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According to the clinical criteria of ‘probable’ Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the diagnosis is supported by a normal pattern or nonspecific changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) such as slow wave activity. EEG has been a traditional method in the diagnosis of dementia. Slight EEG alterations are common in normal elderly people after the age of 60 years. The main changes are slowing of the alpha rhythm, appearance of slow activity and a theta focus in left temporal region. However, the changes in EEG associated with aging are quite modest. EEG changes associated with AD consist of more slowing of the dominant occipital rhythm and more accentuation of theta and delta activity than is found in normal old people, but local slowing occurs rarely. When the EEG findings of AD patients at baseline, at the time the diagnosis was made, were compared to control values, there was a significant difference in all relative power values except beta power.

Majority of hip fractures occur in individuals with bone mineral density (BMD) in non-osteoporotic range. This suggests that factors other than BMD are associated with increased fracture risk in these individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined ability of radiograph-based trabecular and geometrical parameters to discriminate cervical hip fractures from controls in individuals with non-osteoporotic BMD. A total of 39 postmenopausal females with non-pathologic cervical hip fracture were recruited to the study. Nineteen of the fracture patients (48.7%) had non-osteoporotic BMD and they constituted the fracture group. The control group consisted of 35 BMD-matched non-osteoporotic females. Several geometrical and trabecular parameters were extracted from plain pelvic radiographs, and their combined ability to discriminate fracture patients from controls was studied using a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Significant differences in several radiograph-based geometrical and trabecular parameters were found between the fracture patients and controls, whereas no statistically significant difference in BMD was observed (p = 0.92) between the groups. Area under the ROC curve was 0.993 (95% CI 0.977–1.008) for the combined multiple regression model, which included both trabecular and geometrical parameters as explanatory factors. Here, the sensitivity of 100% was achieved with the specificity of 94%. In a cross-validation of the model, 94.4% of the fracture patients, and 94.1% of the controls were classified correctly. The combination of radiograph-based trabecular and geometrical parameters was able to discriminate the cervical hip fracture cases from controls with similar BMD, showing that the method can provide additional information on bone structure and fracture risk beyond BMD.

A 57-year-old man with neuromyotonia and normocalcemic tetany as probable paraneoplastic symptoms of small-cell lung cancer was examined neurophysiologically. In EMG, spontaneous action potential generation was demonstrated in peripheral motor axons. There were also time-locked high-frequency discharges after some voluntarily activated motor unit potentials. After electrical stimulation of motor axons, the M-re-sponse as well as spinal F-response or H-reflex was often followed by a sequence of oscillating potentials which could last several hundred msec. There was no evident peripheral polyneuropathy. Tetany subsided when carbamazepine therapy was started. The only striking abnormality in extensive laboratory studies was an increase in the plasma noradrenaline value.

In a retrospective survey of 46 conservatively treated patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) the following conclusions were reached. An immediate examination of the neurological status of the neonate root by root is essential for proper analysis of the course of the recovery. Mild cases with C5-C6 root injury (Erb's palsy) have a good outcome and may be treated conservatively. Intermediate cases with C5-C7 root injury with additional drop hand require close observation as early as age 3 weeks when the first electromyographic (EMG) examination is indicated. The second EMG should be performed at age 11-12 weeks. If the function of the brachial biceps muscle is lacking at age approximately 12 weeks (3 months), microsurgical intervention should be considered; such intervention definitely is required at age 5 months if the paresis in the brachial biceps muscle has not recovered. Severe cases with C5-C8 or C5-Th1 root injuries with flaccid abducted arm, wrist drop, claw hand, and possibly head tilt to the contralateral side and Horner's sign should be operated on primarily at age 1-2 months.

X-ray section topographs of nearly perfect Czochralski-grown wafers were made with synchrotron radiation having a continuous spectrum. An intensity curve measured from the x-ray film is compared to the calculated curve obtained using the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction. A computer simulation of the topograph is also presented. A good agreement between theory and experiment is found except in the middle part of the topograph.

