. Christensen, Suzanne Filteau, Mette F. Olsen, Tampere University, and Clinical Medicine
Subjects: Male, Hemoglobins, Vitamin B 12, Burkina Faso, Dietary Supplements, Malnutrition, Humans, Infant, Female, General Medicine, Child, Zea mays, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health
Abstract: Background Among children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) the level of serum cobalamin (SC) and effect of food supplements are unknown. We aimed to assess prevalence and correlates of low SC in children with MAM, associations with hemoglobin and development, and effects of food supplements on SC. Methods and findings A randomized 2 × 2 × 3 factorial trial was conducted in Burkina Faso. Children aged 6 to 23 months with MAM received 500 kcal/d as lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) or corn–soy blend (CSB), containing dehulled soy (DS) or soy isolate (SI) and 0%, 20%, or 50% of total protein from milk for 3 months. Randomization resulted in baseline equivalence between intervention groups. Data on hemoglobin and development were available at baseline. SC was available at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. SC was available from 1,192 (74.1%) of 1,609 children at baseline. The mean (±SD) age was 12.6 (±5.0) months, and 54% were females. Low mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC; p = 0.04) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.06; 0.42, p = 0.01) z-score lower fine and gross motor development, respectively. SC data were available from 1,330 (85.9%) of 1,548 children followed up after 3 months and 398 (26.5%) of the 1,503 children after 6 months. Based on tobit regression, accounting for left censored data, and adjustments for correlates of missing data, the mean (95% CI) increments in SC from baseline to the 3- and 6-month follow-up were 72 (65; 79, p < 0.001) and 26 (16; 37, p < 0.001) pmol/L, respectively. The changes were similar among the 310 children with SC data at all 3 time points. Yet, the increase was 39 (20; 57, p < 0.001) pmol/L larger in children given LNS compared to CSB if based on SI (interaction, p < 0.001). No effect of milk was found. Four children died, and no child developed an allergic reaction to supplements. The main limitation of this study was that only SC was available as a marker of status and was missing from a quarter of the children. Conclusions Low SC is prevalent among children with MAM and may contribute to impaired erythropoiesis and child development. The SC increase during supplementation was inadequate. The bioavailability and adequacy of cobalamin in food supplements should be reconsidered. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN42569496.
Published: 2022
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27. Thymus gland size during recovery from complicated severe acute malnutrition: a prospective study of the role of probiotics

Author: Maren Johanne Rytter, Betty Lanyero, Vibeke Brix Christensen, Kim F. Michaelsen, Nicolette Nabukeera-Barungi, Hanifa Namusoke, Henrik Friis, Christian Mølgaard, Ezekiel Mupere, and Benedikte Grenov
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Severe Acute Malnutrition, Thymus Gland, Placebo, law.invention, Placebos, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Atrophy, Randomized controlled trial, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, law, 030225 pediatrics, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective cohort study, Ultrasonography, Anthropometry, biology, business.industry, Probiotics, Infant, Convalescence, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Diet, Bifidobacterium animalis, Treatment Outcome, Therapeutic food, Child, Preschool, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, business
Abstract: Background: Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are prone to infections due to immune dysfunction including severe thymus atrophy which recovers during nutritional rehabilitation. Aim: To investigate predictors of thymus size recovery, including probiotics during nutritional rehabilitation of children admitted with complicated SAM. Methods: In this prospective study nested in a randomized controlled trial, children 6-59 months admitted with SAM received standard care and either probiotics or placebo during hospitalization until 8 weeks post-discharge. Thymus size was measured using ultrasound at admission, discharge, 8 weeks post-discharge and among 27 community controls. Predictors of thymus size recovery were assessed using linear regression. Results: Among 388 children with SAM, mean (SD) thymus size was 1.06 cm2 (0.41), 1.24 cm2 (0.48), 2.85 cm2 (1.07) and 4.2 cm2 (0.93) at admission, discharge, follow-up and in the healthy controls respectively (p 15mg/L (β -0.13, 95%CI -0.25; -0.02) and neutrophils (β -0.01, 95%CI -0.02; -0.002). During OTC, HIV negatively predicted thymus recovery. Conclusion: Children with SAM failed to regain thymus size at 8 weeks post-discharge. Probiotics did not predict thymus recovery during nutritional rehabilitation. More research is needed to find interventions which can accelerate immune recovery. Abbreviations: ART, Antiretroviral therapy; BB-12, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis; CRP, C-reactive protein; ITC, inpatient therapeutic care; LGG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus; MNU, Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; OTC, outpatient therapeutic care; PCR, Polymerised chain reaction; RUTF, ready-to-use therapeutic food; SAM, severe acute malnutrition; VAS, visual analogue score; WHO, World Health Organization; WHZ, weight-for-height score.
Published: 2018
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28. Body composition during early infancy and developmental progression from 1 to 5 years of age: the Infant Anthropometry and Body Composition (iABC) cohort study among Ethiopian children

Author: Bitiya Admassu, Jonathan C. K. Wells, Rasmus Wibaek, Henrik Friis, Charlotte Hanlon, Gregers S. Andersen, Pernille Kæstel, Christian Ritz, Mubarek Abera, Markos Tesfaye, Tsinuel Girma, and Kim F. Michaelsen
Subjects: Male, Birth weight, Denver Developmental Screening Test, Medicine (miscellaneous), Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, Child Development, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Cognitive development, Humans, Medicine, Fetus, Nutrition and Dietetics, Anthropometry, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Early infancy, Child development, Adipose Tissue, Child, Preschool, Body Composition, Female, Ethiopia, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract: Early nutrition and growth have been found to be important early exposures for later development. Studies of crude growth in terms of weight and length/height, however, cannot elucidate how body composition (BC) might mediate associations between nutrition and later development. In this study, we aimed to examine the relation between fat mass (FM) or fat-free mass (FFM) tissues at birth and their accretion during early infancy, and later developmental progression. In a birth cohort from Ethiopia, 455 children who have BC measurement at birth and 416 who have standardised rate of BC growth during infancy were followed up for outcome variable, and were included in the statistical analysis. The study sample was restricted to mothers living in Jimma town who gave birth to a term baby with a birth weight ≥1500 g and no evident congenital anomalies. The relationship between the exposure and outcome variables was examined using linear-mixed regression model. The finding revealed that FFM at birth was positively associated with global developmental progression from 1 to 5 years (β=1·75; 95 % CI 0·11, 3·39) and from 4 to 5 years (β=1·34; 95 % CI 0·23, 2·44) in the adjusted model. Furthermore, the rate of postnatal FFM tissue accretion was positively associated with development at 1 year of age (β=0·50; 95 % CI 0·01, 0·99). Neither fetal nor postnatal FM showed a significant association. In conclusion, fetal, rather than postnatal, FFM tissue accretion was associated with developmental progression. Intervention studies are needed to assess whether nutrition interventions increasing FFM also increase cognitive development.
Published: 2018
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29. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy: The influence of maternal characteristics

Author: Jolt Roukema, Kim F. E. van de Loo, Richelle Vlenterie, Sylke J. Nikkels, Chris M. Verhaak, Nel Roeleveld, Peter J. F. M. Merkus, and Marleen M.H.J. van Gelder
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Nausea, Maternal Health, Population, Physical exercise, Anxiety, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18], 03 medical and health sciences, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Unplanned pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prevalence, medicine, History of depression, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Depression (differential diagnoses), Netherlands, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, education.field_of_study, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Depression, business.industry, Obstetrics, Metabolic Disorders Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 6], Obstetrics and Gynecology, Metabolic Disorders Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 6], medicine.disease, Reconstructive and regenerative medicine Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 10], Pregnancy Complications, lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 4], Cross-Sectional Studies, Maternal Exposure, Linear Models, Female, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety during pregnancy are associated with adverse health outcomes for both mother and child. This study aims to investigate the occurrence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in early and late pregnancy, the longitudinal changes from early to late pregnancy, and factors associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in pregnant women in the Netherlands. METHODS We studied 2897 women participating in the PRegnancy and Infant DEvelopment (PRIDE) Study. To assess symptoms of depression and anxiety, web-based questionnaires including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and multiple questions on maternal characteristics were completed in early and late pregnancy. Cross-sectional and longitudinal multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS The depressive symptoms in our population increased, with a prevalence of probable depression from 5.4% in early pregnancy to 10.0% in late pregnancy (P
Published: 2018
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30. Impact of food supplements on hemoglobin, iron status, and inflammation in children with moderate acute malnutrition: a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial randomized trial in Burkina Faso

Author: Vibeke Brix Christensen, Ann-Sophie Iuel-Brockdorf, Christian Fabiansen, Henrik Friis, Charles W Yaméogo, Christian Ritz, Kim F. Michaelsen, Bernardette Cichon, André Briend, and Suzanne Filteau
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, food.ingredient, Anemia, Iron, Medicine (miscellaneous), Gastroenterology, law.invention, Hemoglobins, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, food, Double-Blind Method, Randomized controlled trial, law, Internal medicine, Burkina Faso, Receptors, Transferrin, Skimmed milk, medicine, Animals, Humans, Micronutrients, 030212 general & internal medicine, Soluble transferrin receptor, Inflammation, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, biology, business.industry, Malnutrition, Acute-phase protein, Infant, medicine.disease, C-Reactive Protein, Milk, Socioeconomic Factors, Dietary Supplements, biology.protein, Female, Hemoglobin, business, Biomarkers, Malaria, Acute-Phase Proteins, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background Children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) are treated with lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNSs) or corn-soy blends (CSBs) but little is known about the impact of these supplements on hemoglobin, iron status, and inflammation. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of supplementary foods for treatment of MAM on hemoglobin, iron status, inflammation, and malaria. Design A randomized 2 × 2 × 3 factorial trial was conducted in Burkina Faso. Children aged 6-23 mo with MAM received 500 kcal/d as LNS or CSB, containing either dehulled soy (DS) or soy isolate (SI) and different quantities of dry skimmed milk (0%, 20% or 50% of total protein) for 12 wk. The trial was double-blind with regard to quality of soy and quantity of milk, but not matrix (CSB compared to LNS). Hemoglobin, serum ferritin (SF), serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and malaria antigens were measured at inclusion and after supplementation. Results Between September 2013 and August 2014, 1609 children were enrolled. Among these, 61 (3.8%) were lost to follow-up. During the 12-wk supplementation period, prevalence of anemia, low SF adjusted for inflammation (SFAI), elevated sTfR, and iron-deficiency anemia decreased by 16.9, 8.7, 12.6 and 10.5 percentage points. Children who received LNS compared to CSB had higher hemoglobin (2 g/L; 95% CI: 1, 4 g/L), SFAI (4.2 µg/L; 95% CI: 2.9, 5.5 µg/L), and CRP (0.8 mg/L; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.2 mg/L) and lower sTfR (-0.9 mg/L, 95% CI: -1.3, -0.6 mg/L) after the intervention. Replacing DS with SI or increasing milk content did not affect hemoglobin, SFAI, sTfR, or CRP. Conclusion Supplementation with LNS compared to CSB led to better hemoglobin and iron status, but overall prevalence of anemia remained high. The higher concentrations of acute-phase proteins in children who received LNSs requires further investigation. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN42569496.
Published: 2018
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31. Mendelian randomization shows sex-specific associations between long-chain PUFA–related genotypes and cognitive performance in Danish schoolchildren

Author: Ken D. Stark, Niels Egelund, Kim F. Michaelsen, Louise Bergmann Sørensen, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Arne Astrup, Camilla Brørup Dyssegaard, Laurine B. S. Harsløf, Lotte Lauritzen, and Christian Ritz
Subjects: Fatty Acid Desaturases, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Medicine (miscellaneous), Physiology, FATTY-ACID-METABOLISM, Grundskole, Child Development, Cognition, Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase, FADS2 POLYMORPHISMS, Attention, Child, Sex Characteristics, Arachidonic Acid, Nutrition and Dietetics, neurodevelopment, biology, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, OPUS SCHOOL MEAL, n-3 fatty acids, PREGNANCY, Female, Sex characteristics, DHA SUPPLEMENTATION, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Genotype, Fatty Acid Elongases, FADS1, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, ELOVL, FISH INTAKE, CONTROLLED-TRIAL, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, school performance, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, Acetyltransferases, NORDIC DIET, Mendelian randomization, Humans, Learning, Allele, Alleles, FADS, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID, Minor allele frequency, Fatty acid desaturase, Reading, biology.protein, Køn
Abstract: Background: Dietary and endogenously formed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are hypothesized to improve cognitive development, but results are inconclusive, with suggestions of sex specificity. One study suggested that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1535 and rs174448 in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster have opposite effects on erythrocyte LCPUFAs at 9 mo.Objective: To explore whether SNPs in FADS and elongase (ELOVL) genes were associated with school performance in a sex-specific manner, we performed a Mendelian randomization study using data from the Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) School Meal Study with 765 Danish schoolchildren 8-11 y old.Design: Associations between selected FADS1/2 SNPs (rs1535, rs174448, and rs174468) and ELOVL5 rs2397142, whole-blood fatty acid composition, and performance in the d2 Test of Attention and a reading test were analyzed in multiple regression models including all SNPs, SNP-sex interactions, and covariates related to testing conditions.Results:FADS, rs1535 minor allele carriage associated with lower whole-blood arachidonic acid (P ≤ 0.002), and minor alleles of rs174448 tended to associate with lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (P = 0.052). We identified sex interactions in 50% of the SNP performance sets. Sex-dependent associations were observed for rs174448 and rs1535 on the d2 Test of Attention outcomes (P < 0.03) and for the associations between reading scores and rs174448 and rs2397142 (P < 0.01). All of the sex-specific analyses showed associations in opposite directions in girls and boys. The minor allele carriage of rs174448 was associated with lower d2 Test of Attention performance (P < 0.02) and reading scores (P < 0.001) in boys but with better reading scores in girls (P ≤ 0.002). The associations were consistently the opposite for rs1535 minor allele carriage (P < 0.05). Associations with rs2397142 also appeared to be opposite of those of rs174448, but only for reading and not significant after adjustment for parental educational level and whole-blood DHA.Conclusions: This study showed associations between rs1535 minor allele homozygosity and rs174448 major allele carriage and improved performance in 8- to 11-y-old boys but not in girls, thereby counteracting existing sex differences. This may be a consequence of increased endogenous DHA synthesis in infancy but not at school-age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01457794.
Published: 2017
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32. Whole-Grain Intake, Reflected by Dietary Records and Biomarkers, Is Inversely Associated with Circulating Insulin and Other Cardiometabolic Markers in 8- to 11-Year-Old Children

Author: Inge Tetens, Arne Astrup, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Rikard Landberg, Mads Vendelbo Lind, Kim F. Michaelsen, and Anja Pia Biltoft-Jensen
Subjects: Dietary Fiber, Male, 0301 basic medicine, obesity, Avena, Denmark, Saturated fat, medicine.medical_treatment, Medicine (miscellaneous), Blood Pressure, Overweight, Alkylresorcinol, Insulin, Child, Triticum, Adiposity, Nutrition and Dietetics, Secale, cardiovascular, Age Factors, food and beverages, Adipose Tissue, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, medicine.symptom, fiber, Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, alkylresorcinols, metabolic syndrome, 03 medical and health sciences, children, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Obesity, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Cholesterol, LDL, Feeding Behavior, Resorcinols, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Diet, Endocrinology, Blood pressure, Metabolic syndrome, Edible Grain, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: Background: Whole-grain consumption seems to be cardioprotective in adults, but evidence in children is limited.Objective: We investigated whether intakes of total whole grain and dietary fiber as well as specific whole grains were associated with fat mass and cardiometabolic risk profile in children.Methods: We collected cross-sectional data on parental education, puberty, diet by 7-d records, and physical activity by accelerometry and measured anthropometry, fat mass index by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood pressure in 713 Danish children aged 8-11 y. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for alkylresorcinols, biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols, insulin, and glucose. Linear mixed models included puberty, parental education, physical activity, and intakes of energy, fruit and vegetables, saturated fat, and n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids.Results: Median (IQR) whole-grain and dietary fiber intakes were 52 g/d (35-72 g/d) and 17 g/d (14-22 g/d), respectively. Fourteen percent of children were overweight or obese and most had low-risk cardiometabolic profiles. Dietary whole-grain and fiber intakes were not associated with fat mass index but were inversely associated with serum insulin [both P
Published: 2017
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33. Utility of bio-electrical impedance vector analysis for monitoring treatment of severe acute malnutrition in children

