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Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective Studies show that public service broadcasters narrow knowledge gaps between politically interested and disinterested because such contexts encourage incidental learning. This reasoning, however, fails to explain why gendered knowledge differences persist in environments that equalize learning. Using stereotype threat theory, I argue that news content emits symbolic gender cues that encourage or discourage women to become politically informed. Methods Employing European Election Study 2009 voter data ( N = 27,000), and multilingual news content analyses from 27 E.U. member states, I test whether more egalitarian representation of women as newsmakers correlates with narrower gaps between men and women. Results Aggregate and multilevel models show that greater representation of women as newsmakers correlates with smaller gaps in news exposure and political knowledge. Analyses also consider competing explanations such as women's electoral representation, education, labor force participation, and knowledge item guessing rates. Conclusion Findings support the theoretical expectations regarding symbolic cues and knowledge gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question of the representation of female athleticism in the press. By means of a corpus-assisted analysis of sports reporting of the tennis athlete Maria Sharapova in both the English and Italian press, it offers a cross-linguistic description of the stereotyped language reserved for women in sports settings. The study reveals the presence in the corpus of a discursive frame which tends to trivialize the body of female athletes. This frame emerges from two basic discourse strategies, a thematic strategy, which eroticizes the female body, and a metaphorical strategy, which conceptualizes the female athlete as child-like. The study suggests that this type of representation is motivated by sexist stereotyping related to the ideological interests of male hegemony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper blends historical retrieval, feminist political intervention, and an effort to think about our fields from the perspective of assemblage theory in an attempt to remember the founding mothers of the fields of communication and media studies. Entwined humanistic and posthumanistic impulses create space for voices, labors, bodies, and other material things that deserve our attention. At the narrative and moral core of the story is a group of remarkable yet unsung women who, from the late 1930s through the early 1950s, helped to invent practices, produce research, shape thinking, and establish social relationships that laid foundations for media and communication study in the United States and the world. These women are the figures we call the founding mothers of our field. Focusing on the Paul Lazarsfeld-led Office of Radio Research (ORR) and the Bureau of Applied Social Research (the Bureau) from 1937 to 1949, we attend to four representative women—Herta Herzog, Hazel Gaudet, Thelma Ehrlich Anderson, and Rose K. Goldsen—as means of illustrating roles played by women in an assemblage of human and nonhuman agents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A case study is presented of the marketing of the film "Best Friends Forever" in 2012 in terms of issues such as the distribution of independent films, female media employees in creative versus skilled labor roles, and job descriptions for above versus below the line labor on films. Gender equality in the entertainment industry, viral marketing, and film funding are discussed, as well as actresses and producers Brea Grant and Vera Miao.

As of 1926, the Associated Press had not hired women to work as reporters. With the appointment of Kent Cooper as general manager, the first woman reporter was hired in that year, followed by the hiring of seven more women who worked at either the AP's New York or Washington, D.C., bureaus between 1928 and 1931. These women reporters provided American readers with numerous stories of women's activities, their style of dress, and other social news. They covered women athletes, women active in politics, and wives of officials, but they did not cover the most important assignments because that territory was claimed by their male counterparts. For the first time, AP assigned women to cover the wives of the presidential candidates, women at the political conventions, and women in the presidential inaugurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this article is on Arab women journalists and how they negotiate their position in news and current affairs programmes. The main aim is to illustrate how gender identity can be appropriated and contested. Drawing on a recent piece of field-work among a large sample of Arab men and women journalists in transnational media, I aim to show how women interpret the boundaries inside the newsroom, and their strategies to overcome these boundaries. Also, drawing on post-feminist debates, I argue that Arab female journalists like to see themselves as free agents responsible for their career routes to consolidate their journalistic experience and professionalism; the reality, however, is that they end up reproducing the dominant structure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Throughout her career, Jane Cunningham Croly (1829-1901), better known as "Jennie June," wrote extensively about women's rights in mainstream newspapers and magazines. This article revalues her work, considering the complexity of her journalistic stances on women's rights. Avoiding modern value statements that place cultural texts in hierarchal binaries of "liberal" or "conservative," it considers the motivation behind Croly's deployment of essentialist sex/gender logics. This study involved the historical analysis of more than sixty articles written by Croly about women's rights from 1855 until 1898, as well as additional primary sources that provided insight into her personal and professional lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1965, Helen Gurley Brown (1922-2012) assumed the top editing job at Cosmopolitan and transformed it from a failing title into one of magazine publishing's greatest successes. During an era of increasing publication specialization, Cosmopolitan was one of the few magazines to target and celebrate women's growing economic and social independence. Much of the scholarship on and critical appraisals of Brown and Cosmopolitan have focused on sexual