Effects of various preintrinsic and phosphorus diffusion gettering treatments upon quality of near-surface region in Czochralski silicon wafers are studied during a simulated 4 Mb dynamic random access memory process. Denuded zone depth and bulk microdefect density are determined by synchroton radiation section topography. Minority carrier lifetime and junction characteristics from test device structures were measured to determine overall gettering efficiency

Density of crystal defects in Czochralski silicon wafers, which had been subjected to various heat treatments, are studied by two different kinds of methods, i.e. synchrotron section topography and infrared light scattering microscopy (LSM). A comparison of the results shows that both these techniques reveal the existence and density of crystal defects. The defect densities given by LSM are larger than those given by section topography, because of its capability to reveal small oxygen precipitates, which are smaller than the resolution of the topographs. It is shown that the LSM technique is a powerful tool to investigate small oxygen precipitates even in samples whose topographs show only the Pendellosung fringe pattern characteristic of a perfect crystal. It is also determined that the volume of the smallest identifiable oxygen precipitates with LSM is through comparative observations by means of transmission electron microscopy.

The topics discussed include undergraduate studies at Tampere University of Technology, the student preference for power engineering, post-graduate studies, continuous education, cooperation in power system engineering research, and future plans. At present Tampere University educates approximately one-half of the diploma engineers majoring in power engineering in Finland. This popularity is due to the well-planned basic course, close contacts to utilities and industries, interesting research areas, comparatively modern laboratories, and young teachers. >

Synchrotron section topographs showing a set of parallel Pendellosung fringes typical of a perfect silicon wafer are measured with a direct X-ray sensitive linear charge-coupled device (CCD) at room temperature. The results are compared with those calculated from the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction and with those measured from a highest resolution X-ray film with a densitometer. No radiation damage is observed in the experiment.

The reliability requirements and the role of the supervisory authority in the electricity distribution business have grown strongly in the past few years. Electricity distribution companies are forced to consider new investment strategies to meet the challenges arising from the new operational environment. Aged electricity networks are subject to the more challenging weather conditions. To meet the new requirements, the traditional line extension approach is no longer an acceptable and sustainable planning method. There are various new technical solutions and methods to develop electricity networks. In this paper, different kinds of electricity distribution investment strategies in the modern business environment are studied. Strategies are based on several new technical innovations successfully implemented in Finnish electricity distribution companies. Methods such as roadside networks, 1000 V low voltage system, underground cables and low-cost primary substations are exploited successfully in the long-term planning process.

In this paper, electricity distribution investment strategies are analyzed in a new business environment. The worldwide problems related to aging networks, climatic challenges, public regulation and loss of expertise in distribution companies have to be solved to ensure profitability of the business in the future. On the other hand, there already are certain new technical solutions and innovations to answer some of these challenges. The question is: what is the reasonable and profitable investment strategy to develop distribution networks in the long run? This paper assesses, what kind of investments have potential to meet all the requirements. The results are based on actual investment cases done in the Nordic operating environment.

This paper focuses on the restructuring process of electricity distribution business that is currently taking place in many countries, including Finland. The driving forces of the process include, for instance, the regulatory reforms of the sector and the efficiency incentives set by the regulators, the owners' increased profit expectations, technological developments, and the legislative requirements concerning the unbundling of electricity distribution from other electricity businesses. Outsourcing of services might provide a feasible solution for surviving in the changing business environment. This paper analyses the impacts that outsourcing has on the business processes of distribution companies. A practical example of an outsourcing case involving a medium-sized distribution company Graninge Kainuu and an international service provider Eltel Networks Corp. is presented in detail in the paper.