Author: Tsinuel Girma, Christian Mølgaard, Kim F. Michaelsen, Pernille Kæstel, Christian Ritz, Jonathan C. K. Wells, Henrik Friis, and Gregers S. Andersen
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Severe Acute Malnutrition, Psychological intervention, Nutritional Status, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Organism Hydration Status, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Electric Impedance, Edema, Humans, Vector (molecular biology), Child, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Anthropometry, business.industry, Body Weight, Infant, Body Height, Nutrition Assessment, Child, Preschool, Female, Risk of death, Nutrition Therapy, business
Abstract: Change in hydration is common in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) including during treatment, but is difficult to assess. We investigated the utility of bio-electrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), a quick non-invasive method, for indexing hydration during treatment.We studied 350 children 0·5-14 years of age with SAM (mid-upper arm circumference11·0 cm or weight-for-height70% of median, and/or nutritional oedema) admitted to a hospital nutrition unit, but excluded medically unstable patients. Weight, height (H), resistance (R), reactance (Xc) and phase angle (PA) were measured and oedema assessed. Similar data were collected from 120 healthy infants and preschool/school children for comparison. Means of height-adjusted vectors (R/H, Xc/H) from SAM children were interpreted using tolerance and confidence ellipses of corresponding parameters from the healthy children.SAM children with oedema were less wasted than those without (p 0·001), but had BIVA parameters that differed more from those of healthy children (P 0·05) than those non-oedematous. Initially, both oedematous and non-oedematous SAM children had mean vectors outside the reference 95% tolerance ellipse. During treatment, mean vectors migrated differently in the two SAM groups, indicating fluid loss in oedematous patients, and tissue accretion in non-oedematous patients. At admission, R/H was lower (oedematous) or higher (non-oedematous) among children who died than those who exited the hospital alive.BIVA can be used in children with SAM to distinguish tissue-vs. hydration-related weight changes during treatment, and also identify children at high risk of death enabling early clinical interventions.
Published: 2020

34. 1.1 Child Growth

Author: Kim F, Michaelsen
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Wasting Syndrome, Body Weight, Malnutrition, Infant, Nutritional Status, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Breast Feeding, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Prevalence, Humans, Female, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Growth Disorders
Published: 2020

35. Effect of probiotics on thymus size and markers of infection in late infancy: a randomized controlled trial

Author: Anni Larnkjær, Maren Johanne Heilskov Rytter, Kim F. Michaelsen, Christian Mølgaard, and Rikke Pilmann Laursen
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Denmark, Thymus Gland, Placebo, Infections, Gastroenterology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Probiotic, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Randomized controlled trial, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium animalis, law, 030225 pediatrics, Internal medicine, Medicine, Humans, Respiratory system, biology, business.industry, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Probiotics, Infant, Child Day Care Centers, Organ Size, biology.organism_classification, Diarrhea, C-Reactive Protein, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background Probiotics are known to stimulate the immune system but the effect on thymus size in late infancy is unknown. We examined the effect of probiotics on thymus size and C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy Danish infants starting daycare. We further examined associations between thymus size, CRP and recent infections. Methods The study included 186 children randomized to a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, LGG® and Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis, BB-12® or placebo for 6 months. Thymus size, assessed as thymus index (TI) and thymus weight index (TWI), was measured by ultrasound at baseline and at endpoint. Blood samples were drawn to measure CRP. Infections were parent-reported. Results There was no significant difference in thymus size between the probiotic group and placebo (p ≥ 0.248) but TWI tended to be higher in the probiotic group corresponding to 5% higher than placebo (p = 0.068) in an adjusted model. There was no effect of probiotics on CRP (p = 0.331). At the endpoint, thymus size was inversely associated with CRP (p ≤ 0.040), diarrhea (p ≤ 0.050), and TI was also associated with the absence from daycare due to respiratory or gastrointestinal infections (p = 0.010). Conclusion The probiotic intervention had no effect on thymus size or CRP in Danish children at the age of starting daycare. Impact Overall there was no effect on thymus size of a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, LGG® and Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis, BB-12® administered to Danish children starting daycare.This study examines the effect of probiotics on thymus size in healthy children when they start daycare thus exposed for infections while their immune system is still developing. This has to our knowledge not been described before.We found no significant difference in thymus size between the probiotic and placebo groups, but for thymus weight index, there was a trend. This should be investigated further in studies designed for this as primary outcome.
Published: 2020

36. Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Author: Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Zhou, Bin, Sophiea, Marisa K, Bentham, James, Paciorek, Christopher J, Iurilli, Maria LC, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Bennett, James E, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Taddei, Cristina, Bixby, Honor, Stevens, Gretchen A, Riley, Leanne M, Cowan, Melanie J, Savin, Stefan, Danaei, Goodarz, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Kengne, Andre P, Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Malekzadeh, Reza, Miranda, J Jaime, Moon, Jin Soo, Popovic, Stevo R, Sorensen, Thorkild IA, Soric, Maroje, Starc, Gregor, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Gregg, Edward W, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Black, Robert, Ezzati, Majid, Abarca-Gomez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Rahim, Hanan F Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmed, Soheir H, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Othman, Amani Rashed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Ali, Mohamed M, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allin, Kristine, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amiri, Parisa, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Angquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araujo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F, Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicova, Maria, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V, Jorgensen, Maja Baeksgaard, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, Jose R, Baran, Joanna, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barcelo, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Barros, Aluisio JD, Barros, Mauro Virgilio Gomes, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz D, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M, Batista, Rosangela L, Battakova, Zhamilya, Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A, Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloisa, Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Lele, Elysee Claude Bika, Bikbov, Mukharram M, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B, Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M, Boehm, Bernhard O, Boeing, Heiner, Boggia, Jose G, Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Bovet, Pascal, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn CE, Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, Joao, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M, Brian, Garry R, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Brophy, Sinead, Bruno, Graziella, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, de Leon, Antonio Cabrera, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, Jose, Can, Gunay, Candido, Ana Paula C, Canete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V, Capkova, Nadezda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C, Carlsson, Axel C, Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajus, Jose A, Casanueva, Felipe F, Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique W, Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K, Chaturvedi, Nish, Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C, Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C, Corpeleijn, Eva, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L, Crampin, Amelia C, Crujeiras, Ana B, Csilla, Semanova, Cucu, Alexandra M, Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe V, D'Arrigo, Graziella, d'Orsi, Eleonora, Dacica, Liliana, Saavedra, Maria Angeles Dal Re, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T, Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M, Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, de Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, David, De Ridder, Karin, de Rooij, Susanne R, De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D, DeGennaro, Vincent, Dehghan, Abbas, Delisle, Helene, Delpeuch, Francis, Demarest, Stefaan, Dennison, Elaine, Deren, Katarzyna, Deschamps, Valerie, Dhana, Klodian, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F, Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Diaz-Sanchez, Maria Elena, Diaz, Alejandro, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Djordjic, Visnja, Do, Ha TP, Dobson, Annette J, Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Donoso, Silvana P, Doring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A, Duboz, Priscilla, Duda, Rosemary B, Duleva, Vesselka, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C, Dushpanova, Anar, Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Eddie, Ricky, Eftekhar, Ebrahim, Egbagbe, Eruke E, Eggertsen, Robert, Eghtesad, Sareh, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El-Khateeb, Mohammad, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Eliasen, Marie, Elliott, Paul, Engle-Stone, Reina, Enguerran, Macia, Erasmus, Rajiv T, Erbel, Raimund, Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G, Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge, Eslami, Saeid, Esmaeili, Ali, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fakhretdinova, Albina A, Fall, Caroline H, Faramarzi, Elnaz, Farjam, Mojtaba, Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Mohammad Reza, Fawwad, Asher, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J, Ferguson, Trevor S, Fernandes, Romulo A, Fernandez-Berges, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrao, Thomas, Ferrari, Marika, Ferrario, Marco M, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Figueiro, Thamara Hubler, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fink, Gunther, Fischer, Krista, Foger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M, Francis, Damian K, Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H, Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D, Fuchs, Sandra C, Fujiati, Isti I, Fujita, Yuki, Fumihiko, Matsuda, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Galenkamp, Henrike, Galeone, Daniela, Galfo, Myriam, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, Garcia-Solano, Marta, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P, Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo, Gaya, Anelise Reis, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Gehring, Ulrike, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Gkiouras, Konstantinos, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldsmith, Rebecca A, Goltzman, David, Gomez, Santiago F, Gomula, Aleksandra, da Silva, Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro, Goncalves, Helen, Gonzalez-Chica, David A, Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, Gonzalez-Leon, Margot, Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P, Gonzalez-Villalpando, Clicerio, Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena, Gonzalez, Angel R, Gottrand, Frederic, Graca, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Dusan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G, Gregor, Ronald D, Grodzicki, Tomasz, Groholt, Else Karin, Grontved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-Castillon, Pilar, Gualtieri, Andrea, Gudmundsson, Elias F, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L, Gulliford, Martin C, Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc J, Guo, Xiu-Hua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurzkowska, Beata, Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Enrique, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Ha, Seongjun, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A, Haghshenas, Rosa, Hakimi, Hamid, Halkjaer, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R, Hamzeh, Behrooz, Hange, Dominique, Hanif, Abu AM, Hantunen, Sari, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, Hayes, Alison J, He, Jiang, He, Yuan, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felso, Regina, Heinen, Mirjam, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henrique, Rafael dos Santos, Henriques, 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Zampelas, Antonis, Zamrazilova, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Zaw, Ko Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuniga, Zuziak, Monika, Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (ESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 774548, Reproductive Origins of Adult Health and Disease (ROAHD), Rodriguez-Martinez A, Zhou B, Sophiea MK, Bentham J, Paciorek CJ, Iurilli ML, Carrillo-Larco RM, Bennett JE, Di Cesare M, Taddei C, Bixby H, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Cowan MJ, Savin S, 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Baharudin A, Bahijri S, Baker JL, Balakrishna N, Bamoshmoosh M, Banach M, Bandosz P, Banegas JR, Baran J, Barbagallo CM, Barceló A, Barkat A, Barros AJ, Barros MVG, Basit A, Bastos JLD, Bata I, Batieha AM, Batista RL, Battakova Z, Batyrbek A, Baur LA, Beaglehole R, Bel-Serrat S, Belavendra A, Ben Romdhane H, Benedics J, Benet M, Berkinbayev S, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Bernotiene G, Bettiol H, Bezerra J, Bhagyalaxmi A, Bharadwaj S, Bhargava SK, Bi H, Bi Y, Bia D, Bika Lele EC, Bikbov MM, Bista B, Bjelica DJ, Bjerregaard P, Bjertness E, Bjertness MB, Björkelund C, Bloch KV, Blokstra A, Bo S, Bobak M, Boddy LM, Boehm BO, Boeing H, Boggia JG, Bogova E, Boissonnet CP, Bojesen SE, Bonaccio M, Bongard V, Bonilla-Vargas A, Bopp M, Borghs H, Bovet P, Braeckevelt L, Braeckman L, Bragt MC, Brajkovich I, Branca F, Breckenkamp J, Breda J, Brenner H, Brewster LM, Brian GR, Brinduse L, Brophy S, Bruno G, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Bugge A, Buoncristiano M, Burazeri G, Burns C, Cabrera de León A, Cacciottolo J, Cai H, Cama T, Cameron C, Camolas J, Can G, Cândido APC, Cañete F, Capanzana MV, Capková N, Capuano E, Capuano V, Cardol M, Cardoso VC, Carlsson AC, Carmuega E, Carvalho J, Casajús JA, Casanueva FF, Celikcan E, Censi L, Cervantes-Loaiza M, Cesar JA, Chamukuttan S, Chan AW, Chan Q, Chaturvedi HK, Chaturvedi N, Che Abdul Rahim N, Chen C-J, Chen F, Chen H, Chen S, Chen Z, Cheng C-Y, Cheraghian B, Chetrit A, Chikova-Iscener E, Chiolero A, Chiou S-T, Chirlaque M-D, Cho B, Christensen K, Christofaro DG, Chudek J, Cifkova R, Cilia M, Cinteza E, Claessens F, Clarke J, Clays E, Cohen E, Concin H, Confortin SC, Cooper C, Coppinger TC, Corpeleijn E, Costanzo S, Cottel D, Cowell C, Craig CL, Crampin AC, Crujeiras AB, Csilla S, Cucu AM, Cui L, Cureau FV, D'Arrigo G, d'Orsi E, Dacica L, Dal Re Saavedra MÁ, Dallongeville J, Damasceno A, Damsgaard CT, Dankner R, Dantoft TM, Dasgupta P, Dastgiri S, Dauchet L, Davletov K, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, de Gaetano G, De Henauw S, de Oliveira PD, De Ridder D, De Ridder K, de Rooij SR, De Smedt D, Deepa M, Deev AD, DeGennaro V, Jr, Dehghan A, Delisle H, Delpeuch F, Demarest S, Dennison E, Deren K, Deschamps V, Dhana K, Dhimal M, Di Castelnuovo AF, Dias-da-Costa JS, Díaz-Sánchez ME, Diaz A, Dika Z, Djalalinia S, Djordjic V, Do HT, Dobson AJ, Donati MB, Donfrancesco C, Donoso SP, Döring A, Dorobantu M, Dorosty AR, Doua K, Drygas W, Duan JL, Duante CA, Duboz P, Duda RB, Duleva V, Dulskiene V, Dumith SC, Dushpanova A, Dzerve V, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Eddie R, Eftekhar E, Egbagbe EE, Eggertsen R, Eghtesad S, Eiben G, Ekelund U, El-Khateeb M, El Ati J, Eldemire-Shearer D, Eliasen M, Elliott P, Engle-Stone R, Enguerran M, Erasmus RT, Erbel R, Erem C, Eriksen L, Eriksson JG, Escobedo-de la Peña J, Eslami S, Esmaeili A, Evans A, Faeh D, Fakhretdinova AA, Fall CH, Faramarzi E, Farjam M, Farrugia Sant'Angelo V, Farzadfar F, Fattahi MR, Fawwad A, Felix-Redondo FJ, Ferguson TS, Fernandes RA, Fernández-Bergés D, Ferrante D, Ferrao T, Ferrari M, Ferrario MM, Ferreccio C, Ferrer E, Ferrieres J, Figueiró TH, Fijalkowska A, Fink G, Fischer K, Föger B, Foo LH, Forsner M, Fouad HM, Francis DK, Franco MDC, Franco OH, Frikke-Schmidt R, Frontera G, Fuchs FD, Fuchs SC, Fujiati II, Fujita Y, Fumihiko M, Furusawa T, Gaciong Z, Gafencu M, Galbarczyk A, Galenkamp H, Galeone D, Galfo M, Galvano F, Gao J, Garcia-de-la-Hera M, García-Solano M, Gareta D, Garnett SP, Gaspoz J-M, Gasull M, Gaya ACA, Gaya AR, Gazzinelli A, Gehring U, Geiger H, Geleijnse JM, Ghanbari A, Ghasemi E, Gheorghe-Fronea O-F, Giampaoli S, Gianfagna F, Gill TK, Giovannelli J, Gironella G, Giwercman A, Gkiouras K, Godos J, Gogen S, Goldsmith RA, Goltzman D, Gómez SF, Gomula A, Goncalves Cordeiro da Silva B, Gonçalves H, Gonzalez-Chica DA, Gonzalez-Gross M, González-Leon M, González-Rivas JP, González-Villalpando C, González-Villalpando M-E, Gonzalez AR, Gottrand F, Graça AP, Graff-Iversen S, Grafnetter D, Grajda A, Grammatikopoulou MG, Gregor RD, Grodzicki T, Grøholt EK, Grøntved A, Grosso G, Gruden G, Gu D, Gualdi-Russo E, Guallar-Castillón P, Gualtieri A, Gudmundsson EF, Gudnason V, Guerrero R, Guessous I, Guimaraes AL, Gulliford MC, Gunnlaugsdottir J, Gunter MJ, Guo X-H, Guo Y, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Gureje O, Gurzkowska B, Gutiérrez-González E, Gutierrez L, Gutzwiller F, Ha S, Hadaegh F, Hadjigeorgiou CA, Haghshenas R, Hakimi H, Halkjær J, Hambleton IR, Hamzeh B, Hange D, Hanif AA, Hantunen S, Hari Kumar R, Hashemi-Shahri SM, Hassapidou M, Hata J, Haugsgjerd T, Hayes AJ, He J, He Y, He Y, Heidinger-Felso R, Heinen M, Hejgaard T, Hendriks ME, Henrique RDS, Henriques A, Hernandez Cadena L, Herrala S, Herrera VM, Herter-Aeberli I, Heshmat R, Hill AG, Ho SY, Ho SC, Hobbs M, Hofman A, Holden Bergh I, Holdsworth M, Homayounfar R, Homs C, Hopman WM, Horimoto AR, Hormiga CM, Horta BL, Houti L, Howitt C, Htay TT, Htet AS, Htike MMT, Hu Y, Huerta JM, Huhtaniemi IT, Huidumac Petrescu C, Husseini A, Huu CN, Huybrechts I, Hwalla N, Hyska J, Iacoviello L, Ibarluzea JM, Ibrahim MM, Ibrahim Wong N, Ikeda N, Ikram MA, Iotova V, Irazola VE, Ishida T, Islam M, Islam SMS, Iwasaki M, Jackson RT, Jacobs JM, Jaddou HY, Jafar T, James K, Jamil KM, Jamrozik K, Janszky I, Janus E, Jarani J, Jarvelin M-R, Jasienska G, Jelakovic A, Jelakovic B, Jennings G, Jha AK, Jiang CQ, Jimenez RO, Jöckel K-H, Joffres M, Johansson M, Jokelainen JJ, Jonas JB, Jørgensen T, Joshi P, Joukar F, Jovic DP, Józwiak JJ, Juolevi A, Jurak G, Jurca Simina I, Juresa V, Kaaks R, Kaducu FO, Kafatos A, Kajantie EO, Kalmatayeva Z, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kameli Y, Kanala KR, Kannan S, Kapantais E, Karki KB, Katibeh M, Katz J, Katzmarzyk PT, Kauhanen J, Kaur P, Kavousi M, Kazakbaeva GM, Keil U, Keinan Boker L, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Kelishadi R, Kelleher C, Kemper HC, Keramati M, Kerimkulova A, Kersting M, Key T, Khader YS, Khalili D, Khaw K-T, Kheiri B, Kheradmand M, Khosravi A, Khouw IM, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Kiechl S, Killewo J, Kim DW, Kim HC, Kim J, Kindblom JM, Klakk H, Klimek M, Klimont J, Klumbiene J, Knoflach M, Koirala B, Kolle E, Kolsteren P, König J, Korpelainen R, Korrovits P, Korzycka M, Kos J, Koskinen S, Kouda K, Kovacs VA, Kowlessur S, Koziel S, Kratzer W, Kriemler S, Kristensen PL, Krokstad S, Kromhout D, Krtalic B, Kruger HS, Kubinova R, Kuciene R, Kujala UM, Kujundzic E, Kulaga Z, Kumar RK, Kunešová M, Kurjata P, Kusuma YS, Kuulasmaa K, Kyobutungi C, La QN, Laamiri FZ, Laatikainen T, Lachat C, Laid Y, Lam TH, Lambrinou C-P, Landais E, Lanska V, Lappas G, Larijani B, Latt TS, Lauria L, Lazo-Porras M, Le Nguyen Bao K, Le Port A, Le TD, Lee J, Lee J, Lee PH, Lehmann N, Lehtimäki T, Lemogoum D, Levitt NS, Li Y, Liivak M, Lilly CL, Lim W-Y, Lima-Costa MF, Lin H-H, Lin X, Lin Y-T, Lind L, Linneberg A, Lissner L, Litwin M, Liu J, Liu L, Lo W-C, Loit H-M, Long KQ, Lopes L, Lopes O, Lopez-Garcia E, Lopez T, Lotufo PA, Lozano JE, Lukrafka JL, Luksiene D, Lundqvist A, Lundqvist R, Lunet N, Lunogelo C, Lustigová M, Luszczki E, Ma G, Ma J, Ma X, Machado-Coelho GL, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Machi S, Macieira LM, Madar AA, Maggi S, Magliano DJ, Magnacca S, Magriplis E, Mahasampath G, Maire B, Majer M, Makdisse M, Mäki P, Malekzadeh F, Malhotra R, Mallikharjuna Rao K, Malyutina SK, Maniego LV, Manios Y, Mann JI, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Manzato E, Margozzini P, Markaki A, Markey O, Markidou Ioannidou E, Marques-Vidal P, Marques LP, Marrugat J, Martin-Prevel Y, Martin R, Martorell R, Martos E, Marventano S, Mascarenhas LP, Masoodi SR, Mathiesen EB, Mathur P, Matijasevich A, Matsha TE, Mavrogianni C, Mazur A, Mbanya JCN, McFarlane SR, McGarvey ST, McKee M, McLachlan S, McLean RM, McLean SB, McNulty BA, Mediene-Benchekor S, Medzioniene J, Mehdipour P, Mehlig K, Mehrparvar AH, Meirhaeghe A, Meisfjord J, Meisinger C, Menezes AMB, Menon GR, Mensink GB, Menzano MT, Mereke A, Meshram II, Metspalu A, Mi J, Michaelsen KF, Michels N, Mikkel K, Milkowska K, Miller JC, Minderico CS, Mini GK, Miquel JF, Mirjalili MR, Mirkopoulou D, Mirrakhimov E, Mišigoj-Durakovic M, Mistretta A, Mocanu V, Modesti PA, Moghaddam SS, Mohajer B, Mohamed MK, Mohamed SF, Mohammad K, Mohammadi Z, Mohammadifard N, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohan V, Mohanna S, Mohd Yusoff MF, Mohebbi I, Mohebi F, Moitry M, Molbo D, Møllehave LT, Møller NC, Molnár D, Momenan A, Mondo CK, Monroy-Valle M, Monterrubio-Flores E, Monyeki KDK, Moosazadeh M, Moreira LB, Morejon A, Moreno LA, Morgan K, Morin SN, Mortensen EL, Moschonis G, Mossakowska M, Mostafa A, Mota-Pinto A, Mota J, Motlagh ME, Motta J, Moura-dos-Santos MA, Mridha MK, Msyamboza KP, Mu TT, Muc M, Mugoša B, Muiesan ML, Mukhtorova P, Müller-Nurasyid M, Murphy N, Mursu J, Murtagh EM, Musa KI, Music Milanovic S, Musil V, Mustafa N, Nabipour I, Naderimagham S, Nagel G, Naidu BM, Najafi F, Nakamura H, Námešná J, Nang EEK, Nangia VB, Nankap M, Narake S, Nardone P, Nauck M, Neal WA, Nejatizadeh A, Nelis K, Nelis L, Nenko I, Neovius M, Nervi F, Nguyen CT, Nguyen D, Nguyen QN, Nieto-Martínez RE, Nikitin YP, Ning G, Ninomiya T, Nishtar S, Noale M, Noboa OA, Nogueira H, Norat T, Nordendahl M, Nordestgaard BG, Noto D, Nowak-Szczepanska N, Nsour MA, Nuhoglu I, Nurk E, O'Neill TW, O'Reilly D, Obreja G, Ochimana C, Ochoa-Avilés AM, Oda E, Oh K, Ohara K, Ohlsson C, Ohtsuka R, Olafsson Ö, Olinto MTA, Oliveira IO, Omar MA, Onat A, Ong SK, Ono LM, Ordunez P, Ornelas R, Ortiz AP, Ortiz PJ, Osler M, Osmond C, Ostojic SM, Ostovar A, Otero JA, Overvad K, Owusu-Dabo E, Paccaud FM, Padez C, Pagkalos I, Pahomova E, Paiva KMD, Pajak A, Palli D, Palloni A, Palmieri L, Pan W-H, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Panza F, Papandreou D, Park S-W, Park S, Parnell WR, Parsaeian M, Pascanu IM, Pasquet P, Patel ND, Pednekar MS, Peer N, Peixoto SV, Peltonen M, Pereira AC, Peres MA, Pérez-Farinós N, Pérez CM, Peterkova V, Peters A, Petersmann A, Petkeviciene J, Petrauskiene A, Pettenuzzo E, Peykari N, Pham ST, Pichardo RN, Pierannunzio D, Pigeot I, Pikhart H, Pilav A, Pilotto L, Pistelli F, Pitakaka F, Piwonska A, Pizarro AN, Plans-Rubió P, Poh BK, Pohlabeln H, Pop RM, Porta M, Posch G, Poudyal A, Poulimeneas D, Pouraram H, Pourfarzi F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Pradeepa R, Price AJ, Price JF, Providencia R, Puder JJ, Pudule I, Puhakka SE, Puiu M, Punab M, Qasrawi RF, Qorbani M, Quoc Bao T, Radic I, Radisauskas R, Rahimikazerooni S, Rahman M, Rahman M, Raitakari O, Raj M, Rakhimova E, Rakhmatulloev S, Rakovac I, Ramachandra Rao S, Ramachandran A, Ramke J, Ramos E, Ramos R, Rampal L, Rampal S, Rarra V, Rascon-Pacheco RA, Rasmussen M, Rech CR, Redon J, Reganit PFM, Regecová V, Revilla L, Rezaianzadeh A, Ribas-Barba L, Ribeiro R, Riboli E, Richter A, Rigo F, Rinaldo N, Rinke de Wit TF, Rito A, Ritti-Dias RM, Rivera JA, Robitaille C, Roccaldo R, Rodrigues D, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Rodriguez-Perez MDC, Rodríguez-Villamizar LA, Roggenbuck U, Rojas-Martinez R, Rojroongwasinkul N, Romaguera D, Romeo EL, Rosario RV, Rosengren A, Rouse I, Roy JG, Rubinstein A, Rühli FJ, Ruidavets J-B, Ruiz-Betancourt BS, Ruiz Moreno E, Rusakova IA, Russell Jonsson K, 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Shrestha N, Si-Ramlee K, Siani A, Siantar R, Sibai AM, Silva AM, Silva DAS, Simon M, Simons J, Simons LA, Sjöberg A, Sjöström M, Skodje G, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Slusarczyk P, Smeeth L, So H-K, Soares FC, Sobek G, Sobngwi E, Sodemann M, Söderberg S, Soekatri MY, Soemantri A, Sofat R, Solfrizzi V, Somi MH, Sonestedt E, Song Y, Sørgjerd EP, Sossa Jérome C, Soto-Rojas VE, Soumaré A, Sovic S, Sparboe-Nilsen B, Sparrenberger K, Spinelli A, Spiroski I, Staessen JA, Stamm H, Stathopoulou MG, Staub K, Stavreski B, Steene-Johannessen J, Stehle P, Stein AD, Stergiou GS, Stessman J, Stevanovic R, Stieber J, Stöckl D, Stocks T, Stokwiszewski J, Stoyanova E, Stratton G, Stronks K, Strufaldi MW, Sturua L, Suárez-Medina R, Suka M, Sun C-A, Sundström J, Sung Y-T, Sunyer J, Suriyawongpaisal P, Swinburn BA, Sy RG, Syddall HE, Sylva RC, Szklo M, Szponar L, Tai ES, Tammesoo M-L, Tamosiunas A, Tan EJ, Tang X, Tanser F, Tao Y, Tarawneh MR, Tarp J, Tarqui-Mamani CB, Taxová Braunerová R, Taylor A, Taylor J, 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Vladulescu M, Vlasoff T, Vocanec D, Völzke H, Voutilainen A, Voutilainen S, Vrijheid M, Vrijkotte TG, Wade AN, Wagner A, Waldhör T, Walton J, Wambiya EO, Wan Bebakar WM, Wan Mohamud WN, Wanderley Júnior RDS, Wang M-D, Wang N, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang YX, Wang Y-W, Wannamethee SG, Wareham N, Weber A, Wedderkopp N, Weerasekera D, Weghuber D, Wei W, Weres A, Werner B, Whincup PH, Widhalm K, Widyahening IS, Wiecek A, Wilks RJ, Willeit J, Willeit P, Williams J, Wilsgaard T, Wojtyniak B, Wong-McClure RA, Wong A, Wong JE, Wong TY, Woo J, Woodward M, Wu FC, Wu J, Wu LJ, Wu S, Xu H, Xu L, Yaacob NA, Yamborisut U, Yan W, Yang L, Yang X, Yang Y, Yardim N, Yaseri M, Yasuharu T, Ye X, Yiallouros PK, Yoosefi M, Yoshihara A, You QS, You S-L, Younger-Coleman NO, Yusof SM, Yusoff AF, Zaccagni L, Zafiropulos V, Zakavi SR, Zamani F, Zambon S, Zampelas A, Zamrazilová H, Zapata ME, Zargar AH, Zaw KK, Zdrojewski T, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Zeng Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z-Y, Zhao D, Zhao M-H, Zhao W, Zhen S, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Zholdin B, Zhou M, Zhu D, Zocalo Y, Zuñiga Cisneros J, Zuziak M, Ezzati M, Tampere University, Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Eye Centre, NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), ACS - Diabetes & metabolism, APH - Global Health, APH - Personalized Medicine, Public and occupational health, Epidemiology and Data Science, APH - Aging & Later Life, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Adult Psychiatry, Global Health, APH - Methodology, APH - Quality of Care, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, ACS - Heart failure & arrhythmias, Rodriguez-Martinez A., Zhou B., Sophiea M.K., Bentham J., Paciorek C.J., Iurilli M.L., Carrillo-Larco R.M., Bennett J.E., Di Cesare M., Taddei C., Bixby H., Stevens G.A., Riley L.M., Cowan M.J., Savin S., Danaei G., Chirita-Emandi A., Kengne A.P., Khang Y.-H., Laxmaiah A., Malekzadeh R., Miranda J.J., Moon J.S., Popovic S.R., Sorensen T.I., Soric M., Starc G., Zainuddin A.A., Gregg 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Uysal N., Vaitkeviciute J., Valdivia G., Vale S., Valvi D., van Dam R.M., Van der Heyden J., van der Schouw Y.T., Van Herck K., Van Minh H., van Valkengoed I.G., Vanderschueren D., Vanuzzo D., Varbo A., Varela-Moreiras G., Varona-Perez P., Vasan S.K., Vega T., Veidebaum T., Velasquez-Melendez G., Velika B., Veronesi G., Verschuren W.M., Victora C.G., Viegi G., Viet L., Villalpando S., Vineis P., Vioque J., Virtanen J.K., Visser M., Visvikis-Siest S., Viswanathan B., Vladulescu M., Vlasoff T., Vocanec D., Volzke H., Voutilainen A., Voutilainen S., Vrijheid M., Vrijkotte T.G., Wade A.N., Wagner A., Waldhor T., Walton J., Wambiya E.O., Wan Bebakar W.M., Wan Mohamud W.N., Wanderley Junior R.D.S., Wang M.-D., Wang N., Wang Q., Wang X., Wang Y.X., Wang Y.-W., Wannamethee S.G., Wareham N., Weber A., Wedderkopp N., Weerasekera D., Weghuber D., Wei W., Weres A., Werner B., Whincup P.H., Widhalm K., Widyahening I.S., Wiecek A., Wilks R.J., Willeit J., Willeit P., Williams J., Wilsgaard T., Wojtyniak B., Wong-McClure R.A., Wong A., Wong J.E., Wong T.Y., Woo J., Woodward M., Wu F.C., Wu J., Wu L.J., Wu S., Xu H., Xu L., Yaacob N.A., Yamborisut U., Yan W., Yang L., Yang X., Yang Y., Yardim N., Yaseri M., Yasuharu T., Ye X., Yiallouros P.K., Yoosefi M., Yoshihara A., You Q.S., You S.-L., Younger-Coleman N.O., Yusof S.M., Yusoff A.F., Zaccagni L., Zafiropulos V., Zakavi S.R., Zamani F., Zambon S., Zampelas A., Zamrazilova H., Zapata M.E., Zargar A.H., Zaw K.K., Zdrojewski T., Zeljkovic Vrkic T., Zeng Y., Zhang L., Zhang Z.-Y., Zhao D., Zhao M.-H., Zhao W., Zhen S., Zheng W., Zheng Y., Zholdin B., Zhou M., Zhu D., Zocalo Y., Zuniga Cisneros J., Zuziak M., and Ezzati M.
Subjects: Male, body-mass index, ADULTHOOD, Adolescents, pituuskasvu, Pediatrics, Body Mass Index, 0302 clinical medicine, Child Development, nuoret, Public health surveillance, Medicine, Health Status Indicators, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Body mass index, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Samfunnsmedisin, sosialmedisin: 801, General Medicine, Body mass indexes, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, Geography, Health, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Child, Preschool, Medical and Health sciences, purl.org/becyt/ford/3 [https], medicine.medical_specialty, School-aged adolescents, Socio-culturale, lapset (ikäryhmät), Nursing, territories, ravinto, purl.org/becyt/ford/3.3 [https], 03 medical and health sciences, School Children, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, school-aged children and adolescents, Montenegro, education, Science & Technology, Omvårdnad, Health sciences, Medical and Health sciences, Ciências médicas e da saúde, Bayes Theorem, Anthropometry, Adolescent Development, medicine.disease, TRENDS, Height and Body-mass Index, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, UNDERNUTRITION, Height index trajectories, Height, body mass index, children , epidemiology, risk factors, growth, Stature, Demography, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Internationality, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Body-mass index trajectories, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, risk factors, countries, EPIDEMIOLOGY, height, children, adolescents, BMI, 030212 general & internal medicine, painoindeksi, Child development, 2. Zero hunger, Medicine(all), School age child, obestity children cardiovascular, Population Health, 1. No poverty, Pediatrik, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Pooled analysis, NUTRITION, Female, medicine.symptom, pooled analysis, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, terveys, height, BMI, nutrition, health, children, adolescents, Adolescent, growth, Population, body-mass, Population based, Body-mass index, Young Adult, Medicine, General & Internal, Meta-Analysis as Topic, General & Internal Medicine, parasitic diseases, Weight gain, School-aged childrens, Age trajectories, business.industry, Height, Weight, Body Height, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, ONSET, Ciências da Saúde, Ciências médicas e da saúde, School-aged children, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, Social medicine: 801, business, terveysriskit, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents., METHODS: For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence., FINDINGS: We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls., INTERPRETATION: The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks., Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme, EU., peer-reviewed
Published: 2020
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37. Sialylated Cervical Mucins Inhibit the Activation of Neutrophils to Form Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Bovine in vitro Model