politics and issues of taste. This paper takes an institutional approach by examining Brown's professional practices and how they contributed to Cosmopolitan's growth, profitability, and popularity: know your reader and always keep her in mind, prioritize good writing, and accommodate corporate and advertiser interests. In addition, it acknowledges Brown's role as a visionary editor and businesswoman, as well as Cosmopolitan's importance in magazine history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing argument in communication scholarship is that quality journalism online can distinguish itself from rumor and unchecked information by being transparent, by revealing how information was obtained, so audiences can see through it to its origins and help correct errors. This study examined the extent to which female and male journalists differ in their use of Twitter and, specifically, their journalistic transparency on Twitter. Female journalists were found to differ little from male journalists in their Twitter presence, topics, opining or gatekeeping, but they were significantly more transparent. They revealed more about their jobs, personal lives and everyday activities, and they linked more to external websites, all indicators of greater transparency. While women working for national news media were less likely to offer opinion, retweet, link or tweet about themselves or their everyday lives than women working for less “elite” media—which would support a professional socialization perspective—none of these differences was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gender inequalities persist in the journalism industry in Hong Kong, as female journalists are seriously under-represented in the upper echelons of news organizations. Not unlike other countries, a major reason contributing to the phenomenon is the family–work tensions experienced by many female journalists, which lead many to leave the field at different stages in their lives. This study examines this problematic through the lens of Bourdieu's field theory. Individual journalists are seen as positioned in several overlapping fields in differentiated manners. Using survey and in-depth interviews, this study not only highlights the presence of structural inequalities in journalism and the pervasiveness of family–work tensions for female journalists, but also interrogates the conditions which allow some female journalists to handle work and family simultaneously and relatively successfully. We also discuss the implications of our findings for ways to tackle the problem of gender inequalities in journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective. Childhood cancer survivors can develop physical, emotional and psychosocial adversities, a secondary malignancy (SM) being one of the most serious among them. The aim of our research was to study whether the development of SM was related to the psychosocial functioning of survivors, especially whether any psychic trauma from the first experience would be aggravated by SM. Patients and methods. Seventy - five childhood cancer survivors with SM were matched with 75 survivors who did not develop SM, by sex, age, living environment, diagnosis, year of diagnosis and treatment of the first malignancy. They were compared regarding education, employment, marital status and, in the 35 women, childbirth data. Seventeen childhood survivors with an SM had had psychological evaluations at diagnosis of both their first and secondary cancers; the results of the two were compared. Results. There were no differences in the schooling, education, social, marital status or birth specifics between survivors with SM and their controls, nor were there marked differences in measures of social or psychological status. Conclusions. The socioeconomic status of these 75 subjects was not found to be related to the development of SM. Psychological evaluations showed no marked differences between those conducted after the first and the secondary malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports selected results of a qualitative study on the spectaculanzation of the eroticized female body in television advertisements and a selection of women's fashion magazines. In its first stage, this study considers whether this media communication can be considered an example of what, in specialized literature, has been defined as the growing ambivalence in the representation of women. Media represent women on the one hand as "modern", emancipated, professionally active and sexually daring, on the other hand as passive objects of male desire whose bodies must be slender, young and eroticized. The second stage focuses on textual strategies used in advertising discourse, and encouraged by fashion and cosmetic industries, to persuade women to aspire to standardized bodies that are seductive, eternally beautiful and young. The advertising industry constructs the perfect body (a body that is thin, fit, sexy and bears no traces of age) as the symbol of health, success in work, love, as well as sexual and social relations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ileti-s-im is the property of Universite Galatasaray, Faculty of Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined content at ten small daily newspapers at two points in time-before and after a woman replaced a man as managing editor. The results were then compared with content changes at ten "matched" papers at which a man was managing editor for both points in time. The mix of topics that the newspapers covered changed little across time for both groups of publications. But the types of articles changed for the papers at which women became managing editors. The emphasis on feature approaches to the news increased, and standard hard news declined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on interviews with women journalists, the article analyzes the disadvantages faced by women in attaining management positions in communications in Argentina. It cites one interviewee as stating that the number of women in higher positions in the communications industry is below the 30 percent quota required by the government. It quotes another interviewee, who explains that most women do not have the previous management experience in the right organizations or departments to enter management in the communications industry. The article also refers to psychologist Mabel Burín, who finds that the frustration experienced by women unable to advance in their careers because of their gender is a factor in female depression.

