Topic: 01 natural sciences and physics - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. Dynamical phase transition in the activity-biased fully-connected random field Ising model: connection with glass-forming systems

Author: Robert L. Jack, Jules Guioth, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Jack, Robert [0000-0003-0086-4573]
Subjects: Paper, Statistics and Probability, Phase transition, Field (physics), Spontaneous symmetry breaking, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, kinetic Ising models, PAPER: Classical statistical mechanics, equilibrium and non-equilibrium, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Lattice (order), Saddle point, 0103 physical sciences, Statistical physics, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Physics, Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech), large deviations in non-equilibrium systems, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn), Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, glassy dynamics, Maxima and minima, ageing, slow relaxation, Ising model, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, slow relaxation, glassy dynamics, ageing
Abstract: We analyse biased ensembles of trajectories for the random-field Ising model on a fully-connected lattice, which is described exactly by mean-field theory. By coupling the activity of the system to a dynamical biasing field, we find a range of dynamical phase transitions, including spontaneous symmetry breaking into ordered states. For weak bias, the phase behaviour is controlled by extrema of the free energy, which may be local minima or saddle points. For large bias, the system tends to states of extremal activity, which may differ strongly from free energy minima. We discuss connections of these results to random first-order transition theory of glasses, which motivates an extension of the analysis to random-field Ising models where the dynamical activity is not symmetric under magnetisation reversal., 26 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2021
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2. Scalar fields near compact objects: resummation versus UV completion

Author: Scott Melville, Anne-Christine Davis, Melville, Scott [0000-0003-3516-856X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Field (physics), Scalar (mathematics), FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Theoretical physics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Quartic function, 0103 physical sciences, dark energy theory, Resummation, 010306 general physics, modified gravity, Physics, Unitarity, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, paper, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Scattering amplitude, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), UV completion, particle physics - cosmology connection, Scalar field, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Low-energy effective field theories containing a light scalar field are used extensively in cosmology, but often there is a tension between embedding such theories in a healthy UV completion and achieving a phenomenologically viable screening mechanism in the IR. Here, we identify the range of interaction couplings which allow for a smooth resummation of classical non-linearities (necessary for kinetic/Vainshtein-type screening), and compare this with the range allowed by unitarity, causality and locality in the underlying UV theory. The latter region is identified using positivity bounds on the $2\to2$ scattering amplitude, and in particular by considering scattering about a non-trivial background for the scalar we are able to place constraints on interactions at all orders in the field (beyond quartic order). We identify two classes of theories can both exhibit screening and satisfy existing positivity bounds, namely scalar-tensor theories of $P(X)$ or quartic Horndeski type in which the leading interaction contains an odd power of $X$. Finally, for the quartic DBI Galileon (equivalent to a disformally coupled scalar in the Einstein frame), the analogous resummation can be performed near two-body systems and imposing positivity constraints introduces a non-perturbative ambiguity in the screened scalar profile. These results will guide future searches for UV complete models which exhibit screening of fifth forces in the IR., 34+12 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2021
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3. A laser–plasma platform for photon–photon physics: the two photon Breit–Wheeler process

Author: G Pérez-Callejo, F C Salgado, Matthew Zepf, C. D. Murphy, C. Colgan, Y. Katzir, C. I. D. Underwood, Andreas Nürnberg, S. Bohlen, D Hollatz, S. J. Rose, H Harsh, Aaron Alejo, Christopher D. Gregory, Andreas Seidel, Kristjan Poder, Gianluca Sarri, M. J. V. Streeter, Jens Osterhoff, R. Watt, F. Roeder, S. Astbury, C Roedel, Sven Steinke, G. M. Samarin, John J. L. Morton, J. Hinojosa, P. W. Hatfield, Michael Campbell, B. Kettle, Alexander Thomas, P. P. Rajeev, Christopher Spindloe, E. Gerstmayr, C. D. Baird, Dominik Dannheim, Simon Spannagel, Stuart Mangles, Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC), Commission of the European Communities, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Photon, General Physics and Astronomy, Physics::Optics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, ENERGY, COLLIDER, Two-photon excitation microscopy, Physics in General, law, pixel, strong field, Focus on Strong Field Quantum Electrodynamics with High Power Lasers and Particle Beams, photon-photon, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, two-photon, Physics, 02 Physical Sciences, QED, collimator, photon, Breit–Wheeler, wake field, LIGHT, Physical Sciences, beam, Particle Physics - Experiment, Breit–Wheeler process, Paper, accelerator, Fluids & Plasmas, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Other Fields of Physics, bremsstrahlung, photon–photon, Nuclear physics, Breit-Wheeler, 0103 physical sciences, photon photon, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, plasma, laser–plasma, Breit–Wheele, Science & Technology, hybrid, scattering, silicon, Plasma, laser-plasma, Laser, calibration, Accelerators and Storage Rings, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], laser, Pair production, pair production, nonlinear, Physics::Accelerator Physics, LWFA
Abstract: We describe a laser-plasma platform for photon-photon collision experiments to measure fundamental quantum electrodynamic processes such as the linear Breit-Wheeler process with real photons. The platform has been developed using the Gemini laser facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. A laser wakefield accelerator and a bremsstrahlung convertor are used to generate a collimated beam of photons with energies of hundreds of MeV, that collide with keV x-ray photons generated by a laser heated plasma target. To detect the pairs generated by the photon-photon collisions, a magnetic transport system has been developed which directs the pairs onto scintillation-based and hybrid silicon pixel single particle detectors. We present commissioning results from an experimental campaign using this laser-plasma platform for photon-photon physics, demonstrating successful generation of both photon sources, characterisation of the magnetic transport system and calibration of the single particle detectors, and discuss the feasibility of this platform for the observation of the Breit-Wheeler process. The design of the platform will also serve as the basis for the investigation of strong-field quantum electrodynamic processes such as the nonlinear Breit-Wheeler and the Trident process, or eventually, photon-photon scattering. We describe a laser–plasma platform for photon–photon collision experiments to measure fundamental quantum electrodynamic processes. As an example we describe using this platform to attempt to observe the linear Breit–Wheeler process. The platform has been developed using the Gemini laser facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. A laser Wakefield accelerator and a bremsstrahlung convertor are used to generate a collimated beam of photons with energies of hundreds of MeV, that collide with keV x-ray photons generated by a laser heated plasma target. To detect the pairs generated by the photon–photon collisions, a magnetic transport system has been developed which directs the pairs onto scintillation-based and hybrid silicon pixel single particle detectors (SPDs). We present commissioning results from an experimental campaign using this laser–plasma platform for photon–photon physics, demonstrating successful generation of both photon sources, characterisation of the magnetic transport system and calibration of the SPDs, and discuss the feasibility of this platform for the observation of the Breit–Wheeler process. The design of the platform will also serve as the basis for the investigation of strong-field quantum electrodynamic processes such as the nonlinear Breit–Wheeler and the Trident process, or eventually, photon–photon scattering.
Published: 2021

4. Predicting polarizabilities of silicon clusters using local chemical environments

Author: Andrew P. Horsfield, Stefano Dal Forno, Mario G. Zauchner, Johannes Lischner, Gábor Cśanyi, Zauchner, Mario G [0000-0002-0901-5642], Dal Forno, Stefano [0000-0002-9869-7306], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Paper, Silicon, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Cross-validation, machine learning polarizabilities, Artificial Intelligence, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Limit (mathematics), Statistical physics, Physics::Atomic Physics, 010306 general physics, Scaling, Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Silicon clusters, RPA polarizabilities of silicon clusters, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), predicting polarizabilities of nanoparticles, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Human-Computer Interaction, chemistry, Cluster size, silicon cluster polarizabilities, 0210 nano-technology, Software
Abstract: Calculating polarizabilities of large clusters with first-principles techniques is challenging because of the unfavorable scaling of computational cost with cluster size. To address this challenge, we demonstrate that polarizabilities of large hydrogenated silicon clusters containing thousands of atoms can be efficiently calculated with machine learning methods. Specifically, we construct machine learning models based on the smooth overlap of atomic positions (SOAP) descriptor and train the models using a database of calculated random-phase approximation polarizabilities for clusters containing up to 110 silicon atoms. We first demonstrate the ability of the machine learning models to fit the data and then assess their ability to predict cluster polarizabilities using k-fold cross validation. Finally, we study the machine learning predictions for clusters that are too large for explicit first-principles calculations and find that they accurately describe the dependence of the polarizabilities on the ratio of hydrogen to silicon atoms and also predict a bulk limit that is in good agreement with previous studies.
Published: 2021
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5. Quantum Otto engines at relativistic energies

Author: Nathan M. Myers, Obinna Abah, and Sebastian Deffner
Subjects: Paper, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Dirac (software), Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Relativistic quantum mechanics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Relativistic particle, quantum heat engine, Otto engine, law, Light cone, 0103 physical sciences, Theory and Experiments from Classical to Quantum [Focus on Microscopic Engines and Refrigerators], 010306 general physics, Quantum thermodynamics, Quantum, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Physics, Quantum Physics, Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech), Quantum electrodynamics, Endoreversible thermodynamics, quantum thermodynamics, relativistic quantum mechanics, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract: Relativistic quantum systems exhibit unique features not present at lower energies, such as the existence of both particles and antiparticles, and restrictions placed on the system dynamics due to the light cone. In order to understand what impact these relativistic phenomena have on the performance of quantum thermal machines we analyze a quantum Otto engine with a working medium of a relativistic particle in an oscillator potential evolving under Dirac or Klein-Gordon dynamics. We examine both the low-temperature, non-relativistic and high-temperature, relativistic limits of the dynamics and find that the relativistic engine operates with higher work output, but an effectively reduced compression ratio, leading to significantly smaller efficiency than its non-relativistic counterpart. Using the framework of endoreversible thermodynamics we determine the efficiency at maximum power of the relativistic engine, and find it to be equivalent to the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency., 22 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2021

6. Symmetric distinguishability as a quantum resource

Author: Robert Salzmann, Mark M. Wilde, Gilad Gour, Nilanjana Datta, Xin Wang, Salzmann, Robert [0000-0003-4002-240X], Wang, Xin [0000-0002-0641-3186], Wilde, Mark M [0000-0002-3916-4462], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Paper, Pure mathematics, Computer Science - Information Theory, math-ph, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Mathematics - Statistics Theory, Context (language use), Statistics Theory (math.ST), 01 natural sciences, Interpretation (model theory), 010104 statistics & probability, math.MP, quantum hypothesis testing, quant-ph, quantum resource theory, Quantum state, quantum Chernoff divergence, cs.IT, 0103 physical sciences, FOS: Mathematics, stat.TH, math.IT, 0101 mathematics, Quantum information, 010306 general physics, Divergence (statistics), Quantum, Mathematical Physics, symmetric distinguishability, Physics, Quantum Physics, Computer Science::Information Retrieval, Information Theory (cs.IT), quantum information theory, State (functional analysis), Mathematical Physics (math-ph), math.ST, Monotone polygon, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract: Funder: Cambridge Commonwealth, European and International Trust; doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003343, Funder: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), We develop a resource theory of symmetric distinguishability, the fundamental objects of which are elementary quantum information sources, i.e., sources that emit one of two possible quantum states with given prior probabilities. Such a source can be represented by a classical-quantum state of a composite system $XA$, corresponding to an ensemble of two quantum states, with $X$ being classical and $A$ being quantum. We study the resource theory for two different classes of free operations: $(i)$ ${\rm{CPTP}}_A$, which consists of quantum channels acting only on $A$, and $(ii)$ conditional doubly stochastic (CDS) maps acting on $XA$. We introduce the notion of symmetric distinguishability of an elementary source and prove that it is a monotone under both these classes of free operations. We study the tasks of distillation and dilution of symmetric distinguishability, both in the one-shot and asymptotic regimes. We prove that in the asymptotic regime, the optimal rate of converting one elementary source to another is equal to the ratio of their quantum Chernoff divergences, under both these classes of free operations. This imparts a new operational interpretation to the quantum Chernoff divergence. We also obtain interesting operational interpretations of the Thompson metric, in the context of the dilution of symmetric distinguishability.
Published: 2021

7. Slow stretched-exponential and fast compressed-exponential relaxation from local event dynamics

Author: Alessio Zaccone, Kostya Trachenko, Trachenko, K [0000-0003-4832-7101], Zaccone, A [0000-0002-6673-7043], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Paper, Physics::General Physics, liquids, Crossover, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, 01 natural sciences, glasses, symbols.namesake, relaxation, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, glass transition, Exponential decay, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Debye, Physics, Amorphous metal, Condensed matter physics, Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech), non-equilibrium physics, Soft matter, biophysics and liquids, Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn), Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Exponential function, symbols, Relaxation (physics), Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft), 0210 nano-technology, Glass transition, Event (particle physics)
Abstract: We propose an atomistic model for correlated particle dynamics in liquids and glasses predicting both slow stretched-exponential relaxation (SER) and fast compressed-exponential relaxation (CER). The model is based on the key concept of elastically interacting local relaxation events. SER is related to slowing down of dynamics of local relaxation events as a result of this interaction, whereas CER is related to the avalanche-like dynamics in the low-temperature glass state. The model predicts temperature dependence of SER and CER seen experimentally and recovers the simple, Debye, exponential decay at high temperature. Finally, we reproduce SER to CER crossover across the glass transition recently observed in metallic glasses.
Published: 2021
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8. Run-and-tumble motion in a harmonic potential: field theory and entropy production

Author: Gunnar Pruessner, Rosalba Garcia-Millan, and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Physics, Paper, 0105 Mathematical Physics, Entropy production, Self-propelled particles, Fluids & Plasmas, Motion (geometry), Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Harmonic potential, PAPER: Classical statistical mechanics, equilibrium and non-equilibrium, 01 natural sciences, stochastic particle dynamics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Active matter, 0203 Classical Physics, self-propelled particles, Exact results, Classical mechanics, 0103 physical sciences, Field theory (psychology), Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, exact results, 010306 general physics, active matter
Abstract: Run-and-tumble (RnT) motion is an example of active motility where particles move at constant speed and change direction at random times. In this work we study RnT motion with diffusion in a harmonic potential in one dimension via a path integral approach. We derive a Doi-Peliti field theory and use it to calculate the entropy production and other observables in closed form. All our results are exact.
Published: 2021

9. Enhancement of in vivo cardiac photoacoustic signal specificity using spatiotemporal singular value decomposition

Author: Carol Mitchell, Ashley M. Weichmann, Tomy Varghese, and Rashid Al Mukaddim
Subjects: Paper, Biomedical Engineering, Image processing, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, 01 natural sciences, Signal, spatiotemporal singular value decomposition processing, Imaging, 010309 optics, Biomaterials, Mice, Signal-to-noise ratio, 0103 physical sciences, Singular value decomposition, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Animals, Detection theory, preclinical murine cardiac photoacoustic imaging, Image resolution, Ultrasonography, delay-and-sum beamforming, Physics, Signal processing, Cardiac cycle, Phantoms, Imaging, singular value decomposition, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, photoacoustic imaging, Algorithms, Biomedical engineering
Abstract: Significance: Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) can be used to infer molecular information about myocardial health non-invasively in vivo using optical excitation at ultrasonic spatial resolution. For clinical and preclinical linear array imaging systems, conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming is typically used. However, DAS cardiac PA images are prone to artifacts such as diffuse quasi-static clutter with temporally varying noise-reducing myocardial signal specificity. Typically, multiple frame averaging schemes are utilized to improve the quality of cardiac PAI, which affects the spatial and temporal resolution and reduces sensitivity to subtle PA signal variation. Furthermore, frame averaging might corrupt myocardial oxygen saturation quantification due to the presence of natural cardiac wall motion. In this paper, a spatiotemporal singular value decomposition (SVD) processing algorithm is proposed to reduce DAS PAI artifacts and subsequent enhancement of myocardial signal specificity. Aim: Demonstrate enhancement of PA signals from myocardial tissue compared to surrounding tissues and blood inside the left-ventricular (LV) chamber using spatiotemporal SVD processing with electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiratory signal (ECG-R) gated in vivo murine cardiac PAI. Approach: In vivo murine cardiac PAI was performed by collecting single wavelength (850 nm) photoacoustic channel data on eight healthy mice. A three-dimensional (3D) volume of complex PAI data over a cardiac cycle was reconstructed using a custom ECG-R gating algorithm and DAS beamforming. Spatiotemporal SVD was applied on a two-dimensional Casorati matrix generated using the 3D volume of PAI data. The singular value spectrum (SVS) was then filtered to remove contributions from diffuse quasi-static clutter and random noise. Finally, SVD processed beamformed images were derived using filtered SVS and inverse SVD computations. Results: Qualitative comparison with DAS and minimum variance (MV) beamforming shows that SVD processed images had better myocardial signal specificity, contrast, and target detectability. DAS, MV, and SVD images were quantitatively evaluated by calculating contrast ratio (CR), generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Quantitative evaluations were done at three cardiac time points (during systole, at end-systole (ES), and during diastole) identified from co-registered ultrasound M-Mode image. Mean CR, gCNR, and SNR values of SVD images at ES were 245, 115.15, and 258.17 times higher than DAS images with statistical significance evaluated with one-way analysis of variance. Conclusions: Our results suggest that significantly better-quality images can be realized using spatiotemporal SVD processing for in vivo murine cardiac PAI.
Published: 2021

10. Signal regression in frequency-domain diffuse optical tomography to remove superficial signal contamination

Author: Joshua Deepak Veesa and Hamid Dehghani
Subjects: Paper, high density diffuse optical tomography, superficial signal contamination, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), Phase (waves), frequency domain, 01 natural sciences, Signal, 010309 optics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, Linear regression, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Detection theory, signal regression, Physics, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Pattern recognition, Research Papers, Diffuse optical imaging, Regression, Intensity (physics), Frequency domain, functional near-infrared imaging, Artificial intelligence, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Significance: Signal contamination is a major hurdle in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) of the human head as the NIR signal is contaminated with the changes corresponding to superficial tissue, therefore occluding the functional information originating from the cerebral region. For continuous wave, this is generally handled through linear regression of the shortest source-detector (SD) distance intensity measurement from all of the signals. Although phase measurements utilizing frequency domain (FD) provide deeper tissue sampling, the use of the shortest SD distance phase measurement for regression of superficial signal contamination can lead to misleading results, therefore suppressing cortical signals. Aim: An approach for FD fNIRS that utilizes a short-separation intensity signal directly to regress both intensity and phase measurements, providing a better regression of superficial signal contamination from both data-types, is proposed. Approach: Simulated data from realistic models of the human head are used, and signal regression using both intensity and phase-based components of the FD fNIRS is evaluated. Results: Intensity-based phase regression achieves a suppression of superficial signal contamination by 68% whereas phase-based phase regression is only by 13%. Phase-based phase regression is also shown to generate false-positive signals from the cortex, which are not desirable. Conclusions: Intensity-based phase regression provides a better methodology for minimizing superficial signal contamination in FD fNIRS.
Published: 2021

11. Modulation frequency selection and efficient look-up table inversion for frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy

Author: Darren Roblyer, Carlos A. Gómez, and Matthew B. Applegate
Subjects: Paper, Acoustics, Biomedical Engineering, noise model, frequency domain, 01 natural sciences, Noise (electronics), Sweep frequency response analysis, Imaging, 010309 optics, Biomaterials, Signal-to-noise ratio, 0103 physical sciences, diffuse optics, Physics, Phantoms, Imaging, Spectrum Analysis, Bandwidth (signal processing), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Modulation, Frequency domain, high speed, modulation frequency, Frequency modulation, Algorithms, Phase-shift keying
Abstract: Significance: Frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (FD-DOS) uses intensity modulated light to measure the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of turbid media such as biological tissue. Some FD-DOS instruments utilize a single modulation frequency, whereas others use hundreds of frequencies. The effect of modulation frequency choice and measurement bandwidth on optical property (OP) extraction accuracy has not yet been fully characterized. Aim: We aim to assess the effect of modulation frequency selection on OP extraction error and develop a high-speed look-up table (LUT) approach for OP estimation. Approach: We first used noise-free simulations of light transport in homogeneous media to determine optimized iterative inversion model parameters and developed a new multi-frequency LUT method to increase the speed of inversion. We then used experimentally derived noise models for two FD-DOS instruments to generate realistic simulated data for a broad range of OPs and modulation frequencies to test OP extraction accuracy. Results: We found that repeated measurements at a single low-frequency (110 MHz) yielded essentially identical OP errors as a broadband frequency sweep (35 evenly spaced frequencies between 50 and 253 MHz) for these noise models. The inclusion of modulation frequencies >300 MHz diminished overall performance for one of the instruments. Additionally, we developed a LUT inversion algorithm capable of increasing inversion speeds by up to 6 × , with 1000 inversions / s and ∼1 % error when a single modulation frequency was used. Conclusion: These results suggest that simpler single-frequency systems are likely sufficient for many applications and pave the way for a new generation of simpler digital FD-DOS systems capable of rapid, large-volume measurements with real-time feedback.
Published: 2021

12. Microstructure formation in radially counterstreaming electron flows

Author: Samuel R. Yoffe, Dino A. Jaroszynski, Lucas I. Inigo Gamiz, R. Alan Cairns, Bernhard Ersfeld, Enrico Brunetti, Adam Noble, George K. Holt, EPSRC, University of St Andrews. Statistics, and University of St Andrews. Applied Mathematics
Subjects: Paper, Physics, Plasma instabilities, Streaming instabilities, TK, General Physics and Astronomy, DAS, Electron, Plasma acceleration, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, QC Physics, Wakefield accelerator, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Plasma microstructures, 010306 general physics, QC
Abstract: We acknowledge the support of the UK EPSRC, Grant Number EP/N028694/1, and the EC's Laserlab-Europe H2020 EC-GA Nos. 654148 and 871124. A theoretical model is developed to describe the formation of microstructures due to plasma streaming instabilities in radially convergent geometries. Microstructures in the form of radial spokes are found experimentally in laser wakefield accelerators. The eigenvalues of a set of coupled linear ordinary differential equations are obtained and the complex wavenumbers calculated to give the local growth rates. The predictions are confirmed using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations carried out for two counter-propagating converging/diverging plasma annuli. The simulations consistently demonstrate unstable growth for interactions between two counterpropagating annuli with different number densities. The growth rates obtained from the PIC simulations agree well with the growth rates from the semi-analytical model. The theory presented in this paper can provide powerful insight into converging plasma beams found in space and laboratory scale plasma. Publisher PDF
Published: 2021

13. Hemp-Based Microfluidics

Author: Mikail Temirel, Savas Tasoglu, Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh, Dabbagh, Sajjad Rahmani, Taşoğlu, Savaş (ORCID 0000-0003-4604-217X & YÖK ID 291971), Temirel, Mikail, KU Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR) / KU Arçelik Yaratıcı Endüstriler Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (KUAR), Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM) / Koç Üniversitesi Translasyonel Tıp Araştırma Merkezi (KUTTAM), Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities, College of Engineering, Department of Design Technology and Society, and Department of Mechanical Engineering
Subjects: Materials science, lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery, Microfluidics, microfluidics, Single step, Diagnostics, Hemp, Paper, Urine diagnostics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Article, urine diagnostics, Washburn's equation, diagnostics, lcsh:TJ1-1570, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Process engineering, Chemistry, Science and technology, Instruments and instrumentation, Physics, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, paper, 010401 analytical chemistry, hemp, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Artificial urine, Control and Systems Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Hemp is a sustainable, recyclable, and high-yield annual crop that can be used to produce textiles, plastics, composites, concrete, fibers, biofuels, bionutrients, and paper. The integration of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) with hemp paper can improve the environmental friendliness and high-throughputness of µPADs. However, there is a lack of sufficient scientific studies exploring the functionality, pros, and cons of hemp as a substrate for µPADs. Herein, we used a desktop pen plotter and commercial markers to pattern hydrophobic barriers on hemp paper, in a single step, in order to characterize the ability of markers to form water-resistant patterns on hemp. In addition, since a higher resolution results in densely packed, cost-effective devices with a minimized need for costly reagents, we examined the smallest and thinnest water-resistant patterns plottable on hemp-based papers. Furthermore, the wicking speed and distance of fluids with different viscosities on Whatman No. 1 and hemp papers were compared. Additionally, the wettability of hemp and Whatman grade 1 paper was compared by measuring their contact angles. Besides, the effects of various channel sizes, as well as the number of branches, on the wicking distance of the channeled hemp paper was studied. The governing equations for the wicking distance on channels with laser-cut and hydrophobic side boundaries are presented and were evaluated with our experimental data, elucidating the applicability of the modified Washburn equation for modeling the wicking distance of fluids on hemp paper-based microfluidic devices. Finally, we validated hemp paper as a substrate for the detection and analysis of the potassium concentration in artificial urine., Royal Academy Newton-Katip Çelebi Transforming Systems Through Partnership Award
Published: 2021

14. Experimental validation of a recently developed model for single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy

Author: Anouk L. Post, Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg, Dirk J. Faber, Ton G. van Leeuwen, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, and ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes
Subjects: Paper, Physics, Phantoms, Imaging, Scattering, Reflectance spectroscopy, Spectrum Analysis, Subdiffuse, Monte Carlo method, Biomedical Engineering, Overfitting, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, 010309 optics, Biomaterials, Wavelength, Single fiber reflectance spectroscopy, Attenuation coefficient, 0103 physical sciences, General, Spectroscopy, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Parametrization
Abstract: Reflectance spectroscopy techniques are used to determine optical properties of tissue and relate these to various types of disease. In single-fiber reflectance (SFR) spectroscopy light is emitted and collected through the same fiber, connected to a broadband light source and a spectrograph to detect the reflectance versus wavelength. Compared to diffuse reflectance techniques, the sampling depth of SFR spectroscopy is smaller, in the order of a few hundred micrometers.1 This small sampling depth makes SFR spectroscopy suitable to detect small-scale, superficial changes, such as changes related to early-stage or epithelial cancers. Since SFR fibers generally have a diameter of a few hundred micrometers, they can be introduced through endoscopes or biopsy needles, which enables the use of SFR spectroscopy in internal organs such as the colon or esophagus. SFR spectroscopy has mainly been studied for medical applications in the field of oncology,2–9 but also in saturation monitoring,10 orthopedics,11,12 and to examine melanin in the skin.13 SFR measurements cannot be described by diffusion theory alone. The diffusion approximation can accurately describe the reflectance for distances between photon emission and collection of more than several transport mean free paths (1/μs′). For smaller source–detector separations, measurements are in the subdiffuse regime, where the measured reflectance is sensitive to the tissue phase function [the probability distribution of scattering angles, p(θ)].14–16 Until recently, only the model of Kanick et al.1,17 was available to extract optical properties from SFR measurements. The validity of their model was limited to tissues with modified Henyey–Greenstein (MHG) phase functions. However, for many tissue types, it has been shown that the MHG phase function underestimates scattering in the backward direction.18–24 Therefore, we recently developed a model that is valid for the wide range of phase functions that can be encountered in tissue.25–27 In this model, the reflectance is a function of the fiber diameter d, the reduced scattering coefficient μs′, the absorption coefficient μa, and the phase function parameter psb. Our model was validated with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Here, we validate our model experimentally on phantoms with varying concentrations of Intralipid-20% and Evans Blue by fitting our model to the measured spectra. For robust and accurate fit results, it is important that the model is not overfitting the data—a fit model should consist of the minimum number of parameters required to describe the data. To minimize the number of fit parameters, the reduced scattering coefficient is generally parameterized as μs′=a·(λ/λ0)−b, where a is the scattering amplitude, b is the scattering slope, and λ0 is a reference wavelength, and the absorption coefficient is parameterized as the sum of absorption spectra [μa(λ)] of different absorbers present in the tissue and the volume fraction (φi) of these absorbers. However, the wavelength-dependence of psb is currently not known and, therefore, a separate fit parameter for psb has to be used for each wavelength, resulting in a few hundred fit parameters. A fit of our model to a spectrum measured by a single fiber would provide a non-unique solution because the number of fit parameters would be larger than the number of data points since a separate value of psb is estimated for each wavelength and the reflectance also depends on the reduced scattering and absorption coefficient. A solution to reduce the number of fit parameters compared to the number of data points is performing measurements with two different fiber diameters—also called multi-diameter SFR (MDSFR).28 In MDSFR, a fit is performed on the spectra of both fibers simultaneously, assuming they interrogate a sample volume with the same optical properties. Thus in MDSFR, the number of fit parameters stays the same as in SFR, but the number of data points is doubled. Even so, without a parametrization of psb we are most likely still overfitting our data. To prevent overfitting, we need to parametrize the wavelength-dependence of psb by the smallest number of parameters possible—decreasing the number of fit parameters from a few hundred to just a few. A parametrization of psb might also enable measurements with only a single fiber. Previously, we validated our model based on MC simulations. In this paper, we validate our model experimentally on phantoms. Furthermore, we propose a parametrization of psb and compare fit results for our model with and without the use of this parametrization of psb. Finally, we investigate whether the psb parametrization could enable measurements with only a single fiber.
Published: 2021

15. Spin-orbit effects for compact binaries in scalar-tensor gravity

Author: Scott Melville, Anne-Christine Davis, Philippe Brax, Leong Khim Wong, Institut de Physique Théorique - UMR CNRS 3681 (IPHT), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Melville, Scott [0000-0003-3516-856X]
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, neutron star: binary, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), effective field theory, Einstein Telescope, modified, Effective field theory, LIGO, modified gravity, media_common, Spin-½, Physics, [PHYS.HTHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Theory [hep-th], spin: effect, coupling: conformal, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, gravitation: scalar tensor, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Scalar field, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), gravitation: strong field, media_common.quotation_subject, Feynman graph, Scalar (mathematics), FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Theoretical physics, binary: coalescence, 0103 physical sciences, conservation law, dark energy theory, 010306 general physics, numerical calculations, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, paper, gravitational radiation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, binary: compact, binding energy, Universe, gravitational radiation detector, gravity, field theory: scalar, VIRGO, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Gravitational waves in GR and beyond : theory, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], Dark energy, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Gravitational waves provide us with a new window into our Universe, and have already been used to place strong constrains on the existence of light scalar fields, which are a common feature in many alternative theories of gravity. However, spin effects are still relatively unexplored in this context. In this work, we construct an effective point-particle action for a generic spinning body that can couple both conformally and disformally to a real scalar field, and we show that requiring the existence of a self-consistent solution automatically implies that if a scalar couples to the mass of a body, then it must also couple to its spin. We then use well-established effective field theory techniques to conduct a comprehensive study of spin-orbit effects in binary systems to leading order in the post-Newtonian (PN) expansion. Focusing on quasicircular nonprecessing binaries for simplicity, we systematically compute all key quantities, including the conservative potential, the orbital binding energy, the radiated power, and the gravitational-wave phase. We show that depending on how strongly each member of the binary couples to the scalar, the spin-orbit effects that are due to a conformal coupling first enter into the phase at either 0.5PN or 1.5PN order, while those that arise from a disformal coupling start at either 3.5PN or 4.5PN order. This suppression by additional PN orders notwithstanding, we find that the disformal spin-orbit terms can actually dominate over their conformal counterparts due to an enhancement by a large prefactor. Accordingly, our results suggest that upcoming gravitational-wave detectors could be sensitive to disformal spin-orbit effects in double neutron star binaries if at least one of the two bodies is sufficiently scalarised., 57 pages + appendices, 8 figures, 5 tables. v2: Version accepted for publication. Some minor clarifications added compared to v1
Published: 2021

16. Robust and ultrafast state preparation by ramping artificial gauge potentials

Author: Botao Wang, André Eckardt, Xiao-Yu Dong, F. Nur Ünal, Wang, B [0000-0002-8220-2452], nal, FN [0000-0002-1887-8968], Eckardt, A [0000-0002-5542-3516], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Wang, Botao [0000-0002-8220-2452], Ünal, F Nur [0000-0002-1887-8968], and Eckardt, André [0000-0002-5542-3516]
Subjects: Paper, adiabatic preparation, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Quantum simulator, Ultracold matter, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, optical lattices, ddc:530, Statistical physics, 010306 general physics, Adiabatic process, Physics, Quantum Physics, artificial gauge fields, Gauge (firearms), cold atoms, Magnetic flux, Magnetic field, Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas), Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Ground state, Vector potential
Abstract: Funder: Royal Society under the Newton International Fellowship, The implementation of static artificial magnetic fields in ultracold atomic systems has become a powerful tool, e.g. for simulating quantum-Hall physics with charge-neutral atoms. Taking an interacting bosonic flux ladder as a minimal model, we investigate protocols for adiabatic state preparation via magnetic flux ramps. Considering the fact that it is actually the artificial vector potential (in the form of Peierls phases) that can be experimentally engineered in optical lattices, rather than the magnetic field, we find that the time required for adiabatic state preparation dramatically depends on which pattern of Peierls phases is used. This can be understood intuitively by noting that different patterns of time-dependent Peierls phases that all give rise to the same magnetic field ramp, generally lead to different artificial electric fields during the ramp. As an intriguing result, we find that an optimal choice allows for preparing the ground state almost instantaneously in the non-interacting system, which can be related to the concept of counterdiabatic driving. Remarkably, we find extremely short preparation times also in the strongly-interacting regime. Our findings open new possibilities for robust state preparation in atomic quantum simulators.
Published: 2021

17. Mixed State Entanglement Classification using Artificial Neural Networks

Author: Cillian Harney, Stefano Pirandola, and Mauro Paternostro
Subjects: Paper, FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Theoretical computer science, Computation, Measure (physics), General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum entanglement, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Quantum state, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Quantum, neural network quantum states, Physics, Quantum Physics, Artificial neural network, entanglement measures, TheoryofComputation_GENERAL, entanglement classification, Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn), Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, Quantum technology, Multipartite, machine learning, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract: Reliable methods for the classification and quantification of quantum entanglement are fundamental to understanding its exploitation in quantum technologies. One such method, known as Separable Neural Network Quantum States (SNNS), employs a neural network inspired parameterisation of quantum states whose entanglement properties are explicitly programmable. Combined with generative machine learning methods, this ansatz allows for the study of very specific forms of entanglement which can be used to infer/measure entanglement properties of target quantum states. In this work, we extend the use of SNNS to mixed, multipartite states, providing a versatile and efficient tool for the investigation of intricately entangled quantum systems. We illustrate the effectiveness of our method through a number of examples, such as the computation of novel tripartite entanglement measures, and the approximation of ultimate upper bounds for qudit channel capacities., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2021
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18. Performance of the ATLAS RPC detector and Level-1 muon barrel trigger at √s = 13 TeV

