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Determination of the heavy metal content of Pb, Cd, and Mn in vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the waters of Labuhan Maringgai, East Lampung Regency. This research was conducted to determine the heavy metal contamination in the waters of Labuhan Maringgai, East Lampung Regency. Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was an aquatic biota that has the highest role in the absorption of heavy metals and had still commonly found in the waters of Labuhan Maringgai, so it was chosen as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution. Shrimp sampling had been done by purposive random sampling method. Heavy metal analysis was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) with wet digestion method which was carried out during sample preparation using HNO3 68% and H2O2 30%. The results of the analysis of metal concentrations of Pb, Cd and Mn in the vannamei shrimp samples, showed that the levels of Pb, Cd, and Mn metals had exceeded the safe limits set by BPOM RI No.5 of 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals are persistent pollutants that can be toxic when it exceeds certain levels in the body. Aquatic species can absorb heavy metals present in the water, and they get biomagnified. Thilafushi Island is where wastes are mainly managed in the Maldives. The waste piles are very close to the sea so the possibility exists for heavy metals to leach from the piles into the water. Maldivians highly depend on fish as a food source. If the metals are absorbed by the fish species, the locals will be exposed to tremendous levels upon consumption. So, it is important to prevent this by evaluating and monitoring the pollution status of the marine ecosystem. The study evaluated the presence of copper, zinc, and iron, and whether they exceed the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The metals are detected in the landfill area and the non-landfill area which served as the control. The concentrations of the metals detected are significantly lower compared to the WHO guidelines. However, this does not eliminate the problem of heavy metals as quantities not detected in the water samples might be present in the aquatic species. Therefore, further evaluation and monitoring is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was preparation a modified working electrode with exfoliated graphite (EG) decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The aim of the study is to obtain a highly conductive nanomaterial using in a cyclic voltammetric device to analyze the redox current peaks of chemical compounds, especially heavy metals, in different electrolytes, especially blood. The glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with the exfoliated graphite (EG) decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This modified electrode is referred to as (EG-AgNPs/GCE) and was used to study the electrochemical behavior of EG-AgNPs using the cyclic voltammetric technique at different concentrations, scan rates, pH, and the reliability–stability of the EG-AgNPs/GCE. The new modified electrode was used to detect the presence of heavy metals in blood and tap water. The results of cyclic voltammetry showed the anodic current peaks of EG-AgNPs increase with higher concentrations and EG-AgNPs/GCE has a high sensitivity by the present of nanoparticles on the glassy carbon electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of groundwater in Hapur by examining various physico-chemical parameters, including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), and heavy metal contamination (such as Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Cu). Samples were collected from four different sites in Hapur, and a combination of groundwater sampling, chemical analysis, and Geographical Information System (GIS) was employed to achieve the research objective. Arc-GIS was utilized to analyse the spatial distribution of water quality parameters in the selected areas. The analysis of metal contamination was conducted using the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) technique. The obtained results were compared with the standard values set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The spatial study revealed that EC, pH, TH, and TDS exceeded the permissible limits defined by WHO. The pH values indicated that the groundwater in the study area was alkaline. Moreover, metals such as Ni, Mn, Hg, and Sb were found to exceed the WHO limits in the majority of the samples. Based on these findings, it is crucial to identify specific geographic areas to develop effective plans for groundwater resource management. Additionally, raising awareness among individuals responsible for polluting or contaminating groundwater is essential. The importance of water quality should be emphasized to ensure better protection and preservation of this vital resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water constitutes an essential constituent for life on earth. It is the sole distinguishing factor why life exists on our planet as compared to other planets, the exoteric importance of water is not only in its quantity but even in its quality. The quality of water is of great importance not just to existence of life but also as it plays a key role to a lot of biological phenomena's in the body. When water is below the standard prescribed by the WHO the water becomes inimical to the health of the persons who take it. This is particularly the case in most local communities where the water sources are either contaminated or contain heavy metals which constitute great health problems either in the short term or long term to such persons. Heavy