For more than a decade now, it has been demonstrated that female news sources receive little attention in television news. Usually women account for no more than 20-25 percent of total time devoted to people speaking in the news. This article assesses when exactly female news sources are depicted in the news, using a dataset of 25,896 news items and 1600 hours of television, covering public broadcasting and commercial television in Belgium (Flanders) for the years 2003-5. The analysis shows that female news sources are strongly stereotyped and limited to traditional 'female' topics. The impact of the gender of the reporter was limited. Contrary to expectations, the broadcasting corporation with a long-standing gender diversity policy actually scored worse than its counterpart without such a policy. The article concludes with a discussion of the apparently difficult relation between traditional news standards and the depiction of gender diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proliferation of mass communication in the country, the employment of women in the media has increased. Studies hitherto have focused on women in the print media. This study relates to the working conditions of women employed in newspapers, TV channels and radio stations in Andhra Pradesh. Although there is no major gender bias in this sector, job insecurity and non-implementation of specific provisions for women and of wage board rules are issues that need attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the ways in which gender mainstreaming (GM) approaches have failed to become integrated in the EU media policy framework and seeks to analyse the reasons why. It argues that the degree of implementation of GM in the media policy area depends on the dynamics of structural power determinants, in particular the structure of opportunities of the DG in charge of the policy area and the institutional structures in general, as well as the influence of particular interests upon the policy process. The article focuses on two of the areas identified by the UN Platform for Action in 1995 supported by the EU: mis/representation of women in the media and women's participation in the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The struggle of women journalists to achieve equality in the newsroom begs the question of whether editors were reflecting social mores or practicing a more virulent form of male supremacy. The latter explanation is supported by a study of 680 editions of the newsletter of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, the Bulletin, from its inception in 1925 through the 1988 tenure of ASNE's first female president. Until the second wave of the women's rights movement took hold, editors saw women as sexual objects and housewives whose fragile and emotional natures left them congenitally unsuited for newsroom roles beyond the women's section. The unfiltered words of the editors betray a systemic gender bias that explains why newsroom discrimination was more entrenched than in society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following discussion is based on an extensive survey of UK mainstream television news reports broadcast between September and December 2001 during the military attacks on Afghanistan, known as Operation Enduring Freedom. Also conducted was a survey of British radio and print media published and produced within the specified period. I argue that the 2001 news media coverage of Afghanistan was an important precursor to current debates about Muslim women in Europe and the United States since it highlights many of the contradictions and hypocrisies housed within western public discourses on women's rights. Detailing numerous examples, I contend that the prevalent theme of women's liberation on international news agendas did nothing to alter the prevailing norm of news media coverage, which denied Afghan women access to media spaces throughout Operation Enduring Freedom. Afghan women were invariably the subjects rather than the agents of such debates. Moreover, regardless of their gender, the vast majority of journalists reporting the 2001 conflict failed to recognise and confront the co-option of women's rights for the purpose of justifying military aggression on humanitarian grounds. I argue that this has grave implications, not merely for future reporting on Afghan women, but for the widespread practice by mainstream politicians and their associates of co-opting the discourse of women's rights to justify military conflict [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After nearly a century of publishing explicitly named women's pages, US newspapers starting in 1969 and into the 1970s began renaming them 'style' or 'lifestyle' sections, theoretically meaning they were for a general audience. This research investigates industry discourse during this time to determine what those in newsrooms were thinking about this transition. Seventy-two articles from three newspaper trade publications from 1969 through 1975 reveal that editors and reporters were most concerned with including serious content in these sections and unconcerned with the names of the sections. In fact the women editors of these style pages, who dominated the discourse, indicated that even after renaming the sections industry insiders thought of them as for and about women. The analysis also revealed that newsroom constraints, particularly those placed on lower level staff by male editors, prevented women editors of these women's/style sections from constructing the pages they desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the domestic travel writing of two women journalists who wrote for competing partisan papers in Toronto - Kit Coleman of The Daily Mail and Faith Fenton of The Empire. Using what I refer to as 'mobile practices', Coleman and Fenton found a middle ground between the