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This article suggests that much of the use of the Navajo language in contemporary Navajo written poetry, especially English dominant poetry, serves as an icon of proper Navajo usage. It is a purist view of the Navajo language. Navajo poetry is implicated, even if tacitly, in a discourse of linguistic purism that is tied to an oppositional linguistic ideology that sees Navajo and English as discrete and distinct “objects.” Navajo poetry erases the contemporary sociolinguistic diversity - including bilingual Navajo - on the Navajo Nation. And in so doing, it closes off parts of Navajo sociolinguistic realities and in its stead creates an imagined Navajo language community.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el debate público sobre la lengua en Twitter a partir del discurso metalingüístico de los usuarios que opinan sobre cuestiones lingüísticas, todo ello para describir la ideología lingüística de dichos hablantes y la forma en que construyen su discurso. El corpus consta de nueve tuits extraídos de dos hilos diferentes y pertenecientes a cuentas no institucionales que disputan sobre normas lingüísticas variadas. Los resultados corroboran la diversidad de las ideologías lingüísticas de los hablantes (purismo académico, antiacadémico y conservador e innovación) y la expresividad con la que estos construyen su discurso. The aim of this research is to analyse the public debate on language on Twitter through the metalinguistic discourse of users who express their opinions on linguistic issues, in order to describe the linguistic ideology of these speakers and the way in which they construct their discourse. The corpus consists of nine tweets extracted from two different threads and belonging to non-institutional accounts that discuss various linguistic norms. The results corroborate the diversity of speakers' linguistic ideologies (academic, anti-academic and conservative purism and innovation) and the expressiveness with which they construct their discourse.

Summary The discovery of Karl Tekusch as a key player and significant link in the history of Austrian and German linguistic purism is the subject of this article. Tekusch was the last chairman of the Vienna Branch of the Deutscher Sprachverein (DSV), from the Austrian Anschluss until its dissolution, and he was also the first chairman of its post-WWII successor, the Viennese Verein Muttersprache, which is still active today. The existence of the hitherto lesser-known Germanischer Sprachverein, founded and chaired by Tekusch for 15 years, proves that the alleged ’gap’ in organised Austrian linguistic purism does in fact not exist, and that Austrian linguistic purism must indeed be regarded as a continuous phenomenon. Strongly influenced by the völkisch movement and later the national socialists, Tekusch had developed and continuously worked on his concept of Sprachechtheit, ‘linguistic authenticity’. The concept was very influential on purist organisations in Austria and Germany until at least the late 1970s. Moreover, Sprachechtheit was discussed beyond the realm of linguistics purism, by academics in German Philology, Sociology, Social Psychology, and German Folklore Studies / European Ethnology.

A discrepancy between the perceptions of the dictionary as gatekeepers and the dictionary as a description of the language can be observed among the general public and lexicographers. This discrepancy is particularly obvious when we consider the inclusion of neologisms. Linguistic purism is generally seen by its advocates as an effort to protect a language. It is particularly relevant when we consider borrowings. These considerations serve as a background for the special issue on New Words and Linguistic Purism, which consists of an article on the background theory, three case studies focused on German, Italian, and Slovak, and a contrastive study of German and Greek which also adds some further theoretical considerations on linguistic purism.

The present study investigates the role of borrowing in specialised language and the connection of this crosslinguistically common phenomenon with the attitude of language purism. German and Greek have been selected for the purpose of this study. The selection of these languages is based on their comparable morphological properties, but also on their different terminological characteristics. The data come mainly from the domain of statistics. However, some examples from a different domain, that of computer science, are also discussed. The different terminological profiles of the selected languages are found to coincide with the specific characteristics of the two domains. These characteristics are also linked to their attitudes towards foreign words and especially borrowing. In this respect, this paper investigates borrowed words from a morphological and a sociolinguistic point of view.

