Author: "Martin, Richard M" / Topic: cancer - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. The Albatross Plot: A Novel Graphical Tool for Presenting Results of Diversely Reported Studies in a Systematic Review

Author: Harrison, Sean, Jones, Hayley E., Martin, Richard M., Lewis, Sarah J., and Higgins, Julian P. T.
Abstract: Meta-analyses combine the results of multiple studies of a common question. Approaches based on effect size estimates from each study are generally regarded as the most informative. However, these methods can only be used if comparable effect sizes can be computed from each study, and this may not be the case due to variation in how the studies were done or limitations in how their results were reported. Other methods, such as vote counting, are then used to summarize the results of these studies, but most of these methods are limited in that they do not provide any indication of the magnitude of effect. We propose a novel plot, the albatross plot, which requires only a 1-sided P value and a total sample size from each study (or equivalently a 2-sided P value, direction of effect and total sample size). The plot allows an approximate examination of underlying effect sizes and the potential to identify sources of heterogeneity across studies. This is achieved by drawing contours showing the range of effect sizes that might lead to each P value for given sample sizes, under simple study designs. We provide examples of albatross plots using data from previous meta-analyses, allowing for comparison of results, and an example from when a meta-analysis was not possible.
Published: 2017
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2. Physical activity, sedentary time and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomisation study

Author: Dixon-Suen, Suzanne C, Lewis, Sarah J, Martin, Richard M, English, Dallas R, Boyle, Terry, Giles, Graham G, Michailidou, Kyriaki, Bolla, Manjeet K, Wang, Qin, Dennis, Joe, Lush, Michael, Investigators, ABCTB, Ahearn, Thomas U, Ambrosone, Christine B, Andrulis, Irene L, Anton-Culver, Hoda, Arndt, Volker, Aronson, Kristan J, Augustinsson, Annelie, Auvinen, Päivi, Freeman, Laura E Beane, Becher, Heiko, Beckmann, Matthias W, Behrens, Sabine, Bermisheva, Marina, Blomqvist, Carl, Bogdanova, Natalia V, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonanni, Bernardo, Brenner, Hermann, Brüning, Thomas, Buys, Saundra S, Camp, Nicola J, Campa, Daniele, Canzian, Federico, Castelao, Jose E, Cessna, Melissa H, Chang-Claude, Jenny, Chanock, Stephen J, Clarke, Christine L, Conroy, Don M, Couch, Fergus J, Cox, Angela, Cross, Simon S, Czene, Kamila, Daly, Mary B, Devilee, Peter, Dörk, Thilo, Dwek, Miriam, Eccles, Diana M, Eliassen, A Heather, Engel, Christoph, Eriksson, Mikael, Evans, D Gareth, Fasching, Peter A, Fletcher, Olivia, Flyger, Henrik, Fritschi, Lin, Gabrielson, Marike, Gago-Dominguez, Manuela, García-Closas, Montserrat, García-Sáenz, José A, Goldberg, Mark S, Guénel, Pascal, Gündert, Melanie, Hahnen, Eric, Haiman, Christopher A, Häberle, Lothar, Håkansson, Niclas, Hall, Per, Hamann, Ute, Hart, Steven N, Harvie, Michelle, Hillemanns, Peter, Hollestelle, Antoinette, Hooning, Maartje J, Hoppe, Reiner, Hopper, John, Howell, Anthony, Hunter, David J, Jakubowska, Anna, Janni, Wolfgang, John, Esther M, Jung, Audrey, Kaaks, Rudolf, Keeman, Renske, Kitahara, Cari M, Koutros, Stella, Kraft, Peter, Kristensen, Vessela N, Kubelka-Sabit, Katerina, Kurian, Allison W, Lacey, James V, Lambrechts, Diether, Le Marchand, Loic, Lindblom, Annika, Loibl, Sibylle, Lubiński, Jan, Mannermaa, Arto, and Manoochehri, Mehdi
Subjects: Aging, Genetics, Breast Cancer, Clinical Research, Cancer, Prevention, Female, Humans, Breast Neoplasms, Exercise, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Risk Factors, Sedentary Behavior, Breast Cancer Association Consortium, Breast, Physical activity, Sedentary Behaviour, Engineering, Medical and Health Sciences, Education, Sport Sciences
Abstract: ObjectivesPhysical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are associated with higher breast cancer risk in observational studies, but ascribing causality is difficult. Mendelian randomisation (MR) assesses causality by simulating randomised trial groups using genotype. We assessed whether lifelong physical activity or sedentary time, assessed using genotype, may be causally associated with breast cancer risk overall, pre/post-menopause, and by case-groups defined by tumour characteristics.MethodsWe performed two-sample inverse-variance-weighted MR using individual-level Breast Cancer Association Consortium case-control data from 130 957 European-ancestry women (69 838 invasive cases), and published UK Biobank data (n=91 105-377 234). Genetic instruments were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated in UK Biobank with wrist-worn accelerometer-measured overall physical activity (nsnps=5) or sedentary time (nsnps=6), or accelerometer-measured (nsnps=1) or self-reported (nsnps=5) vigorous physical activity.ResultsGreater genetically-predicted overall activity was associated with lower breast cancer overall risk (OR=0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42 to 0.83 per-standard deviation (SD;~8 milligravities acceleration)) and for most case-groups. Genetically-predicted vigorous activity was associated with lower risk of pre/perimenopausal breast cancer (OR=0.62; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87,≥3 vs. 0 self-reported days/week), with consistent estimates for most case-groups. Greater genetically-predicted sedentary time was associated with higher hormone-receptor-negative tumour risk (OR=1.77; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.92 per-SD (~7% time spent sedentary)), with elevated estimates for most case-groups. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses examining pleiotropy (including weighted-median-MR, MR-Egger).ConclusionOur study provides strong evidence that greater overall physical activity, greater vigorous activity, and lower sedentary time are likely to reduce breast cancer risk. More widespread adoption of active lifestyles may reduce the burden from the most common cancer in women.
Published: 2022

3. Genetically predicted circulating concentrations of micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer among individuals of European descent: a Mendelian randomization study

Author: Tsilidis, Konstantinos K, Papadimitriou, Nikos, Dimou, Niki, Gill, Dipender, Lewis, Sarah J, Martin, Richard M, Murphy, Neil, Markozannes, Georgios, Zuber, Verena, Cross, Amanda J, Burrows, Kimberley, Lopez, David S, Key, Timothy J, Travis, Ruth C, Perez-Cornago, Aurora, Hunter, David J, van Duijnhoven, Fränzel JB, Albanes, Demetrius, Arndt, Volker, Berndt, Sonja I, Bézieau, Stéphane, Bishop, D Timothy, Boehm, Juergen, Brenner, Hermann, Burnett-Hartman, Andrea, Campbell, Peter T, Casey, Graham, Castellví-Bel, Sergi, Chan, Andrew T, Chang-Claude, Jenny, de la Chapelle, Albert, Figueiredo, Jane C, Gallinger, Steven J, Giles, Graham G, Goodman, Phyllis J, Gsur, Andrea, Hampe, Jochen, Hampel, Heather, Hoffmeister, Michael, Jenkins, Mark A, Keku, Temitope O, Kweon, Sun-Seog, Larsson, Susanna C, Le Marchand, Loic, Li, Christopher I, Li, Li, Lindblom, Annika, Martín, Vicente, Milne, Roger L, Moreno, Victor, Nan, Hongmei, Nassir, Rami, Newcomb, Polly A, Offit, Kenneth, Pharoah, Paul DP, Platz, Elizabeth A, Potter, John D, Qi, Lihong, Rennert, Gad, Sakoda, Lori C, Schafmayer, Clemens, Slattery, Martha L, Snetselaar, Linda, Schenk, Jeanette, Thibodeau, Stephen N, Ulrich, Cornelia M, Van Guelpen, Bethany, Harlid, Sophia, Visvanathan, Kala, Vodickova, Ludmila, Wang, Hansong, White, Emily, Wolk, Alicja, Woods, Michael O, Wu, Anna H, Zheng, Wei, Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas, Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine, Hughes, David J, Jakszyn, Paula, Kühn, Tilman, Palli, Domenico, Riboli, Elio, Giovannucci, Edward L, Banbury, Barbara L, Gruber, Stephen B, Peters, Ulrike, Gunter, Marc J, and on behalf of GECCO, CORECT
Subjects: Complementary and Integrative Health, Digestive Diseases, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Cancer, Colo-Rectal Cancer, Prevention, Nutrition, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.3 Nutrition and chemoprevention, Case-Control Studies, Colorectal Neoplasms, Dietary Supplements, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Micronutrients, Risk Factors, Selenium, Vitamin B 12, White People, Mendelian randomization, genes, nutrition, supplements, colorectal cancer, Engineering, Medical and Health Sciences, Nutrition & Dietetics
Abstract: BackgroundThe literature on associations of circulating concentrations of minerals and vitamins with risk of colorectal cancer is limited and inconsistent. Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to support the efficacy of dietary modification or nutrient supplementation for colorectal cancer prevention is also limited.ObjectivesTo complement observational and RCT findings, we investigated associations of genetically predicted concentrations of 11 micronutrients (β-carotene, calcium, copper, folate, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and zinc) with colorectal cancer risk using Mendelian randomization (MR).MethodsTwo-sample MR was conducted using 58,221 individuals with colorectal cancer and 67,694 controls from the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium, Colorectal Cancer Transdisciplinary Study, and Colon Cancer Family Registry. Inverse variance-weighted MR analyses were performed with sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of potential violations of MR assumptions.ResultsNominally significant associations were noted for genetically predicted iron concentration and higher risk of colon cancer [ORs per SD (ORSD): 1.08; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.17; P value = 0.05] and similarly for proximal colon cancer, and for vitamin B-12 concentration and higher risk of colorectal cancer (ORSD: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.21; P value = 0.01) and similarly for colon cancer. A nominally significant association was also noted for genetically predicted selenium concentration and lower risk of colon cancer (ORSD: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.00; P value = 0.05) and similarly for distal colon cancer. These associations were robust to sensitivity analyses. Nominally significant inverse associations were observed for zinc and risk of colorectal and distal colon cancers, but sensitivity analyses could not be performed. None of these findings survived correction for multiple testing. Genetically predicted concentrations of β-carotene, calcium, copper, folate, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin B-6 were not associated with disease risk.ConclusionsThese results suggest possible causal associations of circulating iron and vitamin B-12 (positively) and selenium (inversely) with risk of colon cancer.
Published: 2021

4. Additional SNPs improve risk stratification of a polygenic hazard score for prostate cancer.

Author: Karunamuni, Roshan A, Huynh-Le, Minh-Phuong, Fan, Chun C, Thompson, Wesley, Eeles, Rosalind A, Kote-Jarai, Zsofia, Muir, Kenneth, Lophatananon, Artitaya, UKGPCS collaborators, Schleutker, Johanna, Pashayan, Nora, Batra, Jyotsna, APCB BioResource (Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource), Grönberg, Henrik, Walsh, Eleanor I, Turner, Emma L, Lane, Athene, Martin, Richard M, Neal, David E, Donovan, Jenny L, Hamdy, Freddie C, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Tangen, Catherine M, MacInnis, Robert J, Wolk, Alicja, Albanes, Demetrius, Haiman, Christopher A, Travis, Ruth C, Stanford, Janet L, Mucci, Lorelei A, West, Catharine ML, Nielsen, Sune F, Kibel, Adam S, Wiklund, Fredrik, Cussenot, Olivier, Berndt, Sonja I, Koutros, Stella, Sørensen, Karina Dalsgaard, Cybulski, Cezary, Grindedal, Eli Marie, Park, Jong Y, Ingles, Sue A, Maier, Christiane, Hamilton, Robert J, Rosenstein, Barry S, Vega, Ana, IMPACT Study Steering Committee and Collaborators, Kogevinas, Manolis, Penney, Kathryn L, Teixeira, Manuel R, Brenner, Hermann, John, Esther M, Kaneva, Radka, Logothetis, Christopher J, Neuhausen, Susan L, Razack, Azad, Newcomb, Lisa F, Canary PASS Investigators, Gamulin, Marija, Usmani, Nawaid, Claessens, Frank, Gago-Dominguez, Manuela, Townsend, Paul A, Roobol, Monique J, Zheng, Wei, Profile Study Steering Committee, Mills, Ian G, Andreassen, Ole A, Dale, Anders M, Seibert, Tyler M, and PRACTICAL Consortium
Subjects: UKGPCS collaborators, APCB BioResource, IMPACT Study Steering Committee and Collaborators, Canary PASS Investigators, Profile Study Steering Committee, PRACTICAL Consortium, Prevention, Urologic Diseases, Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Aging, Urology & Nephrology, Oncology and Carcinogenesis
Abstract: BackgroundPolygenic hazard scores (PHS) can identify individuals with increased risk of prostate cancer. We estimated the benefit of additional SNPs on performance of a previously validated PHS (PHS46).Materials and method180 SNPs, shown to be previously associated with prostate cancer, were used to develop a PHS model in men with European ancestry. A machine-learning approach, LASSO-regularized Cox regression, was used to select SNPs and to estimate their coefficients in the training set (75,596 men). Performance of the resulting model was evaluated in the testing/validation set (6,411 men) with two metrics: (1) hazard ratios (HRs) and (2) positive predictive value (PPV) of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. HRs were estimated between individuals with PHS in the top 5% to those in the middle 40% (HR95/50), top 20% to bottom 20% (HR80/20), and bottom 20% to middle 40% (HR20/50). PPV was calculated for the top 20% (PPV80) and top 5% (PPV95) of PHS as the fraction of individuals with elevated PSA that were diagnosed with clinically significant prostate cancer on biopsy.Results166 SNPs had non-zero coefficients in the Cox model (PHS166). All HR metrics showed significant improvements for PHS166 compared to PHS46: HR95/50 increased from 3.72 to 5.09, HR80/20 increased from 6.12 to 9.45, and HR20/50 decreased from 0.41 to 0.34. By contrast, no significant differences were observed in PPV of PSA testing for clinically significant prostate cancer.ConclusionsIncorporating 120 additional SNPs (PHS166 vs PHS46) significantly improved HRs for prostate cancer, while PPV of PSA testing remained the same.
Published: 2021

5. Polygenic hazard score is associated with prostate cancer in multi-ethnic populations.

Author: Huynh-Le, Minh-Phuong, Fan, Chun Chieh, Karunamuni, Roshan, Thompson, Wesley K, Martinez, Maria Elena, Eeles, Rosalind A, Kote-Jarai, Zsofia, Muir, Kenneth, Schleutker, Johanna, Pashayan, Nora, Batra, Jyotsna, Grönberg, Henrik, Neal, David E, Donovan, Jenny L, Hamdy, Freddie C, Martin, Richard M, Nielsen, Sune F, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Wiklund, Fredrik, Tangen, Catherine M, Giles, Graham G, Wolk, Alicja, Albanes, Demetrius, Travis, Ruth C, Blot, William J, Zheng, Wei, Sanderson, Maureen, Stanford, Janet L, Mucci, Lorelei A, West, Catharine ML, Kibel, Adam S, Cussenot, Olivier, Berndt, Sonja I, Koutros, Stella, Sørensen, Karina Dalsgaard, Cybulski, Cezary, Grindedal, Eli Marie, Menegaux, Florence, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Park, Jong Y, Ingles, Sue A, Maier, Christiane, Hamilton, Robert J, Thibodeau, Stephen N, Rosenstein, Barry S, Lu, Yong-Jie, Watya, Stephen, Vega, Ana, Kogevinas, Manolis, Penney, Kathryn L, Huff, Chad, Teixeira, Manuel R, Multigner, Luc, Leach, Robin J, Cannon-Albright, Lisa, Brenner, Hermann, John, Esther M, Kaneva, Radka, Logothetis, Christopher J, Neuhausen, Susan L, De Ruyck, Kim, Pandha, Hardev, Razack, Azad, Newcomb, Lisa F, Fowke, Jay H, Gamulin, Marija, Usmani, Nawaid, Claessens, Frank, Gago-Dominguez, Manuela, Townsend, Paul A, Bush, William S, Roobol, Monique J, Parent, Marie-Élise, Hu, Jennifer J, Mills, Ian G, Andreassen, Ole A, Dale, Anders M, Seibert, Tyler M, UKGPCS collaborators, APCB (Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource), NC-LA PCaP Investigators, IMPACT Study Steering Committee and Collaborators, Canary PASS Investigators, Profile Study Steering Committee, and PRACTICAL Consortium
Subjects: UKGPCS collaborators, APCB, NC-LA PCaP Investigators, IMPACT Study Steering Committee and Collaborators, Canary PASS Investigators, Profile Study Steering Committee, PRACTICAL Consortium, Humans, Prostatic Neoplasms, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Multivariate Analysis, Multifactorial Inheritance, Aged, Middle Aged, Ethnic Groups, Male, Self Report, Aging, Urologic Diseases, Cancer, Prostate Cancer
Abstract: Genetic models for cancer have been evaluated using almost exclusively European data, which could exacerbate health disparities. A polygenic hazard score (PHS1) is associated with age at prostate cancer diagnosis and improves screening accuracy in Europeans. Here, we evaluate performance of PHS2 (PHS1, adapted for OncoArray) in a multi-ethnic dataset of 80,491 men (49,916 cases, 30,575 controls). PHS2 is associated with age at diagnosis of any and aggressive (Gleason score ≥ 7, stage T3-T4, PSA ≥ 10 ng/mL, or nodal/distant metastasis) cancer and prostate-cancer-specific death. Associations with cancer are significant within European (n = 71,856), Asian (n = 2,382), and African (n = 6,253) genetic ancestries (p
Published: 2021