conventional regimes of domestic femininity represented in many of the features of their woman's pages, and the emerging conditions of modern travel that allowed women to explore new places. Woman's pages and travel writing allowed the newspaper to contribute to nation-building in a multitude of ways and across a number of sites, such as the family, the city and countryside, Canada's colonial history and women's roles as the moral heads of household. In turn, mobile practices were both strategies for dealing with the emerging conditions of modernity as much as they were instruments for its continuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Penney-Missouri Awards competition, which was meant to raise the standards of women's pages by recognizing the sections that went beyond traditional content. Using interviews to look at the competition's history as well as framing analysis to examine the content of winning submissions, the study's findings over the period from 1960 to 1971 support a revision in the history of women 's pages. While traditional women's pages filled with society, home, and wedding news appeared in many newspapers, some sections were progressive in their content and their writing style. Recognizing the differences among women's page editors at various newspapers helps to strip away the invisibility of women in journalism history and stresses the important role played by them in pressing for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches Feministes is the property of Groupe de Recherche et d'Echange Multidisciplinaires Feministes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article, through a series of interviews conducted with women war correspondents in Great Britain, cautions against undue optimism since sexism in the field, both within the military and among journalists, continues to prevail. The authors of the essay do not subscribe to a feminization of war news theory but instead suggest that a "journalism of attachment," which favors more human stories of civilian victims is creating a productive arena for women reporters. It is suggested that the presence of women in the frontline may also be indicative of a change in war storylines. A female perspective is allowing for greater engagement with the lives of the victims of war rather than its technical and strategic aspects.

This article studies the ways in which the interactions between female Israeli journalists and their male news sources are gendered and sexually structured. The article is grounded in feminist critiques of journalism as well as feminist organizational and work studies and it is based on examination of the narratives of individual experiences of 32 female Israeli journalists, working for 10 newspapers. I set forth the attitudes of the male sources toward the female journalists as the journalists perceive them, and then I examine the practices that the journalists adopt in order to cope with these attitudes. Finally, I both set forth and examine the views that these female journalists express concerning the legitimacy of their own practices. The research findings illustrate how gender and sexuality interact in journalism by showing the dynamic character of this process in organizations. The findings demonstrate that gender and sexuality are key aspects of the relationship between the female journalists I studied and their male sources in the Israeli context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender inequality in Nigerian society is reflected in men's representations of women in the news media. Research evidence continues to show that women as journalists are still largely 'invisible' in the Nigerian press because the overwhelming majority of people who report the news are men. Monitoring of the Nigerian press 1 shows that very few of the bylines in the news pages belong to women. Thus, the power to define the media agenda in Nigeria is still mainly a male privilege. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the use of pen names by a group of women who were just beginning to bravely venture into print in local newspapers during the early years of the twentieth century. It asks whether their use of noms de plume was purely to conceal their identities or their sex from their readership or whether such pen names were used for other purposes, for example, to construct a civic identity. Such an identity, it is argued, was then used to justify the writers' intrusion into the public sphere of newspaper correspondence and debate. It also considers how women's use of pen names changed over time, and the different factors that impacted on a woman's choice of nomenclature in her public correspondence to the newspapers. The study investigates the choice of pen names made by women letter-writers to two daily newspapers in Scotland between 1900 and 1918. While the use of pen names was frequent in the first part of the period, it died away almost completely during the early years of the First World War, only to recur after 1916. it is thus also suggested that a distinction can be made between reactive and proactive letters to the newspapers; the latter requiring the correspondent's identity to be made public while writers of letters reacting to other letters or editorial might feel more secure behind the cover of a nom de plume.

This essay examines the role of women DJs and their positioning within electronic/ dance music culture, which is overwhelmingly dominated by men. The Sisterdjs listserv is an educating and encouraging space for its participants with very few offline equivalents. Using Butler's theory of performativity, I argue that list discourse positively impacts the identity construction of women DJs by drawing attention to the ways that women are discursively positioned at the intersections of music, technology, and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]