Es gibt in Russland gesetzliche Regelungen zum Fremdwortgebrauch in offiziellen Kommunikationsbereichen. Findet in Russland aber auch aktiver Fremdwortersatz im Rahmen von Terminologieprojekten statt? Diese Frage soll in der vorliegenden Dissertation beantwortet werden. Näher betrachtet werden hierzu ein Terminologieprojekt zur Erarbeitung einheimischer Wirtschaftsterminologie, mehrere Standardisierungsdokumente sowie der Ablauf der Terminologiearbeit, die im Softwarekonzern Microsoft bei der Vorbereitung von Softwareprodukten für den russischen Markt erfolgt. Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Dissertation sind die Ergebnisse einer an der Staatsuniversität Sankt Petersburg durchgeführten Umfrage, an der Studierende mehrerer Fakultäten teilgenommen haben. Neben Fragen zur Einstellung zu neuen Entlehnungen im Russischen und Möglichkeiten, sie durch einheimische Lexeme zu ersetzen, enthielt die Umfrage eine Aufgabe, bei der für neuere Anglizismen aus den Bereichen Computertechnik, Sport und Mode einheimische Äquivalente zu überlegen waren.

У раду се анализира употреба термина варваризам у српској лин гвистици, полазећи од његовог појмовног одређења у чланцима објављеним у лингвистичком часопису Наш језик (од оснивања до данас). Међу корицама часописа, у складу с његовом концепцијом, која је усмерена на тумачење и ширење правилних особина стандардног и књижевног српско-хрватског (потом српског) језика, нашли су се бројни радови у којима се износе пуристички ставови у вези са страном лексиком, с нормативног и стилистичког становишта, у циљу одређивања употребне вредности тих речи. Ексцерпирани материјал показује учесталу употребу термина варваризам, међутим примећује се да се током времена он све ређе користи и да полако излази из употребе. The stylistic term barbarism is used in linguistics for normative purposes, to denote foreign words, expressions, or constructions, used instead of better domestic ones. The paper discusses the use of the term barbarism in Serbian linguistics, starting from its conceptual definition in articles published in the linguistic journal Naš jezik (from its foundation to the present day). Under the journal conception, the articles published in these volumes deal with the study and standardization of the Serbian (formerly Serbo-Croatian) literary language. Therefore, there are numerous works in which purist attitudes are presented concerning the foreign lexicon, from the normative and stylistic point of view, to determine the normative value of these words. The excerpted material primarily shows a different meaning of the term barbarism. It often referred to ‘the use of a foreign word instead of a domestic one’, in rare cases to ‘a foreign word or a word of foreign origin’ and ‘irregularity or linguistic error’. In the old series of journal, there is frequent use of the term, while in the new series, there is a reduced use, and it is noticed that the term barbarism is slowly removed over time.

One of the prominent results of globalization is the rise of multilingualism and the importance of English in countries where English is not a native language, particularly in the work sphere. Sociolinguistic research on SLLs shows how factors such as education, migration, media, etc. shape people’s attitudes towards language and identifies the opposing language ideologies that can influence these attitudes. The focus of this paper is the influence of language learning and usage context on attitudes towards language. The research is based on the premise that a multilingual speaker can have opposing views of different languages that he/she speaks due to the different learning and usage contexts with respect to each language. The premise was examined through qualitative research on the sample of a multilingual speaker from Slovakia. The research was conducted in the form of two sociolinguistic interviews with the participant, as well as through an analysis of written communication between the participant and the researcher. The results have shown that the participant views language variation more favorably in the context of Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian, than in the context of English. Additionally, it was shown that the participant’s speech production does not always reflect his own attitudes towards language. The results imply that the difference in the participant’s attitudes towards different languages is influenced by the different learning and usage contexts in connection with each language. Jedan od značajnijih ishoda globalizacije porast je višejezičnosti i važnosti engleskog jezika u zemljama gdje engleski nije materinski jezik, posebice u poslovnom području. Sociolingvistička istraživanja bilingvalnih govornika pokazala su kako čimbenici kao što su obrazovanje, migracija, mediji, itd. mogu oblikovati jezične stavove govornika i ustanovila su oprečne jezične ideologije koje mogu utjecati na te stavove. U fokusu ovog rada nalazi se utjecaj konteksta usvajanja i uporabe jezika na jezične stavove. Istraživanje se temelji na pretpostavci da višejezični govornik može imati oprečne stavove prema različitim jezicima koje govori zbog različitog konteksta u kojem je svaki od jezika usvojio/la te u kojem ih koristi. Da bi se dokazala navedena pretpostavka provedeno je kvalitativno istraživanje na uzorku višejezičnog govornika iz Slovačke. Istraživanje je strukturirano u obliku dva sociolingvistička intervjua s ispitanikom te kroz analizu pisane komunikacije između ispitanika i istraživača. Rezultati su pokazali da ispitanik ima pozitivniji stav prema jezičnoj raznolikosti u kontekstu srpskog, hrvatskog, i bosanskog jezika nego što je to slučaj s engleskim jezikom. Osim toga, pokazalo se da ispitanikov govor ne odražava uvijek njegove vlastite stavove prema jeziku. Rezultati ukazuju na to da ispitanik ima oprečne jezične stavove prema različitim jezicima koje govori zbog različitog konteksta u kojem je svaki od tih jezika usvojio i u kojem ih danas koristi.