6. A Genetic Risk Score to Personalize Prostate Cancer Screening, Applied to Population Data

Author: Huynh-Le, Minh-Phuong, Fan, Chun Chieh, Karunamuni, Roshan, Walsh, Eleanor I, Turner, Emma L, Lane, J Athene, Martin, Richard M, Neal, David E, Donovan, Jenny L, Hamdy, Freddie C, Parsons, J Kellogg, Eeles, Rosalind A, Easton, Douglas F, Kote-Jarai, Zsofia, Al Olama, Ali Amin, Garcia, Sara Benlloch, Muir, Kenneth, Grönberg, Henrik, Wiklund, Fredrik, Aly, Markus, Schleutker, Johanna, Sipeky, Csilla, Tammela, Teuvo LJ, Nordestgaard, Børge Grønne, Key, Timothy J, Travis, Ruth C, Pharoah, Paul DP, Pashayan, Nora, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Thibodeau, Stephen N, McDonnell, Shannon K, Schaid, Daniel J, Maier, Christiane, Vogel, Walther, Luedeke, Manuel, Herkommer, Kathleen, Kibel, Adam S, Cybulski, Cezary, Wokolorczyk, Dominika, Kluzniak, Wojciech, Cannon-Albright, Lisa A, Brenner, Hermann, Schöttker, Ben, Holleczek, Bernd, Park, Jong Y, Sellers, Thomas A, Lin, Hui-Yi, Slavov, Chavdar Kroumov, Kaneva, Radka P, Mitev, Vanio I, Batra, Jyotsna, Clements, Judith A, Spurdle, Amanda B, BioResource, for the Australian Prostate Cancer, Teixeira, Manuel R, Paulo, Paula, Maia, Sofia, Pandha, Hardev, Michael, Agnieszka, Mills, Ian G, Andreassen, Ole A, Dale, Anders M, Seibert, Tyler M, and Consortium, for the PRACTICAL
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Aging, Prostate Cancer, Cancer, Prevention, Urologic Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Aged, Early Detection of Cancer, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Grading, Population Control, Prostatic Neoplasms, Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource, PRACTICAL Consortium, Medical and Health Sciences, Epidemiology, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract: BackgroundA polygenic hazard score (PHS), the weighted sum of 54 SNP genotypes, was previously validated for association with clinically significant prostate cancer and for improved prostate cancer screening accuracy. Here, we assess the potential impact of PHS-informed screening.MethodsUnited Kingdom population incidence data (Cancer Research United Kingdom) and data from the Cluster Randomized Trial of PSA Testing for Prostate Cancer were combined to estimate age-specific clinically significant prostate cancer incidence (Gleason score ≥7, stage T3-T4, PSA ≥10, or nodal/distant metastases). Using HRs estimated from the ProtecT prostate cancer trial, age-specific incidence rates were calculated for various PHS risk percentiles. Risk-equivalent age, when someone with a given PHS percentile has prostate cancer risk equivalent to an average 50-year-old man (50-year-standard risk), was derived from PHS and incidence data. Positive predictive value (PPV) of PSA testing for clinically significant prostate cancer was calculated using PHS-adjusted age groups.ResultsThe expected age at diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer differs by 19 years between the 1st and 99th PHS percentiles: men with PHS in the 1st and 99th percentiles reach the 50-year-standard risk level at ages 60 and 41, respectively. PPV of PSA was higher for men with higher PHS-adjusted age.ConclusionsPHS provides individualized estimates of risk-equivalent age for clinically significant prostate cancer. Screening initiation could be adjusted by a man's PHS.ImpactPersonalized genetic risk assessments could inform prostate cancer screening decisions.
Published: 2020

7. Immune-mediated genetic pathways resulting in pulmonary function impairment increase lung cancer susceptibility

Author: Kachuri, Linda, Johansson, Mattias, Rashkin, Sara R, Graff, Rebecca E, Bossé, Yohan, Manem, Venkata, Caporaso, Neil E, Landi, Maria Teresa, Christiani, David C, Vineis, Paolo, Liu, Geoffrey, Scelo, Ghislaine, Zaridze, David, Shete, Sanjay S, Albanes, Demetrius, Aldrich, Melinda C, Tardón, Adonina, Rennert, Gad, Chen, Chu, Goodman, Gary E, Doherty, Jennifer A, Bickeböller, Heike, Field, John K, Davies, Michael P, Dawn Teare, M, Kiemeney, Lambertus A, Bojesen, Stig E, Haugen, Aage, Zienolddiny, Shanbeh, Lam, Stephen, Le Marchand, Loïc, Cheng, Iona, Schabath, Matthew B, Duell, Eric J, Andrew, Angeline S, Manjer, Jonas, Lazarus, Philip, Arnold, Susanne, McKay, James D, Emami, Nima C, Warkentin, Matthew T, Brhane, Yonathan, Obeidat, Ma’en, Martin, Richard M, Relton, Caroline, Davey Smith, George, Haycock, Philip C, Amos, Christopher I, Brennan, Paul, Witte, John S, and Hung, Rayjean J
Subjects: Epidemiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Rare Diseases, Cancer, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Lung Cancer, Lung, Human Genome, Tobacco, Prevention, Genetics, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Respiratory, Adult, Aged, Female, Forced Expiratory Volume, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prospective Studies, Respiratory Function Tests, Vital Capacity
Abstract: Impaired lung function is often caused by cigarette smoking, making it challenging to disentangle its role in lung cancer susceptibility. Investigation of the shared genetic basis of these phenotypes in the UK Biobank and International Lung Cancer Consortium (29,266 cases, 56,450 controls) shows that lung cancer is genetically correlated with reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1: rg = 0.098, p = 2.3 × 10-8) and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC: rg = 0.137, p = 2.0 × 10-12). Mendelian randomization analyses demonstrate that reduced FEV1 increases squamous cell carcinoma risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.51, 95% confidence intervals: 1.21-1.88), while reduced FEV1/FVC increases the risk of adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.17, 1.01-1.35) and lung cancer in never smokers (OR = 1.56, 1.05-2.30). These findings support a causal role of pulmonary impairment in lung cancer etiology. Integrative analyses reveal that pulmonary function instruments, including 73 novel variants, influence lung tissue gene expression and implicate immune-related pathways in mediating the observed effects on lung carcinogenesis.
Published: 2020

8. The associations of anthropometric, behavioural and sociodemographic factors with circulating concentrations of IGF‐I, IGF‐II, IGFBP‐1, IGFBP‐2 and IGFBP‐3 in a pooled analysis of 16,024 men from 22 studies

Author: Watts, Eleanor L, Perez‐Cornago, Aurora, Appleby, Paul N, Albanes, Demetrius, Ardanaz, Eva, Black, Amanda, Bueno‐de‐Mesquita, H Bas, Chan, June M, Chen, Chu, Chubb, SA Paul, Cook, Michael B, Deschasaux, Mélanie, Donovan, Jenny L, English, Dallas R, Flicker, Leon, Freedman, Neal D, Galan, Pilar, Giles, Graham G, Giovannucci, Edward L, Gunter, Marc J, Habel, Laurel A, Häggström, Christel, Haiman, Christopher, Hamdy, Freddie C, Hercberg, Serge, Holly, Jeff M, Huang, Jiaqi, Huang, Wen‐Yi, Johansson, Mattias, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kubo, Tatsuhiko, Lane, J Athene, Layne, Tracy M, Le Marchand, Loic, Martin, Richard M, Metter, E Jeffrey, Mikami, Kazuya, Milne, Roger L, Morris, Howard A, Mucci, Lorelei A, Neal, David E, Neuhouser, Marian L, Oliver, Steven E, Overvad, Kim, Ozasa, Kotaro, Pala, Valeria, Pernar, Claire H, Pollak, Michael, Rowlands, Mari‐Anne, Schaefer, Catherine A, Schenk, Jeannette M, Stattin, Pär, Tamakoshi, Akiko, Thysell, Elin, Touvier, Mathilde, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Tsilidis, Konstantinos K, Van Den Eeden, Stephen K, Weinstein, Stephanie J, Wilkens, Lynne, Yeap, Bu B, Key, Timothy J, Allen, Naomi E, and Travis, Ruth C
Subjects: Cancer, Aging, Urologic Diseases, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anthropometry, Biomarkers, Tumor, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Insulin-Like Growth Factor II, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Young Adult, IGFs, IGFBPs, pooled analysis, correlates, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been implicated in the aetiology of several cancers. To better understand whether anthropometric, behavioural and sociodemographic factors may play a role in cancer risk via IGF signalling, we examined the cross-sectional associations of these exposures with circulating concentrations of IGFs (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGFBPs (IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3). The Endogenous Hormones, Nutritional Biomarkers and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group dataset includes individual participant data from 16,024 male controls (i.e. without prostate cancer) aged 22-89 years from 22 prospective studies. Geometric means of protein concentrations were estimated using analysis of variance, adjusted for relevant covariates. Older age was associated with higher concentrations of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and lower concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3. Higher body mass index was associated with lower concentrations of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2. Taller height was associated with higher concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and lower concentrations of IGFBP-1. Smokers had higher concentrations of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and lower concentrations of IGFBP-3 than nonsmokers. Higher alcohol consumption was associated with higher concentrations of IGF-II and lower concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-2. African Americans had lower concentrations of IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 and Hispanics had lower IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 than non-Hispanic whites. These findings indicate that a range of anthropometric, behavioural and sociodemographic factors are associated with circulating concentrations of IGFs and IGFBPs in men, which will lead to a greater understanding of the mechanisms through which these factors influence cancer risk.
Published: 2019

9. Applying Mendelian randomization to appraise causality in relationships between nutrition and cancer

Author: Wade, Kaitlin H., Yarmolinsky, James, Giovannucci, Edward, Lewis, Sarah J., Millwood, Iona Y., Munafò, Marcus R., Meddens, Fleur, Burrows, Kimberley, Bell, Joshua A., Davies, Neil M., Mariosa, Daniela, Kanerva, Noora, Vincent, Emma E., Smith-Byrne, Karl, Guida, Florence, Gunter, Marc J., Sanderson, Eleanor, Dudbridge, Frank, Burgess, Stephen, Cornelis, Marilyn C., Richardson, Tom G., Borges, Maria Carolina, Bowden, Jack, Hemani, Gibran, Cho, Yoonsu, Spiller, Wes, Richmond, Rebecca C., Carter, Alice R., Langdon, Ryan, Lawlor, Deborah A., Walters, Robin G., Vimaleswaran, Karani Santhanakrishnan, Anderson, Annie, Sandu, Meda R., Tilling, Kate, Davey Smith, George, Martin, Richard M., and Relton, Caroline L.
Published: 2022
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10. A collaborative analysis of individual participant data from 19 prospective studies assesses circulating vitamin D and prostate cancer risk

Author: Travis, Ruth C, Perez-Cornago, Aurora, Appleby, Paul N, Albanes, Demetrius, Joshu, Corinne E, Lutsey, Pamela L, Mondul, Alison M, Platz, Elizabeth A, Weinstein, Stephanie J, Layne, Tracy M, Helzlsouer, Kathy J, Visvanathan, Kala, Palli, Domenico, Peeters, Petra H, Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Gunter, Marc J, Tsilidis, Konstantinos K, Sánchez, Maria-Jose, Olsen, Anja, Brenner, Hermann, Schöttker, Ben, Perna, Laura, Holleczek, Bernd, Knekt, Paul, Rissanen, Harri, Yeap, Bu B, Flicker, Leon, Almeida, Osvaldo P, Wong, Yuen Yee Elizabeth, Chan, June M, Giovannucci, Edward L, Stampfer, Meir J, Ursin, Giske, Gislefoss, Randi E, Bjørge, Tone, Meyer, Haakon E, Blomhoff, Rune, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Sawada, Norie, English, Dallas R, Eyles, Darryl W, Heath, Alicia K, Williamson, Elizabeth J, Manjer, Jonas, Malm, Johan, Almquist, Martin, Marchand, Loic Le, Haiman, Christopher A, Wilkens, Lynne R, Schenk, Jeannette M, Tangen, Cathy M, Black, Amanda, Cook, Michael B, Huang, Wen-Yi, Ziegler, Regina G, Martin, Richard M, Hamdy, Freddie C, Donovan, Jenny L, Neal, David E, Touvier, Mathilde, Hercberg, Serge, Galan, Pilar, Deschasaux, Mélanie, Key, Timothy J, and Allen, Naomi E
Subjects: Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Nutrition, Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Urologic Diseases, Prevention, Aging, Clinical Research, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Prospective Studies, Prostatic Neoplasms, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Vitamin D, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract: Previous prospective studies assessing the relationship between circulating concentrations of vitamin D and prostate cancer risk have shown inconclusive results, particularly for risk of aggressive disease. In this study, we examine the association between prediagnostic concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and the risk of prostate cancer overall and by tumor characteristics. Principal investigators of 19 prospective studies provided individual participant data on circulating 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D for up to 13,462 men with incident prostate cancer and 20,261 control participants. ORs for prostate cancer by study-specific fifths of season-standardized vitamin D concentration were estimated using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression. 25(OH)D concentration was positively associated with risk for total prostate cancer (multivariable-adjusted OR comparing highest vs. lowest study-specific fifth was 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.31; P trend < 0.001). However, this association varied by disease aggressiveness (P heterogeneity = 0.014); higher circulating 25(OH)D was associated with a higher risk of nonaggressive disease (OR per 80 percentile increase = 1.24, 1.13-1.36) but not with aggressive disease (defined as stage 4, metastases, or prostate cancer death, 0.95, 0.78-1.15). 1,25(OH)2D concentration was not associated with risk for prostate cancer overall or by tumor characteristics. The absence of an association of vitamin D with aggressive disease does not support the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency increases prostate cancer risk. Rather, the association of high circulating 25(OH)D concentration with a higher risk of nonaggressive prostate cancer may be influenced by detection bias. SIGNIFICANCE: This international collaboration comprises the largest prospective study on blood vitamin D and prostate cancer risk and shows no association with aggressive disease but some evidence of a higher risk of nonaggressive disease.
Published: 2019

11. Circulating inflammatory cytokines and risk of five cancers: a Mendelian randomization analysis

Author: Bouras, Emmanouil, Karhunen, Ville, Gill, Dipender, Huang, Jian, Haycock, Philip C., Gunter, Marc J., Johansson, Mattias, Brennan, Paul, Key, Tim, Lewis, Sarah J., Martin, Richard M., Murphy, Neil, Platz, Elizabeth A., Travis, Ruth, Yarmolinsky, James, Zuber, Verena, Martin, Paul, Katsoulis, Michail, Freisling, Heinz, Nøst, Therese Haugdahl, Schulze, Matthias B., Dossus, Laure, Hung, Rayjean J., Amos, Christopher I., Ahola-Olli, Ari, Palaniswamy, Saranya, Männikkö, Minna, Auvinen, Juha, Herzig, Karl-Heinz, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Lehtimäki, Terho, Salomaa, Veikko, Raitakari, Olli, Salmi, Marko, Jalkanen, Sirpa, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Dehghan, Abbas, and Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.
Published: 2022
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12. Association analyses of more than 140,000 men identify 63 new prostate cancer susceptibility loci