Author: Kim F. Bornhöfft, Alexander Rebl, Mary E. Gallagher, Torsten Viergutz, Kristina Zlatina, Colm Reid, and Sebastian P. Galuska
Subjects: Models, Molecular, lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, 0301 basic medicine, Glycosylation, Neutrophils, Immunology, Perforation (oil well), Gene Expression, sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs), Cervix Uteri, Sialic acid binding, Extracellular Traps, Neutrophil Activation, reproduction, Structure-Activity Relationship, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Animals, Immunology and Allergy, Amino Acid Sequence, Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins, Original Research, bovine neutrophils, Hydrolysis, Mucin, mucins, Neutrophil extracellular traps, Immunohistochemistry, Mucus, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), Sialic acid, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Ionomycin, Cattle, Female, lcsh:RC581-607, sialic acids, 030215 immunology
Abstract: In order to combat invading pathogens neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, since NETs can also damage endogenous cells, several control mechanisms for the formation of NETs must work effectively. For instance, neutrophil activation is silenced within blood circulation by the binding of sialylated glycoconjugates to sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) on neutrophils. As neutrophils are recruited within the female reproductive tract, after mating, a comparable mechanism may also take place within the bovine cervix to prevent an exaggerated NET formation and thus, infertility. We examined, if the highly glycosylated mucins, which are the major functional fraction of biomolecules in mucus, represent a potential regulator of NET formation. The qPCR data revealed that in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) inhibitory Siglecs are the most frequently expressed Siglecs and might be a potential target of sialylated glycans to modulate the activation of PMNs. Remarkably, the addition of bovine cervical mucins significantly inhibited the formation of NET, which had been induced in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or a combination of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. The inhibitory effects were independent of the stage of estrous cycle (estrus, luteal, and follicular mucins). PMNs retained their segmented nuclei and membrane perforation was prevented. However, the inhibitory effects were diminished, when sialic acids were released under acidic conditions. Comparable results were achieved, when sialic acids were targeted by neuraminidase digestion, indicating a sialic acid dependent inhibition of NET release. Thus, bovine cervical mucins have an anti-inflammatory capability to modulate NET formation and might be further immunomodulatory biomolecules that support fertility.
Published: 2019
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38. 2.1 Breastfeeding

Author: Kim F, Michaelsen
Subjects: Breast Feeding, Milk, Human, Humans, Lactation, Female
Published: 2019

39. Breastmilk Lipids and Oligosaccharides Influence Branched Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Infants with Excessive Weight Gain

Author: Christian Mølgaard, Ceyda T. Pekmez, Natalia Vazquez Manjarrez, Lars Bode, Mads Vendelbo Lind, Kim F. Michaelsen, Melanie Wange Larsson, Lars O. Dragsted, Chloe Yonemitsu, and Anni Larnkjær
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Phospholipid, Oligosaccharides, Butyrate, Weight Gain, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Feces, Humans, Food science, Prospective Studies, Derivatization, Isovalerate, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Milk, Human, Short-chain fatty acid, Infant, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Lipids, Oleic acid, 030104 developmental biology, Breast Feeding, chemistry, Composition (visual arts), Female, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract: Scope The aim is to identify breastmilk components associated with fecal concentration of SCFAs and to investigate whether they differ between infants with high weight gain (HW) and normal weight gain (NW). Methods and results Breastmilk and fecal samples are collected from mother-infant dyads with HW (n = 11) and NW (n = 15) at 5 and 9 months of age. Breastmilk is profiled on ultra-performance LC-quadrupole TOF-MS platform. Fecal SCFAs are quantified using an isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are quantified using HPLC after fluorescent derivatization. Lower levels of α-linolenic acid, oleic acid, 3-oxohexadecanoic acid, LPE (P-16:0), LPC (16:0), LPC (18:0), PC (36:2) in breastmilk from mothers from the HW-group at 5 months of age is found. Fecal SCFA concentrations are increased during the transition period from breastfeeding to complementary feeding. Fecal butyrate concentration is higher in the NW-group at 9 months of age. Fecal branched SCFAs are positively associated with breastmilk phospholipid levels, free-fatty acid levels, HMO-diversity, sialylated-HMOs, 6'-sialyllactose, and disialyl-lacto-N-hexaose. Conclusion Fecal branched SCFA concentrations seem to be affected by breastmilk lipid and HMO composition. These differences in breastmilk metabolites may partially explain the excessive weight gain in early life.
Published: 2019

40. Role of Milk and Dairy Products in Growth of the Child

Author: Benedikte, Grenov, Anni, Larnkjær, Christian, Mølgaard, and Kim F, Michaelsen
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Puberty, Infant, Adolescent Development, Overweight, Child Development, Milk, Child, Preschool, Animals, Humans, Cattle, Female, Dairy Products, Dietary Proteins, Obesity, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Child, Poverty
Abstract: Cow's milk and dairy products intake increase linear growth in children and result in increased adult stature. This is supported by observational and intervention studies mainly from low- and middle-income countries. However, recent reviews primarily based on studies from well-nourished populations question the relation. The probable effects seem to be mediated by insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin and to be more pronounced during periods of high growth velocity. Several components of cow's milk are suggested to stimulate growth: a high protein quality, bioavailable minerals that are important for growth, and perhaps lactose. Higher adult stature is associated with both positive and negative health effects. Growth stimulation is important in populations with undernutrition, but in well-nourished populations, it might not be important. A high intake of cow's milk and thereby a high protein intake early in life can increase the risk of later overweight and obesity, while a high protein intake later in childhood seems to be associated with a lower BMI later in childhood. A high dairy intake can limit the diversity of the diet and result in iron deficiency. Therefore, milk intake should not exceed 500 mL/day in young children. Most products for the treatment of undernutrition include dairy protein because of the well-documented effects on growth and recovery. However, as dairy is an expensive ingredient, the amount needed and the effects of alternative plant-based protein sources are considered.
Published: 2019

41. Associations of fat mass and fat-free mass accretion in infancy with body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years:The Ethiopian iABC birth cohort study

Author: Mubarek Abera, Marit E. Jørgensen, Rasmus Wibaek, Henrik Friis, Gregers S. Andersen, Tsinuel Girma, Kim F. Michaelsen, Pernille Kæstel, Jonathan C. K. Wells, Bitiya Admassu, Dorte Vistisen, and Alemseged Abdissa
Subjects: Male, Pediatric Obesity, Physiology, Maternal Health, Blood Pressure, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Body Mass Index, Cohort Studies, Fats, Families, Child Development, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Glucose homeostasis, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Children, Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine, Lipids, Cholesterol, Breast Feeding, Adipose Tissue, Physiological Parameters, Child, Preschool, Body Composition, Medicine, Female, Waist Circumference, Research Article, Cohort study, Childhood Obesity, Waist, Child Growth, Childhood obesity, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Humans, Obesity, Risk factor, business.industry, Body Weight, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Biology and Life Sciences, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Body Height, Age Groups, People and Places, Birth, Women's Health, Population Groupings, Ethiopia, Neonatology, business, Breast feeding, Body mass index, Demography
Abstract: Background Accelerated growth in early childhood is an established risk factor for later obesity and cardiometabolic disease, but the relative importance of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) accretion is not well understood. We aimed to study how FM and FFM at birth and their accretion during infancy were associated with body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years. Methods and findings Healthy children born at term were enrolled in the Infant Anthropometry and Body Composition (iABC) birth cohort between December 2008 and October 2012 at Jimma University Specialized Hospital in the city of Jimma, Ethiopia. FM and FFM were assessed using air displacement plethysmography a median of 6 times between birth and 6 months of age. In 507 children, we estimated individual FM and FFM at birth and their accretion over 0–3 and 3–6 months of age using linear-spline mixed-effects modelling. We analysed associations of FM and FFM at birth and their accretion in infancy with height, waist circumference, FM, FFM, and cardiometabolic risk markers at 5 years using multiple linear regression analysis. A total of 340 children were studied at the 5-year follow-up (mean age: 60.0 months; girls: 50.3%; mean wealth index: 45.5 out of 100; breastfeeding status at 4.5 to 6 months post-partum: 12.5% exclusive, 21.4% almost exclusive, 60.6% predominant, 5.5% partial/none). Higher FM accretion in infancy was associated with higher FM and waist circumference at 5 years. For instance, 100-g/month higher FM accretion in the periods 0–3 and 3–6 months was associated with 339 g (95% CI: 243–435 g, p < 0.001) and 367 g (95% CI: 250–484 g, p < 0.001) greater FM at 5 years, respectively. Higher FM at birth and FM accretion from 0 to 3 months were associated with higher FFM and cholesterol concentrations at 5 years. Associations for cholesterol were strongest for low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–cholesterol, and remained significant after adjusting for current FM. A 100-g higher FM at birth and 100-g/month higher FM accretion from 0 to 3 months were associated with 0.16 mmol/l (95% CI: 0.05–0.26 mmol/l, p = 0.005) and 0.06 mmol/l (95% CI: 0.01–0.12 mmol/l, p = 0.016) higher LDL-cholesterol at 5 years, respectively. Higher FFM at birth and FFM accretion in infancy were associated with higher FM, FFM, waist circumference, and height at 5 years. For instance, 100-g/month higher FFM accretion in the periods 0–3 and 3–6 months was associated with 1,002 g (95% CI: 815–1,189 g, p < 0.001) and 624 g (95% CI: 419–829 g, p < 0.001) greater FFM at 5 years, respectively. We found no associations of FM and FFM growth with any of the other studied cardiometabolic markers including glucose, HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and blood pressure. Non-attendance at the 5-year follow-up visit was the main limitation of this study, which may have introduced selection bias and limited the power of the regression analyses. Conclusions FM accretion in early life was positively associated with markers of adiposity and lipid metabolism, but not with blood pressure and cardiometabolic markers related to glucose homeostasis. FFM accretion was primarily related to linear growth and FFM at 5 years., Rasmus Wibaek and colleagues reveal associations between fat mass and fat free mass in the first 6 months of life and cardiometabolic markers and growth later in childhood., Author summary Why was this study done? Suboptimal growth in fetal life and early childhood are important risk factors for later obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Progression towards disease may start early in life, demonstrated by studies linking early growth with changes in fat mass, lean mass, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children as young as 4 years of age. In populations from low-income countries, currently experiencing a rapidly growing chronic disease burden, knowledge about these relationships is lacking. What did the researchers do and find? We followed a cohort of healthy preschool children from the city of Jimma, Ethiopia, for 5 years starting from birth. Using advanced statistical growth modelling and accurate assessment of body composition, we estimated individual fat and lean mass accretion in the periods 0–3 and 3–6 months of age in 507 children. We conducted regression analyses to test for associations of fat and lean mass growth in early infancy with body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers measured at 5 years of age. These analyses showed that children who gained more fat mass in early infancy had greater fat mass and waist circumference and higher concentrations of risk markers related to cholesterol metabolism at 5 years. Children who gained more lean mass in early infancy were taller and had more lean mass at 5 years. Fat and lean mass growth in early infancy were not associated with blood pressure and cardiometabolic markers related to glucose homeostasis at 5 years. What do these findings mean? This study showed that early infancy is an important developmental window for a child’s later body composition. This contemporary cohort of preschool children from a sub-Saharan African urban setting had markedly higher fat mass than similar-aged children from the UK and India, which may be a result of excess fat mass accretion during the first 6 months of life. Variable patterns of fat and lean mass growth did not appear to be consistently associated with markers of cardiometabolic risk, other than markers of cholesterol metabolism at 5 years.
Published: 2019
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42. Thymus size is associated with breastfeeding and having pets in a sex-specific manner

Author: Christian Ritz, Anni Larnkjær, Maren Johanne Heilskov Rytter, Rikke Pilmann Laursen, Christian Mølgaard, Kim F. Michaelsen, and Hanne Frøkiær
Subjects: Male, Future studies, business.industry, Breastfeeding, Infant, General Medicine, Anthropometry, Sex specific, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast Feeding, Relative Volume, 030225 pediatrics, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Hypersensitivity, Medicine, Humans, Thymus weight, Female, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, Demography, Ultrasonography
Abstract: AIM The aim was to examine associations between thymus size and anthropometric measurements, sex, age, breastfeeding status, presence of siblings, household pets, and infections and allergies since birth in 8- to 13-month-old healthy Danish infants. METHODS Data collected from 256 healthy infants enrolled in the ProbiComp study were used. Thymus size was assessed using sonographic measures, and thymic index (TI) and thymus weight index (TWI) was used as an absolute and a relative volume estimate, respectively. RESULTS In terms of TI and TWI, boys had approximately 15% and 5% larger thymus than girls (P
Published: 2019