Rad naslovljen Jezična politika u NDH na primjeru novina Primorski vjesnik podijeljen je u dva dijela. Prvi se dio rada odnosi na povijesne i teorijske činjenice potrebne za kontekstualiziranje drugoga dijela rada. U tom se dijelu daje pregled i kontekst uspostave države te događaja koji su joj prethodili; govori se o pokušaju uspostave ustaške vlasti na širem riječkom području, što nije bilo ostvarivo zbog potpisivanja Rimskih ugovora. Nadalje, donose se informacije o kontroli i cenzuri tadašnjih tiskovina. Slijede poglavlja u kojima se objašnjavaju odrednice ustaške jezične politike, a posebno fenomen radikalnoga jezičnoga purizma kao dominante odrednice takve politike. Drugi je dio rada analitičko-istraživački te prikazuje jezičnu analizu koja obuhvaća: refleks jata, jednačenje po mjestu tvorbe, jednačenje po zvučnosti, ispadanje suglasnika, bilježenje stranih riječi te heterogenost leksičke razine. Iako Rijeka nije bila pod izravnom ustaškom vlašću, bila je svakako pod vlašću i kontrolom totalitarnih talijanskih vlasti, kojima, nasreću, kako je jezična analiza pokazala – nije bilo toliko stalo do djelovanja lokalnih novina., The work, titled Language policy in the Independent State of Croatia, examined in the Primorski vjesnik gazette, is divided into two parts. The first part refers to the historical and theoretical facts needed to contextualize the second part of the work. This part offers a review and the context of the establishment of the state, as well as of the events that preceded it; it deals with the attempt of establishment of Ustaša authority over the broader Rijeka area, which was not feasible due to the conclusion of the Treaties of Rome. Furthermore, we inquire into the control over and the censuring of the press at the time. The second part of the work is analytical research and it presents a linguistic analysis which includes: yat reflex, assimilation by place of articulation, assimilation by voice, dissimilation, orthography of foreign words and heterogeneity of the lexical level. Although Rijeka was not directly under the Ustaša government, it certainly was under the authority and control of the Italian totalitarian regime, which, fortunately, as the analysis has shown – did not particularly care about the local press.

W latach 90. XX wieku, wraz z ogłoszeniem przez Chorwację niepodległości, liczni chorwaccy językoznawcy zaczęli prowadzić intensywną purystyczną politykę językową mającą na celu usunięcie z języka elementów obcych, również wielu wyrazów tureckiego pochodzenia. Głównym celem niniejszej publikacji jest analiza statusu, frekwencji i funkcji siedmiu turcyzmów: ćošak, dućan, dugme, dušmanin, đubre, marama, maramica we współczesnym języku chorwackim. Są to wyrazy, które mają swoje rodzime neutralne odpowiedniki, w związku z czym od lat 90. XX wieku narażone były na purystyczne działania prowadzone przez chorwackich normatywistów na łamach poradników językowych oraz opracowań leksykograficznych. W artykule podjęto próbę konfrontacji zaleceń dotyczących wspomnianych zapożyczeń formułowanych przez chorwackich lingwistów z uzusem zawartym w korpusach internetowych. Na tej podstawie stworzono wstępną klasyfikację nacechowanych stylistycznie turcyzmów, biorąc pod uwagę intensywność polityki językowej prowadzonej wobec nich oraz frekwencję w tekstach publicystycznych i urzędowych. In the 1990s, after the declaration of independence by Croatia, many Croatian linguists started to pursue a radical puristic language policy aimed at elimination of foreign elements from Croatian language, many Turkish loanwords either. The main purpose of the present publication is to investigate status, frequency and function of seven Turkish loanwords: ćošak, dućan, dugme, dušmanin, đubre, marama, maramica in modern Croatian. These words do have neutral synonyms that are native words and therefore, since 1990s, were exposed to purist activities pursued by the Croatian linguists in dictionaries and popular language guides. This paper attempts to compare thesis regarding this loanwords put forward by Croatian linguists with the usage in practise presented in online corpora. On this basis, regarding the intensity of language policy against Turkish loanwords as well as their frequency in journalistic and official texts, the preliminary classification of stylistically marked Turcisms was created.