Author: Schumacher, Fredrick R, Al Olama, Ali Amin, Berndt, Sonja I, Benlloch, Sara, Ahmed, Mahbubl, Saunders, Edward J, Dadaev, Tokhir, Leongamornlert, Daniel, Anokian, Ezequiel, Cieza-Borrella, Clara, Goh, Chee, Brook, Mark N, Sheng, Xin, Fachal, Laura, Dennis, Joe, Tyrer, Jonathan, Muir, Kenneth, Lophatananon, Artitaya, Stevens, Victoria L, Gapstur, Susan M, Carter, Brian D, Tangen, Catherine M, Goodman, Phyllis J, Thompson, Ian M, Batra, Jyotsna, Chambers, Suzanne, Moya, Leire, Clements, Judith, Horvath, Lisa, Tilley, Wayne, Risbridger, Gail P, Gronberg, Henrik, Aly, Markus, Nordström, Tobias, Pharoah, Paul, Pashayan, Nora, Schleutker, Johanna, Tammela, Teuvo LJ, Sipeky, Csilla, Auvinen, Anssi, Albanes, Demetrius, Weinstein, Stephanie, Wolk, Alicja, Håkansson, Niclas, West, Catharine ML, Dunning, Alison M, Burnet, Neil, Mucci, Lorelei A, Giovannucci, Edward, Andriole, Gerald L, Cussenot, Olivier, Cancel-Tassin, Géraldine, Koutros, Stella, Beane Freeman, Laura E, Sorensen, Karina Dalsgaard, Orntoft, Torben Falck, Borre, Michael, Maehle, Lovise, Grindedal, Eli Marie, Neal, David E, Donovan, Jenny L, Hamdy, Freddie C, Martin, Richard M, Travis, Ruth C, Key, Tim J, Hamilton, Robert J, Fleshner, Neil E, Finelli, Antonio, Ingles, Sue Ann, Stern, Mariana C, Rosenstein, Barry S, Kerns, Sarah L, Ostrer, Harry, Lu, Yong-Jie, Zhang, Hong-Wei, Feng, Ninghan, Mao, Xueying, Guo, Xin, Wang, Guomin, Sun, Zan, Giles, Graham G, Southey, Melissa C, MacInnis, Robert J, FitzGerald, Liesel M, Kibel, Adam S, Drake, Bettina F, Vega, Ana, Gómez-Caamaño, Antonio, Szulkin, Robert, Eklund, Martin, Kogevinas, Manolis, Llorca, Javier, Castaño-Vinyals, Gemma, Penney, Kathryn L, Stampfer, Meir, Park, Jong Y, Sellers, Thomas A, Lin, Hui-Yi, Stanford, Janet L, and Cybulski, Cezary
Subjects: Cancer, Aging, Prostate Cancer, Genetics, Urologic Diseases, Human Genome, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Loci, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genotype, Humans, Male, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prostatic Neoplasms, Risk, Profile Study, Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource, IMPACT Study, Canary PASS Investigators, Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium, PRACTICAL (Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer-Associated Alterations in the Genome) Consortium, Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden, Prostate Cancer Genome-wide Association Study of Uncommon Susceptibility Loci, Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON)/Elucidating Loci Involved in Prostate Cancer Susceptibility (ELLIPSE) Consortium, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine-mapping efforts to date have identified more than 100 prostate cancer (PrCa)-susceptibility loci. We meta-analyzed genotype data from a custom high-density array of 46,939 PrCa cases and 27,910 controls of European ancestry with previously genotyped data of 32,255 PrCa cases and 33,202 controls of European ancestry. Our analysis identified 62 novel loci associated (P C, p.Pro1054Arg) in ATM and rs2066827 (OR = 1.06; P = 2.3 × 10-9; T>G, p.Val109Gly) in CDKN1B. The combination of all loci captured 28.4% of the PrCa familial relative risk, and a polygenic risk score conferred an elevated PrCa risk for men in the ninetieth to ninety-ninth percentiles (relative risk = 2.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.55-2.82) and first percentile (relative risk = 5.71; 95% CI: 5.04-6.48) risk stratum compared with the population average. These findings improve risk prediction, enhance fine-mapping, and provide insight into the underlying biology of PrCa1.
Published: 2018

13. Fine-mapping of prostate cancer susceptibility loci in a large meta-analysis identifies candidate causal variants

Author: Dadaev, Tokhir, Saunders, Edward J, Newcombe, Paul J, Anokian, Ezequiel, Leongamornlert, Daniel A, Brook, Mark N, Cieza-Borrella, Clara, Mijuskovic, Martina, Wakerell, Sarah, Olama, Ali Amin Al, Schumacher, Fredrick R, Berndt, Sonja I, Benlloch, Sara, Ahmed, Mahbubl, Goh, Chee, Sheng, Xin, Zhang, Zhuo, Muir, Kenneth, Govindasami, Koveela, Lophatananon, Artitaya, Stevens, Victoria L, Gapstur, Susan M, Carter, Brian D, Tangen, Catherine M, Goodman, Phyllis, Thompson, Ian M, Batra, Jyotsna, Chambers, Suzanne, Moya, Leire, Clements, Judith, Horvath, Lisa, Tilley, Wayne, Risbridger, Gail, Gronberg, Henrik, Aly, Markus, Nordström, Tobias, Pharoah, Paul, Pashayan, Nora, Schleutker, Johanna, Tammela, Teuvo LJ, Sipeky, Csilla, Auvinen, Anssi, Albanes, Demetrius, Weinstein, Stephanie, Wolk, Alicja, Hakansson, Niclas, West, Catharine, Dunning, Alison M, Burnet, Neil, Mucci, Lorelei, Giovannucci, Edward, Andriole, Gerald, Cussenot, Olivier, Cancel-Tassin, Géraldine, Koutros, Stella, Freeman, Laura E Beane, Sorensen, Karina Dalsgaard, Orntoft, Torben Falck, Borre, Michael, Maehle, Lovise, Grindedal, Eli Marie, Neal, David E, Donovan, Jenny L, Hamdy, Freddie C, Martin, Richard M, Travis, Ruth C, Key, Tim J, Hamilton, Robert J, Fleshner, Neil E, Finelli, Antonio, Ingles, Sue Ann, Stern, Mariana C, Rosenstein, Barry, Kerns, Sarah, Ostrer, Harry, Lu, Yong-Jie, Zhang, Hong-Wei, Feng, Ninghan, Mao, Xueying, Guo, Xin, Wang, Guomin, Sun, Zan, Giles, Graham G, Southey, Melissa C, MacInnis, Robert J, FitzGerald, Liesel M, Kibel, Adam S, Drake, Bettina F, Vega, Ana, Gómez-Caamaño, Antonio, Fachal, Laura, Szulkin, Robert, Eklund, Martin, Kogevinas, Manolis, Llorca, Javier, Castaño-Vinyals, Gemma, Penney, Kathryn L, Stampfer, Meir, Park, Jong Y, and Sellers, Thomas A
Subjects: Genetics, Aging, Urologic Diseases, Prostate Cancer, Prevention, Human Genome, Cancer, Clinical Research, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Algorithms, Bayes Theorem, Black People, Chromosome Mapping, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Male, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Multivariate Analysis, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prostatic Neoplasms, Quantitative Trait Loci, Risk, White People, PRACTICAL (Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer-Associated Alterations in the Genome) Consortium
Abstract: Prostate cancer is a polygenic disease with a large heritable component. A number of common, low-penetrance prostate cancer risk loci have been identified through GWAS. Here we apply the Bayesian multivariate variable selection algorithm JAM to fine-map 84 prostate cancer susceptibility loci, using summary data from a large European ancestry meta-analysis. We observe evidence for multiple independent signals at 12 regions and 99 risk signals overall. Only 15 original GWAS tag SNPs remain among the catalogue of candidate variants identified; the remainder are replaced by more likely candidates. Biological annotation of our credible set of variants indicates significant enrichment within promoter and enhancer elements, and transcription factor-binding sites, including AR, ERG and FOXA1. In 40 regions at least one variant is colocalised with an eQTL in prostate cancer tissue. The refined set of candidate variants substantially increase the proportion of familial relative risk explained by these known susceptibility regions, which highlights the importance of fine-mapping studies and has implications for clinical risk profiling.
Published: 2018

14. Obesity, metabolic factors and risk of different histological types of lung cancer: A Mendelian randomization study

Author: Carreras-Torres, Robert, Johansson, Mattias, Haycock, Philip C, Wade, Kaitlin H, Relton, Caroline L, Martin, Richard M, Smith, George Davey, Albanes, Demetrius, Aldrich, Melinda C, Andrew, Angeline, Arnold, Susanne M, Bickeböller, Heike, Bojesen, Stig E, Brunnström, Hans, Manjer, Jonas, Brüske, Irene, Caporaso, Neil E, Chen, Chu, Christiani, David C, Christian, W Jay, Doherty, Jennifer A, Duell, Eric J, Field, John K, Davies, Michael PA, Marcus, Michael W, Goodman, Gary E, Grankvist, Kjell, Haugen, Aage, Hong, Yun-Chul, Kiemeney, Lambertus A, van der Heijden, Erik HFM, Kraft, Peter, Johansson, Mikael B, Lam, Stephen, Landi, Maria Teresa, Lazarus, Philip, Le Marchand, Loïc, Liu, Geoffrey, Melander, Olle, Park, Sungshim L, Rennert, Gad, Risch, Angela, Haura, Eric B, Scelo, Ghislaine, Zaridze, David, Mukeriya, Anush, Savić, Milan, Lissowska, Jolanta, Swiatkowska, Beata, Janout, Vladimir, Holcatova, Ivana, Mates, Dana, Schabath, Matthew B, Shen, Hongbing, Tardon, Adonina, Teare, M Dawn, Woll, Penella, Tsao, Ming-Sound, Wu, Xifeng, Yuan, Jian-Min, Hung, Rayjean J, Amos, Christopher I, McKay, James, and Brennan, Paul
Subjects: Epidemiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Genetics, Lung, Nutrition, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Cancer, Tobacco, Obesity, Clinical Research, Lung Cancer, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Body Mass Index, Fasting, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Likelihood Functions, Lipids, Lung Neoplasms, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Risk Factors, General Science & Technology
Abstract: BackgroundAssessing the relationship between lung cancer and metabolic conditions is challenging because of the confounding effect of tobacco. Mendelian randomization (MR), or the use of genetic instrumental variables to assess causality, may help to identify the metabolic drivers of lung cancer.Methods and findingsWe identified genetic instruments for potential metabolic risk factors and evaluated these in relation to risk using 29,266 lung cancer cases (including 11,273 adenocarcinomas, 7,426 squamous cell and 2,664 small cell cases) and 56,450 controls. The MR risk analysis suggested a causal effect of body mass index (BMI) on lung cancer risk for two of the three major histological subtypes, with evidence of a risk increase for squamous cell carcinoma (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.20 [1.01-1.43] and for small cell lung cancer (OR [95%CI] = 1.52 [1.15-2.00]) for each standard deviation (SD) increase in BMI [4.6 kg/m2]), but not for adenocarcinoma (OR [95%CI] = 0.93 [0.79-1.08]) (Pheterogeneity = 4.3x10-3). Additional analysis using a genetic instrument for BMI showed that each SD increase in BMI increased cigarette consumption by 1.27 cigarettes per day (P = 2.1x10-3), providing novel evidence that a genetic susceptibility to obesity influences smoking patterns. There was also evidence that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely associated with lung cancer overall risk (OR [95%CI] = 0.90 [0.84-0.97] per SD of 38 mg/dl), while fasting insulin was positively associated (OR [95%CI] = 1.63 [1.25-2.13] per SD of 44.4 pmol/l). Sensitivity analyses including a weighted-median approach and MR-Egger test did not detect other pleiotropic effects biasing the main results.ConclusionsOur results are consistent with a causal role of fasting insulin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in lung cancer etiology, as well as for BMI in squamous cell and small cell carcinoma. The latter relation may be mediated by a previously unrecognized effect of obesity on smoking behavior.
Published: 2017

15. Causal Estimation of Long-term Intervention Cost-effectiveness Using Genetic Instrumental Variables: An Application to Cancer.

Author: Dixon, Padraig, Martin, Richard M., and Harrison, Sean
Abstract: Background: This article demonstrates a means of assessing long-term intervention cost-effectiveness in the absence of data from randomized controlled trials and without recourse to Markov simulation or similar types of cohort simulation. Methods: Using a Mendelian randomization study design, we developed causal estimates of the genetically predicted effect of bladder, breast, colorectal, lung, multiple myeloma, ovarian, prostate, and thyroid cancers on health care costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) using outcome data drawn from the UK Biobank cohort. We then used these estimates in a simulation model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical population-wide preventative intervention based on a repurposed class of antidiabetic drugs known as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors very recently shown to reduce the odds of incident prostate cancer. Results: Genetic liability to prostate cancer and breast cancer had material causal impacts on either or both health care costs and QALYs. Mendelian randomization results for the less common cancers were associated with considerable uncertainty. SGLT2 inhibition was unlikely to be a cost-effective preventative intervention for prostate cancer, although this conclusion depended on the price at which these drugs would be offered for a novel anticancer indication. Implications: Our new causal estimates of cancer exposures on health economic outcomes may be used as inputs into decision-analytic models of cancer interventions such as screening programs or simulations of longer-term outcomes associated with therapies investigated in randomized controlled trials with short follow-ups. Our method allowed us to rapidly and efficiently estimate the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical population-scale anticancer intervention to inform and complement other means of assessing long-term intervention value. Highlights: The article demonstrates a novel method of assessing long-term intervention cost-effectiveness without relying on randomized controlled trials or cohort simulations. Mendelian randomization was used to estimate the causal effects of certain cancers on health care costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) using data from the UK Biobank cohort. Given causal data on the association of different cancer exposures on costs and QALYs, it was possible to simulate the cost-effectiveness of an anticancer intervention. Genetic liability to prostate cancer and breast cancer significantly affected health care costs and QALYs, but the hypothetical intervention using SGLT2 inhibitors for prostate cancer may not be cost-effective, depending on the drug's price for the new anticancer indication. The methods we propose and implement can be used to efficiently estimate intervention cost-effectiveness and to inform decision making in all manner of preventative and therapeutic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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16. The causal relevance of body mass index in different histological types of lung cancer: A Mendelian randomization study

Author: Carreras-Torres, Robert, Haycock, Philip C, Relton, Caroline L, Martin, Richard M, Smith, George Davey, Kraft, Peter, Gao, Chi, Tworoger, Shelley, Le Marchand, Loïc, Wilkens, Lynne R, Park, Sungshim L, Haiman, Christopher, Field, John K, Davies, Michael, Marcus, Michael, Liu, Geoffrey, Caporaso, Neil E, Christiani, David C, Wei, Yongyue, Chen, Chu, Doherty, Jennifer A, Severi, Gianluca, Goodman, Gary E, Hung, Rayjean J, Amos, Christopher I, McKay, James, Johansson, Mattias, and Brennan, Paul
Subjects: Epidemiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Genetics, Tobacco, Lung, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Lung Cancer, Cancer, Respiratory, Good Health and Well Being, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Risk Factors, Smoking
Abstract: Body mass index (BMI) is inversely associated with lung cancer risk in observational studies, even though it increases the risk of several other cancers, which could indicate confounding by tobacco smoking or reverse causality. We used the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to circumvent these limitations of observational epidemiology by constructing a genetic instrument for BMI, based on results from the GIANT consortium, which was evaluated in relation to lung cancer risk using GWAS results on 16,572 lung cancer cases and 21,480 controls. Results were stratified by histological subtype, smoking status and sex. An increase of one standard deviation (SD) in BMI (4.65 Kg/m(2)) raised the risk for lung cancer overall (OR = 1.13; P = 0.10). This was driven by associations with squamous cell (SQ) carcinoma (OR = 1.45; P = 1.2 × 10(-3)) and small cell (SC) carcinoma (OR = 1.81; P = 0.01). An inverse trend was seen for adenocarcinoma (AD) (OR = 0.82; P = 0.06). In stratified analyses, a 1 SD increase in BMI was inversely associated with overall lung cancer in never smokers (OR = 0.50; P = 0.02). These results indicate that higher BMI may increase the risk of certain types of lung cancer, in particular SQ and SC carcinoma.
Published: 2016

17. A Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data Reveals an Association between Circulating Levels of IGF-I and Prostate Cancer Risk