metals have been historically found to be in large quantities in water samples taken from local communities, this is answerably so due to the lack of precipitating processes towards the purification of water used in these communities. The well and stream happens to be the major source of drinking water in these communities, considering the lack of availability of technologies for purification of drinking water in these community, this paper proposes using activated charcoal as a rather better and effective method due to its high prevalence and ease of use, to help remove heavy metals in the local community of Mahal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally occurring polysaccharide chitosan has been recognized as one of the bio-polymers that has extensively been utilized for the adsorption of the wide spectrum of heavy metals, oil, pesticides, dyes, etc. present in a smaller concentration from wastewaters. In this domain, the hybrid or composite hydrogel bead forms of chitosan (biomatrix) are potentially more efficient and stronger than the parent version in bringing the effluents to their discharge standards. Various methods of gelation and crosslinking with suitable solvents are contributing toward tailoring and reinforcing hydrogel beads, thus making a rigid structure suitable for multi-cycle use before disposal. The mechanism of the adsorption by cross-linked hydrophilic chitosan hybrid gel is also studied in this paper to understand the availability of surface-based active sites of biomatrix and facilitate the exchange of ligands through them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report the facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via the green synthesis method using mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) peels waste extract (MPE) as the bioreducing agent. The synthesized AgNPs were employed as the probe in the paper-based colorimetric detection of Pb2+. Initially, the MPE was prepared using a reflux system for a 3 h reaction, followed by mixing the AgNO3 precursor and the prepared MPE, then left undisturbed for a 6 h reaction until a dark brown solution of AgNPs was obtained. The AgNPs showed a strong visible absorbance peak at 415 nm that indicated the AgNPs were successfully formed, whereas there was no peak observed at 415 m for the MPE. Further investigation, the IR spectra revealed that the OH-groups of flavonoids derivative in the MPE have a main role in the AgNPs formation, while the XRD pattern confirmed the prepared AgNPs have face center cubic structure with the crystalline size of 11.38 nm as well as the SEM characterization showed a spherical to triangle morphology of AgNPs. The paper-based-colorimetric performance evaluation showed a wide linearity range from 8 ppb to 100 ppm with a limit of detection (LOD) less than 12.50 ppm and high selectivity toward Pb2+ instead of Zn2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ at 30 min reaction, indicating the green synthesized AgNPs have the potential for probe in colorimetric sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's primary goal is to identify the accumulation of heavy metals in the bones and tissues of Yellowtail Scads fish (Atule Mate) from two separate sites in the Kemaman region of Malaysia. Metals under study were (Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb and Cd). Before further examination, the fish bone and flesh were separated. The amount of moisture in both samples were assessed by a 24-hour drying procedure in an oven set to 105°C. Moisture content was determined to be between 70% and 77 percent water. After a three-hour digestion process in oven at 120°C, samples were examined for the presence of heavy metals using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in the fish bone. The fish bone sample from Kijal had the highest readings of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn), which were 43.152 ppm and 130.237 ppm, respectively. Since lead (Pb) revealed high contamination, sieved banana peel (BP) was manufactured as a treatment method and employed as an adsorbent to remove lead. In order to determine the effectiveness of banana peel to accomplish enough removal, three separate parameters; adsorbent concentration, contact time, and pH were examined. The outcomes indicate that several parameters affect the adsorption process differently. For lead (Pb), the optimal conditions were 0.5g of adsorbent, 10 minutes of contact time, and a pH of 7 (neutral). Due to the characteristics of the metal ion and the selectivity of the adsorbent during the adsorption process, the maximum removal efficiency obtained under the aforementioned conditions was 96.67 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of Cts-Si and Cts-Si-Dtz has been carried out by combining enzymatic, chemical, and gamma irradiation methods. The synthesis of Cts-Si is based on the electrostatic interaction of the amine group in chitosan with the silanol group. The immobilization of dithizone in Cts-Si is based on thecomplexation of dithizone with silanol and acetamide groups. The Cts-Si and Cts-Si-Dtz have good ability as bioadsorbents of Fe(III), Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(VI), and Cd(II). Adsorption with Cts-Si akes place through the electrostatic interaction of the amine group in chitosan with the silanol group. The interaction of Cts-Si-Dtz takes place through the chelation of metal ions with dithizone, silanol groups, and acetamide. Heavy metal adsorption is strongly influenced by solution pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, and concentration of metal ion solution. The kinetic model follows the pseudo 2nd order model and generally follows the Langmuir isotherm, although