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This paper is about Fault detection over a wireless sensor network in a fully distributed manner. First, we proposed the Convex hull algorithm to calculate a set of extreme points with the neighbouring nodes and the duration of the message remains restricted as the number of nodes increases. Second, we proposed a Naïve Bayes classifier and convolution neural network (CNN) to improve the convergence performance and find the node faults. Finally, we analyze convex hull, Naïve bayes and CNN algorithms using real-world datasets to identify and organize the faults. Simulation and experimental outcomes retain feasibility and efficiency and show that the CNN algorithm has better-identified faults than the convex hull algorithm based on performance metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a mining operation, the structural model is considered as a first-order data required for planning. During the start-up and in-depth expansion of an operation, whether the case is open-pit or underground, the structural model must be systematically updated because most common failure mechanisms of a rock mass are generally controlled by geological discontinuities. This update represents one of the main responsibilities for structural geologists and mine engineers. For that purpose, our study presents a geochemically-developed tool based on the tridimensional (3-D) distribution of arsenic concentrations, which have been quantified with a very high-density of blast-holes sampling points throughout an open pit operation. Our results show that the arsenic spatial distribution clearly denotes alignments that match with faults that were previously recognized by classical direct mapping techniques. Consequently, the 3-D arsenic distribution can be used to endorse the existence and even more the real persistence of structures as well as the cross-cutting relationships between faults. In conclusion, by linking the arsenic fault-pathfinder tool to direct on field fault mapping, it is possible to improve structural models at mine scale, focusing on geotechnical design and management, with a direct impact in the generation of safety mining activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In complex industrial systems, operating, regulating, maintenance activities and external incidents take place dynamically and multiple entities in same or different subsystems interact in a complex manner. Most of single faults have multiple propagation paths. Any local slight deviation is able to propagate, spread, accumulate and increase through system fault causal chains. It will finally result in system failure and unplanned outages or even catastrophic accidents. The key issues focus on both of how to reduce the probability of fault occurrence and decrease the loss of fault consequence. The implementation of such requirements can be studied in terms of the determination of the fault root causes, prediction of the possible consequence, and also estimation of the risk and timing of various maintenance activities, which are considered in a failure prognosis scheme. This study proposes a DBN based failure prognosis method for complex system. Not only the interaction between components, but also the influence of the layers of protection in the system is considered when the dynamic failure scenarios are analyzed. Therefore the proposed method considers multiple factors including degradation mechanism, parameter deviation, the response of the layers of protection and also the external environment. With this model, the dynamic influence diagram of the components' degradation trends can be calculated and be used to evaluate the different effects of the layers of protection quantitatively. Some key problems are also explained such as how to determine the new nodes in DBN representing the behavior of protective layers and how to update the CPT in the extended model. In the case study, the proposed method is tested on the flue gas energy recovery system (FGERS) which is widely used in the petrochemical industry to demonstrate its effectiveness. It makes a great help for early warning and optimization of the layers of protection in the complex industrial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes statistical feature extraction methods combined with artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for fault locations in non-intrusive single-line-to-ground fault (SLGF) detection of low voltage distribution systems. The input features of the AI algorithms are extracted using statistical moment transformation for reducing the dimensions of the power signature inputs measured by using non-intrusive fault monitoring (NIFM) techniques. The data required to develop the network are generated by simulating SLGF using the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) in a test system. To enhance the identification accuracy, these features after normalization are given to AI algorithms for presenting and evaluating in this paper. Different AI techniques are then utilized to compare which identification algorithms are suitable to diagnose the SLGF for various power signatures in a NIFM system. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and can identify the fault locations by using non-intrusive monitoring techniques for low voltage distribution systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Series of earthquakes including three M > 6 earthquakes occurred in Kumamoto prefecture in the middle of the Kyushu island, Japan. In order to reveal the associated crustal deformation signals, we applied offset tracking technique to ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 data covering three M > 6 earthquakes and derived the 3D displacements around the epicenters. We could identify three NE-SW trending displacement discontinuities in the 3D displacements that were consistent with the surface location of Futagawa and Hinagu fault system. We set three-segment fault model whose positions matched the displacement discontinuities, and estimated the slip distributions on each segment from the observed pixel-offset data. Whereas right-lateral slip was dominant in the shallower depth of the larger segments, normal fault slip was more significant at a greater depth of the other segment. The inferred configuration and slip distribution of each segment suggest that slip partitioning under oblique extension stress regime took place during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence. Moreover, given the consistent focal mechanisms derived from both the slip distribution model and seismology, the significant non-double couple components in the focal mechanism of the main shock are due to simultaneous ruptures of both strike-slip and normal faulting at the distinct segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tort scholars have long been obsessed with the dichotomy between strict liability and liability based on fault or wrongdoing. We argue that this is a false dichotomy. Torts such as battery, libel, negligence, and nuisance are wrongs, yet all are “strictly” defined in the sense of setting objective and thus quite demanding standards of conduct. We explain this basic insight under the heading of “the strict liability in fault.” We then turn to the special case of liability for abnormally dangerous activities, which at times really does involve liability without wrongdoing. Through an examination of this odd corner of tort law, we isolate “the fault in strict liability”—that is, the fault line between the wrongs-based form of strict liability that is frequently an aspect of tort liability and the wrongs-free form of strict liability that is found only within the very narrow domain of liability for abnormally dangerous activities. We conclude by defending these two features of the common law of tort: the strictness of the terms on which it defines wrongdoing and its begrudging willingness to recognize, in one special kind of case, liability without wrongdoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the advancements in data measurement and computer technology, automated data collection from multiple sensors has become common in recent years. However, very few papers have dealt with the cost-optimal early fault detection of gearboxes, condition based maintenance policy, and remaining useful life prediction when multiple sensors are used for data collection under varying load. The novel approach presented here is based on vector autoregressive vibration signal modeling and continuous time hidden Markov modeling using the optimal Bayesian control technique. System condition is modeled using a continuous time Markov chain with three states, namely, unobservable healthy state 0, unobservable warning state 1 and observable failure state 2. Model parameters are calculated using the expectation-maximization algorithm. The optimal control policy for the three-state model is represented by a Bayesian control chart for a multivariate observation process. The chart monitors the posterior probability that the system is in the warning state 1 and the system is stopped when this probability exceeds an optimal control limit. Prediction of mean residual life using a posterior probability is also developed in this paper. The validation of the proposed methodologies is carried out using actual gearbox vibration data obtained from multiple sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fault diagnosis and prognosis of low speed machines remains a difficult problem despite remarkable advances in the conditional monitoring domain. The Rolling-element bearing is a vital part of these machines and its failure is one of the main causes of machine breakdown. In order to have an efficient maintenance strategy, fault diagnosis of a bearing and time estimation of its remaining useful life is needed. However, conventional vibration analysis at very low speeds generally fails to detect vibrations issued from a faulty bearing due to its low energy, high and variable loading conditions and to the noisy environment generated by other mechanical components of low speed machines such as gearing systems. In this work, instantaneous angular speed (IAS)-based fault diagnosis is introduced in order to compensate for the shortcoming of conventional monitoring techniques since it is strictly synchronized to shaft rotation and much less dependent on the transfer path between the defect and the sensor contrary to vibration and acoustic emission analysis. At very low speeds and in the case of a seeded spall on the bearing’s race, the shaft IAS reveals the shaft dynamical behavior when the rolling element passes into the spall. It is proven that this behavior is different when entering the spall than when exiting. The determination of entrance and exit moments allows a precise fault size estimation which is a critical step for bearing prognosis. The proposed fault size estimation method is tested on different seeded spall widths at different low speeds. The results gave a satisfactory fault width estimation and show that IAS measurement is a promising tool for the health monitoring of very low speed machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the state of parenting and personal responsibility in Canada. Topics mentioned the death of several children in the country which stirs people to blame the fire department and the federal government, the financial challenge of being a parent since the Great Depression, and the role of buying into the narrative of personal blame on justifying the need for the government to enact policies towards helping the poor or the middle class.