43. Probiotics in late infancy reduce the incidence of eczema:A randomized controlled trial

Author: Christian Mølgaard, Rikke Meineche Schmidt, Rikke Pilmann Laursen, Anni Larnkjær, Arne Høst, Kim F. Michaelsen, and Signe Bruun
Subjects: Male, Allergy, medicine.medical_specialty, allergic diseases, Immunology, Eczema, Prevalence, atopy, sensitization, law.invention, Atopy, 03 medical and health sciences, Probiotic, 0302 clinical medicine, Double-Blind Method, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Randomized controlled trial, law, Surveys and Questionnaires, Internal medicine, Faculty of Science, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, 030212 general & internal medicine, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Asthma, biology, business.industry, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis, Incidence, Probiotics, Incidence (epidemiology), Infant, Immunoglobulin E, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, allergy, 030228 respiratory system, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, Immunization, business, RCT, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background: Allergic diseases are common and represent a considerable health and economic burden worldwide. We aimed to examine the effect of a combination of two probiotic strains administered in late infancy and early childhood on the development of allergic diseases and sensitization.Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial, participants were randomized to receive a daily mixture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis or placebo-starting prior to attending day care. The intervention period was 6 months, and the parents answered web-based questionnaires on allergic symptoms and doctor's diagnosed allergic disease monthly. IgE was measured at baseline and follow-up.Results: A total of 290 participants were randomized: 144 in the probiotic group and 146 in the placebo group. Mean age at intervention start was 10.1 months. At follow-up (mean age 16.1 months), the incidence of eczema was 4.2% in the probiotic group and 11.5% in the placebo group (P = 0.036). The incidence of asthma and conjunctivitis did not differ between groups, and no children presented with rhinitis. Sensitization was equal in the two groups at intervention start (7.5% and 9.5%, respectively), and two children in each group were sensitized during the intervention.Conclusions: We observed a significantly lower incidence of eczema in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group. The probiotics were administered in late infancy-prior to attending day care-suggesting a broader window of opportunity using probiotics in the prevention of eczema. The incidence of asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and sensitization did not differ.
Published: 2019
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44. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Author: Bixby, Honor, Bentham, James, Zhou, Bin, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Paciorek, Christopher J., Bennett, James E., Taddei, Cristina, Stevens, Gretchen A., Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Khang, Young-Ho, Soric, Maroje, Gregg, Edward W., Miranda, J. Jaime, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Savin, Stefan, Sophiea, Marisa K., Iurilli, Maria L. C., Solomon, Bethlehem D., Cowan, Melanie J., Riley, Leanne M., Danaei, Goodarz, Bovet, Pascal, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Hambleton, Ian R., Hayes, Alison J., Ikeda, Nayu, Kengne, Andre P., Laxmaiah, Avula, Li, Yanping, McGarvey, Stephen T., Mostafa, Aya, Neovius, Martin, Starc, Gregor, Zainuddin, Ahmad A., Abarca-Gomez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A., Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Hamid, Zargar Abdul, Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J., Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Agdeppa, Imelda A., Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadvand, Alireza, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Ajlouni, Kamel, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M., Ali, Mohamed M., Ali, Osman, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Othman, Amani Rashed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N., Amouyel, Philippe, Amuzu, Antoinette, Bo, Lars, Anderssen, Sigmund A., Angquist, Lars H., Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araujo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E., Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K., Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K., Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F., Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicova, Maria, Azevedo, Ana, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V., Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L., Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, Jose R., Barbagallo, Carlo M., Barcelo, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Barros, Aluisio J. D., Barros, Mauro V. G., Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M., Batista, Rosangela L., Battakova, Zhamilya, Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A., Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloisa, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K., Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Biehl, Anna, Lele, Elysee Claude Bika, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J., Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B., Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M., Boehm, Bernhard O., Boeing, Heiner, Boggia, Jose G., Boissonnet, Carlos P., Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bopp, Matthias, Borchini, Rossana, Borghs, Herman, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn C. E., Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, Joao, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M., Brian, Garry R., Brinduse, Lacramioara, Bruno, Graziella, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, Cabrera de Leon, Antonio, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, Jose, Can, Gamze, Can, Gunay, Candido, Ana Paula C., Canete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V., Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardoso, Viviane C., Carlsson, Axel C., Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Maria J., Casanueva, Felipe F., Casas, Juan-Pablo, Caserta, Carmelo A., Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cesar, Juraci A., Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique W., Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K., Chaturvedi, Nishi, Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheng, Yiling J., Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Cho, Yumi, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G., Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C., Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C., Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L., Crampin, Amelia C., Crujeiras, Ana B., Cruz, Juan J., Cucu, Alexandra, Cui, Liufu, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T., Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M., D'Arrigo, Graziella, Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, De Curtis, Amalia, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, de Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, Karin, de Rooij, Susanne R., De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D., Dehghan, Abbas, Delisle, Helene, Delpeuch, Francis, Dennison, Elaine, Deschamps, Valerie, Dhana, Klodian, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F., Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Diaz, Alejandro, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Ha T. P., Dobson, Annette J., Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Donoso, Silvana P., Doering, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, d'Orsi, Eleonora, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A., Duda, Rosemary B., Duleva, Vesselka, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C., Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Eddie, Ricky, Egbagbe, Eruke E., Eggertsen, Robert, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Eliasen, Marie, Elliott, Paul, Engle-Stone, Reina, Erasmus, Rajiv T., Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G., Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fall, Caroline H., Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Mohammad R., Felix-Redondo, Francisco J., Ferguson, Trevor S., Fernandes, Romulo A., Fernandez-Berges, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrari, Marika, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fink, Gunther, Fischer, Krista, Flores, Eric Monterubio, Foeger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Forslund, Ann-Sofie, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M., Francis, Damian K., Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H., Frontera-Juan, Guillem, Fuchs, Flavio D., Fuchs, Sandra C., Fujita, Yuki, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galeone, Daniela, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P., Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gates, Louise, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Ghasemian, Anoosheh, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K., Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldsmith, Rebecca A., Goltzman, David, Goncalves, Helen, Gonzalez, Angel R., Gonzalez-Chica, David A., Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, Gonzalez-Leon, Margot, Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P., Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena, Gottrand, Frederic, Graca, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Dusan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G., Gregor, Ronald D., Grodzicki, Tomasz, Grontved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Gudmundsson, Elias F., Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L., Gulliford, Martin C., Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc, Guo, Xiuhua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C., Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurzkowska, Beata, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A., Haghshenas, Rosa, Halkjaer, Jytte, Hardy, Rebecca, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, He, Jiang, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felso, Regina, Heinen, Mirjam, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henriques, Ana, Hernandez Cadena, Leticia, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera, Victor M., Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Heshmat, Ramin, Hill, Allan G., Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C., Hobbs, Michael, Hofman, Albert, Hopman, Wilma M., Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R., Hormiga, Claudia M., Horta, Bernardo L., Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Htay, Thein Thein, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, Jose Maria, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac, Huisman, Martijn, Husseini, Abdullatif, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Ibarluzea, Jesus M., Ibrahim, Mohsen M., Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim, Ikram, M. Arfan, Irazola, Vilma E., Ishida, Takafumi, Islam, Muhammad, Ismail, Aziz al-Safi, Ivkovic, Vanja, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jaaskelainen, Tuija, Jackson, Rod T., Jacobs, Jeremy M., Jaddou, Hashem, Jafar, Tazeen, James, Kenneth, Jamil, Kazi M., Jamrozik, Konrad, Janszky, Imre, Janus, Edward, Jarani, Juel, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jelakovic, Ana, Jelakovic, Bojan, Jennings, Garry, Jeong, Seung-Lyeal, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jimenez, Ramon O., Joffres, Michel, Johansson, Mattias, Jokelainen, Jari J., Jonas, Jost B., Jorgensen, Torben, Joshi, Pradeep, Jovic, Dragana P., Jozwiak, Jacek, Juolevi, Anne, Jurak, Gregor, Juresa, Vesna, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kafatos, Anthony, Kajantie, Eero O., Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kamaruddin, Nor Azmi, Kameli, Yves, Kapantais, Efthymios, Karki, Khem B., Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Katz, Joanne, Katzmarzyk, Peter T., Kauhanen, Jussi, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kazakbaeva, Gyulli, Keil, Ulrich, Keinan-Boker, Lital, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kelishadi, Roya, Kelleher, Cecily, Kemper, Han C. G., Kerimkulova, Alina, Kersting, Mathilde, Key, Timothy, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalili, Davood, Khateeb, Mohammad, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Kheiri, Bahareh, Khosravi, Alireza, Khouw, Ilse M. S. L., Kiechl, Stefan, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula, Killewo, Japhet, Kim, Jeongseon, Kim, Yeon-Yong, Klimont, Jeannette, Klumbiene, Jurate, Knoflach, Michael, Koirala, Bhawesh, Kolle, Elin, Kolsteren, Patrick, Koenig, Jurgen, Korpelainen, Raija, Korrovits, Paul, Korzycka, Magdalena, Koskinen, Seppo, Kouda, Katsuyasu, Kovacs, Viktoria A., Kowlessur, Sudhir, Koziel, Slawomir, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kriemler, Susi, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Krokstad, Steinar, Kromhout, Daan, Kruger, Herculina S., Kubinova, Ruzena, Kuciene, Renata, Kuh, Diana, Kujala, Urho M., Kujundzic, Enisa, Kulaga, Zbigniew, Kumar, R. Krishna, Kunesova, Marie, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S., Kuulasmaa, Kari, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Quang Ngoc La, Laamiri, Fatima Zahra, Laatikainen, Tiina, Lachat, Carl, Laid, Youcef, Tai Hing Lam, Morovic, Maja Lang, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Larijani, Bagher, Latt, Tint Swe, Laugsand, Lars E., Lauria, Laura, Lazo-Porras, Maria, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Le Port, Agnes, Le, Tuyen D., Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lee, Paul H., Lehtimaki, Terho, Lemogoum, Daniel, Levitt, Naomi S., Lilly, Christa L., Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lin, Xu, Lind, Lars, Linneberg, Allan, Lissner, Lauren, Litwin, Mieczyslaw, Liu, Jing, Loit, Helle-Mai, Lopes, Luis, Lopez, Tania, Lopez-Garcia, Esther, Lorbeer, Roberto, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Jose Eugenio, Luksiene, Dalia, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lundqvist, Robert, Lunet, Nuno, Lytsy, Per, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Jun, Machado-Coelho, George L. L., Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M., Machi, Suka, Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J., Magriplis, Emmanuella, Maire, Bernard, Majer, Marjeta, Makdisse, Marcia, Malekzadeh, Fatemeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rahul, Malyutina, Sofia, Maniego, Lynell V., Manios, Yannis, Mann, Jim I., Manzato, Enzo, Margozzini, Paula, Markaki, Anastasia, Markey, Oonagh, Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou, Marques, Larissa Pruner, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Marrugat, Jaume, Martin, Rosemarie, Martin-Prevel, Yves, Martorell, Reynaldo, Martos, Eva, Marventano, Stefano, Masoodi, Shariq R., Mathiesen, Ellisiv B., Mathur, Prashant, Matijasevich, Alicia, Matsha, Tandi E., Mazur, Artur, Mbanya, Jean Claude N., McFarlane, Shelly R., Mckee, Martin, McLachlan, Stela, McLean, Rachael M., McLean, Scott B., McNulty, Breige A., Yusof, Safiah Md, Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia, Medzioniene, Jurate, Mehdipour, Parinaz, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisfjord, Jorgen, Meisinger, Christa, Menezes, Ana Maria B., Menon, Geetha R., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mereke, Alibek, Meshram, Indrapal I., Metspalu, Andres, Meyer, Haakon E., Mi, Jie, Michaelsen, Kim F., Michels, Nathalie, Mikkel, Kairit, Miller, Jody C., Minderico, Claudia S., Francisco Miquel, Juan, Mirkopoulou, Daphne, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Misigoj-Durakovic, Marjeta, Mistretta, Antonio, Mocanu, Veronica, Modesti, Pietro A., Moghaddam, Sahar Saeeidi, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Mostafa K., Mohammad, Kazem, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mohanna, Salim, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Mohebi, Farnam, Moitry, Marie, Molbo, Drude, Mollehave, Line T., Moller, Niels C., Molnar, Denes, Momenan, Amirabbas, Mondo, Charles K., Monterrubio, Eric A., Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K., Moon, Jin Soo, Moreira, Leila B., Morejon, Alain, Moreno, Luis A., Morgan, Karen, Morin, Suzanne, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Moschonis, George, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mota, Jorge, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel, Motta, Jorge, Msyamboza, Kelias P., Mu, Thet Thet, Muc, Magdalena, Mugosa, Boban, Muiesan, Maria Lorenza, Mukhtorova, Parvina, Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina, Murphy, Neil, Mursu, Jaakko, Murtagh, Elaine M., Milanovic, Sanja Music, Musil, Vera, Nabipour, Iraj, Naderimagham, Shohreh, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidu, Balkish M., Nakamura, Harunobu, Namesna, Jana, Nang, Ei Ei K., Nangia, Vinay B., Nankap, Martin, Narake, Sameer, Nardone, Paola, Nauck, Matthias, Navarrete-Munoz, Eva Maria, Neal, William A., Nelis, Keiu, Nelis, Liis, Nenko, Ilona, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Chung T., Nguyen, Nguyen D., Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis E., Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A., Norat, Teresa, Norie, Sawada, Noto, Davide, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Nurk, Eha, Nyirenda, Moffat, Obreja, Galina, Ochoa-Aviles, Angelica M., Oda, Eiji, Oh, Kyungwon, Ohara, Kumiko, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Orn, Anselmo Olinto, Maria Teresa, Oliveira, Isabel O., Oltarzewski, Maciej, Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, O'Neill, Terence W., Ong, Sok King, Ono, Lariane M., Ordunez, Pedro, O'Reilly, Dermot, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P., Ortiz, Pedro J., Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M., Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A., Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Padez, Cristina, Pagkalos, Ioannis, Pahomova, Elena, Pajak, Andrzej, Palli, Domenico, Palloni, Alberto, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Arvind, Panza, Francesco, Papandreou, Dimitrios, Park, Soon-Woo, Parnell, Winsome R., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Pascanu, Ionela M., Patel, Nikhil D., Pecin, Ivan, Pednekar, Mangesh S., Peer, Nasheeta, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C., Perez, Cynthia M., Perez-Farinos, Napoleon, Peters, Annette, Petersmann, Astrid, Petkeviciene, Janina, Petrauskiene, Ausra, Peykari, Niloofar, Son Thai Pham, Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeot, Iris, Pikhart, Hynek, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Pistelli, Francesco, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Plans-Rubio, Pedro, Poh, Bee Koon, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Pop, Raluca M., Popovic, Stevo R., Porta, Miquel, Portegies, Marileen L. P., Posch, Georg, Poulimeneas, Dimitrios, Pouraram, Hamed, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Alison J., Price, Jacqueline F., Puder, Jardena J., Pudule, Iveta, Puhakka, Soile E., Puiu, Maria, Punab, Margus, Qasrawi, Radwan F., Qorbani, Mostafa, Tran Quoc Bao, Radhika, Madhari S., Radic, Ivana, Radisauskas, Ricardas, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mahmudur, Raitakari, Olli, Raj, Manu, Rajkumar, Hemalatha, Rakhmatulloev, Sherali, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramke, Jacqueline, Ramos, Elisabete, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rampal, Sanjay, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A., Rasmussen, Mette, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M., Regecova, Valeria, Revilla, Luis, Ribas-Barba, Lourdes, Ribeiro, Robespierre, Riboli, Elio, Rigo, Fernando, Rinaldo, Natascia, de Wit, Tobias F. Rinke, Rito, Ana, Ritti-Dias, Raphael M., Rivera, Juan A., Robitaille, Cynthia, Rodrigues, Daniela, Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Maria, Rodriguez-Villamizar, Laura A., Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa, Romaguera, Dora, Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Roy, Joel G. R., Rubinstein, Adolfo, Ruhli, Frank J., Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard, Ruiz Moreno, Emma, Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca, Russo, Paola, Rust, Petra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sachdev, Harshpal S., Safiri, Saeid, Saidi, Olfa, Salanave, Benoit, Salazar-Martinez, Eduardo, Salmeron, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T., Salvetti, Massimo, Sanchez-Abanto, Jose, Sandjaja, Sans, Susana, Santa-Marina, Loreto, Santos, Diana A., Santos, Ina S., Santos, Osvaldo, Santos, Rute, Santos Sanz, Sara, Saramies, Jouko L., Sardinha, Luis B., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savva, Savvas, Savy, Mathilde, Scazufca, Marcia, Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath, Schargrodsky, Herman, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schindler, Karin, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Carsten O., Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schoettker, Ben, Schultsz, Constance, Schutte, Aletta E., Sebert, Sylvain, Sein, Aye Aye, Selamat, Rusidah, Sember, Vedrana, Sen, Abhijit, Senbanjo, Idowu O., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Sequera, Victor, Serra-Majem, Luis, Servais, Jennifer, Shalnova, Svetlana A., Sharma, Sanjib K., Shaw, Jonathan E., Shengelia, Lela, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shin, Dong Wook, Shin, Youchan, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M., Silva, Antonio M., Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A., Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Sjoberg, Agneta, Sjostrom, Michael, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, Snijder, Marieke B., So, Hung-Kwan, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soderberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti Y. E., Soemantri, Agustinus, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Sorensen, Thorkild I. A., Jerome, Charles Sossa, Soumare, Aicha, Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A., Stamm, Hanspeter, Stathopoulou, Maria G., Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D., Stergiou, George S., Stessman, Jochanan, Stoeckl, Doris, Stocks, Tanja, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sturua, Lela, Suarez-Medina, Ramon, Sun, Chien-An, Sundstrom, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Swinburn, Boyd A., Sy, Rody G., Sylva, Rene Charles, Szponar, Lucjan, Tai, E. 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H, Zapata ME, Zaw KK, Zdrojewski T, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Zeng Y, Zhao D, Zhao W, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Zholdin B, Zhou M, Zhu D, Zhussupov B, Zimmermann E, Zuñiga Cisneros J, Ezzati M, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K. [0000-0002-8339-9285], APH - Societal Participation & Health, APH - Aging & Later Life, Epidemiology and Data Science, Public and occupational health, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, and APH - Personalized Medicine
Subjects: Male, Rural Population, obesity, Obesity, body mass index, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Letter, Urban Population, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], humanos, body-mass index, adolescente, Geographic Mapping, Sex Factor, países desarrollados, Rural Health, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.09 [https], systematic analysis, Body Mass Index, países en desarrollo, 80 and over, risk factors, Age Factor, physical-activity, mediana edad, mapeo geográfico, Aged, 80 and over, anciano, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.18 [https], dieta, Age Factors, health, adulto, Middle Aged, Multidisciplinary Sciences, adulto joven, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], estado nutricional, nutrition, Science & Technology - Other Topics, NUTRITION, Female, HEALTH, pooled analysis, Diet, Healthy, worldwide trends, Human, Developed Countrie, Adult, Adolescent, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.04 [https], FOOD SYSTEM, Socio-culturale, Nutritional Status, URBAN, Aged, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Humans, Obesity, Sex Factors, Urban Health, Young Adult, POOLED ANALYSIS, Developing Countrie, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Urban rural Obesity Body-Mass-Index, obesidad, Middle-income countries, food system, urban, weight, Healthy, Science & Technology, índice de masa corporal, Diet, PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY, WORLDWIDE TRENDS, Risk factors, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, WEIGHT
Abstract: Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories., This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust. H.B. was supported by a Medical Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership Studentship, J.B. by a Royal Society Research Grant, and M.D.C. by an Academy of Medical Sciences Springboard Award. We thank L. Jaacks, B. Popkin, S. Sundberg and W. Willett for recommendations of relevant citations. The authors are responsible for the views expressed in this Letter and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated.
Published: 2019
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45. Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors

Author: David Torrents, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, André G. Uitterlinden, Dorret I. Boomsma, Harry Campbell, Vasiliki Lagou, Joachim Heinrich, Anna Murray, Nicholas J. Timpson, George Dedoussis, Beverley M. Shields, Timo A. Lakka, Lawrence J. Beilin, Carmen J. Marsit, Katharina E. Schraut, Marie Standl, Torben Hansen, James F. Wilson, Jonas Bacelis, Allan Vaag, Louis J. Muglia, Wei Ang, Josep M. Mercader, Ruifang Li-Gao, Ying Wu, Jessica Tyrrell, Pål R. Njølstad, Mohammad Hadi Zafarmand, Marie-France Hivert, Ioanna Ntalla, Debbie A Lawlor, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Alana Cavadino, Natalia Vilor-Tejedor, Andrew R. Wood, Zoltán Kutalik, Jodie N. Painter, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Kyle J. Gaulton, Xavier Estivill, George Davey Smith, Christine Power, Andrew T. Hattersley, Berthold Hocher, Gibran Hemani, Sheila J. Barton, Aino-Maija Eloranta, Kathryn L. Lunetta, Kim F. Michaelsen, Frank Geller, Bjarke Feenstra, Carol A. Wang, Peter Vollenweider, Wieland Kiess, Anubha Mahajan, Elina Hyppönen, Elisabeth M. van Leeuwen, Felix R. Day, Natalie R. van Zuydam, Leda Chatzi, Bo L. Chawes, Antje Körner, Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori, Ken K. Ong, Joanne M. Murabito, David M. Hougaard, Jian'an Luan, Letizia Marullo, Catharina E. M. van Beijsterveldt, Yik Ying Teo, Andrew P. Morris, Sarah E. Medland, Juan Fernández-Tajes, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Frits R. Rosendaal, Inga Prokopenko, Katja Pahkala, Struan F.A. Grant, Sylvain Sebert, Judith B. Borja, Camilla Schmidt Morgen, Charlotta Pisinger, Jia Chen, Øyvind Helgeland, Christian Theil Have, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, Marjolein N. Kooijman, Mika Kähönen, Timothy M. Frayling, Diana L. Cousminer, Bo Jacobsson, Antoine H. C. van Kampen, Eco J. C. de Geus, Manolis Kogevinas, Rico Rueedi, Grant W. Montgomery, Raimo Joro, Craig E. Pennell, Jonathan P. Bradfield, Janine F. Felix, Ge Zhang, Loreto Santa-Marina, Kalliope Panoutsopoulou, John R. B. Perry, Jeff Murray, Albert Hofman, Terho Lehtimäki, John W. Holloway, Barbera D. C. van Schaik, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Ronny Myhre, Haja N. Kadarmideen, Robert A. Scott, Frank D. Mentch, Katherine S. Ruth, Hans Bisgaard, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Catherine Allard, Rachel M. Freathy, Julie A. Marsh, Mariona Bustamante, Elisabeth Thiering, Cæcilie Trier, Marcus A. Tuke, William L. Lowe, Elisabeth Widen, Caroline L Relton, Christoph Reichetzeder, Penelope A. Lind, M. Geoffrey Hayes, Charles Laurin, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Meike Bartels, Mads Melbye, Claudia Langenberg, Ke Hao, Shouneng Peng, Nicholas J. Wareham, Susan M. Ring, Hamdi Mbarek, Mario Murcia, Jing Hua Zhao, Michael Nodzenski, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Hakon Hakonarson, Hanieh Yaghootkar, Po-Ru Loh, Linda S. Adair, Sílvia Bonàs-Guarch, Eleftheria Zeggini, Sarah Metrustry, Shikta Das, Gonneke Willemsen, Ana Espinosa, Lavinia Paternoster, Marc Vaudel, Theresia M. Schnurr, Michael Stumvoll, David M. Evans, Bridget A. Knight, Luigi Bouchard, Robin N Beaumont, Mustafa Atalay, Zhen Qiao, Denise M. Scholtens, Klaus Bønnelykke, Samuel E. Jones, Peter K. Joshi, Oluf Pedersen, Jin-Fang Chai, Fernando Rivadeneira, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Rebecca K. Vinding, Hazel Inskip, Sara M. Willems, Cilius Esmann Fonvig, Momoko Horikoshi, Ellen A. Nohr, Jani Heikkinen, Emil V. R. Appel, Niels Grarup, Michael N. Weedon, Rebecca C Richmond, Peter Kovacs, Jorma Viikari, Amanda J. Bennett, Jens-Christian Holm, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Nicole M. Warrington, Anke Tönjes, Jakob Stokholm, Hugoline G. de Haan, Seang-Mei Saw, Ville Huikari, N. William Rayner, Johan G. Eriksson, Niina Pitkänen, Allan Linneberg, Gunn-Helen Moen, Olli T. Raitakari, Martine Vrijheid, Neil Robertson, Stefan Johansson, Tim D. Spector, Friman Sánchez, Mark I. McCarthy, Harri Niinikoski, Karen L. Mohlke, Biological Psychology, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, APH - Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, APH - Mental Health, APH - Methodology, Warrington, Nicole M, Beaumont, Robin N, Horikoshi, Momoko, Day, Felix R, Hypponen, E, Freathy, RM, EGG consortium, Medical and Clinical Psychology, University of Helsinki, Johan Eriksson / Principal Investigator, University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Warrington, Nicole M [0000-0003-4195-775X], Beaumont, Robin N [0000-0003-0750-8248], Day, Felix R [0000-0003-3789-7651], Helgeland, Øyvind [0000-0002-5612-2985], Laurin, Charles [0000-0003-2439-9004], Bacelis, Jonas [0000-0002-2450-732X], Feenstra, Bjarke [0000-0003-1478-649X], Mahajan, Anubha [0000-0001-5585-3420], Moen, Gunn-Helen [0000-0002-8768-0904], Schnurr, Theresia M [0000-0002-6573-4959], Grarup, Niels [0000-0001-5526-1070], Paternoster, Lavinia [0000-0003-2514-0889], Rueedi, Rico [0000-0002-6713-2214], Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka [0000-0002-7200-5455], Metrustry, Sarah [0000-0003-2028-7486], Wang, Carol A [0000-0002-4301-3974], Joshi, Peter K [0000-0002-6361-5059], Pitkänen, Niina [0000-0001-7383-4987], Richmond, Rebecca C [0000-0003-0574-5071], Inskip, Hazel M [0000-0001-8897-1749], Holloway, John W [0000-0001-9998-0464], Estivill, Xavier [0000-0002-0723-2256], Hocher, Berthold [0000-0001-8143-0579], Lunetta, Kathryn L [0000-0002-9268-810X], Allard, Catherine [0000-0002-8829-4984], Muglia, Louis J [0000-0002-0301-8770], van Kampen, Antoine HC [0000-0003-1025-7232], van Schaik, Barbera DC [0000-0002-5568-8127], Langenberg, Claudia [0000-0002-5017-7344], Hemani, Gibran [0000-0003-0920-1055], Gaulton, Kyle J [0000-0003-1318-7161], Medina-Gomez, Carolina [0000-0001-7999-5538], Kutalik, Zoltán [0000-0001-8285-7523], Marques-Vidal, Pedro [0000-0002-4548-8500], Mbarek, Hamdi [0000-0002-1108-0371], Müller-Nurasyid, Martina [0000-0003-3793-5910], Appel, Emil VR [0000-0001-7704-6611], Fonvig, Cilius E [0000-0002-5031-0125], Hougaard, David M [0000-0001-5928-3517], Mercader, Josep M [0000-0001-8494-3660], Linneberg, Allan [0000-0002-0994-0184], Lind, Penelope A [0000-0002-3887-2598], Medland, Sarah E [0000-0003-1382-380X], Bartels, Meike [0000-0002-9667-7555], Stokholm, Jakob [0000-0003-4989-9769], Chawes, Bo L [0000-0001-6846-6243], Kovacs, Peter [0000-0002-0290-5423], Prokopenko, Inga [0000-0003-1624-7457], Tuke, Marcus A [0000-0003-0008-9263], Ruth, Katherine S [0000-0003-4966-9170], Jones, Samuel E [0000-0003-0153-922X], Zeggini, Eleftheria [0000-0003-4238-659X], Wilson, James F [0000-0001-5751-9178], Vrijkotte, Tanja GM [0000-0003-3641-4048], de Geus, Eco JCN [0000-0001-6022-2666], Kadarmideen, Haja N [0000-0001-6294-382X], Mohlke, Karen L [0000-0001-6721-153X], Sørensen, Thorkild IA [0000-0003-4821-430X], Bisgaard, Hans [0000-0003-4131-7592], Bønnelykke, Klaus [0000-0003-2003-1018], Melbye, Mads [0000-0001-8264-6785], Rivadeneira, Fernando [0000-0001-9435-9441], Felix, Janine F [0000-0002-9801-5774], Jaddoe, Vincent WV [0000-0003-2939-0041], Hansen, Torben [0000-0001-8748-3831], Hyppönen, Elina [0000-0003-3670-9399], Davey Smith, George [0000-0002-1407-8314], Morris, Andrew P [0000-0002-6805-6014], Hakonarson, Hakon [0000-0003-2814-7461], Grant, Struan FA [0000-0003-2025-5302], Lawlor, Debbie A [0000-0002-6793-2262], Njølstad, Pål R [0000-0003-0304-6728], Ong, Ken K [0000-0003-4689-7530], McCarthy, Mark I [0000-0002-4393-0510], Evans, David M [0000-0003-0663-4621], Freathy, Rachel M [0000-0003-4152-2238], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Neuroscience Center, Doctoral Programme Brain & Mind, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, Research Groups, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Johan Eriksson / Principal Investigator, Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, Doctoral Programme in Oral Sciences, Doctoral Programme in Population Health, Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Elisabeth Ingrid Maria Widen / Principal Investigator, Genomic Discoveries and Clinical Translation, University Management, Epidemiology, Erasmus MC other, Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Epidemiology and Data Science, APH - Global Health, APH - Aging & Later Life, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Experimental Immunology, Public and occupational health, and AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism
Subjects: Male, Netherlands Twin Register (NTR), LD SCORE REGRESSION, Birth Weight/genetics, Physiology, Genome-wide association study, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Blood Pressure, Type 2 diabetes, DISEASE, Fetal Development, 0302 clinical medicine, Models, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Genotype, Birth Weight, maternal genetic, 030212 general & internal medicine, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, 0303 health sciences, Body Height/genetics, 1184 Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, Heart Diseases/etiology, Single Nucleotide, ASSOCIATION, Metabolic Diseases/etiology, 3. Good health, Type 2/etiology, MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION, GROWTH, Female, Maternal Inheritance, Maternal Inheritance/genetics, Adult, Blood Pressure/genetics, Heart Diseases, Offspring, Birth weight, cardio-metabolic health outcomes, Biology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic, Metabolic Diseases, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Diabetes mellitus, Mendelian randomization, Genetics, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, 030304 developmental biology, Glycemic, Fetus, IDENTIFICATION, Models, Genetic, Infant, Newborn, Infant, birth weight, DIABETES-MELLITUS, medicine.disease, Newborn, Fetal Development/genetics, Body Height, Maternal-Fetal Exchange/genetics, LIFE, Blood pressure, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, ORIGINS, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Birth weight (BW) variation is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors, and has been reproducibly associated with future cardio-metabolic health outcomes. These associations have been proposed to reflect the lifelong consequences of an adverse intrauterine environment. In earlier work, we demonstrated that much of the negative correlation between BW and adult cardio-metabolic traits could instead be attributable to shared genetic effects. However, that work and other previous studies did not systematically distinguish the direct effects of an individual’s own genotype on BW and subsequent disease risk from indirect effects of their mother’s correlated genotype, mediated by the intrauterine environment. Here, we describe expanded genome-wide association analyses of own BW (n=321,223) and offspring BW (n=230,069 mothers), which identified 278 independent association signals influencing BW (214 novel). We used structural equation modelling to decompose the contributions of direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic influences on BW, implicating fetal- and maternal-specific mechanisms. We used Mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationships between factors influencing BW through fetal or maternal routes, for example, glycemic traits and blood pressure. Direct fetal genotype effects dominate the shared genetic contribution to the association between lower BW and higher type 2 diabetes risk, whereas the relationship between lower BW and higher later blood pressure (BP) is driven by a combination of indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects: indirect effects of maternal BP-raising genotypes act to reduce offspring BW, but only direct fetal genotype effects (once inherited) increase the offspring’s later BP. Instrumental variable analysis using maternal BW-lowering genotypes to proxy for an adverse intrauterine environment provided no evidence that it causally raises offspring BP. In successfully separating fetal from maternal genetic effects, this work represents an important advance in genetic studies of perinatal outcomes, and shows that the association between lower BW and higher adult BP is attributable to genetic effects, and not to intrauterine programming.
Published: 2019
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46. A study of associations between early DHA status and fatty acid desaturase (FADS) SNP and developmental outcomes in children of obese mothers