for some interactions it follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of criteria for assessing soil degradation and toxicity, as well as methods for restoring the productivity of soils contaminated with heavy metals, is currently an actual task. It has been shown that the use of agrotechnical measures makes it possible to reduce the content of heavy metals in the surface layer of soil by transferring them to plant roots. In particular, during the implementation of agrotechnical measures, millet was planted. During the period of the first sowing in the controlled soil variants, the following accumulation of heavy metals in the roots of the plant was established: Ni – 7.4 mg/kg, Cr – 39.5 mg/kg, Pb – 7.2 mg/kg, Cd – 0.32 mg /kg. Cr accumulated in the plant structure during the second planting in a volume of 36.4 mg/kg, and during the third planting - 33.7 mg/kg. These data mean that the amount of heavy metals in the soil is decreasing. The accumulation of Pb was 7.2→8.7→6.2 mg/kg, and an accumulation similar to that of Ni was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guava leaves are widely found in the surrounding environment. In fact, there are many properties contained in guava leaves, one of which contains tannin compounds that can be used as metal corrosion inhibitors. The heavy metals, chrome and nickel, are chemicals that are toxic and cannot decompose in the environment by themselves. The presence of heavy metals in the environment is an environmental problem that needs attention. The use of guava leaves extract to reduce the levels of heavy metals chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) was investigated by adding different extract concentrations (0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1.0) % to the chromium solution and nickel, allowing it to stand for 12 hours, and then measuring the concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results showed the percentage decrease in chromium heavy metal content in the sample with the addition of guava leaves extract (0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1.0)%, respectively, was (0.00; 13.64; 28.69; 50.03; 74.73; and 74.18)%, decreased nickel metal content by (0.00; 11.51; 25.38; 46.89; 71.56 and 70.84%)%. The addition of guava leaves extract can reduce the levels of heavy metals chromium and nickel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon is an interesting and third-highest-studied material due to its wide range of applications and environmental benefits. Activated carbon is also a promising material processed from sago waste in order to improve its economic value. The Sago waste utilized was obtained from the local community in Maribu Village, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia and the fabrication process includes dehydration, carbonization, and chemical activation of KOH with 20% concentration. In this study, activated carbon was characterized with a scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, as well as Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy to analyze the crystalline structure, morphology, and functional groups. The end product of the activated carbon was utilized to adsorb Hg(II), Cd(II), as well as Pb(II) heavy metal ions. The adsorption capacity was then examined with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy using an analytical method. This study's result showed that the activated carbon has mesoporous characteristics with fine structure and morphology. Therefore, the material was suitable for use as heavy metal adsorbent, with high absorption efficiency of over 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid increase in the population and the growth in the tourism sector have increased the demand for beaches. Heavy metal accumulation on coastlines, which host millions of people and terrestrial organisms every year, is an important environmental problem. Identifying the source of heavy metal pollution is an valuable step in solving such an important environmental problem. In the next steps, it should be aimed to determine the toxicity risks for heavy metal accumulation in the region and to propose a biochemical recycling solution as a result. Metals differ in mobility, toxicity, and chemical behavior. For this reason, handling metals with different geochemical forms provides information about the extent of heavy metal accumulation and pollution. Major and trace element concentrations were learned as a result of ED-XRF analysis on the samples collected from Damlatas beach in Antalya province Alanya district. Element concentrations were handled with the "Descriptive Statistics" method, which is one of the multivariate statistical analyses. As a result of the study, it was thought that Cr, Sr, Sn, Pb, Zn and Co elements in the chemical content of Damlatas beach sands originated from regional geology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the procedure of Praseodymium (Pr) doping at 1000 and 2000 wt. ppm by ion implantation into 65 Sb2O3 − 25 PbCl2 − 10 LiCl and 60 PbO – 40 GaO3/2 glasses prepared by the melting-quenching method. The implanted layer thickness was 250 nm. The luminescence properties have been determined across the spectral range of 400-800 nm and the impact of Praseodymium (Pr) implantation on the optical and electrical properties of the glasses was investigated. The observed luminescence signal was relatively weak. The characteristic Pr3+ emission bands were observed at ∼488, 608, and 650 nm. The electric conductivity of modified layers was characterized using the Van der Pawn method and the obtained results are discussed. It was found that the DC conductivity of the prepared annealed layers increases with applied