In Maningrida, northern Australia, code-switching is a commonplace phenomenon within a complex of both longstanding and more recent language practices characterised by high levels of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. Code-switching is observable between local Indigenous languages and is now also widespread between local languages and English and/or Kriol. In this paper, I consider whether general predictions about the nature and functioning of code-switching account for practices in the Maningrida context. I consider: (i) what patterns characterise longstanding code-switching practices between different Australian languages in the region, as opposed to code-switching between an Australian language and Kriol or English? (ii) how do the distinctions observable align with general predictions and constraints from dominant theoretical frameworks? Need we look beyond these factors to explain the patterns? Results indicate that general predictions, including the effects of typological congruence, account for many observable tendencies in the data. However, other factors, such as constraints exerted by local ideologies of multilingualism and linguistic purism, as well as shifting socio-interactional goals, may help account for certain distinct patterns in the Maningrida data.

Résumé : Cet article analyse les déclarations officielles de l'Académie française et celles – davantage officieuses – de ses membres au sujet des Rectifications de l'orthographe de 1990. Après avoir brièvement exposé l'état de l'orthographe 'rectifiée' aujourd'hui, l'article interprète la rhétorique de l'Académie française à partir des trois outils suivants : une lecture contextuelle par le biais de la politique linguistique ; une analyse discursive des déclarations de l'institution (1986-2018) qui met en évidence leurs argument-types et paradoxes ; une inscription historique dans la tradition lexicographique de l'Académie. Il en ressort que la position de cette dernière peut se lire comme un combat pour le discours légitime sur la langue française et comme une tentative d'adaptation à la société contemporaine, rendue vaine par l'incompatibilité qui subsiste entre le projet orthographique à visée démocratique et l'Académie française actuelle, puriste, conservatrice et élitiste., This article analyzes the official statements of the Académie française and the – less official ones – of its members concerning the Rectifications de l'orthographe of 1990. After briefly outlining the state of the 'rectified' spellings today, the article examines the rhetoric of the Académie française in three steps. Firstly, the study is contextualized by discussing language policies as issued by institutional bodies such as the Académie française. Secondly, a discourse analysis of the institution's statements (1986-2018) is presented that highlights its typical arguments and paradoxes. Thirdly, the analysis is interpreted historically in the light of the Académie's lexicographical tradition. The analysis shows that the Académie's discourse is marked by a struggle for the legitimization of the French language and attempts to adapt to contemporary society. The analysis suggests, though, that there remains an ideological incompatibility between the democratically- oriented orthographic project and the purist, conservative and elitist Académie française., Studia linguistica romanica 2021.5

The Status of Turkish Loanwords marama and maramica in Modern Croatian The present article aims to investigate the status, frequency and function of Turkish loanwords marama and maramica in modern Croatian. This study attempts to compare views of Croatian linguists on these lexemes with their practical usage recorded in online corpora. The analysis demonstrates that a purist language policy applied in Croatia, especially in the 1990s, resulted in a change of status of marama and maramica in standard Croatian: these originally stylistically neutral lexemes came to be regarded as regionalisms, “worse” words or even Serbisms. On the other hand, the corpus study under discussion indicates that the loanwords marama and maramica are still popular in journalistic and official texts, where they appear in a number of new contexts. Status turcyzmow marama i maramica we wspolczesnym jezyku chorwackim Glownym celem publikacji jest zbadanie statusu, frekwencji i funkcji turcyzmow marama i maramica we wspolczesnym jezyku chorwackim. Artykul stanowi probe konfrontacji poglądow na temat badanych leksemow, formulowanych przede wszystkim przez chorwackich lingwistow, z uzusem poświadczonym w korpusach jezykowych. Badania pokazują, ze purystyczna polityka jezykowa prowadzona w Chorwacji, przede wszystkim w latach 90. XX wieku, skutkowala zmianą statusu wspomnianych slow w standardowym jezyku chorwackim: te początkowo neutralne stylistycznie wyrazy zaczeto określac mianem regionalizmow, form gorszych, a nawet serbizmow. Z drugiej strony analiza korpusu pokazuje, ze leksemy marama i maramica są nadal bardzo popularne w tekstach publicystycznych i urzedowych, gdzie pojawią sie w licznych nowych kontekstach.