Author: Laurine B. S. Harsløf, Lotte Lauritzen, Kim F. Michaelsen, Lars Hellgren, Karina R. Andersen, Theresia M. Schnurr, and Torben Hansen
Subjects: Fatty Acid Desaturases, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Erythrocytes, Medicine (miscellaneous), FA% percentage of the overall chromatogram area, n-3 PUFA, Child Development, Child development, LCPUFA long-chain PUFA (≥20 carbon atoms and ≥3 double bonds), Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, Fish oil, equivalent to percentage of fatty acids by weight, Breast Feeding, Biochemistry, Docosahexaenoic acid, Cohort, Programming, Female, Cognitive function, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Genotype, Mothers, Nutritional Status, FADS fatty acid desaturase gene cluster, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, SKOT Småbørns Kost Og Trivsel, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Lactation, SNP, Obesity, Alleles, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Infant, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, medicine.disease, Diet, Minor allele frequency, Endocrinology, Fatty acid desaturase, biology.protein, Breast feeding
Abstract: DHA from diet or endogenous synthesis has been proposed to affect infant development, however, results are inconclusive. In this study, we aim to verify previously observed fatty acid desaturase gene cluster (FADS) SNP-specific associations with erythrocyte DHA status in 9-month-old children and sex-specific association with developmental outcomes. The study was performed in 166 children (55 % boys) of obese mothers. Erythrocyte fatty acid composition was analysed in blood-samples obtained at 9 months of age, and developmental outcomes assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 3 years. Erythrocyte DHA level ranged from 4·4 to 9·9 % of fatty acids, but did not show any association withFADSSNP or other potential determinants. Regression analysis showed associations between erythrocyte DHA and scores for personal–social skills (β1·8 (95 % CI 0·3, 3·3),P=0·019) and problem solving (β3·4 (95 % CI 1·2, 5·6),P=0·003). A tendency was observed for an association in opposite direction between minor alleles (G-variant) of rs1535 and rs174575 and personal–social skills (P=0·062 and 0·068, respectively), which became significant when the SNP were combined based on their previously observed effect on erythrocyte DHA at 9 months of age (β2·6 (95 % CI 0·01, 5·1),P=0·011). Sex–SNP interaction was indicated for rs174575 genotype on fine motor scores (P=0·016), due to higher scores among minor allele carrying girls (P=0·043), whereas no effect was seen among boys. In conclusion, DHA-increasingFADSSNP and erythrocyte DHA status were consistently associated with improved personal–social skills in this small cohort of children of obese mothers irrespective of sex, but the sample was too small to verify potential sex-specific effects.
Published: 2017
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47. Predictors of readmission to non-index hospitals after colorectal surgery

Author: Lyen C. Huang, Yifei Ma, Kim F. Rhoads, and Jordan M. Cloyd
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Databases, Factual, Colon, medicine.medical_treatment, Logistic regression, Patient Readmission, California, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Postoperative Complications, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, Colectomy, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Rectum, Retrospective cohort study, General Medicine, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Confidence interval, Colorectal surgery, Logistic Models, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Emergency medicine, Female, Surgery, business, Complication
Abstract: Background Although a significant proportion of patients are readmitted to non-index hospitals after surgery, risk factors for non-index hospital readmission are not well defined. Methods Using the California Office of State Health Planning and Development database from 2008 to 2012, patients readmitted to index versus non-index hospitals after colorectal surgery were directly compared. Risk factors for non-index hospital readmission were assessed through logistic regression. Results Among the 14,401 patients requiring readmission, 10,890 (75.6%) were readmitted to index hospitals, whereas 3,511 (24.4%) were readmitted to non-index hospitals. Patients readmitted to non-index hospitals were more likely to be men and have a greater Charlson comorbidity index, non-private insurance, longer initial length of stay, longer travel distance, and non-home discharge disposition. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, living ≥10 miles from the index hospital was strongly predictive of non-index hospital readmission (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.63 to 2.00). Conclusions Approximately 25% of readmissions after colorectal surgery will be to non-index hospitals. Risks factors include greater comorbidities, non-private health insurance, occurrence of an inpatient complication, longer length of stay, greater travel distance, and non-home discharge disposition.
Published: 2017
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48. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults

