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Of all the various ways that American participation in World War II contributed to Allied victory, the most critical, and in the end the most decisive, was American industrial productivity, and particularly shipbuilding. United States ship construction between 1941 and 1945 dramatically outstripped both its own allies and all of its foes combined. The United States was not only the "arsenal of democracy" (Franklin Roosevelt's phrase) but also the Allies' shipbuilder, and superiority in shipping is what allowed the Allies to win the Battle of the Atlantic, conduct the DDay invasion, and mount a simultaneous offensive in the Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Mexican American military personnel who played baseball while serving in the U.S. Armed forces during World War II. It provides biographical sketches of various baseball players including Tommie Encina who was a medical corpsmen in the U.S. Army who later became a professional baseball player, U.S. Marine Joe Andrade played for various military teams including the Fort Bragg All-American team, and U.S. Air force wing armorer Ramon A. Martínez served at Wattisham Air Force Base in England.

The article focuses on the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) alumni who served on the United States War Department General Staff during World War II. The author discusses the roles of officers General George Catlett Marshall, who served as chief of staff of the army, General Leonard "Gee" Gerow, who served as assistant chief of staff and chief of the War Plans Division (WPD), and General Thomas Handy, who served as assistant chief of staff and chief of the Operations Division (OPD).

This article identifies a significant hole in the literature of World War II. Few works discuss the everyday life of medical personnel and fewer still detail the lives of naval medical providers; those that do tend to focus on the exciting and bloody aspects of a medico at war. Filling this gap, this article argues that the most accurate picture of life at war should include life's routine features and then describes the everyday experiences of a U.S. Navy doctor in the Pacific from September 1944 to December 1945, whose daily existence was far different from and more typical than the one most often portrayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have long believed that the Victory Program that formed the basis of U.S. military and production strategy during World War II was mostly the work of a sole genius—Major Albert C. Wedemeyer. This article makes the case that Wedemeyer's paper—"Ultimate Requirements Study: Estimate of Army Ground Forces"—had very little impact during the war. Its postwar prominence as an all-seeing document of remarkable foresight is a myth perpetuated for over fifty years by Wedemeyer himself. The true Victory Program combined a military strategy worked out by Admiral Harold Stark, and a production program worked out by three almost forgotten economists, Robert Nathan, Simon Kuznets, and Stacy May. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a lesson plan for eleventh-grade history education which teaches concepts about the social history of the American West during World War II, focusing especially on California as a case study.

The present article brings together a comparison of two distinct epochs in the world economic order: the crisis of English hegemony at the end of the 19th century, along with the consolidation of American hegemony at the end of World War II and the contemporary process of the crisis of American hegemony beginning in 2001 and continuing today. This approach is based on a structural perspective of the economy in which the global productive system is transformed across the span of different historical periods, and which along with other elements -such as the global monetary order and political, institutional and military leadership- transforms the economic order and hegemony. Applying this methodology leads to the conclusion that the two periods show various similarities, though there are also profound differences, and that currently the global order is in the process of changing towards multipolarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1942 photographer Andreas Feininger travelled across the United States documenting war industries for the Office of War Information, a New Deal agency. In the midst of world war, Feininger's straightforward photographs of plane production, copper mining, and other key industries were carefully crafted propaganda designed to combat German rhetoric and bolster public support and confidence in the war effort. Feininger's style, an admixture of modernist ideas and social detachment, found resonance within US ideological efforts that stressed data and facts, and became known as the 'Strategy of Truth'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief historical introduction, this paper analyzes the rhetorical and persuasive elements of the patriotism of State in the sphere of political regimes of force that ruled some European Nations during the first third of 20th century. The paper ends with the analysis of the patriotism of State as persuasive element of propaganda in the United States after the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the war and human rights abuses in the U.S. during World War II and the Cold War. It examines how these crises facilitated human rights violations against U.S. citizens through illegal human experimentation. It also demonstrates the effects of war making on the rights of these citizens in a constitutional democracy.