Author: Travis, Ruth C, Appleby, Paul N, Martin, Richard M, Holly, Jeff MP, Albanes, Demetrius, Black, Amanda, Bueno-de-Mesquita, HB As, Chan, June M, Chen, Chu, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Cook, Michael B, Deschasaux, Mélanie, Donovan, Jenny L, Ferrucci, Luigi, Galan, Pilar, Giles, Graham G, Giovannucci, Edward L, Gunter, Marc J, Habel, Laurel A, Hamdy, Freddie C, Helzlsouer, Kathy J, Hercberg, Serge, Hoover, Robert N, Janssen, Joseph AMJL, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kubo, Tatsuhiko, Le Marchand, Loic, Metter, E Jeffrey, Mikami, Kazuya, Morris, Joan K, Neal, David E, Neuhouser, Marian L, Ozasa, Kotaro, Palli, Domenico, Platz, Elizabeth A, Pollak, Michael, Price, Alison J, Roobol, Monique J, Schaefer, Catherine, Schenk, Jeannette M, Severi, Gianluca, Stampfer, Meir J, Stattin, Pär, Tamakoshi, Akiko, Tangen, Catherine M, Touvier, Mathilde, Wald, Nicholas J, Weiss, Noel S, Ziegler, Regina G, Key, Timothy J, and Allen, Naomi E
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Aging, Prostate Cancer, Cancer, Urologic Diseases, Aged, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Male, Middle Aged, Prostatic Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Biochemistry and cell biology, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract: The role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in prostate cancer development is not fully understood. To investigate the association between circulating concentrations of IGFs (IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3) and prostate cancer risk, we pooled individual participant data from 17 prospective and two cross-sectional studies, including up to 10,554 prostate cancer cases and 13,618 control participants. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the ORs for prostate cancer based on the study-specific fifth of each analyte. Overall, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 concentrations were positively associated with prostate cancer risk (Ptrend all ≤ 0.005), and IGFBP-1 was inversely associated weakly with risk (Ptrend = 0.05). However, heterogeneity between the prospective and cross-sectional studies was evident (Pheterogeneity = 0.03), unless the analyses were restricted to prospective studies (with the exception of IGF-II, Pheterogeneity = 0.02). For prospective studies, the OR for men in the highest versus the lowest fifth of each analyte was 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.43) for IGF-I, 0.81 (0.68-0.96) for IGFBP-1, and 1.25 (1.12-1.40) for IGFBP-3. These associations did not differ significantly by time-to-diagnosis or tumor stage or grade. After mutual adjustment for each of the other analytes, only IGF-I remained associated with risk. Our collaborative study represents the largest pooled analysis of the relationship between prostate cancer risk and circulating concentrations of IGF-I, providing strong evidence that IGF-I is highly likely to be involved in prostate cancer development. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2288-300. ©2016 AACR.
Published: 2016

18. Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies 1–3

Author: Key, Timothy J, Appleby, Paul N, Travis, Ruth C, Albanes, Demetrius, Alberg, Anthony J, Barricarte, Aurelio, Black, Amanda, Boeing, Heiner, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas, Chan, June M, Chen, Chu, Cook, Michael B, Donovan, Jenny L, Galan, Pilar, Gilbert, Rebecca, Giles, Graham G, Giovannucci, Edward, Goodman, Gary E, Goodman, Phyllis J, Gunter, Marc J, Hamdy, Freddie C, Heliövaara, Markku, Helzlsouer, Kathy J, Henderson, Brian E, Hercberg, Serge, Hoffman-Bolton, Judy, Hoover, Robert N, Johansson, Mattias, Khaw, Kay-Tee, King, Irena B, Knekt, Paul, Kolonel, Laurence N, Le Marchand, Loic, Männistö, Satu, Martin, Richard M, Meyer, Haakon E, Mondul, Alison M, Moy, Kristin A, Neal, David E, Neuhouser, Marian L, Palli, Domenico, Platz, Elizabeth A, Pouchieu, Camille, Rissanen, Harri, Schenk, Jeannette M, Severi, Gianluca, Stampfer, Meir J, Tjønneland, Anne, Touvier, Mathilde, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Weinstein, Stephanie J, Ziegler, Regina G, Zhou, Cindy Ke, Allen, Naomi E, Biomarkers, Endogenous Hormones Nutritional, and Group, Prostate Cancer Collaborative
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Prevention, Urologic Diseases, Nutrition, Prostate Cancer, Cancer, Aging, Clinical Research, Adult, Biomarkers, Carotenoids, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Lycopene, Male, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Grading, Neoplasm Staging, Observational Studies as Topic, Prospective Studies, Prostate, Prostatic Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Vitamin A, alpha-Tocopherol, prostate cancer, carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, vitamin E, vitamin A, pooled analysis, nested case-control study, biomarkers, Endogenous Hormones Nutritional Biomarkers Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group, Engineering, Medical and Health Sciences, Nutrition & Dietetics, Clinical sciences, Nutrition and dietetics
Abstract: BackgroundIndividual studies have suggested that circulating carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but the studies have not been large enough to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by stage and grade of disease.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of the associations of the concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol with risk of prostate cancer and to describe whether any associations differ by stage or grade of the disease or other factors.DesignPrincipal investigators of prospective studies provided individual participant data for prostate cancer cases and controls. Risk by study-specific fifths of each biomarker was estimated by using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression in matched case-control sets.ResultsData were available for up to 11,239 cases (including 1654 advanced stage and 1741 aggressive) and 18,541 controls from 15 studies. Lycopene was not associated with overall risk of prostate cancer, but there was statistically significant heterogeneity by stage of disease, and the OR for aggressive disease for the highest compared with the lowest fifth of lycopene was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.91; P-trend = 0.032). No other carotenoid was significantly associated with overall risk of prostate cancer or with risk of advanced-stage or aggressive disease. For retinol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22; P-trend = 0.015). For α-tocopherol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.94; P-trend < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity by stage of disease; the OR for aggressive prostate cancer was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.92; P-trend = 0.001). γ-Tocopherol was not associated with risk.ConclusionsOverall prostate cancer risk was positively associated with retinol and inversely associated with α-tocopherol, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer was inversely associated with lycopene and α-tocopherol. Whether these associations reflect causal relations is unclear.
Published: 2015

19. Statins as Potential Chemoprevention or Therapeutic Agents in Cancer: a Model for Evaluating Repurposed Drugs

Author: Joharatnam-Hogan, Nalinie, Alexandre, Leo, Yarmolinsky, James, Lake, Blossom, Capps, Nigel, Martin, Richard M, Ring, Alistair, Cafferty, Fay, and Langley, Ruth E
Published: 2021
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20. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins in active monitoring of localized prostate cancer: a population-based observational study

Author: Rowlands, Mari-Anne, Tilling, Kate, Holly, Jeff M. P., Metcalfe, Chris, Gunnell, David, Lane, Athene, Davis, Michael, Donovan, Jenny, Hamdy, Freddie, Neal, David E., and Martin, Richard M.
Published: 2013

21. Circulating inflammatory cytokines and risk of five cancers: a Mendelian randomization analysis

Author: PRACTICAL Consortium, Bouras, Emmanouil, Karhunen, Ville, Gill, Dipender, Huang, Jian, Haycock, Philip C, Gunter, Marc J, Johansson, Mattias, Brennan, Paul, Key, Tim, Lewis, Sarah J, Martin, Richard M, Murphy, Neil, Platz, Elizabeth A, Travis, Ruth, Yarmolinsky, James, Zuber, Verena, Martin, Paul, Katsoulis, Michail, Freisling, Heinz, Nøst, Therese Haugdahl, Schulze, Matthias B, Dossus, Laure, Hung, Rayjean J, Amos, Christopher I, Ahola-Olli, Ari, Palaniswamy, Saranya, Männikkö, Minna, Auvinen, Juha, Herzig, Karl-Heinz, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Lehtimäki, Terho, Salomaa, Veikko, Raitakari, Olli, Salmi, Marko, Jalkanen, Sirpa, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Dehghan, Abbas, Tsilidis, Konstantinos K, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Genomics of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Tampere University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, and Clinical Medicine
Subjects: Male, SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI, BIOMARKERS, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, OVARIAN-CANCER, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MARKERS, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Risk Factors, Mendelian randomization, PROSTATE, INTERLEUKIN-1, Humans, Mendelian randomisation, METAANALYSIS, 030304 developmental biology, Cancer, Ovarian Neoplasms, Inflammation, 0303 health sciences, CHALLENGES, Cytokines/genetics, General Medicine, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, 3. Good health, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, METASTASIS, Medicine, Cytokines, Female, 3111 Biomedicine, Ovarian Neoplasms/epidemiology, ICEP, LUNG, Research Article, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Background Epidemiological and experimental evidence has linked chronic inflammation to cancer aetiology. It is unclear whether associations for specific inflammatory biomarkers are causal or due to bias. In order to examine whether altered genetically predicted concentration of circulating cytokines are associated with cancer development, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis. Methods Up to 31,112 individuals of European descent were included in genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses of 47 circulating cytokines. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly associated with the cytokines, located in or close to their coding gene (cis), were used as instrumental variables. Inverse-variance weighted MR was used as the primary analysis, and the MR assumptions were evaluated in sensitivity and colocalization analyses and a false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Corresponding germline GWAS summary data for five cancer outcomes (breast, endometrial, lung, ovarian, and prostate), and their subtypes were selected from the largest cancer-specific GWASs available (cases ranging from 12,906 for endometrial to 133,384 for breast cancer). Results There was evidence of inverse associations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with breast cancer (OR per SD = 0.88, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.94), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist with endometrial cancer (0.86, 0.80 to 0.93), interleukin-18 with lung cancer (0.87, 0.81 to 0.93), and beta-chemokine-RANTES with ovarian cancer (0.70, 0.57 to 0.85) and positive associations of monokine induced by gamma interferon with endometrial cancer (3.73, 1.86 to 7.47) and cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine with lung cancer (1.51, 1.22 to 1.87). These associations were similar in sensitivity analyses and supported in colocalization analyses. Conclusions Our study adds to current knowledge on the role of specific inflammatory biomarker pathways in cancer aetiology. Further validation is needed to assess the potential of these cytokines as pharmacological or lifestyle targets for cancer prevention.
Published: 2022

22. Variation of all-cause and cause-specific mortality with body mass index in one million Swedish parent-son pairs: An instrumental variable analysis

Author: Wade, Kaitlin H., Carslake, David, Tynelius, Per, Davey Smith, George, and Martin, Richard M.
Subjects: Obesity -- Complications and side effects, Body mass index -- Analysis, Prostate cancer -- Care and treatment -- Risk factors, Mortality, Kidney diseases, Lung diseases, Cancer, Suicide, Liver, Respiratory tract diseases, Lung cancer, Fathers, Biological sciences
Abstract: Background High body mass index (BMI) is associated with mortality, but the pervasive problem of confounding and reverse causality in observational studies limits inference about the direction and magnitude of causal effects. We aimed to obtain estimates of the causal association of BMI with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Methods and findings In a record-linked, intergenerational prospective study from the general population of Sweden, we used two-sample instrumental variable (IV) analysis with data from 996,898 fathers (282,407 deaths) and 1,013,083 mothers (153,043 deaths) and their sons followed up from January 1, 1961, until December 31, 2004. Sons' BMI was used as the instrument for parents' BMI to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of mortality per standard deviation (SD) higher parents' BMI. Using offspring exposure as an instrument for parents' exposure is unlikely to be affected by reverse causality (an important source of bias in this context) and reduces confounding. IV analyses supported causal associations between higher BMI and greater risk of all-cause mortality (HR [95% confidence interval (CI)] per SD higher fathers' BMI: 1.29 [1.26-1.31] and mothers' BMI: 1.39 [1.35-1.42]) and overall cancer mortality (HR per SD higher fathers' BMI: 1.20 [1.16-1.24] and mothers' BMI: 1.29 [1.24-1.34]), including 9 site-specific cancers in men (bladder, colorectum, gallbladder, kidney, liver, lung, lymphatic system, pancreas, and stomach) and 11 site-specific cancers in women (gallbladder, kidney, liver, lung, lymphatic system, ovaries, pancreas, stomach, uterus, cervix, and endometrium). There was evidence supporting causal associations between higher BMI in mothers and greater risk of mortality from kidney disease (HR: 2.17 [1.68-2.81]) and lower risk of mortality from suicide (HR: 0.77 [0.65-0.90]). In both sexes, there was evidence supporting causal associations between higher BMI and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), stroke, diabetes, and respiratory diseases. We were unable to test the association between sons' and mothers' BMIs (as mothers' data were unavailable) or whether the instrument was independent of unmeasured or residual confounding; however, the associations between parents' mortality and sons' BMI were negligibly influenced by adjustment for available confounders. Conclusions Consistent with previous large-scale meta-analyses and reviews, results supported the causal role of higher BMI in increasing the risk of several common causes of death, including cancers with increasing global incidence. We also found positive effects of BMI on mortality from respiratory disease, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, which has been inconsistently reported in the literature, suggesting that the causal role of higher BMI in mortality from these diseases may be underestimated. Furthermore, we expect different patterns of bias in the current observational and IV analyses; therefore, the similarities between our findings from both methods increases confidence in the results. These findings support efforts to understand the mechanisms underpinning these effects to inform targeted interventions and develop population-based strategies to reduce rising obesity levels for disease prevention., Author(s): Kaitlin H. Wade 1,2,*, David Carslake 1,2, Per Tynelius 3, George Davey Smith 1,2,4, Richard M. Martin 1,4 Introduction The prevalence of obesity is rising [1-3], and severe obesity [...]
Published: 2019
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23. The influence of obesity-related factors in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma-A mendelian randomization study

Author: Johansson, Mattias, Carreras-Torres, Robert, Scelo, Ghislaine, Purdue, Mark P., Mariosa, Daniela, Muller, David C., Timpson, Nicolas J., Haycock, Philip C., Brown, Kevin M., Wang, Zhaoming, Ye, Yuanqing, Hofmann, Jonathan N., Foll, Matthieu, Gaborieau, Valerie, Machiela, Mitchell J., Colli, Leandro M., Li, Peng, Garnier, Jean-Guillaume, Blanche, Helene, Boland, Anne, Burdette, Laurie, Prokhortchouk, Egor, Skryabin, Konstantin G., Yeager, Meredith, Radojevic-Skodric, Sanja, Ognjanovic, Simona, Foretova, Lenka, Holcatova, Ivana, Janout, Vladimir, Mates, Dana, Mukeriya, Anush, Rascu, Stefan, Zaridze, David, Bencko, Vladimir, Cybulski, Cezary, Fabianova, Eleonora, Jinga, Viorel, Lissowska, Jolanta, Lubinski, Jan, Navratilova, Marie, Rudnai, Peter, Benhamou, Simone, Cancel-Tassin, Geraldine, Cussenot, Olivier, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Ljungberg, Börje, Tumkur Sitaram, Raviprakash, Häggström, Christel, Bruinsma, Fiona, Jordan, Susan J., Severi, Gianluca, Winship, Ingrid, Hveem, Kristian, Vatten, Lars J., Fletcher, Tony, Larsson, Susanna C., Wolk, Alicja, Banks, Rosamonde E., Selby, Peter J., Easton, Douglas F., Andreotti, Gabriella, Beane Freeman, Laura E., Koutros, Stella, Männistö, Satu, Weinstein, Stephanie, Clark, Peter E., Edwards, Todd L., Lipworth, Loren, Gapstur, Susan M., Stevens, Victoria L., Carol, Hallie, Freedman, Matthew L., Pomerantz, Mark M., Cho, Eunyoung, Wilson, Kathryn M., Gaziano, J. Michael, Sesso, Howard D., Freedman, Neal D., Parker, Alexander S., Eckel-Passow, Jeanette E., Huang, Wen-Yi, Kahnoski, Richard J., Lane, Brian R., Noyes, Sabrina L., Petillo, David, Teh, Bin Tean, Peters, Ulrike, White, Emily, Anderson, Garnet L., Johnson, Lisa, Luo, Juhua, Buring, Julie, Lee, I-Min, Chow, Wong-Ho, Moore, Lee E., Eisen, Timothy, Henrion, Marc, Larkin, James, Barman, Poulami, Leibovich, Bradley C., Choueiri, Toni K., Lathrop, G. Mark, Deleuze, Jean-Francois, Gunter, Marc, McKay, James D., Wu, Xifeng, Houlston, Richard S., Chanock, Stephen J., Relton, Caroline, Richards, J. Brent, Martin, Richard M., Davey Smith, George, and Brennan, Paul
Subjects: Obesity -- Genetic aspects -- Complications and side effects, Renal cell carcinoma -- Genetic aspects -- Development and progression -- Care and treatment, Genetic markers -- Health aspects, Etiology (Medicine), Genetics, Carcinoma, Cancer, Type 2 diabetes, Genomics, Insulin, Proxy, Lipids, Genomes, Fasting, Glucose, Biological sciences
Abstract: Background Several obesity-related factors have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but it is unclear which individual factors directly influence risk. We addressed this question using genetic markers as proxies for putative risk factors and evaluated their relation to RCC risk in a mendelian randomization (MR) framework. This methodology limits bias due to confounding and is not affected by reverse causation. Methods and findings Genetic markers associated with obesity measures, blood pressure, lipids, type 2 diabetes, insulin, and glucose were initially identified as instrumental variables, and their association with RCC risk was subsequently evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 10,784 RCC patients and 20,406 control participants in a 2-sample MR framework. The effect on RCC risk was estimated by calculating odds ratios (OR.sub.SD) for a standard deviation (SD) increment in each risk factor. The MR analysis indicated that higher body mass index increases the risk of RCC (OR.sub.SD : 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-1.70), with comparable results for waist-to-hip ratio (OR.sub.SD : 1.63, 95% CI 1.40-1.90) and body fat percentage (OR.sub.SD : 1.66, 95% CI 1.44-1.90). This analysis further indicated that higher fasting insulin (OR.sub.SD : 1.82, 95% CI 1.30-2.55) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; OR.sub.SD : 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.47), but not systolic blood pressure (OR.sub.SD : 0.98, 95% CI 0.84-1.14), increase the risk for RCC. No association with RCC risk was seen for lipids, overall type 2 diabetes, or fasting glucose. Conclusions This study provides novel evidence for an etiological role of insulin in RCC, as well as confirmatory evidence that obesity and DBP influence RCC risk., Author(s): Mattias Johansson 1,*, Robert Carreras-Torres 1, Ghislaine Scelo 1, Mark P. Purdue 2, Daniela Mariosa 1, David C. Muller 3, Nicolas J. Timpson 4, Philip C. Haycock 4, Kevin [...]
Published: 2019
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24. Serum insulin-like growth factors and mortality in localised and advanced clinically detected prostate cancer