Author: Abarca-GÃ³mez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A, Hamid, Zargar Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Acuin, Cecilia, Adams, Robert J, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmadvand, Alireza, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Ajlouni, Kamel, Akhtaeva, Nazgul, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Othman, Amani Rashed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Al Buhairan, Fadia, Al Dhukair, Shahla, Ali, Mohamed M, Ali, Osman, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amouyel, Philippe, Amuzu, Antoinette, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Andrade, Dolores S, Ã„ngquist, Lars H, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, AraÃºjo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Arveiler, Dominique, Aryal, Krishna K, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, AssunÃ§Ã£o, Maria CecÃlia F, Aung, May Soe, AvdicovÃ¡, MÃ¡ria, Azevedo, Ana, Azizi, Fereidoun, Babu, Bontha V, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, JosÃ© R, Barbagallo, Carlo M, BarcelÃ³, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Barros, Aluisio JD, Barros, Mauro VG, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M, Batista, Rosangela L, Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A, Beaglehole, Robert, Romdhane, Habiba Ben, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Bennett, James E, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloisa, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K, Bhatti, Zaid, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Biehl, Anna, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B, BjÃ¶rkelund, Cecilia, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M, Boehm, Bernhard O, Boeing, Heiner, Boggia, Jose G, Boissonnet, Carlos P, Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bovet, Pascal, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn CE, Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, JoÃ£o, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M, Brian, Garry R, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Bruno, Graziella, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H B(as), Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, de LeÃ³n, Antonio Cabrera, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, JosÃ©, Can, GÃ¼nay, CÃ¢ndido, Ana Paula C, Capanzana, Mario, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardoso, Viviane C, Carlsson, Axel C, Carvalho, Maria J, Casanueva, Felipe F, Casas, Juan-Pablo, Caserta, Carmelo A, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique W, Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Chirlaque, MarÃa-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Cho, Yumi, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cinteza, Eliza, Claessens, Frank, Clays, Els, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Rachel, Coppinger, Tara C, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L, Crujeiras, Ana B, CUCU, ALEXANDRA, D'Arrigo, Graziella, d'Orsi, Eleonora, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T, Danaei, Goodarz, Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, De Curtis, Amalia, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, de Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, Karin, De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D, Dehghan, Abbas, Delisle, HÃ©lÃne, Delpeuch, Francis, Deschamps, ValÃ©rie, Dhana, Klodian, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F, Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Diaz, Alejandro, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Ha TP, Dobson, Annette J, Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Donoso, Silvana P, DÃ¶ring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine, Duleva, Vesselka, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Egbagbe, Eruke E, Eggertsen, Robert, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El Ati, Jalila, Elliott, Paul, Engle-Stone, Reina, Erasmus, Rajiv T, Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G, la PeÃ±a, Jorge Escobedo-de, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fall, Caroline H, Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Farzadfar, Farshad, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J, Ferguson, Trevor S, Fernandes, Romulo A, FernÃ¡ndez-BergÃ©s, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrari, Marika, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrieres, Jean, Finn, Joseph D, Fischer, Krista, Flores, Eric Monterubio, FÃ¶ger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Forslund, Ann-Sofie, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M, Francis, Damian K, Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D, Fuchs, Sandra C, Fujita, Yuki, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galeone, Daniela, Galvano, Fabio, Garcia de la Hera, Manoli, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P, Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gates, Louise, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Ghasemian, Anoosheh, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Giwercman, Aleksander, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldsmith, Rebecca A, Goltzman, David, GonÃ§alves, Helen, GonzÃ¡lez-Leon, Margot, GonzÃ¡lez-Rivas, Juan P, Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, Gottrand, Frederic, GraÃ§a, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, DuÅ¡an, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G, Gregor, Ronald D, Grodzicki, Tomasz, GrÃ¸ntved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Grujic, Vera, Gu, Dongfeng, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-CastillÃ³n, Pilar, Guan, Ong Peng, Gudmundsson, Elias F, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L, Gulliford, Martin C, Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc, Guo, Xiuhua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurzkowska, Beata, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, HalkjÃ¦r, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R, Hardy, Rebecca, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Hayes, Alison J, He, Jiang, Heidinger-Felso, Regina, Heinen, Mirjam, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henriques, Ana, Cadena, Leticia Hernandez, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera, Victor M, Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Heshmat, Ramin, Hihtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C, Hobbs, Michael, Hofman, Albert, Hopman, Wilma M, Horimoto, Andrea RVR, Hormiga, Claudia M, Horta, Bernardo L, Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Htay, Thein Thein, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, JosÃ© MarÃa, Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac, Huisman, Martijn, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huu, Chinh Nguyen, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Iannone, Anna G, Ibarluzea, JesÃºs M, Ibrahim, Mohsen M, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikram, M Arfan, Irazola, Vilma E, Islam, Muhammad, Ismail, Aziz al-Safi, Ivkovic, Vanja, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jackson, Rod T, Jacobs, Jeremy M, Jaddou, Hashem, 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Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine, Duleva, Vesselka, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dzerve, Vilni, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Egbagbe, Eruke E, Eggertsen, Robert, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El Ati, Jalila, Elliott, Paul, Engle-Stone, Reina, Erasmus, Rajiv T, Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G, la PeÃ±a, Jorge Escobedo-de, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fall, Caroline H, Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Farzadfar, Farshad, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J, Ferguson, Trevor S, Fernandes, Romulo A, FernÃ¡ndez-BergÃ©s, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrari, Marika, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrieres, Jean, Finn, Joseph D, Fischer, Krista, Flores, Eric Monterubio, Fã¶ger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Forslund, Ann-Sofie, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M, Francis, Damian K, Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D, Fuchs, Sandra C, Fujita, Yuki, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galeone, Daniela, Galvano, Fabio, Garcia de la Hera, Manoli, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P, Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gates, Louise, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Ghasemian, Anoosheh, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Giwercman, Aleksander, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldsmith, Rebecca A, Goltzman, David, Gonã§alves, Helen, GonzÃ¡lez-Leon, Margot, GonzÃ¡lez-Rivas, Juan P, Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, Gottrand, Frederic, Graã§a, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Duå¡an, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G, Gregor, Ronald D, Grodzicki, Tomasz, Grã¸ntved, Ander, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Grujic, Vera, Dongfeng, Gu, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-CastillÃ³n, Pilar, Guan, Ong Peng, Gudmundsson, Elias F, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idri, Guimaraes, Andre L, Gulliford, Martin C, Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc, Guo, Xiuhua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurzkowska, Beata, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Halkjã¦r, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R, Hardy, Rebecca, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Hayes, Alison J, Jiang, He, Heidinger-Felso, Regina, Heinen, Mirjam, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henriques, Ana, Cadena, Leticia Hernandez, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera, Victor M, Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Heshmat, Ramin, Hihtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C, Ho, Hobbs, Michael, Hofman, Albert, Hopman, Wilma M, Horimoto, Andrea RVR, Hormiga, Claudia M, Horta, Bernardo L, Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Htay, Thein Thein, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Yonghua, Hu, Huerta, JosÃ© MarÃa, Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac, Huisman, Martijn, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huu, Chinh Nguyen, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Iannone, Anna G, Ibarluzea, JesÃºs M, Ibrahim, Mohsen M, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikram, M Arfan, Irazola, Vilma E, Islam, Muhammad, Ismail, Aziz al-Safi, Ivkovic, Vanja, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jackson, Rod T, Jacobs, Jeremy M, Jaddou, Hashem, Jafar, Tazeen, Jamil, Kazi M, Jamrozik, Konrad, Janszky, Imre, Jarani, Juel, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jelakovic, Ana, Jelakovic, Bojan, Jennings, Garry, Jeong, Seung-Lyeal, Jiang, Chao Qiang, JimÃ©nez-Acosta, Santa Magaly, Joffres, Michel, Johansson, Mattia, Jonas, Jost B, Jã¸rgensen, Torben, Joshi, Pradeep, Jovic, Dragana P, Jã³zwiak, Jacek, Juolevi, Anne, Jurak, Gregor, Jureå¡a, Vesna, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kafatos, Anthony, Kajantie, Eero O, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kamaruddin, Nor Azmi, Kapantais, Efthymio, Karki, Khem B, Kasaeian, Amir, Katz, Joanne, Kauhanen, Jussi, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kazakbaeva, Gyulli, Keil, Ulrich, Boker, Lital Keinan, KeinÃ¤nen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kelishadi, Roya, Kelleher, Cecily, Kemper, Han CG, Kengne, Andre P, Kerimkulova, Alina, Kersting, Mathilde, Key, Timothy, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalili, Davood, Khang, Young-Ho, Khateeb, Mohammad, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Khouw, Ilse MSL, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula, Kiechl, Stefan, Killewo, Japhet, Kim, Jeongseon, Kim, Yeon-Yong, Klimont, Jeannette, Klumbiene, Jurate, Knoflach, Michael, Koirala, Bhawesh, Kolle, Elin, Kolsteren, Patrick, Korrovits, Paul, Kos, Jelena, Koskinen, Seppo, Kouda, Katsuyasu, Kovacs, Viktoria A, Kowlessur, Sudhir, Koziel, Slawomir, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kriemler, Susi, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Krokstad, Steinar, Kromhout, Daan, Kruger, Herculina S, Kubinova, Ruzena, Kuciene, Renata, Kuh, Diana, Kujala, Urho M, Kulaga, Zbigniew, Kumar, R Krishna, Kuneå¡ovã¡, Marie, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S, Kuulasmaa, Kari, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Quang Ngoc, La, Laamiri, Fatima Zahra, Laatikainen, Tiina, Lachat, Carl, Laid, Youcef, Lam, Tai Hing, Landrove, Orlando, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Larijani, Bagher, Laugsand, Lars E, Lauria, Laura, Laxmaiah, Avula, Bao, Khanh Le Nguyen, Tuyen D, Le, Lebanan, May Antonnette O, Leclercq, Catherine, Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lehtimã¤ki, Terho, LeÃ³n-MuÃ±oz, Luz M, Levitt, Naomi S, Yanping, Li, Lilly, Christa L, Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M Fernanda, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lin, Xu, Lind, Lar, Linneberg, Allan, Lissner, Lauren, Litwin, Mieczyslaw, Liu, Jing, Loit, Helle-Mai, Lopes, Lui, Lorbeer, Roberto, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, JosÃ© Eugenio, Luksiene, Dalia, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lunet, Nuno, Lytsy, Per, Guansheng, Ma, Jun, Ma, Machado-Coelho, George LL, Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M, Machi, Suka, Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J, Magriplis, Emmanuella, Mahaletchumy, Alagappan, Maire, Bernard, Majer, Marjeta, Makdisse, Marcia, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rahul, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Malyutina, Sofia, Manios, Yanni, Mann, Jim I, Manzato, Enzo, Margozzini, Paula, Markaki, Anastasia, Markey, Oonagh, Marques, Larissa P, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Marrugat, Jaume, Martin-Prevel, Yve, Martin, Rosemarie, Martorell, Reynaldo, Martos, Eva, Marventano, Stefano, Masoodi, Shariq R, Mathiesen, Ellisiv B, Matijasevich, Alicia, Matsha, Tandi E, Mazur, Artur, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, Mcfarlane, Shelly R, Mcgarvey, Stephen T, Mckee, Martin, Mclachlan, Stela, Mclean, Rachael M, Mclean, Scott B, Mcnulty, Breige A, Yusof, Safiah Md, Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia, Medzioniene, Jurate, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisfjord, Jã¸rgen, Meisinger, Christa, Menezes, Ana Maria B, Menon, Geetha R, Mensink, Gert BM, Meshram, Indrapal I, Metspalu, Andre, Meyer, Haakon E, Jie, Mi, Michaelsen, Kim F, Michels, Nathalie, Mikkel, Kairit, Miller, Jody C, Minderico, ClÃ¡udia S, Miquel, Juan Francisco, Miranda, J Jaime, Mirkopoulou, Daphne, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, MiÅ¡igoj-Durakovic, Marjeta, Mistretta, Antonio, Mocanu, Veronica, Modesti, Pietro A, Mohamed, Mostafa K, Mohammad, Kazem, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mohanna, Salim, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Molbo, Drude, Mã¸llehave, Line T, Mã¸ller, Niels C, Molnã¡r, Dã©ne, Momenan, Amirabba, Mondo, Charles K, Monterrubio, Eric A, Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K, Moon, Jin Soo, Moreira, Leila B, Morejon, Alain, Moreno, Luis A, Morgan, Karen, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Moschonis, George, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mostafa, Aya, Mota, Jorge, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel, Motta, Jorge, Thet Thet, Mu, Muc, Magdalena, Muiesan, Maria Lorenza, MÃ¼ller-Nurasyid, Martina, Murphy, Neil, Mursu, Jaakko, Murtagh, Elaine M, Musil, Vera, Nabipour, Iraj, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidu, Balkish M, Nakamura, Harunobu, Nã¡meå¡nã¡, Jana, Nang, Ei Ei K, Nangia, Vinay B, Nankap, Martin, Narake, Sameer, Nardone, Paola, Navarrete-MuÃ±oz, Eva Maria, Neal, William A, Nenko, Ilona, Neovius, Martin, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Chung T, Nguyen, Nguyen D, Nguyen, Quang Ngoc, Nieto-MartÃnez, Ramfis E, Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A, Norat, Teresa, Norie, Sawada, Noto, Davide, Nsour, Mohannad Al, O'Reilly, Dermot, Obreja, Galina, Oda, Eiji, Oehlers, Glenn, Kyungwon, Oh, Ohara, Kumiko, Olafsson, Ã rn, Olinto, Maria Teresa Anselmo, Oliveira, Isabel O, Oltarzewski, Maciej, Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, Ong, Sok King, Ono, Lariane M, Ordunez, Pedro, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P, Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M, Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A, Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Elli, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Padez, Cristina, Pahomova, Elena, Pajak, Andrzej, Palli, Domenico, Palloni, Alberto, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Arvind, Panza, Francesco, Papandreou, Dimitrio, Park, Soon-Woo, Parnell, Winsome R, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Pascanu, Ionela M, Patel, Nikhil D, Pecin, Ivan, Pednekar, Mangesh S, Peer, Nasheeta, Peeters, Petra H, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C, Perez-Farinos, Napoleon, Pã©rez, Cynthia M, Peters, Annette, Petkeviciene, Janina, Petrauskiene, Ausra, Peykari, Niloofar, Pham, Son Thai, Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeot, Iri, Pikhart, Hynek, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Pistelli, Francesco, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Plans-RubiÃ³, Pedro, Poh, Bee Koon, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Pop, Raluca M, Popovic, Stevo R, Porta, Miquel, Portegies, Marileen LP, Posch, Georg, Poulimeneas, Dimitrio, Pouraram, Hamed, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Prashant, Mathur, Price, Jacqueline F, Puder, Jardena J, Pudule, Iveta, Puiu, Maria, Punab, Margu, Qasrawi, Radwan F, Qorbani, Mostafa, Bao, Tran Quoc, Radic, Ivana, Radisauskas, Ricarda, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mahmudur, Raitakari, Olli, Raj, Manu, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramke, Jacqueline, Ramos, Elisabete, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rampal, Sanjay, Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M, Ribas-Barba, Lourde, Ribeiro, Robespierre, Riboli, Elio, Rigo, Fernando, de Wit, Tobias F Rinke, Rito, Ana, Ritti-Dias, Raphael M, Rivera, Juan A, Robinson, Sian M, Robitaille, Cynthia, Rodrigues, Daniela, RodrÃguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Marãa, RodrÃguez-Villamizar, Laura A, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa, Romaguera, Dora, Ronkainen, Kimmo, Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Roy, Joel GR, Rubinstein, Adolfo, Rã¼hli, Frank J, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Russo, Paola, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sachdev, Harshpal S, Saidi, Olfa, Salanave, Benoit, Martinez, Eduardo Salazar, Salmerã³n, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T, Salvetti, Massimo, SÃ¡nchez-Abanto, Jose, Sandjaja, Null, Sans, Susana, Marina, Loreto Santa, Santos, Diana A, Santos, Ina S, Santos, Osvaldo, dos Santos, Renata Nune, Santos, Rute, Saramies, Jouko L, Sardinha, Luis B, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savva, Savva, Savy, Mathilde, Scazufca, Marcia, Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath, Schargrodsky, Herman, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Carsten O, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schultsz, Constance, Schutte, Aletta E, Sein, Aye Aye, Sen, Abhijit, Senbanjo, Idowu O, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serra-Majem, Lui, Shalnova, Svetlana A, Sharma, Sanjib K, Shaw, Jonathan E, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Dong Wook, Shin, Youchan, Shiri, Rahman, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M, Silva, Antonio M, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A, Sjã¶berg, Agneta, Sjã¶strã¶m, Michael, Skovbjerg, Sine, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, Smith, Margaret C, Snijder, Marieke B, Hung-Kwan, So, Sobngwi, Eugãne, Sã¶derberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti YE, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Sã¸rensen, Thorkild IA, Soric, Maroje, Jã©rome, Charles Sossa, Soumare, Aicha, Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A, Stamm, Hanspeter, Starc, Gregor, Stathopoulou, Maria G, Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Stieber, Jutta, Stã¶ckl, Dori, Stocks, Tanja, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, SuÃ¡rez-Medina, Ramã³n, Sun, Chien-An, Sundstrã¶m, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Swinburn, Boyd A, Rody G, Sy, Szponar, Lucjan, Tai, E Shyong, Tammesoo, Mari-Lii, Tamosiunas, Abdona, Tan, Eng Joo, Tang, Xun, Tanser, Frank, Tao, Yong, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B, Tautu, Oana-Florentina, Braunerovã¡, Radka TaxovÃ¡, Taylor, Anne, Tchibindat, Fã©licitã©, Theobald, Holger, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thijs, Lutgarde, Thuesen, Betina H, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolonen, Hanna K, Tolstrup, Janne S, Topbas, Murat, TopÃ³r-Madry, Roman, Tormo, MarÃa JosÃ©, Tornaritis, Michael J, Torrent, Matie, Toselli, Stefania, Traissac, Pierre, Trichopoulos, Dimitrio, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh TH, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Turley, Maria L, Tynelius, Per, Tzotzas, Themistokli, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice E, Ukoli, Flora AM, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Herck, Koen, Van Minh, Hoang, van Rossem, Lenie, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Vatten, Lar, Vega, Toma, Veidebaum, Tooma, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Victora, Cesar G, Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Viikari-Juntura, Eira, Vineis, Paolo, Vioque, Jesu, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vollenweider, Peter, Vã¶lzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Sari, Vrijheid, Martine, Wade, Alisha N, Wagner, Aline, Waldhã¶r, Thoma, Walton, Janette, Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, Wanderley, Rildo S, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Qian, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nichola, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niel, Weerasekera, Deepa, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wijga, Alet H, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Justin YY, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Shouling, Wu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Xu, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yardim, Nazan, Xingwang, Ye, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yngve, Agneta, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Yusoff, Faudzi, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli M, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassili, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antoni, Zamrazilovã¡, Hana, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zeng, Yi, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Wenhua, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zhussupov, Baurzhan, Zimmermann, Esther, Cisneros, Julio ZuÃ±iga, Bentham, Jame, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Bilano, Ver, Bixby, Honor, Zhou, Bin, Stevens, Gretchen A, Riley, Leanne M, Taddei, Cristina, Hajifathalian, Kaveh, Yuan, Lu, Savin, Stefan, Cowan, Melanie J, Paciorek, Christopher J, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Zhu, Aubrianna, Ezzati, Majid, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Ängquist, Lars H, Araújo, Joana, Assunção, Maria Cecília F, Avdicová, Mária, Banegas, José R, Barceló, Alberto, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Björkelund, Cecilia, Bo, Simona, Breda, João, de León, Antonio Cabrera, Camolas, José, Can, Günay, Cândido, Ana Paula C, Chirlaque, María-Dolore, d'Orsi, Eleonora, Delisle, Hélène, Deschamps, Valérie, Do, Ha TP, Döring, Angela, la Peña, Jorge Escobedo-de, Fernández-Bergés, Daniel, Föger, Bernhard, Gonçalves, Helen, González-Leon, Margot, González-Rivas, Juan P, Graça, Antonio Pedro, Grafnetter, Dušan, Grøntved, Ander, Gu, Dongfeng, Guallar-Castillón, Pilar, Halkjær, Jytte, He, Jiang, Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, José María, Ibarluzea, Jesús M, Jiménez-Acosta, Santa Magaly, Jørgensen, Torben, Józwiak, Jacek, Jureša, Vesna, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kunešová, Marie, La, Quang Ngoc, Le, Tuyen D, Lehtimäki, Terho, León-Muñoz, Luz M, Li, Yanping, Lozano, José Eugenio, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Jun, McFarlane, Shelly R, McGarvey, Stephen T, McKee, Martin, McLachlan, Stela, McLean, Rachael M, McLean, Scott B, McNulty, Breige A, Meisfjord, Jørgen, Mi, Jie, Minderico, Cláudia S, Mišigoj-Durakovic, Marjeta, Møllehave, Line T, Møller, Niels C, Molnár, Déne, Mu, Thet Thet, Müller-Nurasyid, Martina, Námešná, Jana, Navarrete-Muñoz, Eva Maria, Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E, Oh, Kyungwon, Olafsson, Örn, Pérez, Cynthia M, Plans-Rubió, Pedro, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, María, Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A, Rühli, Frank J, Salmerón, Diego, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Sandjaja, null, Sjöberg, Agneta, Sjöström, Michael, So, Hung-Kwan, Sobngwi, Eugène, Söderberg, Stefan, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Jérome, Charles Sossa, Stöckl, Dori, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Sundström, Johan, Sy, Rody G, Braunerová, Radka Taxová, Tchibindat, Félicité, Topór-Madry, Roman, Tormo, María José, Völzke, Henry, Waldhör, Thoma, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Ye, Xingwang, Zamrazilová, Hana, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, and Lu, Yuan
Subjects: Male, obesity, Pediatric Obesity, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, age distribution, Bayes theorem, Niue, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], global health, preschool child, Body Mass Index, underweight, Prevalence, statistics and numerical data, Child, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Medicine (all), adult, Age Factors, American Samoa, female, priority journal, Child, Preschool, body height, young adult, Cook Islands, Nauru, childhood obesity, Adolescent, Palau, sex difference, Eastern Europe, adolescent obesity, Article, Polynesia, South and Central America, body weight, Federated States of Micronesia, Sex Factors, Thinness, geographic distribution, Humans, controlled study, human, Caribbean, Overweight, North Africa, major clinical study, body mass, United States, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], age, sex factor, trend study
Abstract: © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity). Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (−0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval −0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (−0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese. Interpretation The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults. Funding Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme.
Published: 2017
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49. Maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation is associated with reduced height at 13 years of age and higher blood pressure in boys only

Author: Maria Søgaard Nielsen, Mads F. Hjorth, Ken D. Stark, Sjurdur F. Olsen, Lotte Lauritzen, Kim F. Michaelsen, Camilla T. Damsgaard, and S E Eriksen
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Denmark, Medicine (miscellaneous), Physiology, law.invention, Prehypertension, Child Development, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Lactation, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Growth Disorders, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nutrition and Dietetics, Reduced height, Fish oil, medicine.anatomical_structure, Female, Fatty acid composition, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Adult, Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Early adolescence, 03 medical and health sciences, Fish Oils, Sex Factors, Double-Blind Method, Internal medicine, Humans, Exercise, Puberty, Delayed, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Adolescent Development, Body Height, Endocrinology, Blood pressure, Seafood, chemistry, Dietary Supplements, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) in infancy may have long-term effects on lifestyle disease risk. The present follow-up study investigated whether maternal fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affected growth and blood pressure in adolescents and whether the effects differed between boys and girls. Mother–infant pairs (n 103) completed a randomised controlled trial with FO (1·5 g/d n-3 LCPUFA) or olive oil (OO) supplements during the first 4 months of lactation; forty-seven mother–infant pairs with high fish intake were followed-up for 4 months as the reference group. We also followed-up 100 children with assessment of growth, blood pressure, diet by FFQ and physical activity by 7-d accelerometry at 13·5 (sd 0·4) years of age. Dried whole-blood fatty acid composition was analysed in a subgroup (n 49). At 13 years of age, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA, diet, physical activity and body composition did not differ between the three groups. The children from the FO group were 3·4 (95 % CI 0·2, 6·6) cm shorter (P=0·035) than those from the OO group, and tended to have less advanced puberty (P=0·068), which explained the difference in height. There was a sex-specific effect on diastolic blood pressure (Psex×group=0·020), which was driven by a 3·9 (95 % CI 0·2, 7·5) mmHg higher diastolic blood pressure in the FO compared with the OO group among boys only (P=0·041). Our results indicate that early n-3 LCPUFA intake may reduce height in early adolescence due to a delay in pubertal maturation and increase blood pressure specifically in boys, thereby tending to counteract existing sex differences.
Published: 2016
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50. Iron concentration in breast milk normalised within one week of a single high_dose infusion of iron isomaltoside in randomised controlled trial

Author: Astrid Norgaard, Charlotte Holm, Lars Lykke Thomsen, Kim F. Michaelsen, Veronika Markova, and Jens Langhoff-Roos
Subjects: Adult, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Iron, Administration, Oral, Intravenous iron, Maternal blood, Breast milk, Disaccharides, Ferric Compounds, Gastroenterology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Lactation, Internal medicine, Single high dose, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Infusions, Intravenous, Gynecology, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Milk, Human, business.industry, Postpartum Hemorrhage, General Medicine, Postpartum haemorrhage, medicine.anatomical_structure, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, business, After treatment
Abstract: Aim We compared the iron concentration in breast milk after a single high dose of intravenous iron isomaltoside or daily oral iron for postpartum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised controlled trial, the women were allocated a single dose of intravenous 1200 mg iron isomaltoside or oral iron at a mean daily dose of 70.5 mg. We included 65 women with sufficient breast milk three days after inclusion – 30 from the intravenous iron group and 35 from the oral iron group – and collected breast milk and maternal blood samples three days and one week after allocation. Results The mean (±SD) iron concentration in breast milk in the intravenous and oral groups was 0.72 ± 0.27 and 0.40 ± 0.18 mg/L at three days (p < 0.001) and 0.47 ± 0.17 and 0.44 ± 0.25 mg/L after one week (p = 0.64). Baseline samples were not available that soon after birth. Conclusion A single high dose of intravenous iron isomaltoside for postpartum haemorrhage led to a transient increase in the iron concentration in breast milk three days after treatment compared with oral iron. The difference disappeared one week after treatment, and mean iron concentrations were within the normal range in all samples.
Published: 2016
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