Status of numeral-forming suffixes -er- and -or- in standard Croatian languageThe main purpose of the present publication is to investigate frequency and status of two paral­lel suffixes -er- and -or- that form Croatian collective numerals. The analysis is focused on the re­search material collected from literary texts, normative Croatian publications grammars, dictionar­ies and popular language guides. This paper attempts to compare theses regarding these suffixes put forward by Croatian linguists with the usage in practice presented in online corpora http://riznica.ihjj.hr. The investigation demonstrated that puristic language policy applied in Croatia, especially in the 1990s, caused disappearance of “less-Croatian” suffix -or-. The only exception is numerical noun cetvorica, that entered the Croatian language in the 19th century, which is regular part of the standard Croatian language until today.Normativni status sufiksa -er- i -or- u tvorbi brojevnih izvedenica uhrvatskome standardnom jezikuRad prikazuje analizu frekvencije inormativnog statusa dvaju paralelnih sufiksa -er- i -or- kojima se tvore hrvatske brojevne izvedenice. Analiza se zasniva na podacima preuzetim iz hrvat­skih književnih tekstova, normativnih prirucnika gramatike, rjecnici te jezicnih savjetnika. Cilj je ovoga rada također usporediti preporuke hrvatskih jezikoslovaca uvezi sa sufiksima -er- i -or- s jezicnom praksom zastupljenom uhrvatskom jezicnom korpusu http://riznica.ihjj.hr. Na osnovi istraživanja može se zakljuciti da puristicka jezicna politika, koju je vodila vecina hrvatskih jezi­koslovaca uglavnom od 90-ih godina 20. stoljeca, izazvala je polagani nestanak “manje hrvatskog” sufiksa -or-. Taj proces nije potpuno zahvatio brojevnu imenicu cetvorica, koju su uveli vukovci u 19. stoljecu, zbog cega taj oblik danas pripada hrvatskomu standardnom jeziku.

In this article we examine the ideology of linguistic purism among the members of the Ladinokomunita virtual community, which was founded in 2000 with the aim of promoting the use of the Judeo-Spanish language and Sephardic culture. In the research we start from the idea that ideology as an integral part of social identity is something that is constructed and transformed in linguistic interaction through the use of tactics of intersubjectivity (Bucholtz and Hall 2004, 2005) and always in the function of a broader social context. Therefore, taking into account the tendencies of glocalization that operate in contemporary society, in this work we analyze the purist attitudes present in Ladinokomunita from the point of view of the social treatment approach (Garrett et al. 2003) with the aim of showing that the ideology of the linguistic purism of its members is a manifestation of broader social processes, in which attempts are made to reconstruct and revitalize the ethnic identity of the Sephardic community.Key words: linguistic purism, ethnic identity, tactics of intersubjectivity, Sephardic Jews, Judeo-Spanish.

O site da Revista Educação Pública, do Rio de Janeiro, possibilita o intercâmbio de conhecimento entre educadores por meio de oficinas, fóruns de discussão, divulgação e produção de textos educativos, científicos ou literários. Tomamos aqui a discussão sobre a ligação entre língua e nação, analisando discursivamente um espaço opinativo da mídia social da internet: um site em que a pergunta inicial O internetês é uma ameaça à língua portuguesa? Assim, desenvolvemos uma crítica apoiada pelas reflexões da Linguística, principalmente no campo da Sociolinguística variacional e da visão dialética da linguagem (Análise do Discurso bakhtiniana). Desta maneira, colocamo-nos a refletir sobre a noção do purismo linguístico verificando como as respostas-opiniões dos participantes da situação de discussão virtual concebem questões do uso linguístico pelos sujeitos. Como se constroem as argumentações sobre atitudes dos sujeitos em relação às variações linguísticas? Preservar língua é preservar uma cultura nacional? O que se considera norma culta? Falamos errado? Escrevemos errado? DOI: https://doi.org/10.47295/mren.v6i2.1319

Aversion to loanwords may express itself in various ways: deliberate and motivated by ideology of linguistic purism or more implicit and motivated by the strength of one’s national identification and ethnolinguistic vitality. A study of Polish philology students assessed their tendency to choose loanwords versus synonymous native words. The results supported a two-path model of linguistic purism. Social identity (strength of identification) directly predicted avoidance of loanwords, whereas ideological concerns (conservative political views) predicted it indirectly, through purist ideology.