Author: Rowlands, Mari-Anne, Holly, Jeff M. P., Hamdy, Freddie, Phillips, Joshua, Goodwin, Louise, Marsden, Gemma, Gunnell, David, Donovan, Jenny, Neal, David E., and Martin, Richard M.
Published: 2012

25. Blood pressure and risk of prostate cancer: cohort Norway (CONOR)

Author: Martin, Richard M., Vatten, Lars, Gunnell, David, and Romundstad, Pål
Published: 2010

26. The Association of Atopic Diseases with Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancers: A Meta-Analysis

Author: Vojtechova, Petra and Martin, Richard M.
Published: 2009
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27. Childhood Stature and Adult Cancer Risk: The Boyd Orr Cohort

Author: Whitley, Elise, Martin, Richard M., Smith, George Davey, Holly, Jeff M. P., and Gunnell, David
Published: 2009
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28. Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction

Author: Conti, David V, Darst, Burcu F, Moss, Lilit C, Saunders, Edward J, Sheng, Xin, Chou, Alisha, Schumacher, Fredrick R, Olama, Ali Amin Al, Benlloch, Sara, Dadaev, Tokhir, Brook, Mark N, Sahimi, Ali, Hoffmann, Thomas J, Takahashi, Atushi, Matsuda, Koichi, Momozawa, Yukihide, Fujita, Masashi, Muir, Kenneth, Lophatananon, Artitaya, Wan, Peggy, Le Marchand, Loic, Wilkens, Lynne R, Stevens, Victoria L, Gapstur, Susan M, Carter, Brian D, Schleutker, Johanna, Tammela, Teuvo LJ, Sipeky, Csilla, Auvinen, Anssi, Giles, Graham G, Southey, Melissa C, MacInnis, Robert J, Cybulski, Cezary, Wokołorczyk, Dominika, Lubiński, Jan, Neal, David E, Donovan, Jenny L, Hamdy, Freddie C, Martin, Richard M, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Nielsen, Sune F, Weischer, Maren, Bojesen, Stig E, Røder, Martin Andreas, Iversen, Peter, Batra, Jyotsna, Chambers, Suzanne, Moya, Leire, Horvath, Lisa, Clements, Judith A, Tilley, Wayne, Risbridger, Gail P, Gronberg, Henrik, Aly, Markus, Szulkin, Robert, Eklund, Martin, Nordström, Tobias, Pashayan, Nora, Dunning, Alison M, Ghoussaini, Maya, Travis, Ruth C, Key, Tim J, Riboli, Elio, Park, Jong Y, Sellers, Thomas A, Lin, Hui-Yi, Albanes, Demetrius, Weinstein, Stephanie J, Mucci, Lorelei A, Giovannucci, Edward, Lindstrom, Sara, Kraft, Peter, Hunter, David J, Penney, Kathryn L, Turman, Constance, Tangen, Catherine M, Goodman, Phyllis J, Thompson, Ian M, Hamilton, Robert J, Fleshner, Neil E, Finelli, Antonio, Parent, Marie-Élise, Stanford, Janet L, Ostrander, Elaine A, Geybels, Milan S, Koutros, Stella, Freeman, Laura E Beane, Stampfer, Meir, Wolk, Alicja, Håkansson, Niclas, Andriole, Gerald L, Hoover, Robert N, Machiela, Mitchell J, Sørensen, Karina Dalsgaard, Borre, Michael, Blot, William J, Zheng, Wei, Yeboah, Edward D, Mensah, James E, and Lu, Yong-Jie
Subjects: Male, Urologic Diseases, Aging, Quantitative Trait Loci, Medical and Health Sciences, Risk Factors, Clinical Research, Odds Ratio, Genetics, Humans, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Aetiology, Cancer, Prevention, Prostate Cancer, Racial Groups, Human Genome, Prostatic Neoplasms, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Genomics, Middle Aged, Biological Sciences, Phenotype, Good Health and Well Being, Genetic Loci, Software, Genome-Wide Association Study, Statistical Distributions, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Prostate cancer is a highly heritable disease with large disparities in incidence rates across ancestry populations. We conducted a multiancestry meta-analysis of prostate cancer genome-wide association studies (107,247 cases and 127,006 controls) and identified 86 new genetic risk variants independently associated with prostate cancer risk, bringing the total to 269 known risk variants. The top genetic risk score (GRS) decile was associated with odds ratios that ranged from 5.06 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.84-5.29) for men of European ancestry to 3.74 (95% CI, 3.36-4.17) for men of African ancestry. Men of African ancestry were estimated to have a mean GRS that was 2.18-times higher (95% CI, 2.14-2.22), and men of East Asian ancestry 0.73-times lower (95% CI, 0.71-0.76), than men of European ancestry. These findings support the role of germline variation contributing to population differences in prostate cancer risk, with the GRS offering an approach for personalized risk prediction.
Published: 2021

29. Germline variation at 8q24 and prostate cancer risk in men of European ancestry

Author: Matejcic, Marco, Saunders, Edward J., Dadaev, Tokhir, Brook, Mark N., Wang, Kan, Sheng, Xin, Olama, Ali Amin Al, Schumacher, Fredrick R., Ingles, Sue A., Govindasami, Koveela, Benlloch, Sara, Berndt, Sonja I., Albanes, Demetrius, Koutros, Stella, Muir, Kenneth, Stevens, Victoria L., Gapstur, Susan M., Tangen, Catherine M., Batra, Jyotsna, Clements, Judith, Grönberg, Henrik, Pashayan, Nora, Schleutker, Johanna, Wolk, Alicja, West, Catharine, Mucci, Lorelei, Kraft, Peter, Cancel-Tassin, Géraldine, Sorensen, Karina D., Maehle, Lovise, Grindedal, Eli M., Strom, Sara S., Neal, David E., Hamdy, Freddie C., Donovan, Jenny L., Travis, Ruth C., Hamilton, Robert J., Rosenstein, Barry, Lu, Yong-Jie, Giles, Graham G., Kibel, Adam S., Vega, Ana, Bensen, Jeanette T., Kogevinas, Manolis, Penney, Kathryn L., Park, Jong Y., Stanford, Janet L., Cybulski, Cezary, Nordestgaard, Børge G., Brenner, Hermann, Maier, Christiane, Kim, Jeri, Teixeira, Manuel R., Neuhausen, Susan L., De Ruyck, Kim, Razack, Azad, Newcomb, Lisa F., Lessel, Davor, Kaneva, Radka, Usmani, Nawaid, Claessens, Frank, Townsend, Paul A., Gago-Dominguez, Manuela, Roobol, Monique J., Menegaux, Florence, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Cannon-Albright, Lisa A., Pandha, Hardev, Thibodeau, Stephen N., Schaid, Daniel J., Henderson, Brian E., Stern, Mariana C., Thwaites, Alison, Guy, Michelle, Whitmore, Ian, Morgan, Angela, Fisher, Cyril, Hazel, Steve, Livni, Naomi, Cook, Margaret, Fachal, Laura, Weinstein, Stephanie, Beane Freeman, Laura E., Hoover, Robert N., Machiela, Mitchell J., Lophatananon, Artitaya, Carter, Brian D., Goodman, Phyllis J., Moya, Leire, Srinivasan, Srilakshmi, Kedda, Mary-Anne, Yeadon, Trina, Eckert, Allison, Eklund, Martin, Cavalli-Bjoerkman, Carin, Dunning, Alison M., Sipeky, Csilla, Hakansson, Niclas, Elliott, Rebecca, Ranu, Hardeep, Giovannucci, Edward, Turman, Constance, Hunter, David J., Cussenot, Olivier, Orntoft, Torben Falck, Lane, Athene, Lewis, Sarah J., Davis, Michael, Key, Tim J., Brown, Paul, Kulkarni, Girish S., Zlotta, Alexandre R., Fleshner, Neil E., Finelli, Antonio, Mao, Xueying, Marzec, Jacek, MacInnis, Robert J., Milne, Roger, Hopper, John L., Aguado, Miguel, Bustamante, Mariona, Castaño-Vinyals, Gemma, Gracia-Lavedan, Esther, Cecchini, Lluís, Stampfer, Meir, Ma, Jing, Sellers, Thomas A., Geybels, Milan S., Park, Hyun, Zachariah, Babu, Kolb, Suzanne, Wokolorczyk, Dominika, Lubinski, Jan, Kluzniak, Wojciech, Nielsen, Sune F., Weisher, Maren, Cuk, Katarina, Vogel, Walther, Luedeke, Manuel, Logothetis, Christopher J. J., Paulo, Paula, Cardoso, Marta, Maia, Sofia, Silva, Maria P., Steele, Linda, Ding, Yuan Chun, De Meerleer, Gert, De Langhe, Sofie, Thierens, Hubert, Lim, Jasmine, Tan, Meng H., Ong, Aik T., Lin, Daniel W., Kachakova, Darina, Mitkova, Atanaska, Mitev, Vanio, Parliament, Matthew, Jenster, Guido, Bangma, Christopher, Schroder, F. H., Truong, Thérèse, Koudou, Yves Akoli, Michael, Agnieszka, Kierzek, Andrzej, Karlsson, Ami, Broms, Michael, Wu, Huihai, Aukim-Hastie, Claire, Tillmans, Lori, Riska, Shaun, McDonnell, Shannon K., Dearnaley, David, Spurdle, Amanda, Gardiner, Robert, Hayes, Vanessa, Butler, Lisa, Taylor, Renea, Papargiris, Melissa, Saunders, Pamela, Kujala, Paula, Talala, Kirsi, Taari, Kimmo, Bentzen, Søren, Hicks, Belynda, Vogt, Aurelie, Hutchinson, Amy, Cox, Angela, George, Anne, Toi, Ants, Evans, Andrew, van der Kwast, Theodorus H., Imai, Takashi, Saito, Shiro, Zhao, Shan-Chao, Ren, Guoping, Zhang, Yangling, Yu, Yongwei, Wu, Yudong, Wu, Ji, Zhou, Bo, Pedersen, John, Lobato-Busto, Ramón, Ruiz-Dominguez, José Manuel, Mengual, Lourdes, Alcaraz, Antonio, Pow-Sang, Julio, Herkommer, Kathleen, Vlahova, Aleksandrina, Dikov, Tihomir, Christova, Svetlana, Carracedo, Angel, Tretarre, Brigitte, Rebillard, Xavier, Mulot, Claire, Adolfsson, Jan, Stattin, Par, Johansson, Jan-Erik, Martin, Richard M., Thompson, Ian M., Chambers, Suzanne, Aitken, Joanne, Horvath, Lisa, Haynes, Anne-Maree, Tilley, Wayne, Risbridger, Gail, Aly, Markus, Nordström, Tobias, Pharoah, Paul, Tammela, Teuvo L. J., Murtola, Teemu, Auvinen, Anssi, Burnet, Neil, Barnett, Gill, Andriole, Gerald, Klim, Aleksandra, Drake, Bettina F., Borre, Michael, Kerns, Sarah, Ostrer, Harry, Zhang, Hong-Wei, Cao, Guangwen, Lin, Ji, Ling, Jin, Li, Meiling, Feng, Ninghan, Li, Jie, He, Weiyang, Guo, Xin, Sun, Zan, Wang, Guomin, Guo, Jianming, Southey, Melissa C., Fitzgerald, Liesel M., Marsden, Gemma, Gómez-Caamaño, Antonio, Carballo, Ana, Peleteiro, Paula, Calvo, Patricia, Szulkin, Robert, Llorca, Javier, Dierssen-Sotos, Trinidad, Gómez Acebo, Inés, Lin, Hui-Yi, Ostrander, Elaine A., Bisbjerg, Rasmus, Klarskov, Peter, Røder, Martin Andreas, Iversen, Peter, Holleczek, Bernd, Stegmaier, Christa, Schnoeller, Thomas, Bohnert, Philipp, John, Esther M., Ost, Piet, Teo, Soo-Hwang, Gamulin, Marija, Kulis, Tomislav, Kastelan, Zeljko, Slavov, Chavdar, Popov, Elenko, Van den Broeck, Thomas, Joniau, Steven, Larkin, Samantha, Castelao, Jose Esteban, Martinez, Maria Elena, van Schaik, Ron H. N., Xu, Jianfeng, Lindström, Sara, Riboli, Elio, Berry, Clare, Siddiq, Afshan, Canzian, Federico, Kolonel, Laurence N., Le Marchand, Loic, Freedman, Matthew, Cenee, Sylvie, Sanchez, Marie, Wiklund, Fredrik, Chanock, Stephen J., Easton, Douglas F., Eeles, Rosalind A., Kote-Jarai, Zsofia, Conti, David V., Haiman, Christopher A., Universidad de Cantabria, De Meerleer, Gert, Keck School of Medicine [Los Angeles], University of Southern California (USC), The institute of cancer research [London], Department of Clinical Neurosciences [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology [Cambridge], Department of Oncology-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick [Coventry], University of Manchester [Manchester], Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center [Seattle] (FHCRC), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (MEB), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Turku, University of Tampere [Finland], The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM), Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center [Houston], Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University NHS Trust, University of Oxford [Oxford], School of Social and Community Medicine [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), University of Melbourne, Brigham & Women’s Hospital [Boston] (BWH), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF)-Catalunya ministerio de salud, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Generalitat de Catalunya, Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), University of Washington [Seattle], German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases [Dresden] (NCT), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden)-German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ)-Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), University of Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie], Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf = University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf [Hamburg] (UKE), University of Alberta, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, University of Utah School of Medicine [Salt Lake City], University of Surrey (UNIS), Mayo Clinic [Rochester], Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Dadaev, Tokhir [0000-0002-8268-0438], Brook, Mark N [0000-0002-8969-2378], Wang, Kan [0000-0002-0640-6058], Olama, Ali Amin Al [0000-0002-7178-3431], Schumacher, Fredrick R [0000-0002-3073-7463], Muir, Kenneth [0000-0001-6429-988X], Batra, Jyotsna [0000-0003-4646-6247], Pashayan, Nora [0000-0003-0843-2468], Schleutker, Johanna [0000-0002-1863-0305], Wolk, Alicja [0000-0001-7387-6845], Cancel-Tassin, Géraldine [0000-0002-9583-6382], Sorensen, Karina D [0000-0002-4902-5490], Lessel, Davor [0000-0003-4496-244X], Roobol, Monique J [0000-0001-6967-1708], Chanock, Stephen J [0000-0002-2324-3393], Easton, Douglas F [0000-0003-2444-3247], Eeles, Rosalind A [0000-0002-3698-6241], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), University of Malaya = Universiti Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie] (UM), University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Gestionnaire, Hal Sorbonne Université, Urology, University Management, Clinicum, and HUS Abdominal Center
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], LOCI, General Physics and Astronomy, Genome-wide association study, PROGRESSION, [SDV.GEN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, MYC, SUSCEPTIBILITY, UP-REGULATION, Prostate cancer, Risk Factors, Genotype, Urologi och njurmedicin, Medicine, lcsh:Science, Pròstata -- Càncer, education.field_of_study, RARE VARIANT, Multidisciplinary, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, LONG NONCODING RNA, Chromosome Mapping, Men, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Multidisciplinary Sciences, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Disease Susceptibility, Risk assessment, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8, Genetic Markers, medicine.medical_specialty, Science, 3122 Cancers, Population, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Risk Assessment, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, White People, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.CAN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, Genetics, Urology and Nephrology, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, education, Author Correction, METAANALYSIS, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Cancer och onkologi, Science & Technology, Càncer de pròstata, business.industry, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/mcrc, Case-control study, Cancer, Prostatic Neoplasms, General Chemistry, 3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Homes, Haplotypes, Cancer and Oncology, Case-Control Studies, lcsh:Q, Population Risk, business, Genètica, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: Chromosome 8q24 is a susceptibility locus for multiple cancers, including prostate cancer. Here we combine genetic data across the 8q24 susceptibility region from 71,535 prostate cancer cases and 52,935 controls of European ancestry to define the overall contribution of germline variation at 8q24 to prostate cancer risk. We identify 12 independent risk signals for prostate cancer (p, Chromosome 8q24 is known to be a major susceptibility region for prostate cancer risk. Here the authors analyze genetic data across the 8q24 region from 71,535 prostate cancer patients identifying 12 risk loci, three previously unreported, highlighting the contribution of germline variation at this locus.
Published: 2018