The Second World War (after June 1941) was a high point for the international communist movement with the Popular Front against fascism bringing many new people into Communist Parties in the global West. In the United States, South Africa and Australia, the Communist Party supported the war effort believing that the war against fascism would eventually become a war against imperialism and capitalism. Part of this support for the war effort was the support of black and indigenous soldiers in the armed forces. This activism fit into a wider tradition of these communist parties' anti-racist campaigning that had existed since the 1920s. This article looks at how support for the national war effort and anti-racist activism intertwined for these CPs during the war and the problems over 'loyalty' and commitment to the anti-imperial struggle that this entanglement of aims produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disciplinary geography's history represents an important source for contemporary debates over the status of geographical knowledge across the social sciences. This article argues for a reorientation of geography's history by examining its interface with the development of area studies in the United States. It investigates the epistemological and institutional transformations that occurred in the decades before and after the Second World War as the regional concept transmuted into area studies. The article finds that although geography's regional concept shaped the spatial constructions of area studies, the latter's imaginative geographies fixed the regional concept along geopolitical visions of the nation-state and Cold War regional blocs that continue to occlude social scientific attempts to redraw the borders of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During World War II, several hundred Chinese Mexicans traveled north to the United States to work as cooks for the Threlkeld Commissary Company in a special exception to the Chinese Exclusion Act. Using archival sources as well as memoirs, this article traces the Chinese Mexican contribution to the Mexican Track Labor Program and the ways in which these workers became purveyors of Mexican culinary traditions in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of U.S. censorship, violence and moral judgement in a wartime democracy from 1941 through 1945. It reexamines war censorship to rethink the relationship between liberal democracy in the U.S. and international violence. It attempts to make three related arguments on military press censorship, that censors actively encouraged analogous textual reporting, and that censors and journalists both shared a language of realism and toughness while demanding the public to confront the negative aspects of internationalism as a duty of citizenship.

The article discusses the increase in support for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) among congressional members, interest groups and the general public in the U.S. from the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s. It tackles the use of the destabilizing nature of the Great Depression and World War II by ERA proponents to create a coalition of supporters, the role of the Fair Labor Standards Act in the growth in energy behind the ERA, and the change in women's relationship to the state by the 19th Amendment.

The article focuses on feminist and historian Leila Rupp's scholarship on the history of sexuality. Leila puts women-loving women at the center of her historical inquiry and of women's history and queer history. She wrote history that was not constrained by national borders as depicted in her book "Mobilizing Women for War," a comparative history of World War II propaganda in the U.S. and Germany.