Author: Aad, Georges, Abbott, Braden Keim, Abbott, Brad, Abbott, Dale, Abed Abud, Adam, Abeling, Kira, Abhayasinghe, Deshan Kavishka, Abidi, Haider, Abouzeid, Hass, Abouzeid, Ossama, Abraham, Nicola Louise, Abramowicz, Halina, Abreu, Henso, Abulaiti, Yiming, Acharya, Bobby Samir, Achkar, Baida, Adam, Lennart, Adam Bourdarios, Claire, Adamczyk, Leszek, Adamek, Lukas, Adelman, Jahred, Adiguzel, Aytul, Adorni Braccesi Chiassi, Sofia, Adye, Tim, Affolder, A.A., Affolder, Tony, Afik, Yoav, Agapopoulou, Christina, Agaras, Merve Nazlim, Aggarwal, Anamika, Agheorghiesei, Catalin, Aguilar Saavedra, Juan Antonio, Ahmad, Ammara, Ahmadov, Faig, Ahmed, Waleed Syed, Ai, Xiaocong, Aielli, Giulio, Akatsuka, Shunichi, Akbiyik, Melike, Akesson, Torsten, Akilli, Ece, Akimov, Andrei, Al Khoury, Konie, Alberghi, Gian Luigi, Albert, Justin, Alconada, Josefina, Alderweireldt, Sara, Aleksa, Martin, Alexandrov, Igor, Alexa, Calin, Alexopoulos, Theodoros, Alfonsi, Alice, Alfonsi, Fabrizio, Alhroob, Muhammad, Ali, Babar, Ali, Shahzad, Aliev, Malik, Alimonti, Gianluca, Allaire, Corentin, Allbrooke, Benedict, Allport, Philip Patrick, Aloisio, Alberto, Alonso, Francisco, Alpigiani, Cristiano, Alunno Camelia, Elio, Alvarez Estevez, Manuel, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Do Amaral Coutinho, Yara, Ambler, Alessandro, Ambroz, Luca, Amelung, Christoph, Amidei, Dante, Amor dos Santos, Susana Patricia, Amoroso, Simone, Amrouche, Cherifa Sabrina, Anastopoulos, Christos, Andari, Nansi, Andeen, Timothy Robert, Anders, John Kenneth, Andrean, Stefio Yosse, Andreazza, Attilio, Andrei, Victor, Anelli, Christopher Ryan, Angelidakis, Stylianos, Angerami, Aaron, Anisenkov, Alexey, Annovi, Alberto, Antel, Claire, Anthony, Matthew Thomas, Antipov, Egor, Antonelli, Mario, Antrim, Daniel Joseph, Anulli, Fabio, Aoki, Masato, Aparisi Pozo, Javier Alberto, Aparo, Marco, Aperio Bella, Ludovica, Aranzabal Barrio, Nordin, Araujo Ferraz, Victor, Pereira, Rodrigo, Arcangeletti, Chiara, Arce, Ayana Tamu, Arguin, Jean-Francois, Argyropoulos, Spyros, Argyropoulos, Spyridon, Arling, Jan-Hendrik, Armbruster, Aaron James, Armstrong, Alexander, Arnaez, Olivier, Arnold, Hannah, Arrubarrena Tame, Zulit Paola, Artoni, Giacomo, Asada, Haruka, Asai, Kanae, Asai, Shoji, Asawatavonvanich, Thanawat, Asbah, Nedaa Alexandra, Asimakopoulou, Eleni Myrto, Asquith, Lily, Assahsah, Jihad, Assamagan, Ketevi Adikle, Astalos, Robert, Atkin, Ryan Justin, Atkinson, Markus Julian, Atlay, Naim Bora, Atmani, Hicham, Atmasiddha, Prachi, Augsten, Kamil, Austrup, Volker Andreas, Avolio, Giuseppe, Ayoub, Mohamad Kassem, Azuelos, Georges, Babal, Dominik, Bachacou, Henri, Bachas, Dinos, Bachas, Konstantinos, Backman, Karl Filip, Bagnaia, Paolo, Bahmani, Marzieh, Bahrasemani, Sina, Bahrasemani, H., Bailey, Adam, Bailey, Virginia, Baines, John, Bakalis, Christos, Baker, Keith, Bakker, Pepijn Johannes, Bakos, Evelin, Bakshi Gupta, Debottam, Balaji, Shyam, Balasubramanian, Rahul, Baldin, Evgenii, Balek, Petr, Balli, Fabrice, Balunas, William Keaton, Balz, Johannes, Banas, Elzbieta, Bandieramonte, Marilena, Bandyopadhyay, Anjishnu, Barak, Liron, Barbe, William Mickael, Barberio, Elisabetta, Barberis, Dario, Barbero, Marlon Benoit, Barbour, Gregory, Barillari, Teresa, Barisits, Martin, Barkeloo, Jason Tyler Colt, Barklow, Tim, Barklow, Timothy, Barnett, Bruce M, Barnett, Michael, Barnovska-Blenessy, Z., Baroncelli, Toni, Baroncelli, Antonio, Barone, Gaetano, Barr, Alan, Barranco Navarro, Laura, Barreiro Alonso, Fernando, Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa, Joao, Barron, Uriel, Barsov, Sergey, Bartels, Falk, Bartoldus, Rainer, Bartolini, Giovanni, Barton, Adam Edward, Bartos, Pavol, Basalaev, Artem, Basan, Alexander, Bassalat, Ahmed, Basso, Matthew Joseph, Basson, Candice Ruth, Bates, Richard, Batlamous, Souad, Batley, Richard, Batool, Binish, Battaglia, Marco, Bauce, Matteo, Bauer, Florian, Bauer, Patrick, Bawa, Harinder Singh, Bayirli, Arif, Beacham, James, Beau, Tristan, Beauchemin, Pierre-Hugues, Becherer, Fabian, Bechtle, Philip, Beck, Hans Peter, Becker, Kathrin, Becot, Cyril Pascal, Beddall, Andrew, Bednyakov, Vadim, Bee, Chris, Bee, Christopher, Beermann, Thomas, Begalli, Marcia, Begel, Michael, Behera, Arabinda, Behr, Janna Katharina, Beisiegel, Florian, Belfkir, Mohamed, Bella, Gideon, Bellagamba, Lorenzo, Bellerive, Alain, Bellos, Panagiotis, Beloborodov, Konstantin, Belotskiy, Konstantin, Belyaev, Nikita, Benchekroun, Driss, Benekos, Nectarios, Benhammou, Yan, Benjamin, Doug, Benjamin, Douglas, Benoit, Mathieu, Bensinger, Jim, Bensinger, James, Bentvelsen, Stan, Beresford, Lydia Audrey, Beretta, Matteo Mario, Berge, David, Bergeaas Kuutmann, Elin, Berger, Nicolas, Bergmann, Benedikt Ludwig, Bergsten, Laura Jean, Beringer, Juerg, Berlendis, Simon, Bernardi, Gregorio, Bernius, Catrin, Bernlochner, Florian Urs, Berry, Tracey, Berta, Peter, Berthold, Anne-Sophie, Bertram, Iain, Bessidskaia Bylund, Olga, Bethke, Siegfried, Betti, Alessandra, Bevan, Adrian, Bhatta, Somadutta, Bhattacharya, Deb Sankar, Bhattarai, Prajita, Bhopatkar, Vallary Shashikant, Bi, Runyu, Bianchi, Riccardo Maria, Biebel, Otmar, Biedermann, Dustin, Bielski, Rafal, Bierwagen, Katharina, Biesuz, Nicolo Vladi, Biglietti, Michela, Billoud, Thomas, Bindi, Marcello, Bingul, Ahmet, Bini, Cesare, Biondi, Silvia, Birch-Sykes, Callum Jacob, Birman, Mattias, Bisanz, Tobias, Biswal, Jyoti Prakash, Biswas, Diptaparna, Bitadze, Alexander, Bittrich, Carsten, Bjoerke, Kristian, Blazek, Tomas, Bloch, Ingo, Blocker, Craig, Blue, Andrew James, Blumenschein, Ulla, Blumenschein, Ulrike, Bobbink, Gerjan, Bobrovnikov, Viktor, Bogavac, Danijela, Bogdanchikov, Alexander, Bohm, Christian, Boisvert, Veronique, Bokan, Petar, Bold, Tomasz, Bomben, Marco, Bona, Marcella, Bonilla, Johan Sebastian, Boonekamp, Maarten, Booth, Callum Dale, Borbely, Albert Gyorgy, Borecka-Bielska, Hanna Maria, Borgna, Lucas Santiago, Borisov, Anatoli, Borissov, Guennadi, Bortoletto, Daniela, Boscherini, Davide, Fernandez-Bosman, Martine, Bossio, Jonathan, Bouaouda, Khalil, Boudreau, Joseph, Bouhova-Thacker, Eva, Bouhova-Thacker, Evelina Vassileva, Boumediene, Djamel Eddine, Bouquet, Romain, Boveia, Antonio, Boyd, Jamie, Boyd, James, Boye, Diallo, Boyko, Igor, Bozson, Adam, Bracinik, Juraj, Brahimi, Nihal, Brandt, Gerhard Immanuel, Brandt, Oleg, Braren, Frued Erik, Brau, Benjamin Paul, Brau, Jim, Breaden Madden, Will, Brau, James, Breaden Madden, William Dmitri, Brendlinger, Kurt, Schimmel Brener, Roy, Brenner, Lydia, Brenner, Richard, Bressler, Shikma, Brickwedde, Bernard, Briglin, Daniel Lawrence, Britton, David, Britton, Dave, Britzger, Daniel Andreas, Brock, Ian, Brock, Raymond, Brooijmans, Gustaaf, Brooks, William King, Brost, Elizabeth, Bruckman de Renstrom, Pawel, Bruers, Ben, Bruncko, Dusan, Bruni, Alessia, Bruni, Graziano, Bruschi, Marco, Bruscino, Nello, Bryngemark, Lene Kristian, Buanes, Trygve, Buat, Quentin, Buchholz, Peter, Buckley, Andy, Buckley, Andrew, Budagov, Ioulian, Bugge, Magnar Kopangen, Bulekov, Oleg, Bullard, Brendon, Burch, Tyler James, Burdin, Sergey, Burgard, Carsten Daniel, Burger, Angela Maria, Burghgrave, Blake Oliver, Burr, Jon, Burr, Jonathan Thomas, Burton, Charles, Burzynski, Jackson Carl, Buescher, Volker, Buschmann, Eric, Bussey, Peter John, Butler, John Mark, Buttar, Craig, Butterworth, Jonathan, Buzykaev, Aleksey, Buttinger, Will, Buttinger, William, Buxo Vazquez, Carlos Josue, Buzykaev, Alexey, Cabras, Grazia, Cabrera Urban, Susana, Caforio, Davide, Cai, Huacheng, Cairo, Valentina, Cakir, Orhan, Calace, Noemi, Calafiura, Paolo, Calderini, Giovanni, Calfayan, Philippe, Callea, Giuseppe, Caloba, Luiz, Caltabiano, Alessandro, Calvente Lopez, Sergio, Calvet, David, Calvet, Samuel, Calvet, Thomas Philippe, Calvetti, Milene, Camacho Toro, Reina Coromoto, Camarda, Stefano, Camarero Munoz, Daniel, Camarri, Paolo, Camerlingo, Maria Teresa, Cameron, David, Camincher, Clement, Campanelli, Mario, Camplani, Alessandra, Canale, Vincenzo, Canesse, Auriane, Bret Cano, Marc, Cantero Garcia, Josu, Cao, Yumeng, Capua, Marcella, Cardarelli, Roberto, Cardillo, Fabio, Carducci, Giovandomenico, Carli, Tancredi, Carlino, Giampaolo, Carlson, Ben, Carlson, Benjamin Taylor, Carlson, Evan Michael, Carminati, Leonardo, Carney, Rebecca, Caron, Sascha, Carquin Lopez, Edson, Carra, Sonia, Carratta, Giuseppe, Carter, Joseph, Carter, Thomas Michael, Casado Lechuga, Pilar, Casado, Maria Pilar, Casha, Albert Francis, Castiglia, Emma Grace, Castillo, Florencia Luciana, Castillo Garcia, Lucia, Castillo Gimenez, Victoria, Castro, Nuno, Catinaccio, Andrea, Catmore, James, Cattai, Ariella, Cavaliere, Viviana, Cavasinni, Vincenzo, Celebi, Emre, Celli, Federico, Cerny, Karel, Santiago Cerqueira, Augusto, Cerri, Alex, Cerri, Alessandro, Cerrito, Lucio, Cerutti, Fabio, Cervelli, Alberto, Cetin, Serkant, Chadi, Zakaria, Chakraborty, Dhiman, Chan, Jay, Chan, Terry Ws, Chan, Wing Sheung, Chan, Wai Yuen, Chapman, John Derek, Chargeishvili, Bakar, Charlton, Dave, Charman, Thomas Paul, Chatterjee, Meghranjana, Chau, Chav Chhiv, Chekanov, Sergei, Chekulaev, Sergey, Shelkov, G, Chen, Boping, Chen, Cheng, Chen, Chunhui, Chen, Huirun, Chen, Hucheng, Chen, Jing, Chen, Jue, Chen, Jiayi, Chen, Shion, Chen, Shenjian, Chen, Xin, Chen, Ye, Chen, Yu-Heng, Cheng, Hok Chuen, Cheng, Huajie, Cheplakov, Alexander, Cheremushkina, Evgeniya, Cherkaoui El Moursli, Rajaa, Cheu, Elliott, Cheung, Kingman, Chevalerias, Thibault, Chevalier, Laurent, Chiarella, Vitaliano, Chiarelli, Giorgio, Chiodini, Gabriele, Chisholm, Andrew Stephen, Chitan, Adrian, Chiu, I-Huan, Chiu, Justin, Chizhov, Mihail, Choi, Kyungeon, Chomont, Arthur, Chou, Yuan-Tang, Chow, Edwin, Chow, Yun Sang, Christopher, Lawrence Davou, Chu, Ming Chung, Chu, Xiaotong, Chudoba, Jiri, Chwastowski, Janusz, Cieri, Davide, Ciesla, Krzysztof, Cindro, Vladimir, Cioara, Irina Antonela, Ciocio, Alessandra, Cirotto, Francesco, Citron, Zvi, Citterio, Mauro, Ciubotaru, Dan Andrei, Ciungu, Bianca Monica, Clark, Allan, Clark, Philip, Clawson, Savannah, Clement, Christophe, Clissa, Luca, Coadou, Yann, Cobal, Marina, Coccaro, Andrea, Cochran, James Herbert, Coelho Lopes de Sa, Rafael, Cohen, Hadar, Coimbra, Artur, Cole, Brian, Collot, Johann, Conde Muino, Patricia, Connell, Simon, Connelly, Ian Allan, Conventi, Francesco, Sarkar, Amanda, Cormier, Felix, Corpe, Louie Dartmoor, Corradi, Massimo, Corrigan, Eric Edward, Corriveau, Francois, Costa Mezquita, Maria Jose, Costanza, Francesco, Costanzo, Davide, Cowan, Glen, Cowley, James William, Crane, Jonathan, Cranmer, Kyle Stuart, Creager, Rachael Ann, Crepe-Renaudin, Sabine, Crescioli, Francesco, Cristinziani, Markus, Cristoforetti, Marco, Croft, Vincent Alexander, Crosetti, Giovanni, Cunningham, William Reilly, Crosetti, Nanni, Cueto Gomez, Ana Rosario, Cuhadar Donszelmann, Tulay, Cui, Han, Cukierman, Aviv Ruben, Dandoy, Jeffrey Rogers, Darbo, Giovanni, Cunningham, Liam, Czekierda, Sabina Anna, Czodrowski, Patrick Karl, Czurylo, Marta, Sousa, Mario Jose, da Fonseca Pinto, Joao Victor, da Via, Cinzia, Dabrowski, Wladyslaw, Dachs, Florian, Dado, Tomas, Dahbi, Salah-Eddine, Dai, Tiesheng, Dallapiccola, Carlo, Dam, Mogens, d'Amen, Gabriele, d'Amico, Valerio, Damp, Johannes Frederic, Dandoy, Jeff, Daneri, Maria Florencia, Danninger, Matthias, Dao, Valerio, Darbo, Nanni, Dartsi, Olympia, Dattagupta, Aparajita, d'Auria, Saverio, David, Claire, Davidek, Tomas, Davis, Douglas Raymond, Dawson, Ian, De, Kaushik, de Asmundis, Riccardo, de Beurs, Marcus, de Castro, Stefano, de Groot, Nicolo, de Jong, Paul, de la Torre Perez, Hector, de Maria, Antonio, de Pedis, Daniele, de Salvo, Alessandro, de Sanctis, Umberto, de Santis, Maurizio, de Santo, Antonella, de Vivie de Regie, Jean-Baptiste, Dedovich, Dmitri, Deiana, Allison Mccarn, del Peso, Jose, Delabat Diaz, Yasiel, Delgove, David, Deliot, Frederic, Delitzsch, Chris Malena, Della Pietra, Massimo, Della Volpe, Domenico, Dell'Acqua, Andrea, Dell'Asta, Lidia, Delmastro, Marco, Delporte, Charles Eliaz, Delsart, Pierre Antoine, Demers Konezny, Sarah Marie, Demichev, Mikhail, Demontigny, Gabriel, Denisov, Sergey, Denisov, Serguei, d'Eramo, Louis, Derendarz, Dominik Karol, Derkaoui, Jamal, Derue, Frederic, Dervan, Paul, Desch, Klaus, Dette, Karola, Deutsch, Christopher, Deviveiros, Pier-Olivier, Di Bello, Francesco Armando, Di Ciaccio, Anna, Di Ciaccio, Lucia, Di Donato, Camilla, Di Girolamo, Alessandro, Di Gregorio, Giulia, Di Luca, Andrea, Di Micco, Biagio, Di Nardo, Roberto, Di Sipio, Riccardo, Diaconu, Cristinel, de Almeida Dias, Flavia, Vale, Tiago, Diaz Gutierrez, Marco Aurelio, Diaz Capriles, Federico Guillermo, Dickinson, Jennet Elizabeth, Didenko, Mariia, Diehl, Edward, Dietrich, Janet, Diez Cornell, Sergio, Diez Pardos, Carmen, Dimitrievska, Aleksandra, Ding, Wei, Dingfelder, Jochen Christian, Dittmeier, Sebastian, Dittus, Fido, Djama, Fares, Djobava, Tamar, Djuvsland, Julia Isabell, Barros Do Vale, Maria Aline, Dobre, Monica, Dodsworth, David Michael, Doglioni, Caterina, Dolejsi, Jiri, Dolezal, Zdenek, Donadelli, Marisilvia, Dong, Binbin, Donini, Julien Noce, d'Onofrio, Adelina, d'Onofrio, Monica, Dopke, Jens, Doria, Alessandra, Dova, Maria Teresa, Doyle, Tony, Drechsler, Eric, Dreyer, Etienne, Dreyer, Timo, Drobac, Alec Swenson, Du, Dongshuo, Du Pree, Tristan Arnoldus, Duan, Yanyun, Dubinin, Filipp, Dubovsky, Michal, Dubreuil, Arnaud, Duchovni, Ehud, Duckeck, Guenter, Ducu, Otilia Anamaria, Duda, Dominik, Dudarev, Alexey, Dudder, Andreas Christian, d'Uffizi, Matteo, Duflot, Laurent, Duehrssen-Debling, Michael, Dulsen, Carsten, Dumancic, Mirta, Dumitriu, Ana Elena, Dunford, Monica, Dungs, Sascha, Duperrin, Arnaud, Yildiz, Duran, Dueren, Michael Johannes, Durglishvili, Archil, Dutta, Baishali, Duvnjak, Damir, Dyckes, George, Dyckes, Ian, Dyndal, Mateusz, Dysch, Samuel Dezso, Dziedzic, Bartosz Sebastian, Eggleston, Michael Glenn, Eifert, Till, Eigen, Gerald, Einsweiler, Kevin Frank, Ekelof, Tord Johan Carl, El Jarrari, Hassnae, El Moussaouy, Ali, Ellajosyula, Venugopal, Ellert, 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Milosavljevic, Marija, Vrba, Vaclav, Vreeswijk, Marcel, Vu, Ngoc Khanh, Vuillermet, Raphael, Vukotic, Ilija, Wada, Sayaka, Wagner, Cooper, Wagner, Peter, Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahdan, Shayma, Wahlberg, Hernan Pablo, Wakasa, Rena, Walbrecht, Verena Maria, Walder, James William, Walker, Rodney, Walker, Stuart Derek, Walkowiak, Wolfgang, Wallangen, Veronica, Wang, Ann Miao, Wang, Alex Zeng, Wang, Chen, Wang, Chenliang, Wang, Haichen, Wang, Jiawei, Wang, Peilong, Wang, Renjie, Wang, Rongkun, Wang, Rui, Wang, Song-Ming, Wang, Shuanggeng, Wang, Tao, Wang, Weitao, Wang, Wenxiao, Wang, Yufeng, Wang, Zirui, Wanotayaroj, Chaowaroj, Warburton, Andreas, Ward, Patricia, Ward, Robert James, Warrack, Neil, Watson, Alan, Watson, Miriam, Watts, Gordon, Waugh, Benedict Martin, Webb, Aaron, Weber, Christian, Weber, Michele, Weber, Stephen, Weber, Sebastian Mario, Wei, Yingjie, Weidberg, Anthony, Weingarten, Jens, Weirich, Marcel, Weiser, Christian, Wells, Pippa, Wenaus, Torre, Wendland, Bjoern, Wengler, Thorsten, Wenig, Siegfried, Wermes, Norbert, Wessels, Martin, Weston, Thomas, Whalen, Kathleen, Wiik, Liv Antje Mari, Whalen, Kate, Wharton, Andrew Mark, White, Aaron Stephen, White, Andrew, White, Martin John, Whiteson, Daniel, Whitmore, Ben, Wiedenmann, Werner, Wiel, Christian, Wielers, Monika, Wieseotte, Natalie, Wiglesworth, Craig, Wiik-Fuchs, Liv, Wilkens, Henric, Wilkins, Lewis, Williams, Daniel, Williams, Hugh, Williams, Sarah Louise, Willocq, Stephane, Windischhofer, Philipp, Wingerter, Isabelle, Winkels, Emma, Winklmeier, Frank, Winter, Benedict Tobias, Wittgen, Matthias, Wobisch, Markus, Wolf, Anton, Woelker, Ricardo, Wollrath, Julian, Wolter, Marcin, Wolters, Helmut, Wong, Vincent Wai Sum, Wongel, Alicia, Woods, Natasha Lee, Worm, Steven, Wosiek, Barbara Krystyna, Wozniak, Krzysztof Wieslaw, Wraight, Kenneth Gibb, Wu, Sau Lan, Wu, Xin, Wu, Yusheng, Wurzinger, Jonas, Wyatt, Terry, Wynne, Benjamin Michael, Xella, Stefania, Xiang, Jianhuan, Xiao, Xiong, Xie, Xiangyu, Xiotidis, Ioannis, Xu, Da, Xu, Hanlin, Xu, Hao, Xu, Lailin, Xu, Riley, Xu, Tairan, Xu, Wenhao, Xu, Yue, Xu, Zhongyukun, Xu, Zijun, Yabsley, Bruce Donald, Yacoob, Sahal, Yallup, David, Yamaguchi, Naoki, Yamaguchi, Yohei, Yamatani, Masahiro, Yamauchi, Hiroki, Yamazaki, Tomohiro, Yamazaki, Yuji, Yan, Jun, Yan, Zhen, Yang, Haijun, Yang, Hongtao, Yang, Siqi, Yang, Tianyi, Yang, Xiao, Yang, Xuan, Yang, Yi-Lin, Yang, Zhe, Yao, Weiming, Young, Charles, Zaitsev, Alexander, Zeng, Jian Cong, Zhu, Cheng Guang, Yao, Wei-Ming, Yap, Yee Chinn, Ye, Hanfei, Ye, Jingbo, Ye, Shuwei, Yeletskikh, Ivan, Yexley, Melissa, Yin, Pengqi, Yorita, Kohei, Yoshihara, Keisuke, Young, Christopher, Young, Charlie, Yuan, Rui, Yue, Xiaoguang, Zaazoua, Mohamed, Zabinski, Bartlomiej Henryk, Zacharis, Georgios, Zacharis, George, Zaffaroni, Ettore, Zahreddine, Jad, Zaytsev, Alexandre, Zakareishvili, Tamar, Zakharchuk, Nataliia, Zambito, Stefano, Zanzi, Daniele, Zeissner, Sonja Verena, Zeitnitz, Christian, Zemaityte, Gabija, Zeng, Jiancong, Zenin, Oleg, Zenis, Tibor, Zenz, Seth, Zerradi, Soufiane, Zerwas, Dirk, Zgubic, Miha, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Dengfeng, Zhang, Gang, Zhang, Jinlong, Zhang, Kaili, Zhang, Lei, Zhang, Liqing, Zhang, Matt, Zhang, Rui, Zhang, Shuzhou, Zhang, Xiangke, Zhang, Xueyao, Zhang, Yu, Zhang, Zhiqing Philippe, Zhao, Pingchuan, Zhao, Yuzhan, Zhao, Zhengguo, Zhemchugov, Alexey, Zheng, Zhi, Zhong, Dewen, Zhou, Bing, Zhou, Chen, Zhou, Hao, Zhou, Mingliang, Zhou, Ning, Zhou, You, Zhu, Chengguang, Zhu, Chenzheng, Zhu, Heling, Zhu, Hongbo, Zhu, Junjie, Zhu, Yingchun, Zhuang, Xuai, Zhukov, Konstantin, Zhulanov, Vladimir, Zieminska, Daria, Zimine, Nikolai, Zimmermann, Stephanie Ulrike, Zinonos, Zinonas, Ziolkowski, Michal, Zivkovic, Lidija, Zoccoli, Antonio, Zoch, Knut, Zorbas, Theodore, Zou, Rui, Zwalinski, Lukasz, Aloisio, Alberto, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Canale, Vincenzo, Della Pietra, Massimo, Merola, Leonardo, Massarotti, Paolo, Conventi, Francesco, Rossi, Elvira, Carlino, Giampaolo, de Asmundis, Riccardo, Di Donato, Camilla, Doria, Alessandra, Iengo, Paolo, Izzo, Vincenzo, Perrella, Sabrina, Sekhniaidze, Givi, Cirotto, Francesco, Lavorgna, Marco, Giannini, Antonio, Atlas, Collaboration, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 (CC-IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ATLAS, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Współautorami artykułu są członkowie ATLAS Collaboration w liczbie 2842, Aad, G. [0000-0002-6665-4934], Abbott, B. [0000-0002-5888-2734], Abbott, D.C. [0000-0002-7248-3203], Abed Abud, A. [0000-0002-2788-3822], Abeling, K. [0000-0002-1002-1652], Abhayasinghe, D.K. [0000-0002-2987-4006], Abidi, S.H. [0000-0002-8496-9294], AbouZeid, O.S. [0000-0002-8279-9324], Abramowicz, H. [0000-0001-5329-6640], Abreu, H. [0000-0002-1599-2896], Abulaiti, Y. [0000-0003-0403-3697], Acharya, B.S. [0000-0002-8588-9157], Achkar, B. [0000-0002-0288-2567], Adam, L. [0000-0001-6005-2812], Adam Bourdarios, C. [0000-0002-2634-4958], Adamczyk, L. [0000-0002-5859-2075], Adamek, L. [0000-0003-1562-3502], Adelman, J. [0000-0002-1041-3496], Adiguzel, A. [0000-0001-6644-0517], Adorni, S. [0000-0003-3620-1149], Adye, T. [0000-0003-0627-5059], Affolder, A.A. [0000-0002-9058-7217], Afik, Y. [0000-0001-8102-356X], Agapopoulou, C. [0000-0002-2368-0147], Agaras, M.N. [0000-0002-4355-5589], Aggarwal, A. [0000-0002-1922-2039], Agheorghiesei, C. [0000-0003-3695-1847], Aguilar-Saavedra, J.A. [0000-0002-5475-8920], Ahmad, A. [0000-0001-8638-0582], Ahmadov, F. [0000-0003-3644-540X], Ahmed, W.S. [0000-0003-0128-3279], Ai, X. [0000-0003-3856-2415], Aielli, G. [0000-0002-0573-8114], Akatsuka, S. [0000-0002-1681-6405], Akbiyik, M. [0000-0002-7342-3130], Åkesson, T.P.A. [0000-0003-4141-5408], Akilli, E. [0000-0003-1309-5937], Akimov, A.V. [0000-0002-2846-2958], Al Khoury, K. [0000-0002-0547-8199], Alberghi, G.L. [0000-0003-2388-987X], Albert, J. [0000-0003-0253-2505], Alconada Verzini, M.J. [0000-0003-2212-7830], Alderweireldt, S. [0000-0002-8224-7036], Aleksa, M. [0000-0002-1936-9217], Aleksandrov, I.N. [0000-0001-7381-6762], Alexa, C. [0000-0003-0922-7669], Alexopoulos, T. [0000-0002-8977-279X], Alfonsi, A. [0000-0001-7406-4531], Alfonsi, F. [0000-0002-0966-0211], Alhroob, M. [0000-0001-7569-7111], Ali, B. [0000-0001-8653-5556], Ali, S. [0000-0001-5216-3133], Aliev, M. [0000-0002-9012-3746], Alimonti, G. [0000-0002-7128-9046], Allaire, C. 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M., Zakareishvili, T., Zakharchuk, N., Zambito, S., Zanzi, D., Zeissner, S. V., Zeitnitz, C., Zemaityte, G., Zeng, J. C., Zenin, O., Zenis, T., Zerwas, D., Zgubic, M., Zhang, B., Zhang, D. F., Zhang, G., Zhang, J., Zhang, K., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, R., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhao, P., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhemchugov, A., Zheng, Z., Zhong, D., Zhou, B., Zhou, C., Zhou, H., Zhou, M. S., Zhou, M., Zhou, N., Zhou, Y., Zhu, C. G., Zhu, C., Zhu, H. L., Zhu, H., Zhu, J., Zhu, Y., Zhuang, X., Zhukov, K., Zhulanov, V., Zieminska, D., Zimine, N. I., Zimmermann, S., Zinonos, Z., Ziolkowski, M., Zivkovic, L., Zobernig, G., Zoccoli, A., Zoch, K., Zorbas, T. G., Zou, R., Zwalinski, L., ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Other Research IHEF (IoP, FNWI), Aad, G, Bachas, K, Chiodini, G, Gorini, E, Gravili, F, Longo, L, Primavera, M, Reale, M, Schioppa, E, Spagnolo, S, Ventura, A, and ATLAS Collaboration, And
Subjects: LHC, Particle Physics, muon detectors, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Kjerne- og elementærpartikkelfysikk: 431 [VDP], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, trigger [muon], 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Subatomär fysik, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Gaseous detectors, Subatomic Physics, scattering [p p], [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, time resolution, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, decay [Z0], Physics, Settore FIS/01, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, Resistive-plate chambers, Z0: decay, Muon spectrometers, ATLAS experiment, Detector, resistive plate chamber, High voltage, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), ATLAS, Trigger detectors, muon: pair production, Nuclear and elementary particle physics: 431 [VDP], medicine.anatomical_structure, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, p p: scattering, 530 Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, LHC, ATLAS, High Energy Physics, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, Resistive-plate chamber, Nuclear physics, Atlas (anatomy), Muon spectrometer, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, High Energy Physics, ddc:610, pair production [muon], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Gaseous detector, 010306 general physics, activity report, Muon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, paper, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, muon: trigger, current, efficiency [trigger], trigger: efficiency, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract: We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada, CRC and IVADO, Canada; Be 1/4 ing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, China; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF(Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. [48]., The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) employs a trigger system consisting of a first-level hardware trigger (L1) and a software-based high-level trigger. The L1 muon trigger system selects muon candidates, assigns them to the correct LHC bunch crossing and classifies them into one of six transverse-momentum threshold classes. The L1 muon trigger system uses resistive-plate chambers (RPCs) to generate the muon-induced trigger signals in the central (barrel) region of the ATLAS detector. The ATLAS RPCs are arranged in six concentric layers and operate in a toroidal magnetic field with a bending power of 1.5 to 5.5 Tm. The RPC detector consists of about 3700 gas volumes with a total surface area of more than 4000 m(2). This paper reports on the performance of the RPC detector and L1 muon barrel trigger using 60.8 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment in 2018 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Detector and trigger performance are studied using Z boson decays into a muon pair. Measurements of the RPC detector response, efficiency, and time resolution are reported. Measurements of the L1 muon barrel trigger efficiencies and rates are presented, along with measurements of the properties of the selected sample of muon candidates. Measurements of the RPC currents, counting rates and mean avalanche charge are performed using zero-bias collisions. Finally, RPC detector response and efficiency are studied at different high voltage and front-end discriminator threshold settings in order to extrapolate detector response to the higher luminosity expected for the High Luminosity LHC., ANPCyT, YerPhI, Armenia, Australian Research Council, BMWFW, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS), SSTC, Belarus, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) NRC, Canada Canada Foundation for Innovation, CERN, ANID, Chile, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ministry of Science and Technology, China National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias, MSMT CR, Czech Republi Czech Republic Government, DNRF, Denmark Danish Natural Science Research Council, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) CEA-DRF/IRFU, France, SRNSFG, Georgia, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF), HGF, Germany, Max Planck Society, Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT, RGC, China Hong Kong SAR, China, Israel Science Foundation Benoziyo Center, Israel, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, CNRST, Morocco, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government, RCN, Norway, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland NCN, Poland, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology European Commission, MNE/IFA, Romania, JINR, MES of Russia NRC KI, Russian Federation, Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia, MSSR, Slovakia, Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia MIZS, Slovenia, DST/NRF, South Africa, Spanish Government, SRC, Sweden Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden, SERI, Switzerland Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Science Foundation (NSF), United States of America, European Commission, Greek NSRF, Greece, BSF-NSF, German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development, La Caixa Foundation CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden, Royal Society of London, Leverhulme Trust
Published: 2021
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19. Reinforcement learning-enhanced protocols for coherent population-transfer in three-level quantum systems