Are decades-long delays between sentencing and execution immune from Eighth Amendment violation because they are self-inflicted by prisoners, or is such prisoner fault for delays simply irrelevant to whether a state-imposed punishment is cruel and unusual? Typically finding delay to be the state's responsibility, Justices Breyer and Stevens argue that execution following upwards of forty years of death row incarceration is unconstitutional. Nearly every lower court disagrees, reasoning that prisoners have the choice of pursuing appellate and collateral review (with the delay that entails) or crafting the perfect remedy to any delay by submitting, as Justice Thomas has invited complaining prisoners to do, to execution. By choosing the former, any resulting delay is self-inflicted; delayed executions are prisoners' own fault. Despite this argument's commonsense appeal, left unexplained is how prisoner fault inoculates state-imposed punishment from Eighth Amendment violation. Lacking a rationale for the prisoner fault argument, this Article proposes the two most obvious candidates: (i) analogizing to fault attribution for delays in the Sixth Amendment speedy trial right context; and (ii) choosing post-conviction review rather than submitting to execution, prisoners waive Eighth Amendment challenge of the resulting delay. But neither is persuasive; moreover, each proposed rationale presupposes the existence of the very right that Justice Thomas and nearly every court vigorously deny: an Eighth Amendment right against excessively delayed execution. The absence of a persuasive rationale exposes prisoner fault as irrelevant and removes the primary obstacle to courts recognizing that execution following decades of death row incarceration constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role that fault plays in the division of premarital property in America in cases where marriage does not ensue, and it mentions ownership rights over engagement and wedding bands given in anticipation of marriage. U.S. property, contract, and family laws are addressed, along with the legal aspects of gifts given in contemplation of marriage. Breach-of-promise lawsuits and damages are examined, as well as American courts, fairness, and justice.