Historical (national) memory is considered in this article as one of the most important pillars of national identity. In addition to identifying some of the characteristic features of national, historical memory, the author shows that historical memory is influenced by two factors—the direct experience of the witnesses and participants of past events and official propaganda. As the direct witnesses of events disappear, the possibility of reconstructing and distorting historical memory increases. The ideas put forth in this article are formulated based on the historical memory of World War II in the United States, Russia, Germany, and other European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To date, scholars have provided seemingly contradictory accounts of violent crime during the US occupation of Germany. Social disorder and violence are commonly described extending for months or years after the war. For scholars of US Military Government, however, the imposition of a strict military regime precluded such crime. Meanwhile, Alan Kramer's quantitative study suggests lower rates of violent criminality and Jose Canoy found fear of crime may have exaggerated perceptions of violence. Both studies reveal how little is known about criminality during the early occupation. This article seeks to clarify divergent accounts by examining new records from German and American archives, and providing a more comprehensive account of criminal violence in the US Zone during the transition from war to peace, March to July 1945. This narrow window of time complements a well-documented increase in American-perpetrated violent crime. The present study uses data of civilian criminality alongside discovery of higher rates of American crime. It reveals a wave of severe disorder that Military Government rapidly brought under control. But in the process, Germans were disempowered and left at the mercy of American soldiers. Consequently, society remained violent even as civilians were forced to live by tight military standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to define the field of higher education and clarify its identity. It examines three analytical dimensions which, it proposes, shape the field: knowledge, approach and community. It argues that contextual knowledge around the issue of higher education has defined the field but has not determined techniques that are specific to it. The core elements of these three dimensions- contextual knowledge, the diversity in approaches and the multi-disciplinary and loosely coupled community-suggest diversity in the field and in its identity rather than coherence and consolidation. The two dimensions of approach and community partially relate to the development of the field as a product of efforts to solve financial and management problems caused by the expansion of higher education after World War II in the US, and, in terms of experience, in Europe where expansion came much later, increasing public interest in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the Vietnam War, the United States has refrained from the widespread, intentional targeting of civilian populations in times of war. Public opinion polls seem to reflect a marked decline in American support for targeting foreign civilians since that time. Drawing on original public opinion surveys, as well as other historical material, this essay explores several explanations for these changes. Although there is some evidence that the public's views about the morality of civilian targeting have shifted, I argue that two other explanations also play an important role in the changes in the conduct of American wars. First, a mounting skepticism, especially within the U.S. military, about the efficacy of killing civilians, has undercut the primary motivation to even consider such tactics. Indeed, many U.S. military leaders now perceive that killing adversary civilians in large numbers-intentionally or unintentionally - usually backfires, making the adversary fight harder or driving more civilians to join or support the adversary's forces. Second, due to the lower stakes, and especially the dramatically lower fatality rates suffered by American troops in recent wars, the temptation to attempt to end wars quickly with a "death blow" against adversary cities has become less potent. Under certain conditions, however, a majority of Americans would still support today the kind of population bombing last practiced during World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As American combat photographers documented the horrors and heroism of every major front of World War II, photo editors worked behind the scenes to bring their images to publication. Matching photographers with assignments and selecting images that best told the story—all while navigating censorship, publication expectations, and intercultural societal norms—the photo editor was indispensable to the combat photographer. The partnership of Robert Capa and Elmer W. Lower exemplified such a mutualistic relationship. Whether serendipitous, as it was early in the war when Lower provided assistance in exchange for Capa's photos, or calculated, as it was later in the war when both were employed by Life magazine, their experience exemplifies the mutually beneficial relationship of war photographers and their editors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the condition of the American greeting card industry during World War I and World War II, dealing with topics including businesses' and families' response to war, the trends in greeting card design and wording, and industrywide conditions.

The article presents a study which examines the crimes committed by U.S. soldiers in Europe during and after World War II in May 1945 to July 1946. It analyzes statistical summaries of investigations and charges against American soldiers in the European Theater of Operations. It also discusses the important implications of a higher rate of American crimes, such as rape, for historical interpretation of Wester Europe's cultural and social transition from war to recovery.

Recovery from the Great Depression began in March 1933, simultaneous to Franklin Roosevelt's inauguration. However, the pace of that recovery between that date and the Second World War was extremely uneven with some dramatic starts and stops. Between March and July 1933, manufacturing production rose 78%, production of durable goods was up 199%, total industrial production rose 57%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 71%. Then the economy contracted sharply again beginning in August 1933–the July 1933 level of industrial production was not reached again until August 1935. This paper addresses two questions. What factors were responsible for bringing about the sharp recovery in the spring of 1933 and what factors brought this short-lived economic surge to an end? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discipline of geography has a long albeit uneven engagement with militarism. This is witnessed in the ongoing efforts of geographers to influence military policy as well as the development of technologies used in military action. This forum, based on papers originally presented at the 2014 Association of American Geographers annual meeting in Tampa, Florida, provides a critical introduction to contemporary issues related to geographies of militarism. Collectively, these essays demonstrate that geographers located within the nonmilitary academy have failed to reflect adequately on the implications of militarism on the discipline. Consequently, we forward the argument that the American Association of Geographers must initiate a review of the relationship between academic geography and militarism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the military duties of a number of U.S. geographers during World War II. It divides those duties into three kinds: spies, teachers, and occupiers. In each case, a specific form of geographical expertise was deployed--instrumental to achieving a particular military end. In particular, the article examines the roles of geographers: first, in the analysis of military intelligence at the Office of Strategic Services; second, in the provision of geographical courses for the university-based Civil Affairs Training School and the Army Specialized Training Program; and, finally, as agents of occupation in Japan once World War II ended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the U.S. Army Air Forces (AAF) Aircrew College Detachment Training Program in Buffalo, New York during World War II in 1939-1945.