Author: Mauro Paternostro, Luigi Giannelli, Alessandro Ferraro, Elisabetta Paladino, Pierpaolo Sgroi, Jonathon Brown, Gheorghe Sorin Paraoanu, Giuseppe Falci, Queen's University Belfast, University of Catania, Centre of Excellence in Quantum Technology, QTF, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Physics, Paper, Quantum Physics, reinforcement learning, International mobility, business.industry, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Library science, Creative commons, 01 natural sciences, Three level, Categorical grant, 010305 fluids & plasmas, condensed matter physics, Publishing, 0103 physical sciences, Reinforcement learning, Cost action, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), 010306 general physics, business, Citation, quantum control
Abstract: openaire: EC/H2020/766900/EU//TEQ Funding Information: Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the . Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. EU H2020 framework through Collaborative Projects TEQ 766900 COST Action CA15220 International Mobility Programme DfE-SFI Investigator Programme 15/IA/2864 Royal Society Wolfson Research Fellowship scheme RSWF\R3\183013 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000266 EP/T028106/1 Academy of Finland https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002341 QuantERA grant SiUCs 731473 QuantERA Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant UltraQute RGP-2018-266 Foundational Questions Institute Fund(“Exploring the fundamental limits set by thermodynamics in the quantum regime”) FQXi-IAF19-06 yes � 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Institute of Physics and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Institute of Physics and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. We deploy a combination of reinforcement learning-based approaches and more traditional optimization techniques to identify optimal protocols for population transfer in a multi-level system. We constrain our strategy to the case of fixed coupling rates but time-varying detunings, a situation that would simplify considerably the implementation of population transfer in relevant experimental platforms, such as semiconducting and superconducting ones. Our approach is able to explore the space of possible control protocols to reveal the existence of efficient protocols that, remarkably, differ from (and can be superior to) standard Raman, stimulated Raman adiabatic passage or other adiabatic schemes. The new protocols that we identify are robust against both energy losses and dephasing.
Published: 2021