fluences of Pr used during ion implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past two decades, scientists and engineers have dedicated a great deal of time and effort to studying the causes and effects of hazardous material contamination and developing methods to mitigate these issues. Several methods, including precipitation, evaporation, and ion exchange, have been devised for the elimination of these substances. There are, however, a few problems with employing such methods. Massive quantities of wastewater containing a wide range of hazardous metals are produced as a result of human activity. Heavy metals in wastewater can be removed by microalgae. The ability of the green algal species Scenedesmus. to detoxify toxic metals was investigated. The accumulation, adsorption, or metabolism of hazardous chemicals by microalgae has been shown to drastically lower concentrations. Based on the findings of this study, it appears that bioremediation has the potential to play a significant role in the sustainable, eco-friendly, and financially rewarding process of eliminating heavy metals from a site. Also, the green alga Scenedesmus was found to be capable of chelating metals. Based on our findings, this species may have a future in technological solutions for treating wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bat Cave is one of the caves in the Karst area of Rammang-Rammang Maros. Inside the cave, can be found guano that comes from bat droppings. Human activities indicate the presence of sediment transport from the outside into the cave. As a result, guano may be contaminated with heavy metals. The aim of this study was to analyse the magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contamination in Bat cave guano. The method used was the measurement of susceptibility with Bartington Susceptibility Meter and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that the magnetic susceptibility value of guano was in the range from 7.2-147.6 x 10−8 m3/kg. Thus, magnetic minerals can be categorized as a paramagnetic and (canted) antiferromagnetic. XRF results show that guano contains heavy metal elements such as Fe, Cu, and Zn. The high magnetic susceptibility and concentration of heavy metals in guano were effected by pedogenesis, bacterial magnetosomes, autogenic or biogenic, and anthropogenic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calories-dense products encourage weight gain through healthy ingredients. With addition of healthy fats, whey protein and carbohydrate, the blends will help to increase the muscle mass. The incorporation of herbal in protein supplement is expected to benefit the new developed product, with regard to the presence of active ingredients and phytochemicals agent that promote health such as antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-aging. Sensory evaluation on herbal like Eurycoma longifolia is essential, due to the herbal contribute to the bitter taste of the formulation. The additional of vegetables may interrupt the solubility of the formulation due to its non-soluble characteristic. In this studies comparison between herbal and non-herbal (commercial products) protein supplement due to its after taste, bitterness, sweetness and appearance were carried out. The sensory evaluation of the protein supplement was carried out via 9-point hedonic scale. Mineral content of the samples was also analysed. The score of hedonic scale showed that the sweetness and bitterness of the herbal protein supplement is significantly different compared to the commercial products. All samples showed differences in the mineral contents, but mineral ferum was present in the highest concentration in protein supplement incorporated with herbal and vegetables. The highly concerned toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd), arsenic (Ar), plumbum (Pb) and mercury (Hg) level were below of the standard limit (0.3ppm, 5ppm, 10ppm and 0.5 ppm respectively). Hence, the obtained results might be useful to define the new formulations of these highly consumed protein supplement with health benefits for athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have been conducted to find some biomarkers associated with Autistic spectrum disorder. The aim of the present study was to assess the concentrations of some trace elements and toxic metals as a biomarker in serum of children with autism according to age. Blood samples were obtained from (30) (male) patients with autism, compared with group of apparently healthy control (male) (20). Two groups (patients and controls) divided into three groups according to age G1(2-4), G2(5-7) and G3(8-10). We note from the results of this study a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in serum concentration (selenium, chromium, and iron) in all age groups of autistic patients compared to control groups (P≤0.05). It was found significant decrease in the concentration of serum selenium in G1 patient group in comparison with G2 and G3 patients' groups (p≤0.05). Also, it was found no marked difference in serum (selenium, chromium, and iron) concentration between G1, G2 and G3 control patients' groups (p≤0.05). There is a significant increase in lead concentration in all autistic patients, regardless of their age, compared to the specified values, as well as a clear increase in lead concentration in the G2 and G3 patient group compared to the G1 group, and there is no significant difference in lead concentration between the G1 and G2 control groups and G3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the manufacture of nylon-dithizon membranes for the early detection of lead heavy metal using the vacuum impregnation method. The purpose of this study was to