A case study is presented that examines the establishment of a preparedness group known as the Victory Corps at Austin High School (AHS) in Austin, Texas, during World War II, particularly concerning changes in Austin Independent School District (AISD) policies regarding race, class equity, and gender. It discusses the democratization of school-supported groups and resistance to social change.

The article discusses the history of American Jews and name changing in New York City during the World War II era from 1939 to 1945. It builds on various scholarly interpretations emphasizing the insidious nature of anti-Semitism, which may have encouraged the resistance less grounded in civil rights protests than in personal identity and bureaucracy, and the complicated responses of Jews.

The article discusses the role that the 1941 U.S. Lend-Lease Act played in U.S. assistance and repair of British Royal Navy warships at American shipyards in 1941, including the U.S. Navy's willingness to divert resources towards the repair of British warships. An overview of the impact that Great Britain's participation in World War II had on its inability to provide maintenance and repair to its own warships, including in regard to the impact of German bombing of British warship and merchant ships, is provided.

This article explores the activities of the United States Committee for the Care of European Children (USCOM), a non-sectarian rescue organization that operated throughout World War II. USCOM managed to bring to the US a total of approximately 1,300 children--both Jewish and non-Jewish--in two separate operations: the first from Britain in 1940, and the second from concentration camps in southern France between 1941 and 1944. In its effort to find suitable host families for the children in the United States, the committee cooperated mainly with Jewish organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the work of American think tanks in foreign policy-making immediately before and during World War II. It argues that two well established organizations, the Council on Foreign Relations and the Institute of Pacific Relations, were particularly influential. Both became involved in government planning for future U.S. policy in East Asia through their wartime programs. They collaborated with official U.S. government planners through outsourcing projects, hosted official and unofficial discussion groups and conferences, supported networking, and funded policy-relevant research and publications. The activities of these two organizations helped to define the range of policy options planners and politicians considered, include the ideas of outside experts into the work of government, and facilitate cooperation between the United States and its allies on postwar planning. The interaction between the U.S. government and interwar think tanks had a lasting impact on American-East Asian relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the historical allied military victory of the U.S. during the World War II and historical development of the political system of U.S.