20. Measurements of sensor radiation damage in the ATLAS inner detector using leakage currents

Author: Aad, G., Abbott, B., Abbott, D. C., Abed Abud, A., Abeling, K., Abhayasinghe, D. K., Abidi, S. H., Abouzeid, O. S., Abraham, N. L., Abramowicz, H., Abreu, H., Abulaiti, Y., Acharya, B. S., Achkar, B., Adam, L., Adam Bourdarios, C., Adamczyk, L., Adamek, L., Adelman, J., Adersberger, M., Adiguzel, A., Adorni, S., Adye, T., Affolder, A. A., Afik, Y., Agapopoulou, C., Agaras, M. N., Aggarwal, A., Agheorghiesei, C., Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A., Ahmad, A., Ahmadov, F., Ahmed, W. S., Ai, X., Aielli, G., Akatsuka, S., Akbiyik, M., Åkesson, T. P. A., Akilli, E., Akimov, A. V., Al Khoury, K., Alberghi, G. L., Albert, J., Alconada Verzini, M. J., Alderweireldt, S., Aleksa, M., Aleksandrov, I. N., Alexa, C., Alexopoulos, T., Alfonsi, A., Alfonsi, F., Alhroob, M., Ali, B., Ali, S., Aliev, M., Alimonti, G., Allaire, C., Allbrooke, B. M. M., Allen, B. W., Allport, P. P., Aloisio, A., Alonso, F., Alpigiani, C., Alunno Camelia, E., Alvarez Estevez, M., Alviggi, M. G., Amaral Coutinho, Y., Ambler, A., Ambroz, L., Amelung, C., Amidei, D., Amor Dos Santos, S. P., Amoroso, S., Amrouche, C. S., An, F., Anastopoulos, C., Andari, N., Andeen, T., Anders, J. K., Andrean, S. Y., Andreazza, A., Andrei, V., Anelli, C. R., Angelidakis, S., Angerami, A., Anisenkov, A. V., Annovi, A., Antel, C., Anthony, M. T., Antipov, E., Antonelli, M., Antrim, D. J. A., Anulli, F., Aoki, M., Aparisi Pozo, J. A., Aparo, M. A., Aperio Bella, L., Aranzabal, N., Araujo Ferraz, V., Pereira, R. A., Arcangeletti, C., Arce, A. T. H., Arduh, F. A., Arguin, J. -F., Argyropoulos, S., Arling, J. -H., Armbruster, A. J., Armstrong, A., Arnaez, O., Arnold, H., Arrubarrena Tame, Z. P., Artoni, G., Asada, H., Asai, K., Asai, S., Asawatavonvanich, T., Asbah, N. A., Asimakopoulou, E. M., Asquith, L., Assahsah, J., Assamagan, K., Astalos, R., Atkin, R. J., Atkinson, M., Atlay, N. B., Atmani, H., Augsten, K., Austrup, V. A., Avolio, G., Ayoub, M. K., Azuelos, G., Babal, D., Bachacou, H., Bachas, K., Backman, F., Bagnaia, P., Bahrasemani, H., Bailey, A. J., Bailey, V. R., Baines, J. T., Bakalis, C., Baker, O. K., Bakker, P. J., Bakos, E., Bakshi Gupta, D., Balaji, S., Balasubramanian, R., Baldin, E. M., Balek, P., Balli, F., Balunas, W. K., Balz, J., Banas, E., Bandieramonte, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., Banerjee, Sw., Barak, L., Barbe, W. M., Barberio, E. L., Barberis, D., Barbero, M., Barbour, G., Barillari, T., Barisits, M. -S., Barkeloo, J., Barklow, T., Barnea, R., Barnett, B. M., Barnett, R. M., Barnovska-Blenessy, Z., Baroncelli, A., Barone, G., Barr, A. J., Barranco Navarro, L., Barreiro, F., Barreiro Guimarães Da Costa, J., Barron, U., Barsov, S., Bartels, F., Bartoldus, R., Bartolini, G., Barton, A. E., Bartos, P., Basalaev, A., Basan, A., Bassalat, A., Basso, M. J., Bates, R. L., Batlamous, S., Batley, J. R., Batool, B., Battaglia, M., Bauce, M., Bauer, F., Bauer, P., Bawa, H. S., Bayirli, A., Beacham, J. 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G., Zou, R., Zou, W., Zwalinski, L., Aloisio, Alberto, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Canale, Vincenzo, Della Pietra, Massimo, Merola, Leonardo, Massarotti, Paolo, Conventi, Francesco, Rossi, Elvira, Carlino, Giampaolo, de Asmundis, Riccardo, Di Donato, Camilla, Doria, Alessandra, Iengo, Paolo, Izzo, Vincenzo, Perrella, Sabrina, Sekhniaidze, Givi, Cirotto, Francesco, Lavorgna, Marco, Giannini, Antonio, Atlas, Collaboration, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 (CC-IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ATLAS, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Współautorami artykułu są członkowie ATLAS Collaboration w liczbie 2842, Aad, G, Bachas, K, Chiodini, G, Gorini, E, Gravili, F, Longo, L, Primavera, M, Reale, M, Schioppa, E, Spagnolo, S, Ventura, A, ATLAS Collaboration, And, Aad, G. [0000-0002-6665-4934], Abbott, B. [0000-0002-5888-2734], Abbott, D.C. [0000-0002-7248-3203], Abed Abud, A. [0000-0002-2788-3822], Abeling, K. [0000-0002-1002-1652], Abhayasinghe, D.K. [0000-0002-2987-4006], Abidi, S.H. [0000-0002-8496-9294], AbouZeid, O.S. [0000-0002-8279-9324], Abramowicz, H. [0000-0001-5329-6640], Abreu, H. [0000-0002-1599-2896], Abulaiti, Y. [0000-0003-0403-3697], Abusleme Hoffman, A.C. [0000-0003-0762-7204], Acharya, B.S. [0000-0002-8588-9157], Achkar, B. [0000-0002-0288-2567], Adam, L. [0000-0001-6005-2812], Adam Bourdarios, C. [0000-0002-2634-4958], Adamczyk, L. [0000-0002-5859-2075], Adamek, L. [0000-0003-1562-3502], Adelman, J. [0000-0002-1041-3496], Adiguzel, A. [0000-0001-6644-0517], Adorni, S. [0000-0003-3620-1149], Adye, T. [0000-0003-0627-5059], Affolder, A.A. [0000-0002-9058-7217], Afik, Y. [0000-0001-8102-356X], Agapopoulou, C. [0000-0002-2368-0147], Agaras, M.N. [0000-0002-4355-5589], Aggarwal, A. [0000-0002-1922-2039], Agheorghiesei, C. 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[0000-0003-3453-6156], Vannicola, D. [0000-0001-6814-4674], Vari, R. [0000-0002-2814-1337], Varnes, E.W. [0000-0001-7820-9144], Varni, C. [0000-0001-6733-4310], Varol, T. [0000-0002-0697-5808], Varouchas, D. [0000-0002-0734-4442], Varvell, K.E. [0000-0003-1017-1295], Vasile, M.E. [0000-0001-8415-0759], Vasquez, G.A. [0000-0002-3285-7004], Vazeille, F. [0000-0003-1631-2714], Vazquez Furelos, D. [0000-0002-5551-3546], Vazquez Schroeder, T. [0000-0002-9780-099X], Veatch, J. [0000-0003-0855-0958], Vecchio, V. [0000-0002-1351-6757], Veen, M.J. [0000-0001-5284-2451], Veloce, L.M. [0000-0003-1827-2955], Veloso, F. [0000-0002-5956-4244], Veneziano, S. [0000-0002-2598-2659], Ventura, A. [0000-0002-3368-3413], Verbytskyi, A. [0000-0002-3713-8033], Verducci, M. [0000-0001-8209-4757], Vergis, C. [0000-0002-3228-6715], Verissimo De Araujo, M. [0000-0001-8060-2228], Verkerke, W. [0000-0001-5468-2025], Vermeulen, A.T. [0000-0002-8884-7112], Vermeulen, J.C. [0000-0003-4378-5736], Vernieri, C. [0000-0002-0235-1053], Verschuuren, P.J. [0000-0002-4233-7563], Vesterbacka, M.L. [0000-0002-6966-5081], Vetterli, M.C. [0000-0002-7223-2965], Viaux Maira, N. [0000-0002-5102-9140], Vickey, T. [0000-0002-1596-2611], Vickey Boeriu, O.E. [0000-0002-6497-6809], Viehhauser, G.H.A. [0000-0002-0237-292X], Vigani, L. [0000-0002-6270-9176], Villa, M. [0000-0002-9181-8048], Villaplana Perez, M. [0000-0002-0048-4602], Vilucchi, E. [0000-0002-4839-6281], Vincter, M.G. [0000-0002-5338-8972], Virdee, G.S. [0000-0002-6779-5595], Vishwakarma, A. [0000-0001-8832-0313], Vittori, C. [0000-0001-9156-970X], Vivarelli, I. [0000-0003-0097-123X], Vogel, M. [0000-0003-0672-6868], Vokac, P. [0000-0002-3429-4778], Von Ahnen, J. [0000-0003-4032-0079], von Buddenbrock, S.E. [0000-0002-8399-9993], Von Toerne, E. [0000-0001-8899-4027], Vorobel, V. [0000-0001-8757-2180], Vorobev, K. [0000-0002-7110-8516], Vos, M. [0000-0001-8474-5357], Vossebeld, J.H. [0000-0001-8178-8503], Vozak, M. [0000-0002-7561-204X], Vranjes, N. [0000-0001-5415-5225], Vranjes Milosavljevic, M. [0000-0003-4477-9733], Vreeswijk, M. [0000-0001-8083-0001], Vu, N.K. [0000-0002-6251-1178], Vuillermet, R. [0000-0003-3208-9209], Vukotic, I. [0000-0003-0472-3516], Wada, S. [0000-0002-8600-9799], Wagner, P. [0000-0001-7481-2480], Wagner, W. [0000-0002-9198-5911], Wahdan, S. [0000-0002-6324-8551], Wahlberg, H. [0000-0003-0616-7330], Wakasa, R. [0000-0002-8438-7753], Walbrecht, V.M. [0000-0002-7385-6139], Walder, J. [0000-0002-9039-8758], Walker, R. [0000-0001-8535-4809], Walkowiak, W. [0000-0002-0385-3784], Wang, A.M. [0000-0001-8972-3026], Wang, A.Z. [0000-0003-2482-711X], Wang, C. [0000-0001-9116-055X], Wang, C. [0000-0002-8487-8480], Wang, H. [0000-0003-3952-8139], Wang, J. [0000-0002-5246-5497], Wang, P. [0000-0002-6730-1524], Wang, R. [0000-0001-9839-608X], Wang, R. [0000-0001-8530-6487], Wang, S.M. [0000-0002-5821-4875], Wang, T. [0000-0002-1152-2221], Wang, W.T. [0000-0002-7184-9891], Wang, W.X. [0000-0002-1444-6260], Wang, X. [0000-0002-2411-7399], Wang, Y. [0000-0003-2693-3442], Wang, Z. [0000-0002-0928-2070], Wanotayaroj, C. [0000-0002-8178-5705], Warburton, A. [0000-0002-2298-7315], Ward, C.P. [0000-0002-5162-533X], Ward, R.J. [0000-0001-5530-9919], Warrack, N. [0000-0002-8268-8325], Watson, A.T. [0000-0001-7052-7973], Watson, M.F. [0000-0002-9724-2684], Watts, G. [0000-0002-0753-7308], Waugh, B.M. [0000-0003-0872-8920], Webb, A.F. [0000-0002-6700-7608], Weber, C. [0000-0002-8659-5767], Weber, M.S. [0000-0002-2770-9031], Weber, S.A. [0000-0003-1710-4298], Weber, S.M. [0000-0002-2841-1616], Wei, Y. [0000-0001-9725-2316], Weidberg, A.R. [0000-0002-5158-307X], Weingarten, J. [0000-0003-2165-871X], Weirich, M. [0000-0002-5129-872X], Weiser, C. [0000-0002-6456-6834], Wells, P.S. [0000-0003-4999-896X], Wenaus, T. [0000-0002-8678-893X], Wendland, B. [0000-0003-1623-3899], Wengler, T. [0000-0002-4375-5265], Wenig, S. [0000-0002-4770-377X], Wermes, N. [0000-0001-9971-0077], Wessels, M. [0000-0002-8192-8999], Whalen, K. [0000-0002-9383-8763], Wharton, A.M. [0000-0002-9507-1869], White, A.S. [0000-0003-0714-1466], White, A. [0000-0001-8315-9778], White, M.J. [0000-0001-5474-4580], Whiteson, D. [0000-0002-2005-3113], Wiedenmann, W. [0000-0003-3605-3633], Wiel, C. [0000-0003-1995-9185], Wielers, M. [0000-0001-9232-4827], Wiglesworth, C. [0000-0001-6219-8946], Wiik-Fuchs, L.A.M. [0000-0002-5035-8102], Wilkens, H.G. [0000-0002-8483-9502], Wilkins, L.J. [0000-0002-7092-3500], Williams, D.M. [0000-0002-5646-1856], Williams, S. [0000-0001-6174-401X], Willocq, S. [0000-0002-4120-1453], Windischhofer, P.J. [0000-0001-5038-1399], Wingerter-Seez, I. [0000-0001-9473-7836], Winklmeier, F. [0000-0001-8290-3200], Winter, B.T. [0000-0001-9606-7688], Wobisch, M. [0000-0002-0688-3380], Wolf, A. [0000-0002-4368-9202], Wölker, R. [0000-0002-7402-369X], Wolter, M.W. [0000-0001-9184-2921], Wolters, H. [0000-0002-9588-1773], Wong, V.W.S. [0000-0001-5975-8164], Wongel, A.F. [0000-0002-6620-6277], Woods, N.L. [0000-0002-8993-3063], Worm, S.D. [0000-0002-3865-4996], Wosiek, B.K. [0000-0003-4273-6334], Woźniak, K.W. [0000-0003-1171-0887], Wraight, K. [0000-0002-3298-4900], Wu, J. [0000-0002-3173-0802], Wu, S.L. [0000-0001-5866-1504], Wu, X. [0000-0001-7655-389X], Wu, Y. [0000-0002-1528-4865], Wu, Z. [0000-0002-5392-902X], Wuerzinger, J. [0000-0002-4055-218X], Wyatt, T.R. [0000-0001-9690-2997], Wynne, B.M. [0000-0001-9895-4475], Xella, S. [0000-0002-0988-1655], Xiao, X. [0000-0002-1344-8723], Xie, X. [0000-0001-6473-7886], Xu, D. [0000-0001-6355-2767], Xu, H. [0000-0001-6110-2172], Xu, L. [0000-0001-8997-3199], Xu, R. [0000-0002-1928-1717], Xu, T. [0000-0002-0215-6151], Xu, W. [0000-0001-5661-1917], Xu, Y. [0000-0001-9563-4804], Xu, Z. [0000-0001-9571-3131], Xu, Z. [0000-0001-9602-4901], Yabsley, B. [0000-0002-2680-0474], Yacoob, S. [0000-0001-6977-3456], Yallup, D.P. [0000-0003-4716-5817], Yamaguchi, N. [0000-0002-6885-282X], Yamaguchi, Y. [0000-0002-3725-4800], Yamauchi, H. [0000-0003-2123-5311], Yamazaki, T. [0000-0003-0411-3590], Yamazaki, Y. [0000-0003-3710-6995], Yan, Z. [0000-0002-2483-4937], Yang, H.J. [0000-0001-7367-1380], Yang, H.T. [0000-0003-3554-7113], Yang, S. [0000-0002-0204-984X], Yang, T. [0000-0002-4996-1924], Yang, X. [0000-0002-1452-9824], Yang, X. [0000-0002-9201-0972], Yang, Y. [0000-0001-8524-1855], Yang, Z. [0000-0002-7374-2334], Yap, Y.C. [0000-0001-8939-666X], Ye, H. [0000-0002-4886-9851], Ye, J. [0000-0001-9274-707X], Ye, S. [0000-0002-7864-4282], Yeletskikh, I. [0000-0003-0586-7052], Yexley, M.R. [0000-0002-1827-9201], Yin, P. [0000-0003-2174-807X], Yorita, K. [0000-0003-1988-8401], Yoshihara, K. [0000-0002-3656-2326], Young, C.J.S. [0000-0001-5858-6639], Young, C. [0000-0003-3268-3486], Yuan, R. [0000-0002-8452-0315], Yue, X. [0000-0001-6956-3205], Zaazoua, M. [0000-0002-4105-2988], Zabinski, B. [0000-0001-5626-0993], Zacharis, G. [0000-0002-3156-4453], Zaffaroni, E. [0000-0003-1714-9218], Zahreddine, J. [0000-0002-6932-2804], Zaitsev, A.M. [0000-0002-4961-8368], Zakareishvili, T. [0000-0001-7909-4772], Zakharchuk, N. [0000-0002-4963-8836], Zambito, S. [0000-0002-4499-2545], Zanzi, D. [0000-0002-1222-7937], Zeißner, S.V. [0000-0002-9037-2152], Zeitnitz, C. [0000-0003-2280-8636], Zemaityte, G. [0000-0001-6331-3272], Zeng, J.C. [0000-0002-2029-2659], Zenin, O. [0000-0002-5447-1989], ženiš, T. [0000-0001-8265-6916], Zenz, S. [0000-0002-9720-1794], Zerradi, S. [0000-0001-9101-3226], Zerwas, D. [0000-0002-4198-3029], Zgubič, M. [0000-0002-5110-5959], Zhang, B. [0000-0002-9726-6707], Zhang, D.F. [0000-0001-7335-4983], Zhang, G. [0000-0002-5706-7180], Zhang, J. [0000-0002-9907-838X], Zhang, K. [0000-0002-9778-9209], Zhang, L. [0000-0002-9336-9338], Zhang, L. [0000-0001-5241-6559], Zhang, M. [0000-0001-8659-5727], Zhang, R. [0000-0002-8265-474X], Zhang, X. [0000-0003-4731-0754], Zhang, X. [0000-0003-4341-1603], Zhang, Z. [0000-0002-7853-9079], Zhao, P. [0000-0003-0054-8749], Zhao, Y. [0000-0003-0494-6728], Zhao, Z. [0000-0001-6758-3974], Zhemchugov, A. [0000-0002-3360-4965], Zheng, Z. [0000-0002-8323-7753], Zhong, D. [0000-0001-9377-650X], Zhou, C. [0000-0001-5904-7258], Zhou, H. [0000-0002-7986-9045], Zhou, M. [0000-0001-7223-8403], Zhou, N. [0000-0002-1775-2511], Zhu, C.G. [0000-0001-8015-3901], Zhu, C. [0000-0002-5918-9050], Zhu, H.L. [0000-0001-8479-1345], Zhu, H. [0000-0001-8066-7048], Zhu, J. [0000-0002-5278-2855], Zhu, Y. [0000-0002-7306-1053], Zhuang, X. [0000-0003-0996-3279], Zhukov, K. [0000-0003-2468-9634], Zhulanov, V. [0000-0002-0306-9199], Zieminska, D. [0000-0002-6311-7420], Zimine, N.I. [0000-0003-0277-4870], Zimmermann, S. [0000-0002-1529-8925], živković, L. [0000-0003-4236-8930], Zoccoli, A. [0000-0002-0993-6185], Zoch, K. [0000-0003-2138-6187], Zorbas, T.G. [0000-0003-2073-4901], Zou, R. [0000-0002-0542-1264], Zou, W. [0000-0002-0779-8815], Zwalinski, L. [0000-0002-9397-2313], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, design, 01 natural sciences, damage [radiation], High Energy Physics - Experiment, design [detector], High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), NIEL damage, pixel, scattering [p p], [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc), Radiation damage to detector materials (solid state), tracking detector, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Leakage (electronics), radiation: damage, Physics, Settore FIS/01, Large Hadron Collider, track data analysis, 4. Education, pixel [detector], Detector, microstrip [semiconductor detector], interaction of photons with matter, Monte Carlo [numerical calculations], ATLAS, semiconductor, charged particle, Semiconductor detector, interaction of hadrons with matter, medicine.anatomical_structure, CERN LHC Coll, semiconductor detector: microstrip, LHC, colliding beams [p p], numerical calculations: Monte Carlo, LHC, NIEL damage, silicon sensor, damage, Particle Physics - Experiment, safety, p p: scattering, 530 Physics, energy loss, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, FOS: Physical sciences, LHC, ATLAS, High Energy Physics, Radiation, Optics, Atlas (anatomy), 0103 physical sciences, medicine, detector: pixel, High Energy Physics, ddc:610, 010306 general physics, detector: design, etc), Pixel, detector, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, paper, radiation, Semiconductor, 13. Climate action, silicon sensor, semiconductor detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business, microstrip, p p: colliding beams, experimental results
Abstract: We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerba 1/4 an; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada, CRC and IVADO, Canada; Be 1/4 ing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, China; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom., Non-ionizing energy loss causes bulk damage to the silicon sensors of the ATLAS pixel and strip detectors. This damage has important implications for data-taking operations, charged-particle track reconstruction, detector simulations, and physics analysis. This paper presents simulations and measurements of the leakage current in the ATLAS pixel detector and semiconductor tracker as a function of location in the detector and time, using data collected in Run 1 (2010-2012) and Run 2 (2015-2018) of the Large Hadron Collider. The extracted fluence shows a much stronger vertical bar z vertical bar-dependence in the innermost layers than is seen in simulation. Furthermore, the overall fluence on the second innermost layer is significantly higher than in simulation, with better agreement in layers at higher radii. These measurements are important for validating the simulation models and can be used in part to justify safety factors for future detector designs and interventions., ANPCyT, YerPhI, Armenia, Australian Research Council, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), NRC, Canada, Canada Foundation for Innovation, ANID, Chile, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, China, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias, Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic, Czech Republic Government, DNRF, Denmark, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF), HGF, Germany, Max Planck Society, Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT, Israel Science Foundation, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands Government, RCN, Norway, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland, NCN, Poland, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, European Commission, JINR, Russian Federation, NRC KI, Russian Federation, MSSR, Slovakia, Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia, DST/NRF, South Africa, Spanish Government, SRC, Sweden, Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Science Foundation (NSF), BCKDF, Canada, CRC, Canada, COST, European Union, European Research Council (ERC), ERDF, European Union, Horizon 2020, European Union, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union, French National Research Agency (ANR), German Research Foundation (DFG), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, EU-ESF, Greece, Greek NSRF, Greece, BSF-NSF, Israel, German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development, La Caixa Banking Foundation, Spain, BMWFW, Austria, CERN, Danish Natural Science Research Council, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA-DRF/IRFU, France, RGC, China, Hong Kong SAR, China, Benoziyo Center, Israel, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), CNRST, Morocco, MNE/IFA, Romania, Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia, MIZS, Slovenia, SERI, Switzerland, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, CANARIE, Canada, Compute Canada, Canada, IVADO, Canada, Be 1/4 ing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, China, Herakleitos programme, Thales Group, Aristeia programme, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain PROMETEO Programme Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, GenT Programme Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden, Royal Society of London, Leverhulme Trust
Published: 2021

21. Galaxy shape statistics in the effective field theory

Author: Vlah, Zvonimir, Chisari, Nora Elisa, Schmidt, Fabian, Sub String Theory Cosmology and ElemPart, Theoretical Physics, Vlah, Zvonimir [0000-0002-9274-5768], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Sub String Theory Cosmology and ElemPart, and Theoretical Physics
Subjects: Astrophysics and Astronomy, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), media_common.quotation_subject, gravitational lensing, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, power spectrum, weak gravitational lensing, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Statistics, Effective field theory, galaxy surveys, Weak gravitational lensing, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, paper, Spectral density, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Redshift, Galaxy, Gravitational lens, Distribution (mathematics), Sky, astro-ph.CO, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Intrinsic galaxy alignments yield an important contribution to the observed statistics of galaxy shapes. The general bias expansion for galaxy sizes and shapes in three dimensions has been recently described by Vlah, Chisari \& Schmidt using the general perturbative effective field theory (EFT) framework, in analogy to the clustering of galaxies. In this work, we present a formalism that uses the properties of spherical tensors to project galaxy shapes onto the observed sky in the flat-sky approximation and compute the two-point functions at next-to-leading order as well as the leading-order three-point functions of galaxy shapes and number counts. The resulting expressions are given in forms that are convenient for efficient numerical implementation. For a source redshift distribution typical of Stage IV surveys, we find that that nonlinear intrinsic alignment contributions to galaxy shape correlations become relevant at angular wavenumbers $l \gtrsim 100$., 32 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2020

22. Effective field theory analysis of composite higgsino-like and wino-like thermal relic dark matter

Author: Ben Gripaios, Ben Geytenbeek, and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Particle physics, dark matter simulations, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Chargino, 0103 physical sciences, Effective field theory, Higgsino, Physics, dark matter theory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, paper, Electroweak interaction, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, hep-ph, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Dirac fermion, Neutralino, symbols, astro-ph.CO, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Majorana fermion, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We study the effective field theory (including operators up to dimension five) of models in which dark matter is composite, consisting of either an electroweak doublet Dirac fermion (`higgsino-like dark matter') or an electroweak triplet Majorana fermion (`wino-like dark matter'). Some of the dimension-five operators in the former case cause mass splittings between the neutralino and chargino states, leading to a depleted rate of coannihilations and viable thermal relic dark matter with masses of the order of tens to hundreds of GeV rather than the usual pure higgsino thermal relic mass of 1 TeV. No such effects are found in the latter case (where the usual thermal relic mass is 3 TeV). Other operators, present for both wino- and higgsino-like dark matter, correspond to inelastic electromagnetic dipole moment interactions and annihilation through these can lead to viable models with dark matter masses up by an order of magnitude compared to the usual values., 23 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2020