Silicon wafers especially prepared to meet a customer's needs in the production of semiconductor memory circuits are studied with synchrotron section topography. A well-defined uniform denuded zone below the surface with a width of 12 to 24 μm is observed. The concentration and the size of the oxygen-related defects in the bulk are independent of the location along the crystal ingot, from which the wafer originates, and of that along the wafer diameter

Our aim was to evaluate the impact of deep wound infection after hip fracture surgery on functional outcome and mortality. Two thousand, two hundred and seventy-six consecutive surgically treated patients with non-pathological fractures, aged over 50 years (mean age 78.3 years), were followed up prospectively. The 29 patients who had deep infection (rate 1.3%) and who received revision surgery were compared with controls without infection, matched for age, sex, residential status at fracture, fracture type, treatment method and walking ability. When the functionality of hip fracture patients was evaluated four months after the primary operation, the patients with deep wound infection had impaired walking ability (P=0.039) and required walking aids, including wheelchairs, more often than the control patients (48% vs 20.8%, P=0.022). At four months, the mean duration of hospitalization at the primary hospital was significantly longer for the cases than the controls (P

The effect of the lifetime of medium voltage underground cable networks on the network costs is studied. The cable manufacturer has estimated how much the cost of manufacturing the medium voltage XLPE power cable changes as a function of the cable lifetime. The shorter the lifetime, the cheaper the cable is, but a short lifetime leads to higher construction costs because the cable network must be rebuilt more frequently. The costs due to the cable network are represented by a simplified cost function, where the lifetime of the cable is a variable. The optimal lifetime of the medium voltage cable network is determined by minimizing the cost function over a long period of time. Besides the economic dimensioning of the underground cable network, the technical constraints and the effect of the lifetime of the cable network on the network configuration should be taken into account when minimizing the cost function. No real optimization method appears to exist for the problem. A network design program written at Tampere University of Technology (TUT) and a test network were therefore utilized in solving the problem. >

A linear charge‐coupled device (CCD) having a picture element size of 7 μm is employed for direct measurement of synchrotron x‐ray topographs. Deterioration of the detector is not observed. The intensity distribution of a section topograph of a perfect silicon crystal is measured by both the CCD camera and a high‐resolution x‐ray film and the results are compared to the theoretical Pendellosung fringe pattern.

Deregulation, opening markets and new business minded owners are placing more and more pressure on electricity distribution utilities to be cost-effective. Lappeenranta University of Technology has, together with a group of Finnish electricity distribution utilities, conducted a cost-effectiveness study of a logistics system for rural distribution networks. This study has examined an optimized logistic system, the personnel and the equipment needed in a fault situation. This paper models the dependence between material management and the reliability of electricity distribution networks. The aim is to find a solution that will result in the minimum total costs, including the costs of outages, storage, material in storage, personnel and equipment needed in the power system repair process. (5 pages)

A 47-year-old man with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and an apical left ventricular aneurysm with palpitation as the initial manifestation is described. There was no intraventricular pressure gradient. The aneurysm is suggested to be a part of the myocardial disease or to be caused by myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending coronary artery demonstrated by angiography. The 24-hour ambulatory ECG recording showed only isolated ventricular ectopic beats and the clinical course has been favorable during 20 months without therapy.

The gettering effectiveness of various backside gettered polysilicon, silicon nitride, or poly + nitride film structures on n-type (100) Czochralski silicon wafers from a single ingot during simulated complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor process cycles has been investigated by synchrotron section topography, breakdown voltage of 25-nm gate oxide, and minority carrier lifetime measurements. Interfacial structure was studied by cross-section transmission electron microscopy. Our studies show that for successful implementation of thin film backside gettering, good control of interactions between intrinsic gettering and thin film backside gettering during device processing cycles is critical. Thin film deposition generally increases oxygen precipitation. No extended defects propagate toward the bulk silicon. The structural and electrical quality of a denuded zone is found important. The best device yield (90%) is observed from the middle section wafers (with a 2 μm thick polysilicon backsurface coverage) which develop no recognizable bulk precipitates and stacking faults after the complete thermal cycles.

Taltrimide is a lipophilic taurine derivative with definitive anticonvulsive effects in experimental epilepsy models. In this study, taltrimide was administered for 6 days, and the effects of the treatment on photoconvulsive response in EEG in eight epileptic patients were evaluated. Discharges provoked by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) were increased by greater than 50% in four patients after taltrimide treatment. Only one patient had reduction of sensitivity. There was only a slight change in discharges after hyperventilation and no change in spontaneous paroxysms. The effects of taltrimide on photosensitivity appear to be rather specific. The study does not reveal anticonvulsive effects of taltrimide in humans.

