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Objective--To evaluate tissue oxygen saturation (Sto2) by use of near-infrared spectroscopy in experimental acute hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in dogs. Animals--14 healthy adult purpose-bred Beagles. Procedures--Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane via facemask, anesthesia was maintained with propofol and rocuronium bromide, and dogs were mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia. Dogs were studied under normovolemia (baseline), hypovolemia with target mean arterial blood pressure < 40 mm Hg achieved and maintained steady for 10 minutes (hypovolemia T1), then 20 minutes later (hypovolemia T2), following resuscitation with shed blood (after transfusion), and after administration of 20 mL of hetastarch/kg (hypervolemia). Conditions were executed sequentially during a single anesthetic episode, allowing stabilization between states (10 minutes). Hemoglobin concentration, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas concentrations, cardiac index, oxygen delivery indexed to body surface area, and Sto2 were monitored. Results--From baseline to hypovolemia T1, there was a significant reduction in mean ± SD oxygen delivery index (619 ± 257 mL/min/m² to 205 ± 76 mL/min/m² and Sto2 (94 ± 4.4% to 78 ± 12.2%). Following resuscitation, Sto2 (80 ± 8.5% vs 92 ± 6.45%) and oxygen delivery index (211 ± 73 mL/min/m² vs 717 ± 221 mL/min/m² significantly increased, returning to baseline values. Hypervolemia had no effect on Sto2 or oxygen delivery index. A strong correlation (r = 0.97) was detected between mean oxygen delivery index and Sto2 across all time points. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--Under the conditions of this study, there was a strong correlation between Sto2 and oxygen delivery, suggesting that Sto2 may be used to estimate oxygen delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To determine survival rate and athletic ability after nonsurgical or surgical treatment of cleft palate in horses. Design-Retrospective case series. Animals-55 horses with cleft palate. Procedures-13 of the 55 horses died or were euthanized without treatment and were not included in all analyses. Medical records were reviewed for signa lment, history, method of diagnosis, soft or hard palate involvement, type of surgical procedure performed, postoperative complications, and survival to hospital discharge. Information on athletic ability was acquired from race records and follow-up conversations with owners, trainers, or referring veterinarians. Results-The predominant reason for initial evaluation was milk or feed in the nostrils (60%). The diagnosis was confirmed by means of videoendoscopy of the upper portion of the airway in all cases. Most cases involved the soft palate only (92 .7%). Twenty-six of the 55 (47.3%) horses underwent surgical repair, and 12 of these had dehiscence at the caudal edge of the soft palate. Among potential racehorses, 14 of 33 had surgery. Of these, 12 of 14 survived to discharge and 2 horses raced. Among potential racehorses, 10 of 33 were discharged without surgery and 2 of these raced . Among nonracehorses, 12 of 22 underwent surgery and 11 survived to discharge. All horses that were discharged and for which fo llow-up information was available survived to 2 years of age or older without ill t hrift despite dehiscence at the caudal edge of the soft palate and continued mi ld nasal discharge. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Horses with cleft palate had a higher survival rate than previously reported [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To describe clinical findings, treatments, and outcome in camel ids treated for osseous sequestration. Design-Retrospective case series. Animals-27 alpacas and 9 llamas with osseous sequestration. Procedures-Medical records of 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were reviewed to identify camel ids evaluated because of osseous sequestration between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2010. Data on history, signalment, physical examination and medical imaging findings, treatment, and complications were collected. Results-Records of 36 camelids were included, of which there were 22 sexually intact males, 11 females, and 2 castrated males with a median age of 7.5 months, 3.9 months, and 8.5 years, respectively (age and sex were not available for 1 camelid). The most common clinical signs were lameness, swelling over the affected bone, and associated draining sinus. Sequestra were associated with trauma in 7 (19%) camelids. Camelids with sequestra not associated with trauma (n = 29 [81 %]) were significantly younger than those with sequestra attributed to trauma. Thirty-four camelids underwent sequestrectomy, and all survived to hospital discharge (median duration of hospitalization, 6.5 days). Recurrence of a sequestrum occurred twice in 1 (3%) camelid. Long-term follow-up (≥ 12 months) information was available on 24 camelids, of which 20 (83%) recovered without long-term com pi ications. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Unlike in other livestock, trauma was not a primary cause of osseous sequestration in camelids. Sequestra should be considered in the differential diagnostic process in camelids with lameness, a draining sinus, or a firm swelling over a bony prominence. Sequestrectomy is a successful treatment option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To develop a mathematical model to simulate infection dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle herds in the United States and predict efficacy of the current national control strategy for tuberculosis in cattle. Design-Stochastic simulation model. Sample-Theoretical cattle herds in the United States. Procedures-A model of within-herd M bovis transmission dynamics following introduction of 1 latently infected cow was developed. Frequency- and density-dependent transmission modes and 3 tuberculin test-based culling strategies (no test-based culling, constant [annual] testing with test-based culling, and the current strategy of slaughterhouse detection- based testing and culling) were investigated. Results were evaluated for 3 herd sizes over a 10-year period and validated via simulation of known outbreaks of M bovis infection. Results-On the basis of 1,000 simulations (1,000 herds each) at replacement rates typical for dairy cattle (0.33/y). median time to detection of M bovis infection in medium-sized herds (276 adult cattle) via slaughterhouse surveillance was 27 months after introduction, and 58% of these herds would spontaneously clear the infection prior to that time. Sixtytwo percent of medium-sized herds without intervention and 99% of those managed with constant test-based cul ling were predicted to clear infection < 10 years after introduction. The model predicted observed outbreaks best for frequency-dependent transmission, and probability of clearance was most sensitive to replacement rate. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Although modeling indicated the current national control strategy was sufficient for elimination of M bovis infection from dairy herds after detection, slaughterhouse surveillance was not sufficient to detect M bovis infection in all herds and resulted in subjectively delayed detection, compared with the constant testing method. Further research is requ ired to economically optimize this strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To determine the plasma disposition kinetics, absolute bioavailability, and milk concentrations of ceftazidime in healthy lactating female dromedary camels (Came/us dromedarius) following IV and IM administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg (4.5 mg/lb) . Design-Prospective crossover study. Animals-8 healthy adult lactating fema le dromedary camels. Procedures-Camels received ceftazidime (10 mg/kg) IV and IM in a crossover study design with a 15-day washout period between treatments. Plasma and milk samples were collected at predetermined times for 48 hours after drug administration and analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Results-A 2-compartment open model best represented the plasma concentration-versus- time data after IV and IM administration of ceftazidime to camels. Plasma ceftazidime concentrations decreased biexponentially after IV administration with mean distribution and elimination half-lives of 0.3 hours and 2.85 hours, respectively. After IM administration, the mean maximum plasma concentration of ceftazidime was 32.43 IJ.g/ml (1.21 hours after administration). mean elimination half-life was 3.20 hours, mean residence time was 4.84 hours, and mean systemic bioavailability was 93.72 %. Distribution of ceftazidime from plasma to milk was rapid and extensive as indicated by the ratio of the area under the milk concentration-versus-time curve to the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve and the ratio of the maximum milk concentration to the maximum plasma concentration of ceftazidime after IV and IM administration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that ceftazidime may be a useful treatment for female camels with mastitis caused by susceptible microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To determine the lowest ACTH dose that would induce a significant increase in serum cortisol concentration and identify the time to peak cort isol concentration in healthy neonatal foals. Design-Prospective randomized crossover study. Animals-11 healthy neonatal foals . Procedures-Saline (0 .9% NaCI) solution or 1 of 4 doses (0 .02, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 11g/kg [0 .009, 0.045, 0.114, and 0.227 11g/lb]) of cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH) was administered IV. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured before and 10. 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after administration of cosyntropin or saline solution; CBCs we re performed before and 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after administration . Results-Serum cort isol concentration was s ignificantly increased, compared with basel ine, by 10 min utes after cosyntropin administration at doses of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 11g/ kg. Serum cortisol concent ration peaked 20 mi nutes after administration of cosynt ropin at doses of 0.02, 0.1, and 0.25 μg/kg, with peak concent rations 1.7, 2.0, and 1.9 times the baseline concentration, respective ly. Serum cortisol concentration pea ked 30 minutes after cosyntropin administration at a dose of 0.5 11g/kg, with peak concentration 2.2 times the baseline concentration . No s ignificant differences were detected among peak serum cortisol concentrations obtained with cosyntropin administration at doses of 0.25 and 0.5 11g/kg . Cosyntropin administration s ignificantly affected the lymphocyte count and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that in healthy neonatal foa ls, the lowest dose of cosynt ropin to result in significa nt adrenal gland stimulat ion was 0.25 11g/kg, with peak cortisol concent ration 20 minutes after cosyntropin admin istration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case Description-A 3-year-old 19-kg (42-lb) spayed female mixed-breed dog was referred after being hit by a car. Injuries included pneumothorax, hemothorax, pulmonary contusions, a full-thickness axillary skin wound, and a grade I transverse fracture of the midshaft of the right humerus. Following patient stabilization, open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture were performed. The dog had weight-bearing lameness at the time of discharge. Eight days after fracture repair, the dog was reevaluated for acute onset of signs of pain and non-weight-bearing lameness in the right forelimb. Clinical Findings-Physical examination findings in the right fore limb (knuckling and coolness, with absent digital pulses) were suggestive of a thrombus. Ultrasonography confirmed a right brachial artery thrombus with minimal blood flow to the affected limb. Treatment and Outcome-Unfractionated heparin was administered via continuous IV infusion for the first 36 hours of hospitalization. Clopidogrel administration was also started at this time . During hospitalization, rapid clinical improvement occurred, and the dog was discharged 48 hours after admission. The transition to outpatient therapy was achieved by discontinuation of the unfractionated heparin infusion at 36 hours and beginning SC administration of dalteparin . Outpatient treatment with dalteparin and clopidogrel was continued. Repeated physical examination and ultrasonography 5 weeks later revealed resolution of the thrombus and normal blood flow to the limb. Anticoagulant administration was discontinued at that time. Clinical Relevance-Thrombosis should be suspected in any dog with signs of acute pain after severe trauma or fracture repa ir, with or without concurrent lameness, that do not resolve with appropriate treatment. Restoration of blood flow to the affected limb after initiation of unfractionated heparin and clopidogrel administration followed by outpatient treatment with dalteparin and clopidogrel was achieved in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To evaluate associations of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration with duration of hospitalization and with outcome in puppies with canine parvoviral enteritis. Design-Prospective observational study. Animals-79 client-owned puppies w ith naturally acquired canine parvovirus infection. Procedures-All puppies received supportive care. Serum CRP concentration was measured at the time of admission, approximately every 10 to 12 hours for the first 48 hours, and then every 24 hours until discharge from the hospital or death. Associations between outcome and CRP concentration at various time points or changes in CRP concentration over time were assessed via multiple logistic regression. Associations of CRP concentration with survival time and duration of hospitalization among survivors were estimated with Cox proportional hazards regression. Use of CRP concentration to predict outcome was evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results-Serum CRP concentrations at admission and 12 and 24 hours later were positively associated with odds of death, and CRP concentrations at 12 and 24 hours after admission were negatively associated with survival time for puppies. Among survivors, duration of hospitalization was positively associated with CRP concentrations at 12, 24, and 36 hours after admission. Sensitivity and specificity of CRP concentration to differentiate between survivors and nonsurvivors at 24 hours after admission were 86.7% and 78.7%, respective ly (considered moderately accurate). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Although serum CRP concentration was associated with outcome in puppies with canine parvovirus enteritis, it did not prove to be a good predictor of outcome when used alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To compare ultrasonographic and histologic examination findings for eyes of animals with ocular diseases. Design- Retrospective case series. Animals-116 eyes of 113 animals examined at 2 facilities. Procedures-Diseased eyes of animals were examined by means of ultrasonography, removed via enucleation or exenteration, then histologically examined. Ultrasonographic images and histopathologic slides were evaluated, and diseases of eyes were identified with each of those methods and allocated to various categories. For each disease category, agreement between results of ultrasonography and those of histologic examination was assessed via determination of K statistic va lues. Results-Tests had good agreement for identification of iris or cil iary body neoplasia. Overal l, intraocular neoplasia was not detected via ultrasonography for only 2 of 31 eyes with histologically detected neoplasia. Hemorrhagic or inflammatory changes were misint erpreted as neoplasia for 8 of 37 {22%) eyes. Tests had moderate to acceptable agreement for identification of retinal detachment. Retinal detachment was not detected by means of ult rasonography for 14 of 38 {37%) eyes with that diagnosis determined via histologic examination at one of the faci lities (primarily in eyes with intraocular hemorrhage); however, retinal detachment was not identified via histologic examination for 6 of 38 {16%) eyes with that diagnosis determined via ultrasonography at the other faci lity. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Agreement between tests evaluated in th is study was clinica lly satisfactory for identification of intraocu lar neoplasia. Typica lly, diseases were misdiagnosed via ultrasonography for eyes with poor image contrast. Because determination of ultrasonographic diagnoses of retinal detachment and intraocu lar neoplasm may be of prognostic importance, performance of additional ultrasonographic techniques may be indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To assess the agreement between CT and MRI for enabling detection of intracranial lesions in cats and dogs. Design-Evaluation study. Animals-51 dogs and 7 cats with suspected intracranial lesions. Procedures-During a 2-year-period, dogs and cats with suspected intracranial pathological changes underwent MRI and CT (single slice) of the head. Radiologists evaluated images produced with both techniques without awareness of subject identity. Agreement between methods was assessed for allowing detection of solitary or multiple lesions, selected lesion characteristics (via the Cohen K statistic). and lesion dimensions (via Bland-Aitman plots). Results-CT and MRI had substantial agreement for allowing detection of lesions and identification of whether the lesions were solitary or multiple. The techniques agreed almost perfectly for allowing identification of a mass effect and contrast medium enhancement, which were considered principal diagnostic imaging signs. A lower degree of agreement was attained for allowing identification of enhancement patterns and aspects of lesion margins. Agreement was substantial to almost perfect for lesion visualization in most anatomic brain regions but poor for identification of lesion dimensions. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Degrees of agreement between CT and MRI for allowing the detection and characterization of intracranial lesions ranged from poor to almost perfect, depending on the variable assessed. More investigation is needed into the relative analytic sensitivity and possible complementarities of CT and MRI in the detection of suspected intracranial lesions in dogs and cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To determine the mineral composition and anatomic location of urinary calculi and to investigate sex and reproductive status as predisposing factors for development of urolithiasis in potbellied pigs. Design-Retrospective case series Samples-Urinary calculi from 50 purebred and crossbred potbellied pigs. Procedures- Laboratory records for urinary calcu li of potbel lied pigs submitted to the University of California-Davis Stone Laboratory from 1982 through 2012 were reviewed. Mineral composition of calculi was determined by polarized light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and, in some cases, x-ray diffractometry. Results-Of the 48 urinary ca lculi analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, 21 (44%) were composed primarily of amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate; another 9 (19%) were primarily composed of calcium phosphate in the form of apatite. Of 50 urinary calculi, 22 (44%), 14 (28%), 10 (20%), 3 (6%), and 1 (2%) were removed from the urinary bladder only, urethra, both urinary bladder and urethra, urine, and renal pelvis, respectively. Sex of 6 potbellied pigs was not recorded. For 44 urinary calculi, 41 (93%) were from males (11 sexually intact males and 30 castrated) and 3 (7%) were from females (2 sexually intact females and 1 spayed). Among males, 73% (30/41) of submissions were from castrated males. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-In contrast to res ults from studies in commercial pigs, the most common composition of urinary calculi identified in purebred and crossbred potbellied pigs was amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate. Potential predisposing factors for urolithiasis in potbellied pigs may be similar to those for urolithiasis in commercial pigs. These include diet, urinary tract infections, and sex. Thus, prevention of urolith iasis should target these potential predisposing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (JHS) is an acute, highly fatal enterotoxemic disorder in dairy cattle that has been reported during the last few decades. No specific cause of this syndrome has been identified; however, several studies have revealed a strong association between JHS and infection with Clostridium perfringens type A. A common mold, Aspergillus fumigatus, has also been implicated as a potential causative agent in this disease syndrome. Clinical signs of JHS (including sudden decreases in feed intake and milk production, rapid loss of condition, a right-sided ping audible during simultaneous auscultation and percussion of the abdomen, abdominal distension, and melena or bloody feces) usually develop early during lactation when cattle receive rations that are high in energy and low in fiber. Appropriate preventive strategies have not yet been determined, and intensive medical management with or without surgical inte)rvention is rarely successful. The use of commercially available vaccines that are directed against C perfringens types C and D is of questionable efficacy and not likely to be helpful as a preventative measure. This article highlights the potential etiologic and risk fa ctors, describes common clinical signs, outlines relevant diagnostic testing, and summarizes treatment options and their outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To quantify bone mineral density (BMD) in the medial coronoid process (MCP) of dogs with and without fragmented medial coronoid processes (FMCPs) by use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Sample Population--50 osteochondral samples from 31 dogs that underwent subtotal coronoid ostectomy for unilateral or bilateral FMCP and 10 control osteochondral samples of the MCP collected from forelimbs of 5 cadaveric Greyhounds. Procedures--Each sample was mounted in proximodistal and mediolateral orientations for BM D determinations via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and area-of-interest data (0.03-cm² increments) were obtained. Values of BMD were compared between left and right limb control samples, between control and FMCP samples, and between axial and abaxial regions of the control or FMCP samples. Results--The BMD in control and FMCP samples in both proximodistal and mediolateral orientations differed significantly. Mean BMD throughout the MCP was decreased in FMCP samples, compared with control sample findings. In both control and FMCP samples, BMD of the abaxial half of the MCP was 50% higher than that of the axial portion. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--The similar pattern of BMD in osteochondral samples of the MCP in dogs with and without FMCP indicated that the MCP was eccentrically loaded during weight bearing. Topographic variation in BMD in the MCP, and hence tolerance to compressive loading, suggested that the abaxial portion of the MCP in dogs was more resistant to compressive load than was the axial edge. This difference may predispose the coronoid process to microcrack formation and fragmentation at that juxtaposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To investigate the effects of exercise and osteochondral injury onconcentrations of carboxy-terminal telopeptide fragments of type II collagen (CTX-II) in synovial fluid (SF) and serum of Thoroughbred racehorses and to compare findings with radiographic and arthroscopic scores of joint injury severity. Animals--78 Thoroughbreds with (n = 38) and without (40) osteochondral injury. Procedures--Serum and metacarpophalangeal or carpal joint SF samples were collected from noninjured horses before and at the end of 5 to 6 months of race training (pre- and postexercise samples, respectively) and from horses with osteochondral injury (1 joint assessed/ horse). Synovial fluid and serum CTX-II concentrations were determined by use of an ELISA. Radiographic and arthroscopic scores of joint injury severity were determined for the injured horses. Results--The CTX-II concentrations in SF and SF:serum CTX-II ratio were significantly higher for horses with joint injuries, compared with pre- and postexercise findings in noninjured horses. Serum CTX-II concentrations in postexercise and injured-horse samples were significantly lower than values in pre-exercise samples. On the basis of serum and SF CTX-II concentrations and SF:serum CTX-II ratio, 64% to 93% of serum and SF samples were correctly classified into their appropriate group (pre-exercise, postexercise, or injured-joint samples). In horses with joint injuries, arthroscopic scores were positively correlated with radiographic scores, but neither score correlated with SF or serum CTX-II concentration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--Results suggested that serum and SF CTX-II concentrations and SF:serum CTX-II ratio may be used to detect cartilage degradation in horses with joint injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives—To evaluate the use of human albumin in critically ill dogs. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—73 client-owned hospitalized dogs. Procedures—Medical records of dogs that received human albumin were reviewed to assess effects of the use of human albumin on serum albumin concentration, colloid osmotic pressure, and total protein concentration; determine the relationships between these variables and outcome; and assess its safety. Data for signalment, diagnoses, physiologic variables, dosage, amount of crystalloid fluid administered prior to human albumin administration, complications, and outcome were reviewed. Additionally, pre- and postadministration values for serum albumin, colloid osmotic pressure, and total protein were recorded. Results—Administration of human albumin resulted in significant changes in serum albumin, colloid osmotic pressure, and total protein. The serum albumin, total protein, degree of improvement in serum albumin, colloid osmotic pressure, and dosage of human albumin were significantly greater in survivors. Seventeen of 73 (23%) dogs had at least 1 complication that could be potentially associated with the administration of human albumin that occurred during or immediately following administration of human albumin. Three of 73 (4%) dogs had severe delayed complications. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of human albumin significantly increased serum albumin, and total protein concentrations and colloid osmotic pressure, especially in survivors. Because of the high mortality rate of the study population and other confounding factors, it was uncertain whether complications were associated with the underlying disease or with human albumin administration. Acute and delayed complications may have been under-recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective - To describe a technique for abdominocentesis in camelids and report peritoneal fluid biochemical and cytologic findings from healthy llamas and alpacas. Design-Prospective study. Animals - 17 adult llamas and 5 adult alpacas. Procedures - Right paracostal abdominocentesis was performed. Peritoneal fluid was collected by gravity flow into tubes containing potassium-EDTA for cell count and cytologic evaluation and lithium heparin for biochemical analysis. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture into heparinized tubes at the same time. Cytologic components were quantified. Fluid pH and concentrations of total carbon dioxide, sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, and glucose were compared between peritoneal fluid and venous blood. Results - All but 3 camelids had peritoneal fluid cell counts of < 3,000 nucleated cells/μL, with <2,000 neutrophils/μL and < 1040 large mononuclear cells/μL. All but 1 had peritoneal fluid protein concentrations of ≤ 2.5 g/dL. Peritoneal fluid of camelids generally contained slightly less glucose, lactate, and sodium and roughly equal concentrations of potassium and chloride as venous blood. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance - Peritoneal fluid was collected safely from healthy camelids. Compared with blood, peritoneal fluid usually had a low cell count and protein concentration, but some individuals had higher values. Electrolyte concentrations resembled those found in blood. High cell counts and protein concentrations found in peritoneal fluid of some healthy camelids may overlap with values found in diseased camelids, complicating interpretation of peritoneal fluid values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To determine the diagnostic use of cytologic examination of bone marrow from dogs with thrombocytopenia. Design-Retrospective case series. Animals-58 dogs with thrombocytopenia. Procedures-Medical records were searched and reviewed for dogs with thrombocytopenia. Dogs that had thrombocytopenia and cytologic examination of bone marrow were included in the study. Dogs with other hematologic abnormalities, with a previous diagnosis of hematopoietic neoplasia, or that had previous treatment with cytotoxic drugs were excluded. Bone marrow cytologic findings were reviewed. Results were compared between dogs with severe thrombocytopenia (< 20,000 platelets/μL) and dogs with mild to moderate thrombocytopenia (20,000 to 200,000 platelets/μL). Results-58 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Of 55 dogs with diagnostic bone marrow aspirates, 36 had severe thrombocytopenia. Cytologic evaluation of bone marrow did not reveal substantial nonmegakaryocytic bone marrow abnormalities or result in a definitive diagnosis in any of these dogs. Nineteen dogs with mild to moderate thrombocytopenia had diagnostic bone marrow aspirates. Bone marrow cytologic findings revealed nonmegakaryocytic abnormalities in 4 of these dogs. Significantly fewer dogs with severe thrombocytopenia had abnormalities identified on cytologic examination of bone marrow, compared with dogs with mild to moderate thrombocytopenia. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Cytologic examination of bone marrow is unlikely to provide specific diagnostic or prognostic information in dogs with severe thrombocytopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To evaluate the role of adrenal and thyroid hormones in the prediction of death in a population of critically ill puppies with parvoviral diarrhea by measuring serial daily serum concentrations of cortisol and thyroxine. Design-Prospective case-control study Animals-57 critically ill puppies with parvoviral diarrhea admitted to the hospital and 17 clinically normal control puppies. Procedures-Basal serum cortisol and thyroxine concentrations were measured for each dog with parvoviral diarrhea at admission (prior to treatment) and daily until death, euthanasia, or discharge. Results-Median time between admission and death was 48 hours (ie, on day 3). Median serum cortisol concentration on day 1 (admission) in all dogs with parvoviral diarrhea (248 nmol/L) was significantly higher than in control dogs (77 nmol/L). No significant difference was found in the day 1 median serum cortisol concentration of 11 dogs that died (302 nmol/L) and 46 dogs that survived (238 nmol/L). A significantly higher median serum cortisol concentration was, however, found in nonsurvivor group dogs, compared with survivor group dogs, on days 2 and 3. Median serum thyroxine concentration on day 1 in dogs with parvoviral diarrhea was significantly lower than in control dogs (8.12 nmol/L vs 35 nmol/L, respectively). Median serum thyroxine concentration of nonsurvivor group dogs (4.4 nmol/ L) was significantly lower than that of survivor group dogs (9.2 nmol/L) at admission and became even lower on days 2 and 3. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-High serum cortisol and low serum thyroxine concentrations at 24 and 48 hours after admission were associated with death in dogs with parvoviral diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To identify radiographic abnormalities associated with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) in German Shepherd Dogs (GSDs) and determine whether specific radiographic abnormalities could be used to identify dogs at risk of developing DLSS. Design-Cohort study. Animals-33 GSDs working as police dogs. Procedures-Results of physical, neurologic, and orthopedic examinations were used to identify dogs with DLSS. Survey radiography of the lumbosacral junction was performed, and radiographs were compared with radiographs obtained 3 years earlier. Results-DLSS was diagnosed in 15 of the 33 (45%) dogs. Thirteen of the 15 dogs with DLSS and 14 of the 18 dogs without DLSS had radiographic abnormalities of the lumbosacral junction. Twenty-two (67%) dogs were able to perform unrestricted duties, including 3 dogs with suspected DLSS. Six (18%) dogs had been excluded from active duty during the period of surveillance because of DLSS. Significant progression in specific clinical and radiographic signs was detected, but multiple logistic regression analysis did not identify any radiographic signs that could be used to predict the development of DLSS. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that survey radiography cannot be used to predict development of DLSS in working GSDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective—To determine whether basal serum or plasma cortisol concentration can be used as a screening test to rule out hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. Design—Retrospective case-control study. Animals—110 dogs with nonadrenal gland illnesses and 13 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. Procedures—Sensitivity and specificity of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations of either ≤ 1 μg/dL or ≤ 2 μg/dL to detect dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were estimated by use of the ACTH stimulation test as the gold standard. Results—Basal cortisol concentrations of ≤ 1 μg/dL had excellent sensitivity (100%) and specificity (98.2%) for detecting dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. For basal cortisol concentrations of ≤ 2μg/dL, sensitivity was 100% but specificity was 78.2%. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of sensitivity and specificity, basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations had high negative predictive values over a wide range of prevalence rates and can be used to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. Dogs with basal cortisol concentrations > 2 μg/dL that are not receiving corticosteroids, mitotane, or ketoconazole are highly unlikely to have hypoadrenocorticism. However, if the basal cortisol concentration is > 2 μg/dL, little to no information regarding adrenal gland function can be obtained and an ACTH stimulation test should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective—To compare the effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration on endogenous ACTH concentrations in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia hyperplasia and compare the test with the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Design—Prospective case series. Animals—15 horses with clinical signs of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), 4 horses with equivocal signs of PPID, and 29 horses without signs of PPID. Procedures—ACTH concentrations prior to and after administration of TRH were measured 61 times in 48 horses. Results of the DST (cortisol response) were compared with those of the TRH test in 29 horses. Thirty-three horses (24 with no clinical signs of PPID, 5 with clinical signs of PPID, and 4 with equivocal clinical signs of PPID) were euthanized and necropsied and their pituitary glands evaluated. Results—ACTH concentrations increased in all horses, but magnitude and duration of increase were significantly higher in horses with PPID. Endogenous ACTH concentrations were influenced by season. The ACTH baseline concentrations and response to TRH were not correlated with results of the DST. Results of DST were abnormal only in clinically abnormal horses or those with pars intermedia hyperplasia, but were within reference range in 17 of 26 tests in these horses. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ACTH response to TRH is a useful test for diagnosis of pituitary gland hyperplasia, particularly in horses in which baseline ACTH concentrations are within reference range. The DST was specific but not sensitive and was inconsistent for individuals, and results often did not agree with the TRH test response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective—To determine the accuracy of sow culling classifications reported by lay personnel on commercial swine farms. Design—Retrospective cohort study. Animals—A convenience sample of 923 sows from 8 conventional, farrow-to-wean farms that followed standard operating procedures. Procedures—Sows were examined at slaughter, and lesions were recorded. Individual production records were reviewed to determine the farm-reported reason or culling the sows, and criteria were developed to assess the accuracy of recorded culling classifications. Results—For 209 of the 923 (23%) sows, the farm-reported culling classification was judged to be inaccurate. The culling code was considered to be inaccurate for 62 of 322 (19%) sows reportedly bulled because of old age, 48 of 172 (28%) sows reportedly culled because of failure to conceive, 31 of 90 (34%) sows reportedly culled because of poor body condition, and 23 of 73 (32%) sows reportedly culled because of poor farrowing productivity. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that for commercial swine farms, farm-reported culling code classifications were frequently inaccurate. This degree of inaccuracy may cause severe limitations for studies that rely on farm-reported assessments of clinical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective—To evaluate the clinical features and heritability of naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTRs). Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—25 NSDTRs with hypoadrenocorticism. Procedures—Questionnaires completed by owners of NSDTRs with hypoadrenocorticism and medical records from veterinarians were reviewed for information regarding diagnosis, age at diagnosis, concurrent diseases, age at death, and cause of death. Pedigrees were analyzed for heritability and mode of inheritance of hypoadrenocorticism (including complex segregation analysis of pedigrees of 1,515 dogs). Results—On the basis of results of ACTH stimulation testing, hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed in 16 female and 9 male NSDTRs (including 6 full siblings). Median age at diagnosis was 2.6 years; the diagnosis was made prior to 2 years of age in 11 dogs. Seventeen dogs had hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, or both, and serum electrolyte concentrations were within reference ranges for 8 dogs at the time of diagnosis. Median survival time after diagnosis for 4 dogs that died or were euthanized as a result of medical causes was 1.6 years. Heritability was calculated at 0.98 with no sex effect, and complex segregation analysis fit a major gene model with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In NSDTRs, hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed at an earlier age, compared with published reports of age at diagnosis among the general dog population. Among the study dogs, 32% had no serum electrolyte abnormalities at the time of diagnosis, and the disease appeared to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in the breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case Description—3 horses were examined and treated because of sudden onset of signs of abdominaI pain. Clinical Findings—All horses had a retrosternal (Morgagni) hernia involving the right side of the diaphragm. In each horse, the large colon was incarcerated in a right muscular defect in the diaphragm with a large hernial sac. Treatment and Outcome—Definitive surgical repair of the hernia was not performed during the initial celiotomy. The hernia was repaired with mesh herniorrhaphy, but without resection of the hernia sac in 2 horses. For 1 horse, conservative management was applied. In the 2 horses treated with surgical correction, no major postoperative complications developed, and all 3 horses have been free of signs of abdominal pain. Clinical Relevance—Horses with retrosternal hernias involving the diaphragm can develop clinical signs of intermittent obstruction of the large colon and chronic colic. In horses, retrosternal diaphragmatic hernias appear to develop exclusively in the right ventral aspect of the diaphragm and could represent an embryologic defect of diaphragm formation. Affected horses can be successfully treated with mesh herniorrhaphy or, in some instances, with conservative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective—To determine outcome of initial conservative management for primary lens luxation and evaluate topically administered demecarium bromide miotic treatment for prevention of anterior lens luxation, glaucoma, and vision loss in dogs. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—34 dogs with primary lens luxation. Procedures—Medical records of affected dogs were reviewed for times to anterior luxation, luxation of the lens in the opposite eye, development of glaucoma, and vision loss. Results—At 4 to 6 weeks and at 3 months after diagnosis of lens instability (subluxation or posterior luxation), 100% (34/34 and 29/29, respectively) of conservatively managed eyes retained vision. At 1 year after diagnosis of lens instability, 80% (16/20) of conservatively managed eyes retained vision, and at 2 years after diagnosis of lens instability, 11 of 19 conservatively treated eyes retained vision. The only significant effect of miotic treatment was to delay anterior lens luxation in eyes with lens instability. Miotic treatment did not significantly affect the time from anterior lens luxation in 1 eye to anterior luxation in the other eye, time to onset of glaucoma, or time to loss of vision in eyes with an unstable lens. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prophylactic topically administered miotic treatment may be effective at delaying anterior luxation of an unstable lens in eyes affected by primary lens instability. Conservative medical management of dogs with primary lens instability is a reasonable alternative to surgical removal of a subluxated or posteriorly luxated lens via intracapsular lens extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To assess the clinical course of disease and risk factors associated with out-come in dogs with tetanus. Design-Retrospective case series. Animals-38 dogs with tetanus. Procedures-Data were collected from medical records of dogs with tetanus, including signalment; wound characteristics; initial clinical signs; severity of worst clinical signs; time to wound management, antimicrobial treatment, and antitoxin administration; and 28-day survival rate. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate relationships between the potentially predictive variables and disease progression and outcome. Results-The 28-day survival rate was 77% (among 35 uncensored dogs). The most com- mon initial clinical signs in affected dogs were ocular (n = 18) and facial (11) abnormalities. Nineteen dogs progressed to recumbency with severe muscle spasms, and 14 dogs had high or low heart rate or blood pressure values. Eight dogs died or were euthanized because of complications of tetanus. There was a significant association between younger age and development of more severe clinical signs. Furthermore, a significant inverse relationship between development of severe clinical signs and survival was identified. There was no association between earlier initiation of wound management, antimicrobial administration, or antitoxin administration and either progression of signs or 28-day survival rate. Wound type was not associated with 28-day survival rate. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that younger dogs with tetanus may be more likely to develop severe clinical signs. The prognosis for survival in dogs with tetanus is good if abnormalities in heart rate or blood pressure values do not develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To assess the efficacy of prophylactic hoof health examination and trimming during midlactation at reducing the incidence of lameness during late lactation in dairy cows. Design-Randomized field trial. Animals-333 Holstein cows. Procedures-Cows without apparent lameness were randomly allocated into 1 of 2 groups approximately 204 days after calving. Cows allocated to the treatment group (n = 161) were examined on a tilt table for diagnosis and underwent hoof-trimming procedures, if needed, for treatment of hoof disorders or lesions. Cows in the control group (n = 172) were not examined. Cows were assigned a locomotion score weekly for 28 weeks after allocation to a group. The number of cows classified as lame during late lactation (approx 205 to 400 days after calving) was compared between groups to assess the efficacy of prophylactic examination and trimming. Results-Incidence of lameness during late lactation was 24% in cows in the control group and 18% in cows in the treatment group. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The 25% decrease in number of new cases of lameness in cows undergoing prophylactic hoof health examination and trimming during midlactation may be relevant for the well-being of dairy cows and should not represent a major economic burden to producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To evaluate the morphologic and physiologic changes induced by Clostridium perfringens type A α toxin in the ileum and colon of sheep. Sample Population--16 ligated intestinal loops in 4 Merino lambs and 18 explants of ileum and colon from slaughtered lambs. Procedure--α Toxin-induced fluid accumulation was evaluated in ligated ileal and colonic loops of sheep. Tissues were evaluated morphologically by use of gross and histologic examination. Effects of toxin on in vitro intestinal net water transport were tested in modified Ussing chambers. Results--Ovine ileal and colonic loops incubated with C perfringens type A (z toxin retained more fluid than control loops. Histologically in the ileum of lambs inoculated with 300 LD50 of α toxin/mL, there was a mild to moderate multifocal infiltration of neutrophils in the lamina propria and submucosa. The colonic loops of lambs inoculated with 30 or 300 LD50 of α toxin/mL had excessive mucus in the lumen, a moderate amount of neutrophils mixed with mucus in the intestinal lumen, and moderate multifocal infiltration of the lamina propria and submucosa with neutrophils; the blood vessels of these layers were engorged with neutrophils. In vitro measurements of water transport also revealed inhibition of net epithelial water absorption in ileum and colon incubated with ot toxin on the mucosal side. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--These results indicate that α toxin induces alterations in sheep intestine. Clostridium perfringens type A organisms that produce α toxin could be responsible for diseases of intestinal origin in some ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the energy requirements and body surface area (BSA) of cats and dogs. Usage of BSA in the estimation of energy requirements upon the calculation of BSA for a range of body weights (BW); Difference found in BD and basal metabolic rate between exponential values for dogs and cats; Effect of the degree of obesity on the exponential values for cats and dogs.

Objective--To provide a quantitative description of the architecture of superficial digital flexor (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) muscles in adult horses to predict muscle-tendon behavior and estimate muscle forces. Sample Population--7 forelimb specimens from 7 adult Thoroughbreds. Procedure--Muscle and tendon lengths and volumes were measured from 6 fixed forelimbs. After processing, fiber bundle and sarcomere lengths were measured. Optimal fascicle lengths and muscle length-to-fascicle length, muscle length-to-free tendon length, and fascicle length-to-tendon length ratios were calculated, as were tendon and muscle physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSAs). Pennation angles were measured in 1 embalmed specimen. Results--The SDF optimal fascicle lengths were uniformly short (mean ± SD, 0.8 ± 0.1 cm), whereas DDF lengths ranged from 0.9 ± 0.2 cm to 10.8 ± 1.6 cm. The DDF humeral head had 3 architectural subunits, each receiving a separate median nerve branch, suggestive of neuromuscular compartmentalization. Pennation angles were small (10 ° to 25 °). The PCSAs of the SDF and DDF muscle were 234 ± 51 cm² and 259 ± 30 cm², with estimated forces of 4,982 ±1148 N and 5,520 ± 544 N, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--The SDF muscle appears to provide strong tendinous support with little muscle fascicular shortening and fatigue-resistance properties. The DDF muscle combines passive and dynamic functions with larger tension development and higher shortening velocities during digital motion. Architectural parameters are useful for estimation of forces and have implications for analysis of muscle-tendon function, surgical procedures involving muscle-tendon lengthening, and biomechanical modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate characteristics of a large epidemic of sporotrichosis in cats. Lesions varied from small papules to extensive zones of necrosis. Ten cats had no skin lesions, 114 had skin lesions at a single site, 86 had skin lesions in 2 sites, and 137 had skin lesions in 3 or more sites. Respiratory tract signs were observed in 154 cats were the most frequent extracutaneous sign. Anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia were the main blood abnormalities. Antibodies against FIV were detected in 28 cats, FeLV antigen was detected in 2 cats, and both were detected in 1 cat among 142 cats tested. During the study, 118 cats were lost to follow-up and 124 died. Of 266 cats that were treated, 68 were cured. Complete healing of the lesions was observed regardless of the presence of extracutaneous signs, general condition, treatment schedule, or coinfection with FIV. Feline sporotrichosis was evident in subclinical to severe forms; however, cats can respond well to regular and prolonged antifungal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives--To screen for expression of 9 predominant members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family, including membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in primary tumor tissue biopsy specimens of vaccine site-associated sarcomas (VSS)in cats and compare expression profiles of VSS with expression profiles of non-VSS and carcinomas. Sample Population--31 primary tumor tissue biopsy specimens and 6 nontumor (normal) tissue biopsy specimens. Procedures--Tissue specimens were obtained from primary tumor biopsy specimens of cats. Primers for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay were designed on the basis of known sequences. Data were analyzed for patterns of expression of MMPs, MT-MMPs, and TIMPs. Differences in expression patterns were evaluated among cats of differing genders, ages, metastasis status, and overall survival durations, and between cats with VSS and cats with non-VSS tumor types. Results--A total of 31 primary tumor tissue biopsy specimens and 6 nontumor (normal) tissue biopsy specimens were screened for the presence of 6 MMPs and 3 TIMPs. Matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP expression was found in non-VSS, carcinomas, and VSS. No significant differences were found in patterns of expression among tumor types. Metastasis was found to be the only predictive factor for overall survival duration. A significant correlation was found between MMP2 and MT-MMP16 expression and overall duration of survival. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--The identification of MMPs in feline VSS supports an underlying inflammatory pathogenesis for this tumor. Expression of MMP2 and MT-MMP16 were correlated with survival time in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To characterize a genetic component to cricopharyngeal dysfunction (CD)in Golden Retrievers. Animals--117 dogs. Procedure--The CD phenotype was determined by videofluoroscopy, and dogs were classified as affected if the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) did not open, if there were morphologic abnormalities of the UES, or if opening of the UES was delayed for ≥ 6 videofluoroscopic frames (0.2 seconds) after closure of the epiglottis. All survey radiographic and videofluoroscopic studies were reviewed by the same radiologist. Results--Of the 117 dogs (47 males and 70 females) with a CD phenotype determined via videofluoroscopy, 21 dogs (18.0%) had abnormalities of the UES (affected). Of these 21 dogs, 9 were males (19.1% of all males) and 12 were females (17.1% of all females). The heritability of CD in a threshold model was estimated as 0.61, which established that CD could be passed from parent to offspring. Results of complex segregation analysis suggested that a single recessive allele of large effect contributed to the expression of this disease in Golden Retrievers. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--The determination that CD is inherited in Golden Retrievers is an important step in providing information for veterinarians attending dogs with this disorder. Breeders also require this information to make informed breeding decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To evaluate viability of a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus in a dry dog food, determine its ability to survive transit through the gastrointestinal tract and populate the colon, and assess its effects on intestinal and systemic parameters. Animals--15 adult dogs. Procedure--Dogs were sequentially fed a dry control food for 2 weeks, the same food supplemented with < 109 L acidophilus for 4 weeks, and the control food again for 2 weeks. Fecal score was assessed daily, and fecal and blood samples were collected for enumeration of bacterial populations and measurement of hematologic variables. Results--Recovery of L acidophilus from the supplemented food was 71% and 63% at the start and end of the study, respectively, indicating that the bacteria were able to survive manufacture and storage. The probiotic bacterium was detected in feces via ribotyping and RNA gene sequencing during the probiotic administration" phase but not 2 weeks after cessation of administration. Administration of the probiotic-supplemented food was associated with increased numbers of fecal lactobacilli and decreased numbers of clostridial organisms. There were significant increases in RBCs, Hct, hemoglobin concentration, neutrophils, monocytes, and serum immunoglobin G concentration and reductions in RBC fragility and serum NO concentration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--These data indicate that L acidophilus can be successfully incorporated into a dry dog food, survive transit through the canine gastrointestinal tract, and populate the colon and are associated with local and systemic changes. This probiotic bacterium may have the potential to enhance intestinal health and improve immune function in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To determine effects of athletic conditioning on thyroid hormone concentrations in a population of healthy sled dogs. Animals--19 healthy adult sled dogs. Procedure--Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (fT4), free T3 (fT3), and autoantibodies directed against T3, T4, and thyroglobulin were measured in sled dogs that were not in training (ie, nonracing season) and again after dogs had been training at maximum athletic potential for 4 months. Results--Analysis revealed significant decreases in T4 and fT4 concentrations and a significant increase in TSH concentration for dogs in the peak training state, compared with concentrations for dogs in the untrained state. Serum concentrations of T4 and fT4 were less than established reference ranges during the peak training state for 11 of 19 and 8 of 19 dogs, respectively; fT4 concentration was greater than the established reference range in 9 of 19 dogs in the untrained state. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--Decreased total T4 and fT4 concentrations and increased serum concentrations of TSH were consistently measured during the peak training state in healthy sled dogs, compared with concentrations determined during the untrained state. Although thyroid hormone concentrations remained within the established reference ranges in many of the dogs, values that were outside the reference range in some dogs could potentially lead to an incorrect assessment of thyroid status. Endurance training has a profound impact on the thyroid hormone concentrations of competitive sled dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case of a 12-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog having a medical history of a back problem. The physical examination revealed that the dog's trunk swayed back and forth irregularly and having signs of dysmetria in all limbs. Statistical data of the dog's neurologic examination results is tabulated. Meanwhile, the diagnosis of the problems is also discussed.

The article discusses the diagnosis of the case of a 17-year-old female Asian small-clawed otter which was previously anesthetized for a routine physical examination. Several medical examinations have been performed including physical examination, urinalysis, and radiography. The findings of the said examinations is discussed.

The article discusses the diagnosis of the case of a 5-year-old Morgan gelding which was referred to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for the evaluation of right forelimb lameness. Several medical examinations have been performed including physical examination and radiographic analysis. The findings of the said examinations is discussed.

States that work force, infrastructure and funding needed for veterinary research in the U.S. is insufficient, according to a number of participants in a public workshop conducted by a committee of the National Research Council. Purpose of the workshop; Problem with the incentives for animal health product companies developing animal drugs; Importance of animal health research on public health.

The article reports that the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) has released the Senior Care Guidelines for Dogs and Cats in 2005 and the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) has planned to update the Panel Reports on Feline Senior Care in 2007. The AAHA guidelines provide suggestions on the approach for healthy and unhealthy senior pets, and others. The AAFP report on feline senior care includes physiology and pharmacology of aging, health care programs for senior cats.

This article reports on the decision of Tufts University to appoint Deborah Turner Kochevar as dean of the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine effective August 1, 2006. Kochevar is associate dean for professional programs at Texas A&M University's College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and is also a professor of veterinary physiology and pharmacology, with a joint appointment in medical physiology.

The article reports on opening of the Animal Cancer Care Clinic at the College of Veterinary Medicine in Michigan State University. The clinic is the first phase of the university's Center for Comparative Oncology. The staff will include two medical oncologist, two radiation oncologist, two surgical oncologist and at least six veterinary technicians.