Re-contextualising the industrial evolution of transmedia storytelling—itself typically branded a product of contemporary media convergence—this article examines the industrial role of transmedia storytelling during a period of Classical Hollywood. Exploring the roles of licensing, corporate authorship and cross-industrial relations amidst the cultural context of the Second World War, the article draws on Superman and the expansions of the character’s storyworld across multiple media during the 1940s and 1950s to assess how the media of comics, radio, cinema and television can be recognised during this period as convergent industry platforms where transmedia narratives unfolded. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A reprint of the article "War, Depression, and the Presidency, 1933-50," by Clinton Rossiter, which appeared in volume 17, number 4 of the journal in December 1950. The article discusses the U.S.'s Great Depression, World War II in the U.S. and American executive, or presidential, and emergency powers from 1933 through 1950. An overview of the relationship between the U.S. Congress and the president, including the constitutional nature of the relationship and Congress's relationship with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, is provided.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was a projective psychological test created by Harvard psychologist Henry A. Murray and his lover Christina Morgan in the 1930s. The test entered the nascent intelligence service of the United States (the OSS) during the Second World War due to its celebrated reputation for revealing the deepest aspects of an individual's unconscious. It subsequently spread as a scientifically objective research tool capable not only of dredging the unconscious depths, but also of determining the best candidate for a management position, the psychological complexes of human nature, and the unique characteristics of a culture. Two suppositions underlie the utility of the test. One is the power of narrative. The test entails a calculated abuse of the subjects tested, based on their inability to interpret their own narrative. The form of the test requires that a subject fail to decipher the coded, unconscious meaning their narrative reveals. Murray believed the interpretation of a subject's narrative and the projection contained therein depended exclusively on the psychologist. This view of interpretation stems from the seemingly more reasonable belief of nineteenth-century Romantic thinkers that a literary text serves as a proxy for an author's deepest self. The TAT also supposes that there is something beyond consciousness closely resembling a psychoanalytic unconscious, which also has clear precedents in nineteenth-century German thought. Murray's views on literary interpretation, his view of psychology as well as the continuing prevalence of the TAT, signals a nineteenth-century concept of self that insists “on relations of depth and surface, inner and outer life” (Galison 2007, 277). It is clear the hermeneutic practice of Freud's psychoanalysis, amplified in Jung, drew on literary conceptions of the unconscious wider than those of nineteenth-century psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the artwork of Japanese American artist Miné Okubo, focusing on the use of her drawings of Japanese people by the business magazine "Fortune" during and after World War II. Other topics include information on Okubo's memoir "Citizen 13660," how the mass incarceration of Japanese and Japanese Americans during World War II influenced Okubo's work, and the use of Okubo's drawings in "Fortune" as propaganda for postwar recovery in Asia.

A voluntary army's quality exceeds or falls below a drafted army's average quality depending on whether selection is advantageous or adverse. Using a collection of data sets that cover the majority of the US Army soldiers during World War II, we test for adverse selection into the army. Rather, we find advantageous selection: volunteers and drafted men showed no significant difference in fatalities, but volunteers earned distinguished awards at a higher rate than drafted men, particularly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Analyses at the level of units concur with our findings based on enlistment records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between U.S. media outlets and the U.S. Office of War Information during World War II, focusing on the efforts of the U.S. Naval Women's Reserve public relations officers to incorporate positive war messages in the media. Other topics include the development of a media booklet with themes and important dates, information on the messages used in mass-market publications, and how the messages varied depending on the perceived audience.

The article discusses war bond posters produced by the U.S. government during World War I and World War II and their significance in fundraising and national cohesion. It examines posters within the collection of the U.S. National Air and Space Museum, the varying themes of the posters by artists such as Howard Chandler Christy, Joseph Pennell, and Boris Artzybasheff.

The article discusses data compiled by the U.S. government and the evacuation and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. It also examines the U.S. Commission of Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), war powers asserted by the administration of then-U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and research concerning the involvement of the U.S. agency the Census Bureau in the Japanese American internment program.

A case study is presented on the traveling art exhibition titled "Art of New Zealand" to museums in North America in 1941 sponsored by the philanthropic trust the Carnegie Corporation of New York, including in regard to the exhibition's cancellation. The role that the exhibition played in U.S. and New Zealand's relations at the beginning of World War II, including in regard developing cultural relations between the countries, is discussed. An overview of the Director of the Yale University Art Gallery Theodore "Tubby" Sizer's role in curating the exhibition is provided.