30. Cross-sectional study evaluating data quality of the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) prostate cancer registry data using the Cluster randomised trial of PSA testing for Prostate cancer (CAP)

Author: Merriel, Samuel William David, Turner, Emma L, Walsh, Eleanor, Young, Grace J, Metcalfe, Chris, Hounsome, Luke, Tudge, Isobel, Donovan, Jenny, Hamdy, Freddie, Neal, David, and Martin, Richard M
Subjects: Male, urological tumours, Epidemiology, Research, Prostate, Prostatic Neoplasms, Middle Aged, Prostate-Specific Antigen, BTC (Bristol Trials Centre), Data Accuracy, Cross-Sectional Studies, REGISTRY, Lymphatic Metastasis, Humans, Registries, Neoplasm Grading, Cancer, prostate disease, Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Abstract: ObjectivesTo compare the completeness and agreement of prostate cancer data recorded by the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) with research-level data specifically abstracted from medical records from the Cluster randomised trial of PSA testing for Prostate cancer (CAP) trial.DesignCross-sectional comparison studyParticipantsWe included 1,356 men from the CAP trial cohort who were linked to the NCRASregistry.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCompleteness of prostate cancer data in NCRAS and CAP and agreement for TNMstage (T1/T2; T3; T4/N1/M1) and Gleason grade (4-6; 7; 8-10), measured bydifferences in proportions and Cohen’s Kappa statistic. Data were also stratified by year and pre- versus post-2010, when NCRAS reporting standards changed.ResultsCompared to CAP, completeness was lower in NCRAS for Gleason grade (41.2% vs 76.7%, difference 35.5 95% CI 32.1, 39.0) and TNM stage (29.9% vs 67.6%, difference 37.6 95% CI 34.1, 41.1). NCRAS completeness for Gleason grade (pre- versus post-2010 31.69% vs 64%; difference 32.31 95% CI 26.76, 37.87) and TNM stage (19.31% vs 55.50%; difference 36.19 95% CI 30.72, 41.67) improved over time. Agreement for Gleason grade was high (Cohen’s Kappa, κ=0.90 95% CI 0.88, 0.93), but lower for TNM stage (κ=0.41 95% CI 0.37, 0.51) overall. There was a trend towards improved agreement on Gleason grade, but not TNM stage, when comparing pre- and post-2010.ConclusionNCRAS case identification was very high, however data on prostate cancer grade was less complete than CAP, and agreement for TNM stage was modest. Although the completeness of NCRAS data has improved since 2010, the higher completeness rate in CAP demonstrate that gains could potentially be achieved in routine registry data. This study’s findings highlight a need for improved recording of stage and grade data in the source medical records.
Published: 2017

31. Allergy, asthma, and the risk of breast and prostate cancer: a Mendelian randomization study.

Author: Jiang, Xia, Dimou, Niki L., Zhu, Zhaozhong, Bonilla, Carolina, Lewis, Sarah J., Lindström, Sara, Kraft, Peter, Tsilidis, Konstantinos K., Martin, Richard M., and PRACTICAL, CRUK, BPC3, CAPS and PEGASUS consortia
Subjects: PROSTATE cancer, BREAST cancer, CANCER, ALLERGIES, ASTHMA, ALLERGIC rhinitis, SEQUENCE analysis, GENETIC polymorphisms, CASE-control method, DISEASE susceptibility, ODDS ratio, BREAST tumors, PROSTATE tumors, DISEASE complications
Abstract: Purpose: The relationship of allergic diseases, such as asthma, hay fever, and eczema, with cancer is under debate. Observational studies have reported conflicting findings, but such studies are susceptible to confounding and reverse causation. Understanding the potential role of allergy in carcinogenesis may shed new light on the biological mechanisms underpinning intrinsic immunity and cancer.Methods: We conducted a Mendelian randomization study, using germline genetic variants as instrumental variables, to determine the causal relevance of allergic disease and on two most common malignancies: breast cancer and prostate cancer. We used the summary statistics from the largest ever genome-wide association studies conducted on allergic disease (ncase = 180,129), asthma (ncase = 14,085), breast (ncase = 122,977), and prostate cancer (ncase = 79,148) and calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancer for allergic disease.Results: We did not observe any evidence to support a causal association between allergic disease and risk of breast cancer overall [OR 1.00 (95% CI 0.96-1.04), p = 0.95] or by subtype (estrogen receptor (ER)+ [0.99 (0.95-1.04), p = 0.71], ER- [1.05 (0.99-1.10), p = 0.11]). We also did not find any evidence for an association with prostate cancer [1.00 (0.94-1.05), p = 0.93] or advanced subtype [0.97 (0.90-1.05), p = 0.46]. Sensitivity analyses did not reveal directional pleiotropy.Conclusion: Our study does not support a causal effect of allergic disease on the risk of breast or prostate cancer. Future studies may be conducted to focus on understanding the causal role of allergic disease in cancer prognosis or drug responses (e.g., immunotherapy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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32. Phase II randomised trial of autologous tumour lysate dendritic cell plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care in pre-treated advanced colorectal cancer patients

Author: Caballero-Banos, M, Benitez-Ribas, D, Tabera, J, Varea, S, Vilana, R, Bianchi, L, Ayuso, JR, Pages, M, Carrera, G, Cuatrecasas, M, Martin-Richard, M, Cid, J, Lozano, M, Castells, A, Garcia-Albeniz, X, Maurel, J, and Vilella, R
Subjects: Immunotherapy, Dendritic cells, Vaccine, Colorectal, Cancer
Abstract: Background: Autologous tumour lysate dendritic cell vaccine (ADC) has T-cell stimulatory capacity and, therefore, potential antitumour activity. We designed a phase II randomised trial of ADC + best supportive care (BSC) (experimental arm [EA]) compared with BSC (control arm [CA]), in pre-treated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. Patients and methods: Patients with progressive mCRC, at least to two chemotherapy regimens and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 0-2, were randomised to EA versus CA. Stratification criteria: ECOG PS (0-1 versus 2) and lactate dehydrogenase (ULN). EA was administered subcutaneously till progressive disease. Primary end-point was progression-free survival (PFS) at 4 months. Results: Fifty-two patients were included (28 EA/24 CA). An interim analysis recommended early termination for futility. No objective radiological response was observed in EA. Median PFS in EA was 2.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-3.2 months) versus 2.3 months (95% CI, 2.1-2.5 months) in CA (p = 0.628). Median overall survival (OS) was 6.2 months (95% CI, 4.4-7.9 months) in EA versus 4.7 months (95% CI, 2.3-7 months) in CA (p = 0.41). No ADC-related adverse events were reported. Immunization induces tumour-specific T-cell response in 21 of 25 (84%) patients. Responder patients have an OS of 7.3 months (95% CI, 5.2-9.4 months) versus 3.8 months (95% CI, 0.6-6.9 months) in non-responders; p = 0.026). Conclusion: Our randomised clinical trial comparing ADC + BSC versus BSC in mCRC demonstrates that ADC generates a tumour-specific immune response but not benefit on PFS and OS. Our results do not support the use of ADC alone, in a phase III trial. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016

33. Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies

Author: Key, Timothy J, Appleby, Paul N, Travis, Ruth C, Albanes, Demetrius, Alberg, Anthony J, Barricarte, Aurelio, Black, Amanda, Boeing, Heiner, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas, Chan, June M, Chen, Chu, Cook, Michael B, Donovan, Jenny L, Galan, Pilar, Gilbert, Rebecca, Giles, Graham G, Giovannucci, Edward, Goodman, Gary E, Goodman, Phyllis J, Gunter, Marc J, Hamdy, Freddie C, Heliövaara, Markku, Helzlsouer, Kathy J, Henderson, Brian E, Hercberg, Serge, Hoffman-Bolton, Judy, Hoover, Robert N, Johansson, Mattias, Khaw, Kay-Tee, King, Irena B, Knekt, Paul, Kolonel, Laurence N, Le Marchand, Loic, Männistö, Satu, Martin, Richard M, Meyer, Haakon E, Mondul, Alison M, Moy, Kristin A, Neal, David E, Neuhouser, Marian L, Palli, Domenico, Platz, Elizabeth A, Pouchieu, Camille, Rissanen, Harri, Schenk, Jeannette M, Severi, Gianluca, Stampfer, Meir J, Tjønneland, Anne, Touvier, Mathilde, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Weinstein, Stephanie J, Ziegler, Regina G, Zhou, Cindy Ke, Allen, Naomi E, and Endogenous Hormones Nutritional Biomarkers Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group
Subjects: Adult, Male, Urologic Diseases, Aging, alpha-Tocopherol, vitamin E, Medical and Health Sciences, vitamin A, Cohort Studies, Lycopene, Engineering, Meta-Analysis as Topic, nested case-control study, Risk Factors, Clinical Research, Humans, Prospective Studies, Neoplasm Staging, Cancer, Nutrition, Endogenous Hormones Nutritional Biomarkers Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group, Nutrition & Dietetics, Prostate Cancer, Prevention, Prostate, carotenoids, Prostatic Neoplasms, biomarkers, Middle Aged, Observational Studies as Topic, Cross-Sectional Studies, Case-Control Studies, Neoplasm Grading, pooled analysis, tocopherols, retinol
Abstract: BackgroundIndividual studies have suggested that circulating carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but the studies have not been large enough to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by stage and grade of disease.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of the associations of the concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol with risk of prostate cancer and to describe whether any associations differ by stage or grade of the disease or other factors.DesignPrincipal investigators of prospective studies provided individual participant data for prostate cancer cases and controls. Risk by study-specific fifths of each biomarker was estimated by using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression in matched case-control sets.ResultsData were available for up to 11,239 cases (including 1654 advanced stage and 1741 aggressive) and 18,541 controls from 15 studies. Lycopene was not associated with overall risk of prostate cancer, but there was statistically significant heterogeneity by stage of disease, and the OR for aggressive disease for the highest compared with the lowest fifth of lycopene was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.91; P-trend = 0.032). No other carotenoid was significantly associated with overall risk of prostate cancer or with risk of advanced-stage or aggressive disease. For retinol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22; P-trend = 0.015). For α-tocopherol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.94; P-trend < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity by stage of disease; the OR for aggressive prostate cancer was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.92; P-trend = 0.001). γ-Tocopherol was not associated with risk.ConclusionsOverall prostate cancer risk was positively associated with retinol and inversely associated with α-tocopherol, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer was inversely associated with lycopene and α-tocopherol. Whether these associations reflect causal relations is unclear.
Published: 2015

34. The effect of pre-diagnostic vitamin D supplementation on cancer survival in women: a cohort study within the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink

Author: Jeffreys, Mona, Redaniel, Maria Theresa, and Martin, Richard M.
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Cancer Research, Confounding by indication, Middle Aged, Cancer survival, United Kingdom, Oncology, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, Dietary Supplements, Genetics, Humans, Calcium, Female, Vitamin D, Mortality, Research Article, Cancer, Aged, Proportional Hazards Models
Abstract: Background There remains uncertainty in whether vitamin D status affects cancer survival. We investigated whether vitamin D (± calcium) supplementation affects cancer survival in women. Methods Participants were women aged ≥55 years identified from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) with a first diagnosis of breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian or uterine cancer between 2002 and 2009, and at least 5 years of CPRD data prior to diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) of the relationship between pre-diagnostic vitamin D supplementation and all-cause mortality. To avoid confounding by indication, the primary analysis compared women with 3+ to 1–2 (but no more) vitamin D prescriptions. Models were adjusted for pre-diagnostic body mass index, smoking, alcohol and deprivation. A sensitivity analysis excluded supplements prescribed in the year prior to diagnosis. Results Exposure to 3 or more versus 1 to 2 prescriptions of vitamin D was not associated with survival from any of the cancers studied. Any vitamin D prescription, compared to never having been prescribed one, was associated with a better survival from breast cancer (HR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.70 to 0.88). The sensitivity analysis suggested a possible detrimental effect of vitamin D supplementation on lung cancer outcomes (HR for 3 versus 1 or 2 prescriptions 1.22 (95 % CI 0.94 to 1.57); HR for any versus no prescriptions 1.09 (0.98 to 1.22)). Conclusions We found no evidence that vitamin D supplementation is associated with survival among women with cancer. Previous observational findings of beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on cancer survival may be confounded.
Published: 2015

35. Commentary: What can Mendelian randomization tell us about causes of cancer?

Author: Mariosa, Daniela, Carreras-Torres, Robert, Martin, Richard M, Johansson, Mattias, and Brennan, Paul
Subjects: ETIOLOGY of cancer, DISEASE risk factors, RENAL cancer, WAIST-hip ratio, BREAST, BARRETT'S esophagus
Published: 2019
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36. Associations between an Obesity Related Genetic Variant (FTO rs9939609) and Prostate Cancer Risk.

Author: Lewis, Sarah J., Murad, Ali, Chen, Lina, Smith, George Davey, Donovan, Jenny, Palmer, Tom, Hamdy, Freddie, Neal, David, Lane, J. Athene, Davis, Michael, Cox, Angela, and Martin, Richard M.
Subjects: OVERWEIGHT persons, PROSTATE cancer, CANCER, ANTIGENS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, PHENOTYPES, NUCLEOTIDES, BODY mass index, DISEASES
Abstract: Observational studies suggest that obese men have a lower risk of incident prostate cancer, but an increased risk of advanced and fatal cancers. These observations could be due to confounding, detection bias, or a biological effect of obesity. Genetic studies are less susceptible to confounding than observational epidemiology and can suggest how associations between phenotypes (such as obesity) and diseases arise. To determine whether the associations between obesity and prostate cancer are causal, we conducted a genetic association study of the relationship between a single nucleotide polymorphism known to be associated with obesity (FTO rs9939609) and prostate cancer. Data are from a population-based sample of 1550 screen-detected prostate cancers, 1815 age- and general practice matched controls with unrestricted prostate specific antigen (PSA) values and 1175 low-PSA controls (PSA <0.5 ng/ml). The rs9939609 A allele, which was associated with higher BMI in the sample, was inversely associated with overall (odds ratio (OR) versus all controls = 0.93; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-1.02 p = 0.12 per allele) and low-grade (OR = 0.90; 0.81-0.99 p = 0.03 per allele) prostate cancer risk, but positively associated with high-grade cancer among cases (OR high- versus low-grade cancer = 1.16; 0.99-1.37 p = 0.07 per allele). Although evidence for these effects was weak, they are consistent with observational data based on BMI phenotypes and suggest that the observed association between obesity and prostate cancer is not due to confounding. Further research should confirm these findings, extend them to other BMI-related genetic variants and determine whether they are due to detection bias or obesity-related hormonal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2010
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37. Breast-Feeding and Cancer: The Boyd Orr Cohort and a Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

Author: Martin, Richard M., Middleton, Nicos, Gunnell, David, Owen, Christopher G., and Smith, George Davey
Subjects: *CANCER risk factors, *BREASTFEEDING, *CANCER, *BREAST cancer, *CANCER in women, *META-analysis
Abstract: Background: Having been breast-fed has been suggested to influence cancer risk in adulthood. We investigated associations between breast-feeding during infancy and adult cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort study and meta-analyses of published studies. Methods: The Boyd Orr cohort consisted of 4999 subjects who were originally surveyed in 1937–39, when they were 0–19 years of age. Cancer outcomes from 1948 through 2003 were available for 4379 (88%) subjects, and 3844 had complete data on all covariates. Associations of breast-feeding with cancer were investigated using proportional hazards models. We also identified 14 studies on infant feeding and cancer published from 1966 through July 2005, of which 10 could be combined with the Boyd Orr cohort results in a meta-analysis of breast cancer using random-effect models. Results: In the Boyd Orr cohort, ever having been breast-fed, compared with never having been breast-fed, was not associated with the incidence of all cancers (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89 to 1.28) or of any individual cancer type examined (prostate HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.58 to 3.52; breast HR = 1.62, 95% CI = 0.89 to 2.94; colorectal HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.63; gastric HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.47 to 3.15). In the meta-analysis, there was also no association between breast-feeding and breast cancer (regardless of menopausal status) (relative risk [RR] = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.85 to 1.04). However, breast-fed women had a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer (RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.79 to 0.98) but not of postmenopausal breast cancer (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.86 to 1.16). Conclusion: Ever having been breast-fed was not associated with overall breast cancer risk, although the meta-analysis revealed a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer in women who had been breast-fed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2005
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38. Alteration of Metabolic Conditions Impacts the Regulation of IGF-II/H19 Imprinting Status in Prostate Cancer.