Introduction . Recently, there has been a cardinal restructuring of university preparation. Linguistic education takes up nearly the last position in the new model of the higher school dictated by economic interests. Investments in linguistic projects are considered as unprofitable today. The linguistic component in educational programs of a bachelor degree is reduced to a minimum, and focused on language knowledge promoting as communication technologies. The aim of the work purposes to trace how the scientific and the linguistic paradigm shift have an impact on the domestic linguistic education system, and to show the unrealized potential capacity of linguistic knowledge. Methodology and research methods . The methodology of the offered research is based, on the one hand, upon the domestic periodical press review on the linguistic education problems for the last 15 years, on the other – on the philosophical analysis of science historical forms which change has caused the past, the present and the future of linguistics and linguistic education. The inductive methods to integrate different approaches are also used. Theoretical significance. The author emphasizes the need to consider the problems of higher education in philosophical aspect, through the interaction of a scientific and educational paradigm. Results and scientific novelty . At a time of global changes in domestic higher education the linguistic education is considered to be a display of the convergence process of natural sciences, technology and humanities. The philosophical study of the scientific paradigms – classical, non-classical and post-non-classical has revealed the regularities of the linguistic scientific paradigms – structural, communicative and cognitive. Each of the paradigms was traced in the frame of linguistic education functions alternation and constantly changing academic programs. A new take on the U-turn of a centrifugal vector in science has obviously demonstrated the tendencies of the domestic linguistic education flimsiness: fundamental linguistic education tends to become popularized linguistic knowledge; there is no conception of linguistic education based on all the basic language functions. However, the author notes the natural language to be the most difficult, most multipurpose and multidimensional sign system. Language simultaneously performs various functions: a form, way, tool, and means of structuring and systematized description of knowledge. Artificial computer languages provide the speed and efficiency of storage, processing and information transfer, i.e. perform tool function support not being a means of thought broadcasting. Semantic information processing is carried out by linguists «manually»; therefore, fundamental linguistic knowledge is required in the fields of semantics, syntactics, pragmatics of the language sign, laws of linguistic nominations, laws of references, regularities of perception and reproduction, mechanisms of understanding and interpretation, etc. Practical significance . Philosophical conceptualization of a modern paradigm of scientific linguistic knowledge allows to draw a conclusion on the need of fundamental linguistic education support at the high level on behalf of preservation, realization and full development of all unique functions of a natural language as means of thinking and communication, a tool of information technologies and a sign system, and, at last, as a cultural phenomenon.

Today, German language islands in Russia and Brazil are on the way to language shift. On this way, the varieties of these communities display certain features of decomposition and simplification in terms of morphology. Regular and irregular morphology, however, are developing differently: while case reduction is the main characteristic of regular noun inflection, in personal pronouns case distinctions are maintained. Results are presented from a research project about language change in case morphology of German language islands with 125 speakers living in close contact to the majority populations in Brazil and Ruguage obsolescence as from language emergence which has been the subject of linguistic research in the past. Through its comparative perspective, it seems possible to accoussia. The core idea of the project is the assumption that we can learn as well from lannt for internally or externally induced linguistic change. Language decay is apparently not just disorder, not amorphous, but somehow struc­tured. Certain lexical classes are more subject to reduction than others, and some residual features retain morphological “core” functions (in terms of case semantics). Language change is accelerated in times of blurring sociolinguistic differences and fading linguistic norms as an implication of losing ethnic boundaries. The recent co-officialization of minority languages in Brazil might slow down these processes. In a transcultural approach, teaching of Pomeranian as minority language (alongside the national language) could stabilize the local linguistic community, building a bridge to the High German standard language, and even to English as a lingua franca of international communication.