23. Universality in COVID-19 spread in view of the Gompertz function

Author: Tokuro Fukui, Yusuke Namekawa, and Akira Ohnishi
Subjects: Paper, Physics, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), J56, Gompertz function, Double exponential function, Ptep/J56, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Universality (dynamical systems), A51, Ptep/D23, 0103 physical sciences, Statistics, D23, Ptep/A51, AcademicSubjects/SCI01970, 010306 general physics, Scaling, Mathematics
Abstract: We demonstrate that universal scaling behavior is observed in the current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread, the COVID-19 pandemic, in various countries. We analyze the numbers of infected people who tested positive (cases) in selected eleven countries (Japan, USA, Russia, Brazil, China, Italy, Indonesia, Spain, South Korea, UK, and Sweden). By using the double exponential function called the Gompertz function, fG(x) = exp(−e−x), the number of cases is well described as N(t) = N0fG(γ(t − t0)), where N0, 7 and t0 are the final number of cases, the damping rate of the infection probability and the peak time of the daily number of new cases, dN(t)/dt, respectively. The scaled data of cases in most of the analyzed countries are found to collapse onto a common scaling function fG(x) with x = γ(t − t0) being the scaling variable in the range of fG(x) ± 0.05. The recently proposed indicator so-called the K value, the increasing rate of cases in one week, is also found to show universal behavior. The mechanism for the Gompertz function to appear is discussed from the time dependence of the produced pion numbers in nucleus-nucleus collisions, which is also found to be described by the Gompertz function.
Published: 2020

24. Adaptive noise canceling for transient absorption microscopy

Author: Erkang Wang, Jesse W. Wilson, and Saurabh Gupta
Subjects: Paper, Light, Relative intensity noise, Biomedical Engineering, Physics::Optics, relative intensity noise, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Biomaterials, transient absorption microscopy, Optics, law, Fiber laser, 0103 physical sciences, pump-probe microscopy, Detection theory, Optical filter, signal processing, Active noise control, Physics, Signal processing, Microscopy, laser noise, balanced detection, Photons, business.industry, Lasers, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Adaptive filter, business
Abstract: Significance: Ultrafast fiber lasers are an attractive alternative to bulk lasers for nonlinear optical microscopy for their compactness and low cost. The high relative intensity noise (RIN) of these lasers poses a challenge for pump-probe measurements such as transient absorption and stimulated Raman scattering, along with modalities that provide label-free contrast from the vibrational and electronic structure of molecules. Aim: Digital adaptive filtering was applied to determine the applicability for canceling laser RIN in a transient absorption microscope with an ultrafast fiber laser source. Approach: Digitized signals from the transmitted probe and reference photodetectors were fed to an adaptive filter in MATLAB, running in a noise canceling configuration. This result was then fed to a software lock-in algorithm to demodulate the pump-probe signal. Images were built up one line scan at a time with a 3.5-kHz resonant scanner, with 100× averaging. The imaging target was Bi4Ge3O12, which exhibits nondegenerate two-photon absorption at the pump/probe wavelengths used (530-nm pump and 490-nm probe). Results: Without adaptive noise cancellation, the lock-in output primarily passes the laser RIN within its detection bandwidth, resulting in images that closely follow the linear transmissivity and lack sensitivity to pump-probe time delay. With adaptive noise cancellation in front of the lock-in, the RIN rejection is enough to restore the z-sectioning and sensitivity to pump-probe delay, as expected for transient absorption. Results were limited primarily by noise from the photodetector and analog-to-digital converter. Conclusions: Digital adaptive noise cancellation, even when limited by electronics noise, can recover pump-probe signals by removal of laser RIN, under conditions where averaging alone fails.
Published: 2020

25. Interferometric diffuse correlation spectroscopy improves measurements at long source–detector separation and low photon count rate

Author: Sava Sakadžić, David A. Boas, Maria Angela Franceschini, Mitchell B. Robinson, and Stefan A. Carp
Subjects: Heterodyne, Paper, spectroscopy, Quantitative Biology::Tissues and Organs, Population, Physics::Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, medical imaging, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, 01 natural sciences, Imaging phantom, 010309 optics, Biomaterials, speckle interferometry, Optics, Homodyne detection, 0103 physical sciences, Heterodyne detection, education, Physics, education.field_of_study, diffuse correlation spectroscopy, Photons, business.industry, Phantoms, Imaging, Spectrum Analysis, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Photon counting, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Interferometry, biomedical optics, Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging), Sensing, business
Abstract: Significance: The use of diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) has shown efficacy in research studies as a technique capable of noninvasively monitoring blood flow in tissue with applications in neuromonitoring, exercise science, and breast cancer management. The ability of DCS to resolve blood flow in these tissues is related to the optical sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the measurements, which in some cases, particularly adult cerebral blood flow measurements, is inadequate in a significant portion of the population. Improvements to DCS sensitivity and SNR could allow for greater clinical translation of this technique. Aim: Interferometric diffuse correlation spectroscopy (iDCS) was characterized and compared to traditional homodyne DCS to determine possible benefits of utilizing heterodyne detection. Approach: An iDCS system was constructed by modifying a homodyne DCS system with fused fiber couplers to create a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Comparisons between homodyne and heterodyne detection were performed using an intralipid phantom characterized at two extended source–detector separations (2.4, 3.6 cm), different photon count rates, and a range of reference arm power levels. Characterization of the iDCS signal mixing was compared to theory. Precision of the estimation of the diffusion coefficient and SNR of the autocorrelation curve were compared between different measurement conditions that mimicked what would be seen in vivo. Results: The mixture of signals present in the heterodyne autocorrelation function was found to agree with the derived theory and resulted in accurate measurement of the diffusion coefficient of the phantom. Improvement of the SNR of the autocorrelation curve up to ∼2× and up to 80% reduction in the variability of the diffusion coefficient fit were observed for all measurement cases as a function of increased reference arm power. Conclusions: iDCS has the potential to improve characterization of blood flow in tissue at extended source–detector separations, enhancing depth sensitivity and SNR.
Published: 2020

26. Using Cherenkov imaging to monitor the match line between photon and electron radiation therapy fields on biological tissue phantoms

Author: Yi Li, Nan Huang, Chunmin Zhang, Zhaolu Wang, and Hongjun Liu
Subjects: Diagnostic Imaging, Paper, Photon, Field (physics), medicine.medical_treatment, Biomedical Engineering, Breast Neoplasms, Electrons, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, Signal, 010309 optics, Biomaterials, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Humans, Irradiation, biological tissue, General, field matching, charge-coupled device, Cherenkov radiation, radiotherapy, Physics, Photons, business.industry, Phantoms, Imaging, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Radiotherapy Dosage, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Radiation therapy, Charge-coupled device, Female, Cherenkov luminescence imaging, business
Abstract: Significance: Due to patients’ respiratory movement or involuntary body movements during breast cancer radiotherapy, the mismatched adjacent fields in surface exposure regions could result in insufficient dosage or overdose in these regions, which would lead to tissue injury, excessive skin burns, and potential death. Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) could be used to effectively detect the matching information of adjacent radiation fields without extra radiation or invasive imaging. Aim: Our objective was to provide a biological experimental basis for monitoring matching of adjacent radiation fields between photon and electron fields due to introduced shifts during radiotherapy by CLI technique. Approach: A medical accelerator was used to generate photon and electron fields. An industrial camera system was adopted to image the excited CLI signal during irradiation of chicken tissue with yellow (group A and group C experiments) or black color (group B experiment). The following introduced shifts were tested: 10, 5, 2, and 0 mm toward superior or inferior direction. A model was introduced to deal with matching error analysis of adjacent radiation fields due to introduced shifts with adapted plans used to treat neoplasms of the right breast with supraclavicular nodes or internal mammary lymph node. Results: The matching values between photon and electron fields were consistent with the tested introduced shifts during yellow chicken irradiation. In group A, average discrepancies were 0.59 ± 0.35 mm and 0.68 ± 0.37 mm for photon fields and electron fields in anterior/posterior (AP) direction, with 87% and 75% of measurement within 1 mm, respectively. In group C, average discrepancies were 0.80 ± 0.65 mm and 1.07 ± 0.57 mm for oblique photon field with gantry angles of 330 deg and 150 deg, with 66% and 65% of measurement within 1 mm, respectively. The average discrepancies were 0.44 ± 0.30 mm for electron field in the AP direction, with 94% of measurement within 1 mm. The matching error introduced by the proposed method was less than 1.5 mm for AP fields and 2 mm for oblique incidence fields. However, the field matching could not be monitored with black chicken tissue irradiation due to a weak CLI signal that could hardly be extracted from background noise in group B. Conclusions: CLI is demonstrated for the quantitative monitoring of the field match line on light biological tissue phantoms and has potential for monitoring of field matching in surface tissue during breast cancer radiotherapy.
Published: 2020

27. Honeycomb structures in magnetic fields

Author: Maciej Zworski, Svetlana Jitomirskaya, Rui Han, Becker Simon, Simon, Becker [0000-0002-6703-9511], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Paper, Cantor spectrum, magnetic, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, quantum Hall effect, Mathematics - Spectral Theory, honeycomb, 0103 physical sciences, FOS: Mathematics, 0101 mathematics, 010306 general physics, Spectral Theory (math.SP), Mathematical Physics, Anderson model, Physics, Quantum Physics, Condensed matter physics, 010102 general mathematics, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), 5104 Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic field, Honeycomb structure, Modeling and Simulation, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), 51 Physical Sciences, semiclassical analysis, de Haas van Alphen effect
Abstract: Funder: University of Cambridge Centre for Doctoral Training, We consider the nearest-neighbour tight binding model of the honeycomb lattice in magnetic fields and discover surprizing new analytical results that fully explain fractal spectra and experimentally observed asymmetries in the density of states of molecular graphene. We describe a fractal Cantor spectrum for irrational magnetic flux through a honeycomb, and establish the existence of zero energy Dirac cones for each rational flux with fully explicit estimates on the cone angle. Our results give a substantially more refined description of subtleties in the de Haas–van Alphen and quantum Hall effects, and provide the first quantitative bounds on transport coefficients for the tight-binding model under disorder.
Published: 2020

28. Subcellular resolution three-dimensional light-field imaging with genetically encoded voltage indicators

Author: Amanda J. Foust, Thomas Knöpfel, Pier Luigi Dragotti, Pingfan Song, Simon R. Schultz, Mark A. A. Neil, Chenchen Song, Peter Quicke, Carmel L. Howe, and Herman Verinaz Jadan
Subjects: Paper, Microscope, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Signal, law.invention, 010309 optics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Sampling (signal processing), 0903 Biomedical Engineering, law, 0103 physical sciences, Microscopy, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Image resolution, Physics, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, 1004 Medical Biotechnology, Resolution (electron density), light-field microscopy, Research Papers, genetically encoded voltage indicator, Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging), Deconvolution, Biological system, 1109 Neurosciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, voltage imaging
Abstract: Significance: Light-field microscopy (LFM) enables high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and light efficient volume imaging at fast frame rates. Voltage imaging with genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) stands to particularly benefit from LFM’s volumetric imaging capability due to high required sampling rates and limited probe brightness and functional sensitivity. Aim: We demonstrate subcellular resolution GEVI light-field imaging in acute mouse brain slices resolving dendritic voltage signals in three spatial dimensions. Approach: We imaged action potential-induced fluorescence transients in mouse brain slices sparsely expressing the GEVI VSFP-Butterfly 1.2 in wide-field microscopy (WFM) and LFM modes. We compared functional signal SNR and localization between different LFM reconstruction approaches and between LFM and WFM. Results: LFM enabled three-dimensional (3-D) localization of action potential-induced fluorescence transients in neuronal somata and dendrites. Nonregularized deconvolution decreased SNR with increased iteration number compared to synthetic refocusing but increased axial and lateral signal localization. SNR was unaffected for LFM compared to WFM. Conclusions: LFM enables 3-D localization of fluorescence transients, therefore eliminating the need for structures to lie in a single focal plane. These results demonstrate LFM’s potential for studying dendritic integration and action potential propagation in three spatial dimensions.
Published: 2020

29. Superconducting motors for aircraft propulsion: the Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator project

Author: Ruud van der Woude, Eva Berberich, Milan Kapolka, Guillaume Delautre, Johannes Bu¨del, Tara Benkel, S.V. Samoilenkov, Enric Pardo, Palmer Chloe J, Paul Richard Momsen Miller, Martin Staempflin, Loïc Jeunesse, Lukasz Tomkow, Anang Dadhich, Vicente Climente-Alarcon, Mayraluna Lao, Alexander Molodyk, Alexander Stock, Anis Smara, Simon Wolfst¨adter, Francesco Grilli, Thomas Reis, Ana Perez, Johannes Teigelk¨otter, Shuo Li, Bartek A. Glowacki, Baptiste Zimmermann, Christian Schneider, Jens H¨anisch, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Tomkow, Lukasz [0000-0001-5278-6007]
Subjects: Cryostat, Paper, History, Engineering, Superconducting electric machine, Stator, Mechanical engineering, Propulsion, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Education, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Water cooling, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, 010302 applied physics, Rotor (electric), business.industry, Physics, Computer Science Applications, Power (physics), Magnet, business, 51 Physical Sciences
Abstract: The European Union-funded Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator (ASuMED) project started in May 2017 with the purpose of demonstrating the benefits of a new, fully superconducting motor for reaching the targets established by the Flightpath 2050 plan. The project aims at a motor power density of 20kW kg−1 using a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) stator. The rotor will use HTS stacks operating like permanent magnets. A highly efficient cryostat for the motor combined with an integrated cryogenic cooling system and associated power converter will be used. This article provides a general overview of the prototype that is currently being assembled and that will be tested soon.
Published: 2020
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30. Fast and efficient critical state modelling of field-cooled bulk high-temperature superconductors using a backward computation method

Author: Thomas Schmidt, Mark D. Ainslie, Kai Zhang, Marco Calvi, Ryota Kinjo, Sebastian Hellmann, Zhang, K [0000-0002-3830-9682], Ainslie, Mark [0000-0003-0466-3680], Calvi, M [0000-0002-2502-942X], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Zhang, Kai [0000-0002-3830-9682], and Calvi, Marco [0000-0002-2502-942X]
Subjects: Paper, CompactLight, High-temperature superconductivity, Field (physics), Computation, FOS: Physical sciences, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), 01 natural sciences, Magnetization, law.invention, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), ANSYS, law, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, media_common.cataloged_instance, Early career, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, European union, 010306 general physics, media_common, Critical State Model, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, HTS Modelling, Metals and Alloys, Backward Computation, Physics - Applied Physics, Undulator, Condensed Matter Physics, Focus on The Jan Evetts SUST Award 2020, Computational physics, Bulk Superconductors, Ceramics and Composites, H-formulation
Abstract: A backward computation method has been developed to accelerate modelling of the critical state magnetization current in a staggered-array bulk high-temperature superconducting (HTS) undulator. The key concept is as follows: i) a large magnetization current is first generated on the surface of the HTS bulks after rapid field-cooling (FC) magnetization; ii) the magnetization current then relaxes inwards step-by-step obeying the critical state model; iii) after tens of backward iterations the magnetization current reaches a steady state. The simulation results show excellent agreement with the H-formulation method for both the electromagnetic and electromagnetic-mechanical coupled analyses, but with significantly faster computation speed. Solving the FEA model with 1.8 million degrees of freedom (DOFs), the backward computation method takes less than 1.4 hours, an order of magnitude or higher faster than other state-of-the-art numerical methods. Finally, the models are used to investigate the influence of the mechanical stress on the distribution of the critical state magnetization current and the undulator field along the central axis., 12 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2020

31. Biomedical optics applications of advanced lasers and nonlinear optics

Author: Christopher B. Marble and Vladislav V. Yakovlev
Subjects: Paper, Diagnostic Imaging, Optics and Photonics, Light, Terahertz radiation, Biomedical Engineering, ultraviolet spectroscopy, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, terahertz generation, Photonic metamaterial, law.invention, 010309 optics, Biomaterials, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, infrared spectroscopy, Review Papers, Physics, Photons, business.industry, Lasers, nonlinear optics, Nonlinear optics, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Supercontinuum, Biophotonics, Photonics, business, Ultraviolet
Abstract: Significance: 2019 SPIE Photonics West conference hosted over 5000 presentations. Some important presentations in the Industrial Laser, Laser Source and Application (LASE) and Optoelectronics, Photonic Materials and Devices (OPTO) sections of the SPIE Photonics West conference have a risk of being overlooked by the biomedical community despite their implications for the field of biophotonics. We review some recent advances in the area of development coherent radiation sources in the infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), and terahertz (THz) regimes. Aim: Recent advances in coherent radiation sources in the IR, deep UV, and THz regimes were outlined, and the importance of each presentation to one or more promising biomedical applications was assessed. Approach: Presentations and proceedings from the LASE and OPTO sections were reviewed for inclusion. Emphasis was placed on talks from the Nonlinear Frequency Generation and Conversion: Materials and Devices XVIII conference, and the Terahertz, RF, Millimeter, and Submillimeter-Wave Technology and Applications XII conference. Conference sections that directly focused on biomedical applications were excluded. Results: Enhanced IR supercontinuum generation with compact supercontinuum sources may allow for real-time biomarker detection and create new opportunities for imaging tissues using the third biological window (1600 to 1850 nm). Efficient methods to generate deep UV (200 to 260 nm) radiation allow for the study of biologically important molecules through techniques such as resonance Raman spectroscopy while avoiding fluorescence overlap. Likewise, novel and improved THz generation methods seek to bridge the “THz gap” that has previously limited biomedical applications. Conclusions: Advances in coherent radiation sources in the IR, UV, and THz regimes have created new opportunities for biomedical optics research.
Published: 2020

32. Cross-field demagnetization of stacks of tapes: 3D modeling and measurements

Author: Enric Pardo, Algirdas Baskys, Francesco Grilli, Bartek A. Glowacki, Anang Dadhich, Vicente Climente-Alarcon, Milan Kapolka, Kapolka, M [0000-0002-4932-2946], Pardo, E [0000-0002-6375-4227], Grilli, F [0000-0003-0108-7235], Glowacki, BA [0000-0003-2165-6378], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Baskys, A [0000-0002-1875-8107], Climente-Alarcon, V [0000-0002-1273-8454], and Glowacki, B A [0000-0003-2165-6378]
Subjects: Paper, Materials science, cond-mat.supr-con, FOS: Physical sciences, superconducting stacks, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), superconductors, cross-field demagnetization, 01 natural sciences, supermagnets, 3D modeling, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), Magnetization, Stack (abstract data type), Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, ddc:530, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Physics, Demagnetizing field, Metals and Alloys, Physics - Applied Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic field, rotating machines, modeling of high temperature superconductors, Magnet, Ceramics and Composites, ReBCO coated conductors, modeling of high temperature, Focus on Numerical Modelling of High Temperature Superconductors 2020, physics.app-ph, Current density
Abstract: Stacks of superconducting tapes can trap much higher magnetic fields than conventional magnets. This makes them very promising for motors and generators. However, ripple magnetic fields in these machines present a cross-field component that demagnetizes the stacks. At present, there is no quantitative agreement between measurements and modeling of cross-field demagnetization, mainly due to the need of a 3D model that takes the end effects and real micron-thick superconducting layer into account. This article presents 3D modeling and measurements of cross-field demagnetization in stacks of up to 5 tapes and initial magnetization modeling of stacks of up to 15 tapes. 3D modeling of the cross-field demagnetization explicitly shows that the critical current density, $J_c$, in the direction perpendicular to the tape surface does not play a role in cross-field demagnetization. When taking the measured anisotropic magnetic field dependence of $J_c$ into account, 3D calculations agree with measurements with less than 4 % deviation, while the error of 2D modeling is much higher. Then, our 3D numerical methods can realistically predict cross-field demagnetization. Due to the force-free configuration of part of the current density, J, in the stack, better agreement with experiments will probably require measuring the Jc anisotropy for the whole solid angle range, including $J$ parallel to the magnetic field., Comment: 36 pages, 20 figures
Published: 2020
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33. On asymptotic charges in 3D gravity