Author: Kingshott, Georgina, Biernacka, Kalina, Sewell, Alex, Gwiti, Paida, Barker, Rachel, Zielinska, Hanna, Gilkes, Amanda, McCarthy, Kathryn, Martin, Richard M., Lane, J. Athene, McGeagh, Lucy, Koupparis, Anthony, Rowe, Edward, Oxley, Jon, Holly, Jeff M. P., and Perks, Claire M.
Subjects: IN vitro studies, CONNECTIVE tissue growth factor, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, GENE expression, MESSENGER RNA, HEALTH behavior, CELL lines, PROSTATE tumors, RADIOIMMUNOASSAY, BEHAVIOR modification
Abstract: Simple Summary: Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a potent growth factor implicated in several cancer types. The IGF-II gene shares its locus with the long non-coding RNA, H19. IGF-II/H19 is an imprinted gene—a phenomenon where only the maternal copy is expressed. The silencing of the paternal copy is lost in many cancer types—including prostate. Our in vitro findings show it is possible to disrupt imprinting through the alteration of metabolic conditions, with changes occurring at the molecular level only. Comparing with prostate tissue samples we additionally found a positive correlation to exist between IGF-II and H19 mRNA expression, which was further confirmed by in silico data from the Cancer Genome Atlas. Prostate cancer is the second major cause of male cancer deaths. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer risk are linked. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is involved in numerous cellular events, including proliferation and survival. The IGF-II gene shares its locus with the lncRNA, H19. IGF-II/H19 was the first gene to be identified as being "imprinted"—where the paternal copy is not transcribed—a silencing phenomenon lost in many cancer types. We disrupted imprinting behaviour in vitro by altering metabolic conditions and quantified it using RFLP, qPCR and pyrosequencing; changes to peptide were measured using RIA. Prostate tissue samples were analysed using ddPCR, pyrosequencing and IHC. We compared with in silico data, provided by TGCA on the cBIO Portal. We observed disruption of imprinting behaviour, in vitro, with a significant increase in IGF-II and a reciprocal decrease in H19 mRNA; the increased mRNA was not translated into peptides. In vivo, most specimens retained imprinting status apart from a small subset which showed reduced imprinting. A positive correlation was seen between IGF-II and H19 mRNA expression, which concurred with findings of larger Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA) cohorts. This positive correlation did not affect IGF-II peptide. Our findings show that type 2 diabetes and/or obesity, can directly affect regulation growth factors involved in carcinogenesis, indirectly suggesting a modification of lifestyle habits may reduce cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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39. Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer : a Mendelian randomisation analysis

Author: Michael O. Woods, Fränzel J.B. van Duijnhoven, Tilman Kühn, Graham G. Giles, Temitope O. Keku, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Andrew T. Chan, Mingyang Song, Michael Hoffmeister, Gad Rennert, Tabitha A. Harrison, Anna H. Wu, Kenneth Offit, Mark A. Jenkins, Elizabeth A Platz, Sabina Sieri, Noralane M Lindor, John D. Potter, D Timothy Bishop, Barbara L. Banbury, Anne M. May, Sonja I. Berndt, José María Huerta, Antonia Trichopoulou, Paul D.P. Pharoah, Niki Dimou, Christopher I. Li, Roger L. Milne, Marc J. Gunter, Hermann Brenner, Martha L. Slattery, Catherine M. Tangen, Gianluca Severi, Richard M. Martin, Nabila Kazmi, Ruth C. Travis, Sanford D. Markowitz, Jeroen R. Huyghe, Heather Hampel, Ulrike Peters, John L. Hopper, Brigid M. Lynch, Krasimira Aleksandrova, Alicja Wolk, Merete Ellingjord-Dale, Li Li, Bethany Van Guelpen, Sergi Castellví-Bel, Edward Giovannucci, Steven J Gallinger, Annika Lindblom, Cornelia M. Ulrich, Stephen B. Gruber, Stephanie L. Schmit, Jenny Chang-Claude, Lorena Moreno, Victor Moreno, Nikos Papadimitriou, Stephen N. Thibodeau, Elio Riboli, Sophia Harlid, Polly A. Newcomb, Pavel Vodicka, Demetrius Albanes, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Maria J. Sánchez, Sarah J Lewis, Timothy Robinson, Daniel D Buchanan, Loic Le Marchand, Carlo La Vecchia, Robert E Schoen, Neil Murphy, Giovanna Masala, Evelyn M. Monninkhof, Jane C. Figueiredo, Andrea Gsur, Jochen Hampe, Vittorio Perduca, Li Hsu, Emily White, Peter T. Campbell, School of Public Health - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, University of Bristol [Bristol], National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics [Bethesda, MD, États-Unis], National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), The Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation Programme [Cambridgeshire, UK], The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital [Toronto, Canada] (MSH), University of Melbourne, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology, Human Genetics, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Medical Department 1 [Dresden, Germany], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), FESTO, Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Centre for MEGA Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Department of Medical Genetics, HMNC Brain Health, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health [Milan, Italy], Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Mayo Clinic, Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], Cancer Risk Factors and LifeStyle Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Biomedical Research Centre Network for Rare Diseases, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center [New York], Mathématiques Appliquées Paris 5 (MAP5 - UMR 8145), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National des Sciences Mathématiques et de leurs Interactions (INSMI)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, CHS National Cancer Control Center, School of Public Health [London, UK] (Faculty of Medicine), Andalusian School of Public Health [Granada], Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center [Seattle] (FHCRC), Mayo Clinic [Rochester], University of Oxford [Oxford], WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Dept of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School [Athens]-University of Athens Medical School [Athens], Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Department of Medical Biosciences and Pathology, Umeå University, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, [Papadimitriou,N, Dimou,N, Gunter,MJ, Murphy,N] Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. [Tsilidis,KK] Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece. [Tsilidis,KK, Ellingjord-Dale,M, Riboli,E] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. [Banbury,B, Harrison,TA, Hsu,L, Huyghe,JR, Li,CI, Newcomb,PA, Potter,JD, White,E, Peters,U] Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. [Martin,RM, Kazmi,N] MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. [Martin,RM, Lewis,SJ, Robinson,TM] Bristol Medical School, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. [Martin,RM] National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. [Albanes,D, Berndt,SI] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA. [Aleksandrova,K] German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany. [Bishop,DT] Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. [Brenner,H, Hoffmeister,M] Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. [Brenner,H] Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany. [Brenner,H] German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. [Buchanan,DD, Giles,GG, Hopper,JL, Jenkins,MA, Lynch,B, Milne,R] Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. [Buchanan,DD] Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. [Buchanan,DD] Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia [Bueno-de-Mesquita,B] Former senior scientist, Dept. for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. [Bueno-de-Mesquita,B] Former associate professor, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Bueno-de-Mesquita,B] ormer visiting professor, Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London, London, UK. [Bueno-de-Mesquita,B] Former academic Icon / visiting professor, Dept. of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [Campbell,PT] Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA. [Castellví-Bel,S, Moreno,L] Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. [Chan,AT, Song,M] Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. [Chan,AT, Song,M] Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. [Chang-Claude,J, Kühn,T] Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. [Chang-Claude,J] University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany. [Figueiredo,JC] Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [Figueiredo,JC] Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [Gallinger,SJ] Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Giles,GG, Milne,R] Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. [Giovannucci,E, Song,M] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. [Giovannucci,E, Song,M] Department of Nutrition, T.H. H, Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. [Giovannucci,E] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. [Gruber,SB, Schmit,SL] Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [Gsur,A] Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. [Hampe,J] Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany. [Hampel,H] Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA. [Harlid,S] Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden. [Hopper,JL] Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. [Hsu,L] Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. [Huerta,JM, Moreno,V, Sánchez,MJ] CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. [Huerta,JM] Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain. [Keku,TO] Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. [La Vecchia,C, Trichopoulou,A] Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece. [La Vecchia,C] Dept. of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. [Le Marchand,L] University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA. [Li,L] Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. [Lindblom,A] Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. [Lindblom,A] Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. [Lindor,NM] Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. [Lynch,B] Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. [Markowitz,SD] Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA. [Masala,G] Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy. [May,AM, Monninkhof,E] Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, GA UTRECHT, Netherlands. [Milne,R] Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. [Moreno,V] Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. [Moreno,V] Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. [Newcomb,PA] School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. [Offit,K] Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. [Offit,K] Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. [Perduca,V, Severi,G] CESP, Fac. de médecine - Univ. ParisSud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ I, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France. [Perduca,V, Severi,G] Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. [Perduca,V] Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées MAP5 (UMR CNRS 8145), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. [Pharoah,PDP] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [Platz,EA] Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. [Rennert,G] Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. [Rennert,G] 7Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. [Rennert,G] Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel. [Sánchez,MJ] Andalusian School of Public Health, Biomedical Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. [Schmit,SL] Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA. [Schoen,RE] Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. [Sieri,S] Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. [Slattery,ML] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. [Tangen,CM] SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. [Thibodeau,SN] Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. [Travis,RC] Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [Ulrich,CM] Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. [van Duijnhoven,FJB] Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands. [Van Guelpen,B] Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. [Van Guelpen,B] Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. [Vodicka,P] Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. [Vodicka,P] Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic. [Vodicka,P] Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. [White,E, Peters,U] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. [Wolk,A] Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. [Woods,MO] Memorial University of Newfoundland, Discipline of Genetics, St. John’s, Canada. [Wu,AH] University of Southern California, Preventative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA., This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute, the International Agency for Research on Cancer and a Cancer Research UK program grant (C18281/A19169 to RMM, SJL & NK). RMM was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funding sources for BCAC, CCFR, GECCO, and CORECT consortia are presented in detail in the appendix in the Supplementary material., Tsilidis, Konstantinos K [0000-0002-8452-8472], Martin, Richard M [0000-0002-7992-7719], Lewis, Sarah J [0000-0003-4311-6890], Robinson, Timothy M [0000-0003-0933-646X], Timothy Bishop, D [0000-0002-8752-8785], Buchanan, Daniel D [0000-0003-2225-6675], Chan, Andrew T [0000-0001-7284-6767], Giles, Graham G [0000-0003-4946-9099], Gsur, Andrea [0000-0002-9795-1528], Hampe, Jochen [0000-0002-2421-6127], Hampel, Heather [0000-0001-7558-9794], Harlid, Sophia [0000-0001-8540-6891], Harrison, Tabitha A [0000-0002-4173-7530], María Huerta, José [0000-0002-9637-3869], Huyghe, Jeroen R [0000-0001-6027-9806], Jenkins, Mark A [0000-0002-8964-6160], La Vecchia, Carlo [0000-0003-1441-897X], Masala, Giovanna [0000-0002-5758-9069], Milne, Roger [0000-0001-5764-7268], Moreno, Victor [0000-0002-2818-5487], Newcomb, Polly A [0000-0001-8786-0043], Perduca, Vittorio [0000-0003-0339-0473], Pharoah, Paul D P [0000-0001-8494-732X], Potter, John D [0000-0001-5439-1500], Rennert, Gad [0000-0002-8512-068X], Riboli, Elio [0000-0001-6795-6080], Schmit, Stephanie L [0000-0001-5931-1194], Schoen, Robert E [0000-0001-7153-2766], Van Guelpen, Bethany [0000-0002-9692-101X], Wolk, Alicja [0000-0001-7387-6845], Peters, Ulrike [0000-0001-5666-9318], Murphy, Neil [0000-0003-3347-8249], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Tsilidis, Konstantinos K. [0000-0002-8452-8472], Martin, Richard M. [0000-0002-7992-7719], Lewis, Sarah J. [0000-0003-4311-6890], Timothy Bishop, D. [0000-0002-8752-8785], Buchanan, Daniel D. [0000-0003-2225-6675], Chan, Andrew T. [0000-0001-7284-6767], Giles, Graham G. [0000-0003-4946-9099], Harrison, Tabitha A. [0000-0002-4173-7530], Huyghe, Jeroen R. [0000-0001-6027-9806], Jenkins, Mark A. [0000-0002-8964-6160], Newcomb, Polly A. [0000-0001-8786-0043], Pharoah, Paul D. P. [0000-0001-8494-732X], Potter, John D. [0000-0001-5439-1500], Schmit, Stephanie L. [0000-0001-5931-1194], Schoen, Robert E. [0000-0001-7153-2766], and Pharoah, Paul DP [0000-0001-8494-732X]
Subjects: Oncology, Epidemiology, Colorectal cancer, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Accelerometry [Medical Subject Headings], Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Molecular Epidemiology::Mendelian Randomization Analysis [Medical Subject Headings], Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings], 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Epidemiology of cancer, Accelerometry, Odds Ratio, lcsh:Science, skin and connective tissue diseases, Cancer genetics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Cancer, 0303 health sciences, Biobank, 3. Good health, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, ICEP, Factores de riesgo, medicine.medical_specialty, Science, 631/67/2324, Diseases::Neoplasms::Neoplasms by Site::Digestive System Neoplasms::Gastrointestinal Neoplasms::Intestinal Neoplasms::Colorectal Neoplasms::Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis [Medical Subject Headings], Breast Neoplasms/genetics, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Càncer colorectal, Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena::Human Activities::Exercise [Medical Subject Headings], Humans, Epidemiologia, Exercise, VLAG, Cancer och onkologi, 45, 631/67/1347, Odds ratio, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, medicine.disease, Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics, 030104 developmental biology, Analyses, Risk factors, Check Tags::Female [Medical Subject Headings], Cancer and Oncology, lcsh:Q, Breast neoplasms, 0301 basic medicine, 631/67/1504/1885, Nutrition and Disease, General Physics and Astronomy, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Probability::Risk::Risk Factors [Medical Subject Headings], Risk Factors, Neoplasias colorrectales, Voeding en Ziekte, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Probability::Odds Ratio [Medical Subject Headings], Multidisciplinary, article, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics, Ejercicio físico, Neoplasias de la mama, Female, Colorectal Neoplasms, 631/67, 141, Breast Neoplasms, 45/23, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Colorectal neoplasms, Càncer de mama, Diseases::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Pathologic Processes::Disease Attributes::Disease Susceptibility::Genetic Predisposition to Disease [Medical Subject Headings], Cancer epidemiology, 631/67/68, Internal medicine, Mendelian randomization, medicine, Journal Article, Life Science, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Diseases::Neoplasms::Neoplasms by Site::Breast Neoplasms [Medical Subject Headings], 030304 developmental biology, Phenomena and Processes::Genetic Phenomena::Genetic Variation::Polymorphism, Genetic::Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide [Medical Subject Headings], business.industry, General Chemistry, Physical fitness, Confidence interval, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Condició física
Abstract: Physical activity has been associated with lower risks of breast and colorectal cancer in epidemiological studies; however, it is unknown if these associations are causal or confounded. In two-sample Mendelian randomisation analyses, using summary genetic data from the UK Biobank and GWA consortia, we found that a one standard deviation increment in average acceleration was associated with lower risks of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR]: 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27 to 0.98, P-value = 0.04) and colorectal cancer (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.90, P-value = 0.01). We found similar magnitude inverse associations for estrogen positive (ER+ve) breast cancer and for colon cancer. Our results support a potentially causal relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower risks of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Based on these data, the promotion of physical activity is probably an effective strategy in the primary prevention of these commonly diagnosed cancers., United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Cancer Research UK C18281/A19169, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Published: 2020