Dapsone proved to be an effective treatment in a patient who suffered from erythema elevatum diutinum. Serious neurological side effects, however, appeared. The basic mechanism appeared to be a distal axonal degeneration of the motor neurons. Sensory conduction studies were normal in five consecutive EMG examinations. A diagnosis of anemia perniciosa was also made but the blood values returned to normal after starting B12-vitamin therapy. Pernicious anemia seemed not to be an etiological factor in the polyneuropathy of our patient because we were not able to show any damage to the sensory axons.

The integration of distribution network information and remote control systems is discussed. The combined system can incorporate many new applications for the supervision of distribution networks. For example, the management of the actual switching state of networks including real time load flow calculations and an automated fault diagnosis expert system can be implemented when combining data from the network information and SCADA systems. The paper gives a general description of the integrated system and the main features of new applications for network control.

Indium phosphide single crystals grown by the liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) and vertical gradient freeze (VFG) techniques have been studied with X-ray diffraction topography using synchrotron radiation. Section topographs show that while the VGF substrates are of a better quality than the LEC ones, the defect level in epitaxial layers is more strongly determined by the quaternary layer composition and lattice mismatch than by threading dislocations from the substrate.

Summary We describe four patients suffering from lower limb compartment syndromes which were caused by constrictive bandages applied after stripping of varices. The dressing was errorously only partially removed, when the patients started complaining of severe pain and tension in the operated legs. The damages varied from extended irreversible neuromuscular defects to lesser functional handicaps. Three patients had corrective surgery. The clinical follow up over several years showed little improvement, secondary complaints were frequent.

A young man was bitten by his girl friend at the anterior border of the left trapezius muscle. Weakness of the trapezius resulted and a longstanding ache in the shoulder developed. Clinically and neurophysiologically, an axonotmesis type crush injury of the accessory nerve was verified.

Effects of post-well drive intrinsic gettering (PWIG) upon the integrity of thin gate oxide in Cz Si wafers with carbon levels, Cs, ranged from 0.2 - ∼ 4 ppma were investigated. A 10 nm thick gate oxide capacitor was used to study its time-dependent breakdown characteristics and minority carrier lifetime. Our data have shown that PWIG cycles and/or carbon impurity affect both bulk oxygen precipitation and minority carrier lifetime, but not the oxide integrity.

Laisi, U., S. Leisti, J. Leppaluoto, J. Lumio, J. Partanenand P. Virkkunen. Growth hormone and Cortisol secretion in man. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 89. 192–197. In 4 healthy resting males blood was collected through indwelled catheters at 1–3 min intervals and EEG recorded in a sound-shielded anechoic environment for 30 min (expt. 1). The iminunorcactive plasma growth hormone was at high concentration (10–33 ng/ml) and was secreted in 3 significant bursts in one subject, but was low (0–4 ng/ml) in 3 other subjects. The plasma Cortisol, measured by a fluorometric method, was at low and constant level (mean ±S.D. = 8.9±1.5 μg/100 ml). The EEG vigilance fluctuated between wakefulness and real sleep. The plasma growth hormone concentration tended to be high at wakeful stages and low at sleep stages. There was no correlation between vigilance and plasma Cortisol level. In the middle of the following experiment (expt. 2) a painful faradic current was applied to the forearm for 10 s and blood was collected as in expt. 1. The plasma Cortisol level before the painful stimulus was significantly increased (12.3±4.6 /yg/100 nil) and did not change after the stimulus, in spite of the clear increase of vigilance. The high prc-stimulus level of plasma Cortisol is evidently due to anticipatory mechanisms. We conclude that growth hormone is secreted in bursts which may last as short as 5 min and that the increase of vigilance could trigger the secretion of growth hormone but not that of Cortisol.