Author: Bergshoeff, EA, Merbis, W, Townsend, PK, High-Energy Frontier, Bergshoeff, Eric A [0000-0003-1937-6537], Merbis, Wout [0000-0003-3565-0663], Townsend, Paul K [0000-0003-0311-9448], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Bergshoeff, EA [0000-0003-1937-6537], Merbis, W [0000-0003-3565-0663], and Townsend, PK [0000-0003-0311-9448]
Subjects: Paper, High Energy Physics - Theory, Gravity (chemistry), Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitation, Theoretical physics, High Energy Physics::Theory, Gravitational field, Conformal symmetry, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Black hole thermodynamics, BLACK-HOLES, BTZ black hole, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Graviton, black holes, three dimensional gravity, MOMENTUM, Massive gravity, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), SIMONS-LIKE THEORIES, asymptotic charges
Abstract: A variant of the ADT method for the determination of gravitational charges as integrals at infinity is applied to "Chern-Simons-like" theories of 3D gravity, and the result is used to find the mass and angular momentum of the BTZ black hole considered as a solution of a variety of massive 3D gravity field equations. The results agree with many obtained previously by other methods, including our own results for "Minimal Massive Gravity", but they disagree with others, including recently reported results for "Exotic Massive Gravity". We also find the central charges of the asymptotic conformal symmetry algebra for the generic 3D gravity model with AdS vacuum and discuss implications for black hole thermodynamics., 26 pages; v2, references added
Published: 2020

34. OpenSFDI: an open-source guide for constructing a spatial frequency domain imaging system

Author: Sylvain Gioux, Rolf B. Saager, Matthew B. Applegate, Karissa Tilbury, Syeda Tabassum, Darren Roblyer, Kavon Karrobi, Wyatt M. Austin, Enagnon Aguénounon, Joseph P. Angelo, Department of Medicine [Boston, MA, USA], Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center [Boston] (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Image Processing, Medical Laboratory and Measurements Technologies, Optical Physics, frequency domain, 01 natural sciences, Phantoms, law.invention, Imaging, Hemoglobins, Computer-Assisted, open source, law, Biomedicinsk laboratorievetenskap/teknologi, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Biomedical Laboratory Science/Technology, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), spatial frequency domain imaging, modulated imaging, diffuse optics, optical properties, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, Phantoms, Imaging, Optical Imaging, Equipment Design, Domain imaging, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Frequency domain, Spatial frequency, Light-emitting diode, Paper, Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics, Biomedical Engineering, 010309 optics, Biomaterials, Optics, Opthalmology and Optometry, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Medicinsk laboratorie- och mätteknik, Scattering, business.industry, Spectrum Analysis, Open source, Oxyhemoglobins, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Atom- och molekylfysik och optik, business
Abstract: Significance: Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a diffuse optical measurement technique that can quantify tissue optical absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μ0 s) on a pixelby-pixel basis. Measurements of μa at different wavelengths enable the extraction of molar concentrations of tissue chromophores over a wide field, providing a noncontact and label-free means to assess tissue viability, oxygenation, microarchitecture, and molecular content. We present here openSFDI: an open-source guide for building a low-cost, small-footprint, threewavelength SFDI system capable of quantifying μa and μ0 s as well as oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in biological tissue. The companion website provides a complete parts list along with detailed instructions for assembling the openSFDI system. Aim: We describe the design of openSFDI and report on the accuracy and precision of optical property extractions for three different systems fabricated according to the instructions on the openSFDI website. Approach: Accuracy was assessed by measuring nine tissue-simulating optical phantoms with a physiologically relevant range of μa and μ0 s with the openSFDI systems and a commercial SFDI device. Precision was assessed by repeatedly measuring the same phantom over 1 h. Results: The openSFDI systems had an error of 0 6% in μa and −2 3% in μ0 s, compared to a commercial SFDI system. Bland–Altman analysis revealed the limits of agreement between the two systems to be 0.004 mm−1 for μa and −0.06 to 0.1 mm−1 for μ0 s. The openSFDI system had low drift with an average standard deviation of 0.0007 mm−1 and 0.05 mm−1 in μa and μ0 s, respectively. Conclusion: The openSFDI provides a customizable hardware platform for research groups seeking to utilize SFDI for quantitative diffuse optical imaging. Funding agencies: U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)United States Department of Defense [W81XWH-15-1-0070]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Research Council under the European UnionEuropean Research Council (ERC) [715737]; Fre
Published: 2020

35. Time-reversal symmetry violations and entropy production in field theories of polar active matter

Author: Borthne, ��L, Fodor, ��, Cates, Michael, Borthne, ØL [0000-0003-2690-8300], Fodor, É [0000-0003-1372-2195], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Cates, Michael [0000-0002-5922-7731], Borthne, Øyvind L [0000-0003-2690-8300], and Fodor, Étienne [0000-0003-1372-2195]
Subjects: Physics, Paper, Field (physics), Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech), flocking, Entropy production, Physics [G04] [Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences], General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, entropy production, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Active matter, Theoretical physics, T-symmetry, Physique [G04] [Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre], 0103 physical sciences, Polar, 010306 general physics, active matter, Flocking (texture), Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics
Abstract: Funder: ATTRACT Investigator Grant, Luxembourg National Research Fund Oppenheimer Research Fellowship, University of Cambridge, Funder: Junior Research Fellowship, St Catharine's College, Funder: Aker Scholarship, We investigate the steady-state entropy production rate (EPR) in the hydrodynamic Vicsek model (HVM) and diffusive flocking model (DFM). Both models display a transition from an isotropic gas to a polar liquid (flocking) phase, in addition to travelling polar clusters and microphase-separation in the miscibility gap. The phase diagram of the DFM, which may be considered an extension of the HVM, contains additional structure at low densities where we find a novel crystal phase in which a stationary hexagonal lattice of high-density ridges surround low density valleys. From an assessment of the scaling of the EPR at low noise, we uncover that the dynamics in this limit may be organised into three main classes based on the dominant contribution. Truly nonequilibrium dynamics is characterised by a divergent EPR in this limit, and sustains global time-reversal symmetry (TRS) violating currents at zero noise. On the other hand, marginally nonequilibrium and effectively equilibrium dynamics have a finite EPR in this limit, and TRS is broken only at the level of fluctuations. For the latter of these two cases, detailed balance is restored in the small noise limit and we recover effective Boltzmann statistics to lowest nontrivial order. We further demonstrate that the scaling of the EPR may change depending on the dynamical variables that are tracked when it is computed, and the protocol chosen for time-reversal. Results acquired from numerical simulations of the dynamics confirm both the asymptotic scaling relations we derive and our quantitative predictions.
Published: 2020

36. The key role of the Silicon Drift Detectors in testing the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons: the VIP-2 experiment

Author: Marco Miliucci, Johann Zmeskal, Sergio Bartalucci, Hexi Shi, Alessandro Scordo, Florin Sirghi, Mario Bragadireanu, J.-P. Egger, D. Pietreanu, S. Bertolucci, Matthias Laubenstein, A. Pichler, K. Piscicchia, Edoardo Milotti, T. Mazzocchi, Johann Marton, A. Amirkhani, Alberto Clozza, Laura Sperandio, M. Bazzi, R. Del Grande, L. De Paolis, Diana Sirghi, C. Guaraldo, Catalina Curceanu, Michael Cargnelli, Carlo Fiorini, M. Veith, M. Iliescu, O. Vazquez Doce, Paolis, L De, Amirkhani, A, Bartalucci, S, Bertolucci, S, Bazzi, M, Bragadireanu, M, Cargnelli, M, Clozza, A, Curceanu, C, Grande, R Del, Egger, J P, Fiorini, C, Guaraldo, C, Iliescu, M, Laubenstein, M, Marton, J, Mazzocchi, T, Miliucci, M, Milotti, E, Pichler, A, Pietreanu, D, Piscicchia, K, Scordo, A, Shi, H, Sirghi, D L, Sirghi, F, Sperandio, L, Vazquez Doce, O, Veith, M, and Zmeskal, J
Subjects: Physics, Paper, History, Silicon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Quantum mechanic, Quantum mechanics, Experimental tests, Spin-statistics connection, Computer Science Applications, Education, ddc, symbols.namesake, Pauli exclusion principle, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Key (cryptography), 010306 general physics
Abstract: The VIP experiment performed an accurate investigation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons. The apparatus was installed in the Gran Sasso Laboratories of the National Institute of Nuclear Physic in Italy, an underground environment with an extremely low cosmic background. The aim of the experiment was to test the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons in a copper target circulated by a Direct Current (DC) current, searching for X-rays emission due to an atomic transition forbidden by Pauli exclusion principle, from the L shell to the K shell of copper when the K shell is already occupied by two electrons. VIP set an upper limit on the Pauli exclusion principle violation probability 1/2β 2 –29. The goal of the upgraded VIP-2 experiment, presently in data taking at Gran Sasso Laboratories, is to improve this limit by two orders of magnitude. The VIP-2 experimental apparatus, in which the Silicon Drift Detectors have the key role of X-ray detectors, and preliminary results are presented.
Published: 2020

37. Spectroscopy of $^{16}$B from quasi-free ($p,pn$) reaction with $^{17}$B

Author: T. Kobayashi, Yosuke Kondo, J. Yasuda, Alessandra Corsi, D. Calvet, T. Isobe, Y. Kanaya, H. Sato, K. Hasegawa, Atsumi Saito, C. Santamaria, Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, Toshiyuki Sumikama, Satoshi Sakaguchi, Y. Shindo, T. Ozaki, M. Shikata, G. Authelet, J. M. Gheller, J. Tsubota, M. Tabata, S. Kawakami, Noritsugu Nakatsuka, D. Kim, T. Motobayashi, Motoki Kobayashi, Shoko Koyama, K. Yoneda, Z. Korkulu, H. Baba, Y. Nishio, T. Uesaka, A. Ohkura, Juzo Zenihiro, V. Lapoux, Masaki Sasano, J.-Y. Roussé, Y. Kiyokawa, A. Giganon, Yasuhiro Togano, A. Gillibert, Yuya Kubota, A. Obertelli, S. Reichert, Takashi Nakamura, Ji Feng, N. A. Orr, Y. L. Sun, S. Ota, J. Gibelin, C. Caesar, M. Sako, V. Panin, Yohei Shimizu, Zaihong Yang, L. Stuhl, F. M. Marqués, Yukie Maeda, Nagao Kobayashi, Stefanos Paschalis, F. Flavigny, A. Delbart, Masanori Dozono, E. C. Pollacco, Hideaki Otsu, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Paper, History, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, 3. Good health, Computer Science Applications, Education, ddc, TheoryofComputation_ANALYSISOFALGORITHMSANDPROBLEMCOMPLEXITY, 0103 physical sciences, Halo, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy
Abstract: Spectroscopy of 16B plays an essential role in understanding the halo structure in 17B, but very limited knowledge has so far been obtained. We have carried out a kinematically complete measurement on the spectroscopy of 16B by using quasi-free (p,pn) reaction on 17B. The level scheme of 16B up to 5 MeV was made clear for the first time.
Published: 2020

38. An inexpensive, high-throughput μPAD assay of microbial growth rate and motility on solid surfaces using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli as model organisms

Author: Alyssa Francesca Levy, Leslie D. Knecht, Anthony Labrador, and J. David Van Dyken
Subjects: Sucrose, Microfluidics, Yeast and Fungal Models, 02 engineering and technology, Bacterial growth, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Disaccharides, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Filter Paper, law, Lab-On-A-Chip Devices, Medicine and Health Sciences, Agar, Materials, Fluids, Multidisciplinary, Microbial Viability, Organic Compounds, Chemistry, Physics, Pipette, Eukaryota, Software Engineering, Equipment Design, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laboratory Equipment, Experimental Organism Systems, Physical Sciences, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Engineering and Technology, Medicine, Fluidics, Pathogens, Organic Materials, 0210 nano-technology, Research Article, Pathogen Motility, Paper, Computer and Information Sciences, States of Matter, food.ingredient, Virulence Factors, Science, Materials Science, Carbohydrates, Equipment, Research and Analysis Methods, Models, Biological, Computer Software, Saccharomyces, Model Organisms, food, Escherichia coli, medicine, Chromatography, Filter paper, Petri dish, Organic Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Organisms, Fungi, Chemical Compounds, Biofilm, Biology and Life Sciences, Reproducibility of Results, Liquids, Yeast, 0104 chemical sciences, Waxes, Animal Studies
Abstract: Many microbial phenotypes are differentially or exclusively expressed on agar surfaces, including biofilms, motility, and sociality. However, agar-based assays are limited by their low throughput, which increases costs, lab waste, space requirements, and the time required to conduct experiments. Here, we demonstrate the use of wax-printed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) to measure linear growth rate of microbes on an agar growth media as a means of circumventing the aforementioned limitations. The main production materials of the proposed μPAD design are a wax printer, filter paper, and empty pipet boxes. A single wax-printed μPAD allowing 8 independent, agar-grown colonies costs $0.07, compared to $0.20 and $9.37 for the same number of replicates on traditional microtiter/spectrophotometry and Petri dish assays, respectively. We optimized the μPAD design for channel width (3 mm), agar volume (780 μL/channel), and microbe inoculation method (razor-blade). Comparative analyses of the traditional and proposed μPAD methods for measuring growth rate of nonmotile (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and motile (flagellated Escherichia coli) microorganisms suggested the μPAD assays conferred a comparable degree of accuracy and reliability to growth rate measurements as their traditional counterparts. We substantiated this claim with strong, positive correlations between the traditional and μPAD assay, a significant nonzero slope in the model relating the two assays, a nonsignificant difference between the relative standard errors of the two techniques, and an analysis of inter-device reliability. Therefore, μPAD designs merit consideration for the development of enhanced-throughput, low-cost microbial growth and motility assays.
Published: 2020

39. VIP-2 - Testing spin-statistics for electrons with high sensitivity

Author: D. Pietreanu, S. Bertolucci, Michael Cargnelli, Florin Sirghi, J.-P. Egger, O. Vazquez-Doce, Matthias Laubenstein, A. Pichler, Johann Zmeskal, Johann Marton, Diana Sirghi, A. Amirkahani, Sergio Bartalucci, M. Bazzi, Hexi Shi, K. Piscicchia, Edoardo Milotti, Alberto Clozza, C. Guaraldo, L. De Paolis, M. Iliescu, Laura Sperandio, Alessandro Scordo, Catalina Curceanu, Mario Bragadireanu, Marton, J., Amirkahani, A., Bartalucci, S., Bazzi, M., Bertolucci, S., Bragadireanu, M., Cargnelli, M., Clozza, A., Curceanu, C., De Paolis, L., Egger, J. -P., Guaraldo, C., Iliescu, M., Laubenstein, M., Milotti, E., Pichler, A., Pietreanu, D., Piscicchia, K., Scordo, A., Shi, H., Sirghi, D., Sirghi, F., Sperandio, L., Vazquez-Doce, O., and Zmeskal, J.
Subjects: Paper, Physics, History, Pauli principle, quantum mechanics, experimental test, quantum mechanic, Electron, 01 natural sciences, ddc, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computer Science Applications, Education, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Spin-½
Abstract: The VIP-2 (VIolation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle) experiment conducted at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory (LNGS) of INFN is searching for possible tiny violations of standard quantum mechanics in copper atoms with extremely high sensitivity. We investigate atomic transitions with precision X-ray spectroscopy in order to test the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) and therefore the spin-statistics theorem. We present the experimental method for the search for "anomalous" (i.e. Pauli-forbidden) X-ray transitions in copper atoms, produced by "new" electrons, which could have a tiny probability to undergo a Pauli-forbidden transition to the 1s ground state already occupied by two electrons. We describe the VIP-2 experimental setup and its recent optimisations. Presently VIP-2 is taking data at LNGS. The goal of VIP-2 is to test PEP for electrons with unprecedented accuracy, down to a limit in the probability that PEP is violated at the level of 10-31 (and using a more elaborate analysis even 10-40). We present current experimental results.
Published: 2020
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40. Experimental study of 4 n with 8He(p,2p) reaction

Author: M. Böhmer, Masaki Sasano, S. Reichert, Naohito Inabe, S. Chen, T. Shimada, M. Matsumoto, Susumu Shimoura, I. Stefan, J. Kahlbow, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, T. Harada, D. Symochko, István Kuti, S. W. Huang, D. Cortina, Tomohiro Uesaka, Z. Ge, N. L. Achouri, Yosuke Kondo, Hiroyuki Takeda, K. Yoneda, B. Fernández-Domínguez, U. Forsberg, Z. Elekes, Roman Gernhäuser, Y. Yasuda, H. Suzuki, Yohei Shimizu, D. Beaumel, D. Kim, C. A. Douma, Yukie Maeda, A. Hirayama, J. M. Gheller, Heiko Scheit, F. Dufter, T. Elidiano, Yasuhiro Togano, M. L. Cortés, M. Potlog, Nobuyuki Chiga, P. J. Li, Juzo Zenihiro, B. Yang, T. Isobe, M. Caamaño, Thomas Aumann, H. T. Törnqvsit, A. Gillibert, D. S. Ahn, F. Schindler, M.N. Harakeh, J. Feng, J. Tscheuschner, S. Kim, Atsumi Saito, L. Zanetti, P. Koseoglou, V. Wagner, M. Parlog, B. M. Godoy, N. Orr, Takashi Nakamura, Yu-xin Liu, J. Mayer, A. Obertelli, Yuya Kubota, Hideaki Otsu, S. Storck, S. Masuoka, K. Boretzky, Kathrin Wimmer, H. Miki, T. Tomai, F. M. Marqués, V. Panin, P. Doornenbal, Stefanos Paschalis, L. Yang, Satoshi Takeuchi, M. A. Knösel, Igor Gašparić, T. Kobayashi, C. Lehr, H. Yang, C. Lenain, M. Miwa, Z. Halász, A. Revel, H. Sato, T. Fujino, D. M. Rossi, H. Baba, S. Park, I. Murray, L. Stuhl, H. Yamada, J. Gibelin, J. Tanaka, Naoki Fukuda, RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, German Research Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)
Subjects: Physics, Paper, History, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, tetraneutron, nuclear force, proton knock-out, radioactive beams, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Computer Science Applications, Education, ddc, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Tetraneutron, Neutron, ddc:530, 010306 general physics
Abstract: 7 pags., 3 figs. -- 27th International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2019), The tetraneutron has attracted the attention of nuclear physicists during the past decades, but there is still no unambiguous confirmation of its existence or nonexistence. A new experiment based on 8 He(p,2p)7H{t+4n} reaction, with direct detection of the four neutrons, has been carried out at RIBF, which can hopefully help to draw a definite conclusion on the tetraneutron system., We acknowledge the support of the RIBF accelerator staff and the BigRIPS team for providing the high-quality beam. Z. H. Yang acknowledges the financial support from the Foreign Postdoctoral Researcher program of RIKEN. T. Aumann acknowledges the support by DFG via SFB 1245. P. Koseoglou acknowledges the support from BMBF (NUSTAR.DA grant No.05P 15RDFN1).
Published: 2020