We provide experimental evidence that subjects blame others on the basis of events they are not responsible for. In our experiment an agent chooses between a lottery and a safe asset; payment from the chosen option goes to a principal, who then decides how much to allocate between the agent and a third party. We observe widespread blame: regardless of their choice, agents are blamed by principals for the outcome of the lottery, an event they are not responsible for. We provide an explanation of this apparently irrational behavior with a delegated-expertise principal-agent model, the subjects' salient perturbation of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal judgments of others may differ based on participants' deterministic versus libertarian attitudes as well as the amount and kind of information provided about a target individual. The two studies reported here explored how four factors impact judgments of blame and praise: 1) deterministic attitudes, 2) perceived similarity to the judged individual, 3) the childhood background information provided, and 4) an ability-versus-effort explanation of behavior. Based on vignette portrayals, blame was reduced when disability versus lack of effort was described as a possible explanation, when participants perceived themselves as similar to the target individual, when information about childhood hardships was provided, and when libertarian attitudes were lower (Study 1 only). Fewer factors were related to praiseworthiness, with coming from an impoverished childhood being the only consistent finding across the two studies. Judgments of blame fit more clearly with hypotheses generated from psychological theories, but praiseworthiness predictions are not as easily explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research indicated here is a reversed relationship between the proficiency levels and the number of languages the multilingual individuals possess, which is significant (P<0/001) (High proficient students know less number of languages, or the students who know more number of languages score low in proficiency test). The languages under investigation were Kannada, Urdu, Hindi, Telugu, Marathi, English, Tamil and others. Besides, the paper tries to identify the effect of multilingual proficiency on error finding (spelling, vocabulary, grammar and punctuation. Moreover, the paper identifies the effect of proficiency on the social class and attitude of the students towards learning, which is significant at P<0/001 and P< 0/0 5 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a process model that learns in multiple ways while finding faults in a simple control panel device. The model predicts human participants' learning through its own learning. The model's performance was systematically compared to human learning data, including the time course and specific sequence of learned behaviors. These comparisons show that the model accounts very well for measures such as problem-solving strategy, the relative difficulty of faults, and average fault-finding time. More important, because the model learns and transfers its learning across problems, it also accounts for the faster problem-solving times due to learning when examined across participants, across faults, and across the series of 20 trials on an individual participant basis. The model shows how learning while problem solving can lead to more recognition-based performance, and helps explain how the shape of the learning curve can arise through learning and be modified by differential transfer. Overall, the quality of the correspondence appears to have arisen from procedural, declarative, and episodic learning all taking place within individual problem-solving episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the ways to have a blame-free in ones' practice. The author stated that by building the core competencies of focusing on processes, aligning purpose, and effective communication, teams can emerge beyond blame-based behaviors and raise trust among members. These core competencies will not develop immediately, but through trial and error, a group can emerge toward a blame-free culture, the author added.

The article focuses on risk taking in sports from a legal perspective. The authors present a dialogue among each other from the points of view of a legal scholar and ethnologist. The contradiction between societies that seek to minimize risk and violence and the practices of many sports that either minimize or accept a certain degree of risk is explored. The author also examines attitudes towards violent acts in sports and whether the French public believes that the legal system should be involved.

Presents an argument that faultless disagreement is not possible. Need for those who want to maintain the possibility of faultless disagreement to deny one of the argument's premises; Promotion of the position that faultless disagreement is a form of genuine relativism.

Discusses the topos of `inversion of values' as presented in Beatrice's habit of criticizing all her suitors and turning their spiritual virtues or physical characteristics into defects in William Shakespeare's `Much Ado About Nothing.' Hero's criticism of Beatrice's habit; Inversion of the original motif wherein a lover characterizes his beloved's physical or spiritual defects as laudable attributes.

The article presents the author's perception about the real essence of praise. The author defines three kinds of individuals with respect to the practice of praising. He contends that the person who does not want others to praise is just jealous. On the other hand, the man who praises generously never feels hurt by the bitter criticism. He adds that praise in the best sense is just an act of kindliness.

The article present an opinion on the meaning and consequences of fault-finding.

The author reflects on the representation of air pockets as the dangerous things that are being encountered in life. It is said that air pocket is more harmful than rocks are to ships because it can not be seen. Selfishness, carelessness, and fault finding are some of the dangers that people face in life.

The article presents the author's comments on a teacher's remark on her principal. The teacher has accused the principal of being a hopeless, unsympathetic and unbearable person. The remark shows the mentality of modern teacher. The author says that as critical evaluation of the administration does not come under a teacher's duty and authority, the teacher was impetuous.

The article presents the author's perception on how to handle criticism through a story. Enjoying criticism as the contortions of envy is one of the best hits in a popular novel about a family. They lived to enjoy the envy of neighbors in social and commercial life. It is quite laughable to see how parents and children got out what they could make other people say against them.

The article presents information about various types of book salesmen who visit the schools to sell their products. Some of these salesmen are parasites, some are pleasant, some learn to know all about their goods, while others leave the impression that all they know are the faults of their competitors' goods. One of the types makes a lengthy apology for taking a few minutes and then raves on for an hour. Another type is the one who spends all his time in trying to pull political wires.