determine the manufacture of nylon dithizon membranes and test strips as dithizonate complexes as an early detection of lead heavy metal. Making nylon-dithizon membrane by dissolving 50 mg of dithizon with 100 mL of chloroform and the addition of 50 mg of SrCl2 then stirred using a magnetic stirrer at 100 rpm as the working solution. After that, the solution was impregnated into a 0.20 m nylon membrane using a Buchner vacuum, after which it was carried out for 12 hours in a fume hood. The dithizon strip test was carried out using the colorimetric method, namely observing color changes that occur with the naked eye (qualitative test) with variations in concentration and pH. In this study, the optimum pH in the formation of the dithizone-Pb complex was obtained, namely pH 8 with a dark orange color. The minimum concentration on the indicator strip made was 0.05 with a visible color of faded orange, while the time reached for complex formation at a concentration value of 0.05 ppm was 520 seconds (Faded Orange). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary need of humans is access to safe drinking water. These requirements expand the availability of water supply facilities, refilled drinking water, and bottled drinking water. Heavy metals are transition elements with large atomic masses. This study aims to assess the heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in bottled and refilled drinking water using Ministry of Health Regulation No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to test samples of five local bottled drinking water brands and twelve refilled drinking water Sukarame sub-district. The tests found that certain heavy metals exceeded the government's maximum level. The AMDK5, with a Pb content of-0.007 mg/L and a Cd concentration of 0.001 mg/L, was one of five bottled water samples with acceptable quality. The Pb and Cd content in the other four samples, on the other hand, surpassed the maximum standard. Pb and Cd levels in refilled drinking water were measured, and the results were mixed. Pb values in five of the twelve refilled drinking water samples exceeded the maximum standard of 0.01 mg/L. Furthermore, the Cd content in twelve samples of refilled drinking water exceeded 0.003 mg/L, which violated the requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified chitosan have received significant attention that considered as useful biocompatible materials to remove Sutra Bugis textile heavy metal ions. The reactive functional groups of chitosan, -NH2 and -OH can form chelates and prone to chemical reaction with heavy metal ions so that it can be modified. Chitosan has drawback that unstable in acid or base, it can be modified to carried out by crosslinked with citric acid and tripolyphosphate which respect to concentration or crosslinker. The optimal result from the concentration of citric acid and tripolyphosphate for removal Pb(II) ion and Cd(II) ion are 1% and 2%, respectively for each Sutra Bugis textile waste heavy metal ions. The modified chitosan have been characterized by FTIR. The adsorbent based on modified chitosan allows for better adsorption of Sutra Bugis textile waste heavy metal ions is chitosan-citric acid-tripolyphosphate than chitosan-citric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite hydrogel beads bio-sorbent was introduced through this work by cross-linking cellulose, chitosan, magnetite, and alginate (CCMA) for removal of heavy metal copper. The effect of CCMA's dosage and contact time in adsorbate solution was also studied through this work to determine the highest percentage of copper metal, Cu (II) removal. Based on the effect of CCMA dosage and adsorption contact time in copper solution studied, an excellent percentage of Cu (II) removal of 97.47% was achieved at 4g of CCMA dosage and 24-hour contact time to reach its adsorption equilibrium state. Moreover, the thermal properties and stability of CCMA investigated through TGA analysis in this work revealed that the thermal stability of CCMA was significantly improved with a high mass residual of 92.35% compared to cellulose and chitosan powder. Thus, it is proven that the cross-linking of cellulose-chitosan-magnetite-alginate (CCMA) in this work was successfully done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals from households and industrialization discharge into coastal and marine ecosystems could threaten living organisms. Hence, control of heavy metals from the environment should be done. The application of waste seashells as adsorbent for heavy metal has received growing interest due to having porous surface structure, abundance availability, eco-friendliness, and low cost. Instead of being dumped, which can lead to environmental pollution, this study aims to use green mussel (Perna viridis) and blood cockle (Anadara granosa) shells as adsorbents for Cr(VI) ion. Blood cockle and green mussel shells were cleaned, then milled into powder (150 µm), semi-rough fragment (45 µm), and rough fragment (2 mm). The concentration of Cr(VI) ion in the samples was determined by AAS method. The shell was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result shows that the amount of ion Cr(VI) adsorped increased with decreasing particle size of the adsorbent, and the maximum amount of adsorption was obtained by Anadara granosa (65,767%) rather than by Perna viridis (58,073%). According to these results, the shells of both Anadara granosa and Perna viridis could be used as effective adsorbent for chromium. More research is needed to apply this method effectively in conjunction with the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the distribution and assessment of heavy metals (Pb,Cd,Cr,As,and Cn) in Khor Al-Zubair