41. Expert Elicitation on Wind Farm Control

Author: Steffen Raach, Irene Eguinoa, Tuhfe Göçmen, David Astrain, Eric Simley, Jennifer King, Paul Fleming, Katherine Dykes, Gregor Giebel, M. Iribas, Bart M. Doekemeijer, Johan Meyers, Carlo L. Bottasso, Konstanze Kölle, Michael J. Lawson, and J.W. van Wingerden
Subjects: Paper, History, Technology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Energy & Fuels, Computer science, 020209 energy, Best practice, Control (management), 02 engineering and technology, Systems and Control (eess.SY), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Turbine, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control, Field (computer science), Education, Physics, Applied, Engineering, Electricity grid, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Production (economics), Green & Sustainable Science & Technology, Reliability (statistics), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, DYNAMIC INDUCTION CONTROL, Science & Technology, Physics, FIELD CAMPAIGN, Expert elicitation, Environmental economics, Computer Science Applications, ddc, Engineering, Mechanical, TUNNEL, 13. Climate action, Physical Sciences, Science & Technology - Other Topics
Abstract: Wind farm control is an active and growing field of research in which the control actions of individual turbines in a farm are coordinated, accounting for inter-turbine aerodynamic interaction, to improve the overall performance of the wind farm and to reduce costs. The primary objectives of wind farm control include increasing power production, reducing turbine loads, and providing electricity grid support services. Additional objectives include improving reliability or reducing external impacts to the environment and communities. In 2019, a European research project (FarmConners) was started with the main goal of providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in wind farm control, identifying consensus of research findings, data sets, and best practices, providing a summary of the main research challenges, and establishing a roadmap on how to address these challenges. Complementary to the FarmConners project, an IEA Wind Topical Expert Meeting (TEM) and two rounds of surveys among experts were performed. From these events we can clearly identify an interest in more public validation campaigns. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the mechanical loads and the uncertainties concerning the effectiveness of wind farm control are considered two major research gaps.
Published: 2019

42. High precision test of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons

Author: Hexi Shi, M. Veith, R. Del Grande, L. De Paolis, Matthias Laubenstein, Florin Sirghi, J.-P. Egger, Sergio Bartalucci, O. Vazquez Doce, C. Guaraldo, Marco Miliucci, Edoardo Milotti, Mario Bragadireanu, D. Laura Sirghi, Dorel Pietreanu, K. Piscicchia, T. Mazzocchi, Alberto Clozza, Michael Cargnelli, Laura Sperandio, Johann Zmeskal, A. Amirkhani, Sergio Bertolucci, Johann Marton, M. Bazzi, A. Pichler, Catalina Curceanu, M. Iliescu, Alessandro Scordo, and Carlo Fiorini
Subjects: Physics, Paper, History, COSMIC cancer database, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electron shell, Electron, Copper conductor, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Computer Science Applications, Education, L-shell, ddc, Nuclear physics, symbols.namesake, Pauli exclusion principle, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, engineering, Limit (mathematics), 010306 general physics, Order of magnitude
Abstract: The VIP collaboration is performing high precision tests of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons in the extremely low cosmic background environment of the Underground Gran Sasso Laboratories of INFN (Italy). The experimental technique consists in introducing a DC current in a copper conductor, searching for the X-rays emission due to a PEP-forbidden atomic transition from the L shell to the K shell of copper when the K shell is already occupied by two electrons. VIP set un upper limit on the PEP violation probability 1 2 β 2 < 4.7 × 10 − 29 , the aim of the upgraded VIP-2 experiment is to improve this result by two orders of magnitude at least. The experimental setup and the results of preliminary data analyses will be presented.
Published: 2019

43. The r-Hunter-Saxton equation, smooth and singular solutions and their approximation

Author: Colin J. Cotter, Tristan Pryer, Jacob Deasy, Cotter, Colin J [0000-0001-7962-8324], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)
Subjects: Paper, singular solutions, GEODESIC-FLOW, Work (thermodynamics), General Mathematics, Mathematics, Applied, HYPERBOLIC VARIATIONAL EQUATION, Mathematics::Analysis of PDEs, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Piecewise linear function, 37K06, Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 0102 Applied Mathematics, 37K05, FOS: Mathematics, Hunter–Saxton equation, Applied mathematics, Initial value problem, Lie symmetries, 0101 mathematics, nlin.SI, math.AP, Mathematical Physics, Mathematics, Science & Technology, Nonlinear Sciences - Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems, Physics, Applied Mathematics, 010102 general mathematics, 4901 Applied Mathematics, 4904 Pure Mathematics, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Action (physics), Symmetry (physics), Physics, Mathematical, 010101 applied mathematics, 35Q53, Nonlinear Sciences::Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems, nonlinear PDEs, Physical Sciences, 49 Mathematical Sciences, 37K58, Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI), Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
Abstract: In this work we introduce the r-Hunter-Saxton equation, a generalisation of the Hunter-Saxton equation arising as extremals of an action principle posed in L_r. We characterise solutions to the Cauchy problem, quantifying the blow-up time and studying various symmetry reductions. We construct piecewise linear functions and show that they are weak solutions to the r-Hunter-Saxton equation., Revised after referee comments
Published: 2019

44. First-principles high pressure structure searching, longitudinal-transverse mode coupling and absence of simple cubic phase in sulfur

Author: Richard J. Needs, Jack Whaley-Baldwin, Whaley-Baldwin, J [0000-0001-9350-7115], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Whaley-Baldwin, Jack [0000-0001-9350-7115]
Subjects: Physics, Paper, Condensed matter physics, phonon dispersion, Phonon, charge density wave, incommensurate structure, soft mode, General Physics and Astronomy, Soft modes, Cubic crystal system, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Transverse mode, phase diagram, high pressure, structure searching, Lattice (order), 0103 physical sciences, Density functional theory, 010306 general physics, Charge density wave, Phase diagram
Abstract: We use first-principles density functional theory to conduct an extensive structure search using the AIRSS package for elemental sulfur in the range 50–550 GPa. We then obtain the low-temperature phase diagram of sulfur in the same pressure range, including vibrational effects through the harmonic approximation. We do not find any structures lower in energy than those already reported in experiment, although the phase diagram below 100 GPa is found to be crowded with structures separated by only a few meV. We report the transition sequence I 4 1 / acd → P 1 ¯ → ICM → C 2 / m → R 3 ¯ m → I m 3 ¯ m and obtain accurate pressures for each transition, although we find the second-order C 2 / m → R 3 ¯ m transition particularly difficult to define. Contrary to previous first-principles works (Pavel et al; Rudin and Liu 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 3049–52), we do not reproduce a trigonal → simple cubic transition at either the static lattice or harmonic level. We also undertake a detailed analysis of the incommensurately modulated (ICM) phase of sulfur phase using a commensurate approximant found in the structure search. We find that the modulation amplitude is zero above 96 GPa; some 40 GPa below the experimentally reported transition to the unmodulated phase. We find that the body-centred atoms in the relaxed ICM approximant are, in addition to the dominant transverse modulation (which is a frozen-in optical phonon mode), slightly displaced longitudinally in the b-direction. We subsequently discover that this (small) longitudinal modulation is coupled to the transverse mode, and hence report previously unnoticed weak-mode coupling between transverse and longitudinal optical phonons in the ICM phase.
Published: 2019
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45. Fully-staggered-array bulk Re-Ba-Cu-O short-period undulator: large-scale 3D electromagnetic modelling and design optimization using A-V and H-formulation methods

Author: Thomas Schmidt, Mark D. Ainslie, Ryota Kinjo, Kai Zhang, Marco Calvi, Zhang, K [0000-0002-3830-9682], Ainslie, M [0000-0003-0466-3680], Calvi, M [0000-0002-2502-942X], Kinjo, R [0000-0002-0873-7117], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Zhang, Kai [0000-0002-3830-9682], Ainslie, Mark [0000-0003-0466-3680], Calvi, Marco [0000-0002-2502-942X], and Kinjo, Ryota [0000-0002-0873-7117]
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Paper, Photon, Field (physics), finite element method, FOS: Physical sciences, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), Magnetization, critical state model, law, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Eddy current, backward computation, bulk superconductors, The Jan Evetts SUST Award 2021, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, undulator, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Metals and Alloys, Physics - Applied Physics, Undulator, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, Beamline, HTS modelling, Ceramics and Composites, Physics::Accelerator Physics, H-formulation, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Order of magnitude, Swiss Light Source
Abstract: The development of a new hard x-ray beamline I-TOMCAT equipped with a 1-meter-long short-period bulk high-temperature superconductor undulator (BHTSU) has been scheduled for the upgrade of the Swiss Light Source (SLS 2.0) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). The very hard x-ray source generated by the BHTSU will increase the brilliance at the beamline by over one order of magnitude in comparison to other state-of-the-art undulator technologies and allow experiments to be carried out with photon energies in excess of 60 keV. One of the key challenges for designing a 1-meter-long (100 periods) BHTSU is the large-scale simulation of the magnetization currents inside 200 staggered-array bulk superconductors. A feasible approach to simplify the electromagnetic model is to retain five periods from both ends of the 1-meter-long BHTSU, reducing the number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) to the scale of millions. In this paper, the theory of the recently-proposed 2D A-V formulation-based backward computation method is extended to calculate the critical state magnetization currents in the ten-period staggered-array BHTSU in 3D. The simulation results of the magnetization currents and the associated undulator field along the electron beam axis are compared with the well-known 3D H-formulation and the highly efficient 3D H-{\phi} formulation method, all methods showing excellent agreement with each other as well as with experimental results. The mixed H-{\phi} formulation avoids computing the eddy currents in the air subdomain and is significantly faster than the full H-formulation method, but is slower in comparison to the A-V formulation-based backward computation. Finally, the fastest and the most efficient A-V formulation in ANSYS 2020R1 Academic is adopted to optimize the integrals of the undulator field along the electron beam axis by optimizing the sizes of the end bulks., Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures
Published: 2021

46. Cutting cosmological correlators

Author: Enrico Pajer, Sadra Jazayeri, Mang Hei Gordon Lee, Harry Goodhew, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Apollo-University Of Cambridge Repository, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, cosmological model, optical theorem, quantum cosmology, spin, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, de Sitter, De Sitter universe, Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, Cosmological perturbation theory, correlation function, media_common, Physics, [PHYS.HTHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Theory [hep-th], Propagator, graviton, symbols, propagator, resonance: oscillation, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), space-time: Robertson-Walker, quantum mechanics: wave function, dispersion relation: linear, Theoretical physics, symbols.namesake, Quantum cosmology, 0103 physical sciences, conservation law, unitarity, tree approximation, inflation, 010306 general physics, perturbation theory, Inflation (cosmology), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, paper, monodromy, inflation: slow-roll approximation, Graviton, Astronomy and Astrophysics, boundary condition, Universe, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), gravitation, axion, cosmological perturbation theory, n-point function: 5
Abstract: The initial conditions of our universe appear to us in the form of a classical probability distribution that we probe with cosmological observations. In the current leading paradigm, this probability distribution arises from a quantum mechanical wavefunction of the universe. Here we ask what the imprint of quantum mechanics is on the late time observables. We show that the requirement of unitary time evolution, colloquially the conservation of probabilities, fixes the analytic structure of the wavefunction and of all the cosmological correlators it encodes. In particular, we derive in perturbation theory an infinite set of single-cut rules that generalize the Cosmological Optical Theorem and relate a certain discontinuity of any tree-level $n$-point function to that of lower-point functions. Our rules are closely related to, but distinct from the recently derived Cosmological Cutting Rules. They follow from the choice of the Bunch-Davies vacuum and a simple property of the (bulk-to-bulk) propagator and are astoundingly general: we prove that they are valid for fields with a linear dispersion relation and any mass, any integer spin and arbitrary local interactions with any number of derivatives. They also apply to general FLRW spacetimes admitting a Bunch-Davies vacuum, including de Sitter, slow-roll inflation, power-law cosmologies and even resonant oscillations in axion monodromy. We verify the single-cut rules in a number of non-trivial examples, including four massless scalars exchanging a massive scalar, as relevant for cosmological collider physics, four gravitons exchanging a graviton, and a scalar five-point function., 36 + 18 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2021

47. Intraoperative hyperspectral label-free imaging: from system design to first-in-patient translation

Author: Iain Yardley, Philipp Führnstahl, Sebastien Ourselin, Eli Nabavi, José Miguel Spirig, Tom Vercauteren, Shakeel R Saeed, Yijing Xie, Mazda Farshad, Robert Bradford, Jonathan Shapey, Armando Hoch, A. David Edwards, Michael Ebner, Florentin Liebmann, University of Zurich, and Vercauteren, Tom
Subjects: Paper, medicine.medical_specialty, 3104 Condensed Matter Physics, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, hyperspectral imaging, Computer science, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Special Issue on Translational Biophotonics, 610 Medicine & health, DIAGNOSIS, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Applied, 010309 optics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, first-in-patient, 0103 physical sciences, Visual assessment, 3102 Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Computer-Assisted Intervention, medicine, TECHNOLOGY, Medical physics, In patient, Label free, exoscope, Science & Technology, medical device, Physics, 2508 Surfaces, Coatings and Films, 2504 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Hyperspectral imaging, computer assisted interventions, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Workflow, translational research, Physical Sciences, Imaging technology, Systems design, 10046 Balgrist University Hospital, Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Center, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Despite advances in intraoperative surgical imaging, reliable discrimination of critical tissue during surgery remains challenging. As a result, decisions with potentially life-changing consequences for patients are still based on the surgeon's subjective visual assessment. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides a promising solution for objective intraoperative tissue characterisation, with the advantages of being non-contact, non-ionising and non-invasive. However, while its potential to aid surgical decision-making has been investigated for a range of applications, to date no real-time intraoperative HSI (iHSI) system has been presented that follows critical design considerations to ensure a satisfactory integration into the surgical workflow. By establishing functional and technical requirements of an intraoperative system for surgery, we present an iHSI system design that allows for real-time wide-field HSI and responsive surgical guidance in a highly constrained operating theatre. Two systems exploiting state-of-the-art industrial HSI cameras, respectively using linescan and snapshot imaging technology, were designed and investigated by performing assessments against established design criteria and ex vivo tissue experiments. Finally, we report the use of our real-time iHSI system in a clinical feasibility case study as part of a spinal fusion surgery. Our results demonstrate seamless integration into existing surgical workflows., Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 54 (29), ISSN:0022-3727, ISSN:1361-6463
Published: 2021

48. The Cosmological Optical Theorem

Author: Harry Goodhew, Enrico Pajer, Sadra Jazayeri, Pajer, Enrico [0000-0002-7921-4479], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), quantum cosmology, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, De Sitter universe, 0103 physical sciences, physics of the early universe, inflation, Quantum field theory, Mathematical physics, Inflation (cosmology), Physics, Unitarity, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, paper, Scalar (physics), Graviton, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Optical theorem, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), particle physics - cosmology connection, Trispectrum, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The unitarity of time evolution, or colloquially the conservation of probability, sits at the heart of our descriptions of fundamental interactions via quantum field theory. The implications of unitarity for scattering amplitudes are well understood, for example through the optical theorem and cutting rules. In contrast, the implications for in-in correlators in curved spacetime and the associated wavefunction of the universe, which are measured by cosmological surveys, are much less transparent. For fields of any mass in de Sitter spacetime with general local interactions, which need not be invariant under de Sitter isometries, we show that unitarity implies an infinite set of relations among the coefficients $ \psi_{n} $ of the wavefunction of the universe with $ n $ fields, which we name Cosmological Optical Theorem. For contact diagrams, our result dictates the analytic structure of $ \psi_{n} $ and strongly constrains its form. For example, any correlator with an odd number of conformally-coupled scalar fields and any number of massless scalar fields must vanish. For four-point exchange diagrams, the Cosmological Optical Theorem yields a simple and powerful relation between $ \psi_{3} $ and $ \psi_{4} $, or equivalently between the bispectrum and trispectrum. As explicit checks of this relation, we discuss the trispectrum in single-field inflation from graviton exchange and self-interactions. Moreover, we provide a detailed derivation of the relation between the total-energy pole of cosmological correlators and flat-space amplitudes. We provide analogous formulae for sub-diagram singularities. Our results constitute a new, powerful tool to bootstrap cosmological correlators., Comment: 37+19 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2021

49. Paper-based enzymatic electrode with enhanced potentiometric response for monitoring glucose in biological fluids

Author: Marc Parrilla, Francisco J. Andrade, Rocío Cánovas, Grup de Quimiometria, Qualimetria i Nanosensors, Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, and Universitat Rovira i Virgili
Subjects: Paper, Potenciometria, Potentiometric titration, Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics, Nanotechnology, Biosensing Techniques, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Sensors químics, Paper-based sensor, Glucose Oxidase, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nafion, Electrochemistry, Humans, Potentiometric sensor, Glucose oxidase, Biology, Platinum, Detection limit, Chromatography, biology, Filter paper, Physics, 010401 analytical chemistry, Enzymatic sensors, Química, General Medicine, Enzymes, Immobilized, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemistry, Glucose, chemistry, Linear range, Glucosa, 0956-5663, Electrode, Potentiometry, biology.protein, Oxidases, 0210 nano-technology, Engineering sciences. Technology, Biotechnology
Abstract: A novel paper-based potentiometric sensor with an enhanced response for the detection of glucose in biological fluids is presented. The electrode consists on platinum sputtered on a filter paper and a Nafion membrane to immobilize the enzyme glucose oxidase. The response obtained is proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of glucose, with a sensitivity of -119 +/- 8 mV.decade(-1), a linear range that spans from 10(-4)M to 10(-2.5) M and a limit of detection of 10(-4.5) M of glucose. It is shown that Nafion increases the sensitivity of the technique while minimizing interferences. Validation with human serum samples shows an excellent agreement when compared to standard methods. This approach can become an interesting alternative for the development of simple and affordable devices for point of care and home-based diagnostics.
Published: 2017
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50. High-speed quantitative optical imaging of absolute metabolism in the rat cortex

Author: Robert H. Wilson, Mohammad Torabzadeh, Yama Akbari, Afsheen Bazrafkan, Niki Maki, Bernard Choi, Bruce J. Tromberg, and Christian Crouzet
Subjects: Paper, Materials science, cerebral blood flow, Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), Ischemia, Bioengineering, cardiac arrest, 01 natural sciences, diffuse optical imaging, 010309 optics, Brain ischemia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuroimaging, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Absolute scale, Physics, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Neurosciences, Magnetic resonance imaging, Laser Speckle Imaging, Blood flow, medicine.disease, Research Papers, brain ischemia, Diffuse optical imaging, Stroke, Cerebral blood flow, brain metabolism, Positron emission tomography, Neurological, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, Spatial frequency, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Biomedical engineering
Abstract: Quantitative measures of blood flow and metabolism are essential for improved assessment of brain health and response to ischemic injury. In this report, we demonstrate a multimodal technique for measuring the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in the rodent brain on an absolute scale (μM O2 / min). We use laser speckle imaging (LSI) at 809 nm and spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) at 655 nm, 730 nm, and 850 nm to obtain spatiotemporal maps of cerebral blood flow (CBF), tissue absorption (μa), and tissue scattering (μs’). Knowledge of these three values enables calculation of a characteristic blood flow speed, which in turn is input to a mathematical model with a “zero-flow” boundary condition to calculate absolute CMRO2. We apply this method to a rat model of cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. With this model, the zero-flow condition occurs during entry into CA. The CMRO2 values calculated with our method are in good agreement with those measured with magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) by other groups. Our technique provides a quantitative metric of cerebral metabolism that can potentially be used for comparison between animals and longitudinal monitoring of a single animal over multiple days, to assess differences in baseline metabolism and track recovery of metabolism in survival studies following ischemia and reperfusion.
Published: 2019
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