Thirty years ago Lichtenstein, Stone, Lynd, et al. accused the National War Labor Board (NWLB) of pursuing policies that crushed worker militancy during World War II, with dreadful long-term consequences. Critiquing that view in this article, Ronald Schatz offers a new interpretation. First, the board contributed to the production of goods essential to the war by mediating between unions and corporations, which in turn helped forestall a “labor draft.” Second, it trained a corps of capable arbitrators acceptable to both unions and management who went on to become the principal intermediaries in American industries for decades. Third, the board required corporations and unions to accept binding-arbitration clauses that over time tended to be more beneficial to workers and unions than to stockholders and management. Finally, the system constructed in 1942–45 served as a model when government and service workers organized in the 1960s. The article is based on close examination of meetings of the NWLB and the regional war labor boards as well as the background and perspective of George Taylor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The militarization of women during the Second World War, unprecedented in both quantitative and qualitative terms, has been accounted for variously, though unsatisfactorily, with regard to the impact on the warring nations' gender order. Using national variations in the accessibility of combat functions to women, the degree of pressure exerted on a given war-time society's gender order is explored by comparing Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, which differ markedly regarding both the military exigencies placed upon them and the degree of female militarization adopted. The comparative perspective reveals differences in what dimensions are perceived as problematic in the relation of gender and combat and what are the conditions shaping this perception. Secondly, the conditions become apparent under which combat functions are made available to women, and thirdly, the long-term effects of the reconfiguration of the gender order under war-time conditions can be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the changes in the activities and structure of the U.S. Department of State described in an untitled memorandum prepared by the U.S. Office of the Director of Personnel that led to the U.S. entry and participation into World War II. Among the changes were the rename of the Special Division into Special war Problems Division, the reorganization of the State Department, and new offices falling under the supervision of an Assistant Secretary.

The article discusses the 1943 to 1945 traveling photograph exhibition "Road to Victory: A Procession of Photographs of the Nation at War," organized the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, designed by designer Herbert Bayer. Topics include the role of Edward Steichen as curator of the exhibition, the relationship of Bayer to the National Socialist (Nazi) government and its propaganda before his exile from Austria, and American aspects of the "Road to Victory" exhibition. The display of the exhibition in London, England as "America Marches with the United Nations" is noted, along with the display of the exhibition at the Honolulu Museum of Art in Honolulu, Hawaii.

The article discusses the political aspects of American modernist free verse within U.S. periodical culture during World War I, including in regard to American Bohemian culture and the periodical the "Saturday Evening Post." An overview of the conception of freedom within periodical culture is provided.

No lobby reacted with more hostility to Jewish refugees from Nazi-dominated Europe than did the medical profession, yet refugee physicians ultimately fared better than any other occupational group. The counter-campaign waged by a group of American doctors partly resolves this paradox. The National Committee for the Resettlement of Foreign Physicians helped immigrants pass licensing exams in the rapidly shrinking number of states that allowed them to take the tests, and to procure exemptions in the growing number of states that did not. It thus helped physicians to become the only refugees collectively to retain their professional status in their new country. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay highlights post-1945 intertwined aesthetic and political radicalisms in the visual arts, drawing on key examples from the United States and Western Europe in the decades from the end of World War II to the present. It seeks to explore the complex relations between selected artists, practices, and products, and nascent spectacular global capitalism (including some of spectacle's "technical means of production," such as perspectival representations). Drawing on elements of the well-known critique of spectacle developed by Guy Debord, the essay posits a tradition, or lineage, of "utopian globalism" in the visual arts, traceable back to the time of the Russian Revolution and active, in mutating form, across the world in the period from 1917 up until the late capitalist 1990s. In a discussion linking artworks by Vladimir Tatlin, Pablo Picasso, and Joseph Beuys to the work of 1960s artists Robert Smithson, Jan Dibbets, and Douglas Huebler, the essay posits the existence of a tradition of "anti-anti- utopian" thinking and art making. Inspired by Fredric Jameson's recent analyses of science fiction, the identification of this tradition constitutes a means to keep alive the possibility of systemic social transformation and an end to destructive and self-destructive Cold War legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent did U.S. intelligence believe that Imperial Japanese forces would invade the West Coast, an idea that many believe was responsible for the alleged atmosphere of wartime hysteria that led to mass confinement of West Coast Japanese Americans? Based on unused archival materials, this article shows that these agencies dismissed the idea of an impending Japanese invasion, shown by their negative reaction to Korean nationalist Kilsoo Haan's "Yellow Peril" prediction of a Japanese invasion of California in 1943. It also demonstrates that assumptions about Yellow Peril ideas require more nuanced analysis, for they were not universally accepted or as widespread as often believed. The article concludes with observations on Kilsoo Haan, U.S. intelligence, and Japanese American internment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]