The main purpose of the present publication is to investigate status, frequency and function of Turkish loanword dugme compared to names puce, gumb and botun in Croatian. This paper attempts to compare thesis regarding this loanword that were put forward by Croatian linguists (in normative dictionaries and popular language guides) with the usage in practise presented in online corpora. The investigation demonstrated that puristic language policy applied in Croatia, especially in the 1990s, doesn’t change status of loanword dugme in the standard Croatian. The corpus resarch shown that frequency of lexem dugme decreases in artistic style. On the other hand, it is still popular in journalistic style and appears in new and modern contexts.

Iceland’s literary tradition, conservative linguistic heritage and ideologies of linguistic purism have been a major strand in Icelandic national identity. The preservation of linguistic and literary continuity is a principal objective of overtly expressed Icelandic culture policies. At the same time, the advent of globalisation has entailed increased everyday presence of an international language, along Icelandic, in important spheres of modern life. There are concerns that this has impact on reading habits, linguistic input, and language environment in general. Against this background, the present paper offers a description of prevailing Icelandic language ideologies, modern linguistic practices, language policies, and the possibilities and limitations of present-day language management efforts.

Unlike communities of speakers of other Romance languages such as French and Spanish, it has often been noticed that many Italian speakers are not particularly concerned by the inflow of foreign (mainly English) words. One reason for this, according to some scholars, is that standard Italian does not stir up linguistic identity for many native users, while English enjoys great prestige as the international language. In this paper, positions on neologisms of foreign origin are illustrated, using recently updated monolingual Italian dictionaries and also comments on neologisms collected from blogs and websites. Although they have a different status and degree of representativeness, the latter respond faster than dictionaries to doubts concerning the use of loans in Italian texts.

After two previous papers about this suffix in Medieval Galician, in this article I gather information about its form and its function from the 16th century to the present day. Concerning the form, in Middle Galician (16-18th centuries) there is an almost absolute predominance of the variants with loss of the postonic vowel (-ble, -bre), while in Contemporary Galician (19th-21st centuries), even when these predominated, there was a revitalization of the Medieval variant -vel(e) (written -bel) that was consciously promoted by cultural and political Galicianism. Regarding its functional and semantic features, it should be noted that, as it happened in the Middle Ages, in the Middle and Contemporary Galician it continued to contend with others (-deiro, -dor, -tivo...) to express the active capacity, the semantic value it adopts when added to intransitive verbal bases. Como continuación de dos trabajos anteriores dedicados al estudio de este sufijo en el gallego medieval, en este artículo presento información sobre su forma y su función desde el siglo XVI hasta la actualidad. En cuanto a la forma, muestro que en las fuentes del gallego medio (siglos XVI-XVIII) hay un predominio casi absoluto de las variantes con síncopa de la vocal postónica (-ble, -bre), en tanto que en las del gallego contemporáneo (siglos XIX-XXI), aún predominando estas, se produjo una revitalización de la variante mayoritaria en el gallego medieval (-vel(e), ahora escrita -bel) promovida conscientemente desde el galleguismo cultural y político. En relación con las características funcionales y semánticas de este sufijo, hay que resaltar que, como ya sucedía en la Edad Media, en el gallego medio y en el contemporáneo siguió contendiendo con otros (-deiro, -dor, -tivo...) para expresar la capacidad activa, valor semántico que adopta cuando se añade a bases verbales intransitivas o usadas intransitivamente. Como continuación de dous traballos anteriores dedicados ao estudo deste sufixo no galego medieval, neste artigo presento información sobre a súa forma e a súa función desde o século XVI ata hoxe. Canto á forma, obsérvase que nas fontes do galego medio (séculos XVI-XVIII) hai un predominio case absoluto das variantes con síncope da vogal postónica (-ble, -bre), mentres que nas do galego contemporáneo (séculos XIX-XXI), aínda predominando estas, produciuse unha revitalización da variante maioritaria no galego medieval (-vel(e), agora escrita -bel) promovida conscientemente desde o galeguismo político e cultural. Respecto das características funcionais e semánticas deste sufixo, cómpre subliñar que, como xa sucedía na Idade Media, no galego medio e no contemporáneo seguiu contendendo con outros (-deiro, -dor, -tivo...) para expresar a capacidade activa, valor semántico que adopta cando se agrega a bases verbais intransitivas ou usadas intransitivamente.