40. Polygenic hazard score is associated with prostate cancer in multi-ethnic populations

Author: Florence Menegaux, William J. Blot, Henrik Grönberg, Luc Multigner, Sune F. Nielsen, Stella Koutros, Frank Claessens, Manuela Gago-Dominguez, Kathryn L. Penney, Tyler M. Seibert, Cezary Cybulski, Jennifer J. Hu, Hermann Brenner, Radka Kaneva, Sue A. Ingles, Catherine M. Tangen, Ian G. Mills, Janet L. Stanford, Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen, Ruth C. Travis, Marie-Élise Parent, Monique J. Roobol, Nora Pashayan, Jyotsna Batra, Maria Elena Martinez, Anders M. Dale, Wei Zheng, Kay-Tee Khaw, Chad D. Huff, Chun Chieh Fan, Paul A. Townsend, Kim De Ruyck, Yong-Jie Lu, Eli Marie Grindedal, Hardev Pandha, Sonja I. Berndt, Susan L. Neuhausen, Alicja Wolk, Apcb, Wesley K. Thompson, Maureen Sanderson, Demetrius Albanes, Stephen N. Thibodeau, Christiane Maier, Kenneth Muir, Robin J. Leach, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Ole A. Andreassen, Fredrik Wiklund, Graham G. Giles, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Catharine M L West, Minh-Phuong Huynh-Le, Manolis Kogevinas, Manuel R. Teixeira, Jong Y. Park, Johanna Schleutker, Marija Gamulin, Freddie C. Hamdy, William S. Bush, Barry S. Rosenstein, Stephen Watya, Roshan Karunamuni, Richard M. Martin, Nc-La PCaP Investigators, Ana Vega, Adam S. Kibel, Lisa A. Cannon-Albright, Azad Hassan Abdul Razack, Esther M. John, Christopher J. Logothetis, Jay H. Fowke, Nawaid Usmani, David E. Neal, Canary Pass Investigators, Rosalind A. Eeles, Robert J. Hamilton, Lisa F. Newcomb, Jenny L Donovan, Olivier Cussenot, Lorelei A. Mucci, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, The institute of cancer research [London], University of Manchester [Manchester], University of Turku, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology [Cambridge], Department of Oncology-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University College of London [London] (UCL), Centre de Recherche pour les Pathologies Prostatiques [Paris] (CeRePP), Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université d'Angers (UA), This study was funded in part by a grant from the United States National Institute of Health/National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (#K08EB026503), United States Department of Defense (#W81XWH-13-1-0391), University of California CRCC C21CR2060, the Research Council of Norway (#223273), K.G. Jebsen Stiftelsen, and South East Norway Health Authority. RM Martin is supported in part by the National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre. The CAP trial is funded by Cancer Research UK and the UK Department of Health (C11043/A4286, C18281/A8145, C18281/A11326, C18281/A15064, and C18281/A24432). R.M. Martin was supported by a Cancer Research UK (C18281/A19169) program grant (the Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme). Funding for the PRACTICAL consortium member studies is detailed in the Supplementary Information., University of California (UC), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-Department of Oncology, Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Huynh-Le, Minh-Phuong [0000-0002-5025-4709], Fan, Chun Chieh [0000-0001-9437-2128], Eeles, Rosalind A [0000-0002-3698-6241], Muir, Kenneth [0000-0001-6429-988X], Schleutker, Johanna [0000-0002-1863-0305], Pashayan, Nora [0000-0003-0843-2468], Batra, Jyotsna [0000-0003-4646-6247], Grönberg, Henrik [0000-0002-1073-2753], Martin, Richard M [0000-0002-7992-7719], Nordestgaard, Børge G [0000-0002-1954-7220], Wiklund, Fredrik [0000-0002-4623-0544], Giles, Graham G [0000-0003-4946-9099], Wolk, Alicja [0000-0001-7387-6845], Travis, Ruth C [0000-0002-9571-0763], Zheng, Wei [0000-0003-1226-070X], West, Catharine ML [0000-0002-0839-3449], Sørensen, Karina Dalsgaard [0000-0002-4902-5490], Park, Jong Y [0000-0002-6384-6447], Vega, Ana [0000-0002-7416-5137], Teixeira, Manuel R [0000-0002-4896-5982], Multigner, Luc [0000-0003-3205-8568], Cannon-Albright, Lisa [0000-0003-2602-3668], Gamulin, Marija [0000-0003-2431-7910], Bush, William S [0000-0002-9729-6519], Roobol, Monique J [0000-0001-6967-1708], Andreassen, Ole A [0000-0002-4461-3568], Seibert, Tyler M [0000-0002-4089-7399], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Clinical Chemistry
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Male, Multifactorial Inheritance, Aging, Multivariate analysis, Ethnic Groups/genetics, General Physics and Astronomy, UKGPCS collaborators, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Urologi och njurmedicin, Ethnicity, risk factors, PRACTICAL Consortium, genetics, Stage (cooking), AgedEthnic Groups / genetics, Cancer, Multidisciplinary, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics, Prostate Cancer, Hazard ratio, APCB, Middle Aged, Hazard, Health equity, 3. Good health, Multidisciplinary Sciences, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Science & Technology - Other Topics, polygenic hazard score (PHS1), prostate cancer, ICEP, Medical Genetics, Urologic Diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, hazard, precision medicine, Science, Prostatic Neoplasms / genetics, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Ethnic Groups, survival, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Medical research, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, NC-LA PCaP Investigators, Genetic model, medicine, Urology and Nephrology, Humans, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Multifactorial Inheritance/genetics, Medicinsk genetik, Aged, Canary PASS Investigators, Science & Technology, IMPACT Study Steering Committee and Collaborators, business.industry, Profile Study Steering Committee, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/mcrc, Prostatic Neoplasms, General Chemistry, medicine.disease, Multifactorial Inheritance / genetics, 030104 developmental biology, Multivariate Analysis, Self Report, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: Genetic models for cancer have been evaluated using almost exclusively European data, which could exacerbate health disparities. A polygenic hazard score (PHS1) is associated with age at prostate cancer diagnosis and improves screening accuracy in Europeans. Here, we evaluate performance of PHS2 (PHS1, adapted for OncoArray) in a multi-ethnic dataset of 80,491 men (49,916 cases, 30,575 controls). PHS2 is associated with age at diagnosis of any and aggressive (Gleason score ≥ 7, stage T3-T4, PSA ≥ 10 ng/mL, or nodal/distant metastasis) cancer and prostate-cancer-specific death. Associations with cancer are significant within European (n = 71,856), Asian (n = 2,382), and African (n = 6,253) genetic ancestries (p, A polygenic hazard score (PHS1) improves prostate cancer screening accuracy in European patients. Here, the authors test the performance of a version compatible with OncoArray genotypes (PHS2) in a multi-ethnic dataset and find that it risk-stratifies men for any, aggressive, and fatal prostate cancer.
Published: 2021

41. The influence of obesity-related factors in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma—A mendelian randomization study

Author: Elisabete Weiderpass, J. Brent Richards, Peter Selby, Emily White, Peng Li, Ghislaine Scelo, David C. Muller, Garnet L. Anderson, Nicholas J. Timpson, David Zaridze, Mattias Johansson, Poulami Barman, Laura E. Beane Freeman, Alexander S. Parker, Simone Benhamou, Mark P. Purdue, Ingrid Winship, Victoria L. Stevens, Wong-Ho Chow, Valerie Gaborieau, Neal D. Freedman, Jean-François Deleuze, Juhua Luo, Philip C Haycock, Kevin M. Brown, Todd L. Edwards, Jeanette E. Eckel-Passow, Tony Fletcher, Ulrike Peters, Anush Mukeriya, Christel Häggström, Fiona Bruinsma, Timothy Eisen, Richard J. Kahnoski, George Davey Smith, I-Min Lee, Laurie Burdette, Lisa Johnson, Hallie Carol, Alicja Wolk, Jolanta Lissowska, Zhaoming Wang, Stephen J. Chanock, Yuanqing Ye, Sabrina L. Noyes, Jan Lubinski, Marie Navratilova, Matthew L. Freedman, Xifeng Wu, Ivana Holcatova, Stella Koutros, Vladimir Janout, Richard S. Houlston, James D. McKay, Toni K. Choueiri, Anne Boland, Susanna C. Larsson, Rosamonde E. Banks, Gabriella Andreotti, Sanja Radojevic-Skodric, Egor Prokhortchouk, Eunyoung Cho, Stefan Rascu, Paul Brennan, Hélène Blanché, David Petillo, James Larkin, Konstantin G. Skryabin, Börje Ljungberg, Marc J. Gunter, Viorel Jinga, Howard D. Sesso, Matthieu Foll, Brian R. Lane, Peter Rudnai, Jean-Guillaume Garnier, J. Michael Gaziano, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin, Caroline L Relton, Julie E. Buring, Meredith Yeager, Raviprakash T. Sitaram, Kristian Hveem, Loren Lipworth, Olivier Cussenot, Bin Tean Teh, Robert Carreras-Torres, Peter E. Clark, Vladimir Bencko, Simona Ognjanovic, Mark Pomerantz, Stephanie J. Weinstein, Mitchell J. Machiela, G. Mark Lathrop, Dana Mates, Lenka Foretova, Gianluca Severi, Bradley C. Leibovich, Leandro M. Colli, Daniela Mariosa, Marc Henrion, Satu Männistö, Susan J. Jordan, Kathryn M. Wilson, Richard M. Martin, Eleonora Fabianova, Jonathan N. Hofmann, Lars J. Vatten, Susan M. Gapstur, Cezary Cybulski, Wen-Yi Huang, Douglas F. Easton, Lee E. Moore, Cancer Research UK, Carreras-Torres, Robert [0000-0002-2925-734X], Timpson, Nicolas J [0000-0002-7141-9189], Haycock, Philip C [0000-0001-5001-3350], Brown, Kevin M [0000-0002-8558-6711], Machiela, Mitchell J [0000-0001-6538-9705], Li, Peng [0000-0002-0682-9819], Radojevic-Skodric, Sanja [0000-0002-5395-8285], Holcatova, Ivana [0000-0002-1366-0337], Mates, Dana [0000-0002-6219-9807], Mukeriya, Anush [0000-0002-6847-9295], Fabianova, Eleonora [0000-0002-5519-8427], Jinga, Viorel [0000-0001-7632-5328], Cancel-Tassin, Geraldine [0000-0002-9583-6382], Cussenot, Olivier [0000-0002-9912-0533], Weiderpass, Elisabete [0000-0003-2237-0128], Bruinsma, Fiona [0000-0002-9356-2015], Jordan, Susan J [0000-0002-4566-1414], Severi, Gianluca [0000-0001-7157-419X], Winship, Ingrid [0000-0001-8535-6003], Fletcher, Tony [0000-0003-3385-200X], Larsson, Susanna C [0000-0003-0118-0341], Wolk, Alicja [0000-0001-7387-6845], Banks, Rosamonde E [0000-0002-0042-8715], Beane Freeman, Laura E [0000-0003-1294-4124], Weinstein, Stephanie [0000-0002-3834-1535], Edwards, Todd L [0000-0003-4318-6119], Gapstur, Susan M [0000-0002-1934-2110], Stevens, Victoria L [0000-0003-0259-4407], Carol, Hallie [0000-0001-8890-9785], Pomerantz, Mark M [0000-0003-4914-1157], Freedman, Neal D [0000-0003-0074-1098], Huang, Wen-Yi [0000-0002-4440-3368], Petillo, David [0000-0001-7234-4644], Anderson, Garnet L [0000-0001-5087-7837], Moore, Lee E [0000-0002-5957-8283], Henrion, Marc [0000-0003-1242-839X], Barman, Poulami [0000-0002-4604-9868], Choueiri, Toni K [0000-0002-9201-3217], McKay, James D [0000-0002-1787-3874], Richards, J Brent [0000-0002-3746-9086], Martin, Richard M [0000-0002-7992-7719], Davey Smith, George [0000-0002-1407-8314], Brennan, Paul [0000-0002-0518-8714], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Male, Physiology, Epidemiology, Blood Pressure, Genome-wide association study, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, urologic and male genital diseases, Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Vascular Medicine, Body Mass Index, Endocrinology, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Renal cell carcinoma, Medicine and Health Sciences, Insulin, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 2. Zero hunger, Cancer Risk Factors, Statistics, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Genomics, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, General Medicine, Lipids, Kidney Neoplasms, 3. Good health, Oncology, Physiological Parameters, Physical Sciences, Female, ICEP, Research Article, Genetic Markers, medicine.medical_specialty, Research and Analysis Methods, Instrumental Variable Analysis, Carcinomas, 03 medical and health sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Mendelian randomization, Genome-Wide Association Studies, Genetics, Carcinoma, Humans, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700, Obesity, Statistical Methods, Carcinoma, Renal Cell, Diabetic Endocrinology, Cancer och onkologi, business.industry, Body Weight, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Cancers and Neoplasms, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, Cancer, Human Genetics, Genome Analysis, medicine.disease, Hormones, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700, Genitourinary Tract Tumors, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Medical Risk Factors, Cancer and Oncology, Etiology, business, Mathematics, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Background Several obesity-related factors have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but it is unclear which individual factors directly influence risk. We addressed this question using genetic markers as proxies for putative risk factors and evaluated their relation to RCC risk in a mendelian randomization (MR) framework. This methodology limits bias due to confounding and is not affected by reverse causation. Methods and findings Genetic markers associated with obesity measures, blood pressure, lipids, type 2 diabetes, insulin, and glucose were initially identified as instrumental variables, and their association with RCC risk was subsequently evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 10,784 RCC patients and 20,406 control participants in a 2-sample MR framework. The effect on RCC risk was estimated by calculating odds ratios (ORSD) for a standard deviation (SD) increment in each risk factor. The MR analysis indicated that higher body mass index increases the risk of RCC (ORSD: 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44–1.70), with comparable results for waist-to-hip ratio (ORSD: 1.63, 95% CI 1.40–1.90) and body fat percentage (ORSD: 1.66, 95% CI 1.44–1.90). This analysis further indicated that higher fasting insulin (ORSD: 1.82, 95% CI 1.30–2.55) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; ORSD: 1.28, 95% CI 1.11–1.47), but not systolic blood pressure (ORSD: 0.98, 95% CI 0.84–1.14), increase the risk for RCC. No association with RCC risk was seen for lipids, overall type 2 diabetes, or fasting glucose. Conclusions This study provides novel evidence for an etiological role of insulin in RCC, as well as confirmatory evidence that obesity and DBP influence RCC risk., Using mendelian randomization approaches, Paul Brennan and colleagues reveal an association between 12 obesity-related factors, including insulin and the development of renal cell carcinoma., Author summary Why was this study done? Traditional observational studies wherein putative risk factors are measured directly have found several obesity-related factors associated with increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Traditional observational studies are subject to confounding and reverse causation and have not been able to disentangle which obesity-related risk factors directly influence RCC risk. This study used an alternative methodology commonly referred to as mendelian randomization (MR). MR circumvents many of the inherent limitations of traditional observational study by use of genetic proxies of putative risk factors when evaluating their associations with disease risk, as they are not subject to reverse causation and are less likely to be confounded by other risk factors. What did the researchers do and find? First, we used large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic variants associated with obesity measures, blood pressure, lipids, type 2 diabetes, insulin, and glucose. Second, these genetic variants were used as proxies for the above-mentioned risk factors and evaluated in relation RCC risk using GWAS data from 10,000 RCC patients and 20,000 control participants. Based on these genetic data, we found that multiple measures of obesity, as well as diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting insulin, are associated with RCC risk. In contrast, we found little evidence for an association with RCC risk for systolic blood pressure (SBP), circulating lipids, overall diabetes, or fasting glucose. What do these findings mean? This study provided robust and confirmatory evidence of an important role of obesity as an important risk factor of RCC. Further confirmatory evidence was found for elevated DBP as a risk factor of RCC, but it is not clear why DBP rather than SBP is important in RCC. The study, to our knowledge, provided novel evidence of an important role of circulating insulin in RCC etiology. This study provided some novel insights into the pathways involved in mediating the risk increase in RCC that is caused by obesity, most notably through insulin and DBP, but further research is needed to fully elucidate the important relationship between obesity and RCC.
Published: 2019

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