SUMMARY Spectographic analyses of the pain cries of 30 infants with Down's syndrome (all demonstrating trisomy 21–22) show several abnormal acoustic characteristics, thus confirming by an objective method earlier observations on the voices of infants with this syndrome. The abnormal cry parameters (‘stuttering’, long duration, low pitch, flat melody form, nasality) show highly significant differences from the analyses of pain cries from 120 normal infants. Five clinically suspected cases of Down's syndrome had a normal cry spectographically, and the chromosomal analyses confirmed the normality. RESUME Analyse spectographique de la reponse vocale a un stimulus douloureux chez le nourrisson mongolien Les analyses spectographiques des cris douloureux de trente nourrissons mongoliens (trisomie 21–22 confirmee) montrent plusieurs anomalies acoustiques caracteristiques confirmant ainsi de facon objective les observations anterieures portant sur la voix de ces nourrissons. Les parametres anormaux du cri (‘begaiement’, longue duree, tonalite grave, forme melodique aplatie, nasillements) s'eloignent de facon tres hautement significative de ceux tires de l'analyse des cris douloureux de 120 nourrissons normaux. Dans cinq cas de suspicion de mongolisme avec un cri normal a l'analyse spectographique, le cariotype s'est avere normal. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Spectographische Analyse der vokalen Reaktion auf Schmerzreize bei mongoloiden Kindern Die spectographischen Analysen von Schmerzschreien bei 30 mongoloiden Kindern (alle mit der Trisomie 21–22) zeigen abnorme akustische Eigenschaften und bestatigen so durch eine objektive Methode die fruheren Beobachtungen der Stimmen von Kindern mit dieser Erkrankung. Die abnormen Schrei-Parameter (‘Stottern’, lange Dauer, niedrige Tonhohe, flacher Melodieverlauf, Nasaler Charakter) wiesen hoch signifikante Unterschiede zu der Auswertung von Schmerzensschreien von 120 normalen Kindern auf. Funf klinisch verdachtige Falle von Mongolismus hatten spectographisch ein normales Schrei-Muster, und die Chromosomenanalyse bestatigte den Normalbefund. RESUMEN Analisis espectrografico de la respuesta vocal a un estimo doloroso en lacantes con sindrome de Down El analisis espectrografico del llanto por dolor de 30 lactantes con sindrome de Down (todos con trisomia (21–22) muestran una serie de caracteristicas acusticas anormales confirmandose asi las observaciones obtenidas anteriormente en voces de lactantes con este sindrome utilizando un metodo objetivo. Los parametros del llanto anormal (‘tartamudeo’, larga duracion, baja agudeza, forma plana de la melodia, nasalidad) muestran una diferencias altamente significativas, frente a los analisis del llanto por dolor en ciento veinte lactantcs normales. Cinco casos sospechoso clinicamente de padecer un sindrome de Down tenian un llanto espectrografico normal y los estudios cromosomicos confirmaron esta normalidad.

The associations of Hashimoto's goitrous thyroiditis with HLA-DR5, atrophic thyroiditis with DR3, postpartum thyroiditis with DR4 and Grave's disease with DR3 have been described. We studied HLA-A, B, C, DR antigens, C4 and Bf types and thyroid function in 64 patients with JAIT. 45 of them were young adults with a mean follow-up of 10.6 years (J Pediatr 1985;107:898), others were 9.6–17-5 years of age and were followed for 2.3 (0.5-8.5) years. The HLA-DR antiaen frequencies in patients (and controls) were: DR1 20% (37%) P < 0.01, DR2 24% (33%), DR3 32% (32%), DR4 54% (27%) P < 0.001, DR5 3% (6%), DR6 10% (5%), DR7 14%(l7%) and DR8 3% (13%) P < 0.05. Euthyroidism was found in 53%, subclinical hypothyroidism in 14% and clinical hypothyroidism in 33% of the patients. Circulating antimicrosoma1 antibodies (Msab) (titre ≥ 400) were present in 73% and antithyroglobulin antibodies Ttitre ≥ 400) in 38%. Of the 17 patients with absent or low tit-re Msab 16 were euthyroid (P < 0.001) and 13 of them were DR4 positive ( P < 0 .05). Conclusion: JAIT is highly significantly associated with HLA-DR4 and euthyroidism with absent or low Msab titre.