district, Basrah province, southern part of Iraq. Seventeenth sites were selected by the researchers starting from the Ras Barah up to the Zubair town in order to take the samples of both water and sediments. The obtained results of the concentration of heavy metals showed no serious pollution and toxity in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algal blooms, which are unsightly, foul-smelling, and occasionally hazardous, are becoming more prominent in freshwater bodies such as rivers, lakes, and ponds due to agricultural fertilizers usage, hydrologic modification, urban runoff and sewer system. This study examines the physicochemical and heavy metal characteristics of lake water under algal bloom conditions. The sample was collected at a specific time and locally obtained from the algal bloom lake water site. The chemical oxygen demand concentration in the lake water was 454.33 mg/L, the dissolved oxygen concentration was 7.5 mg/L, turbidity was 16.79 NTU, pH was 7.22, total suspended solid was 34.33 mg/L, total dissolved solids was 133.68 mg/L while heavy metal such as copper was 0.08 mg/L. Meanwhile, no reading concentrations for both ammonia nitrogen and chromium were recorded. This result reveals that such a high concentration could be due to the fast blooming of algae in the lake water. A compilation of various data could help more in the study to diversify the topic from the characterisation of lake water to the harvesting of algae and the treatment of wastewater. Thus, this preliminary characterisation study is expected to explore the knowledge regarding microalgae living in freshwater and its beneficial potential in phycoremediation and their biomass application in the biofuels industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay is a cheap and abundant adsorbent that can remediate acid mine drainage. This research aims to observe the potential of modified clay, which is believed to have better adsorption performance than natural clay. Simulation using data analysis software is conducted to understand the performance (i.e., contact time to reach the equilibrium of adsorption capacity and maximum adsorption capacity) and determine the phenomena that occur during adsorption. Performance simulation is done by simulating the kinetics adsorption, with pseudo-first and pseudo-second order, and isotherms adsorption, with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. A nonlinear model is utilized to prevent change in statistical interpretation (such as error variance). The simulation result shows that the equilibrium and maximum adsorption capacity performance parameter modeled with the nonlinear model is close to the reported result using linear modeling. Comparisons of several modified and unmodified clay types are also conducted to determine which modified clay exhibits the best performance to adsorb Fe3+ and Mn2+ ions. Fe3+ adsorption can achieve a maximum capacity of 19.25 mg/g by utilizing acid-modified smectite. Nano lignocellulose montmorillonite can reach a maximum adsorption capacity of 628 mg/g for Mn2+. Similarly, trimethyl-decyl ammonium bromide bentonite can achieve a maximum adsorption capacity of 26.86 mg/g for SO42-. Various factors, including CEC, pore volume, and surface area, significantly influence the adsorption capacity of clay and its modified forms. Increasing the CEC, pore volume, and surface area enhances the adsorption capacity of clay. Generally, modifying clay tends to increase its adsorption capacity in most cases—furthermore, polymer nanoparticle-modified clay offers a promising result for heavy metal ions adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing amount of toxic waste associated with growing urbanization is observed worldwide. The wastes generated in large quantities also include coal fly ash, municipal solid waste incineration ash, boiler slag, and bottom ash. In addition, these waste materials often contain heavy metals (HMs) like Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, As, Ba and Mn, which are persistent, highly toxic and readily accumulate in various organisms. Waste containing HMs, if mishandled, can pose a serious threat to the environment, contaminating air, water and soil. A large part of the world's electricity production uses coal combustion, which takes place in classic coal-fired or thermal power stations. For the resulting coal fly ash (CFA), which is largely deposited in landfills, appropriate techniques should be found to both immobilize the present HMs and exploit its appropriate physico-chemical properties. This article is concerned with the study of the immobilization of As, Ba and Cu present in CFA. Composite building materials were produced from Portland cement (PC) to which CFA was added in amounts of 10% and 20% by weight of PC. The basic physical and mechanical parameters of the hardened samples were determined. The immobilization of As, Ba and Cu was investigated on the leachates from the prepared composites using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The experiments revealed that the concentrations of the investigated HMs in the leachates were very low, in the case of As even below the detection limit. The addition of CFA had a negative effect on the compressive strength, but it remains high enough for the use of designed composites in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selected fly ash, by product of coal combustion in thermal power plant, was tested to analyse its potential for use as supplementary cementitious material in cement-based composites, especially for the possibility of improving properties such as resistance and durability of the material. The chemical and physical properties of coal fly ash were characterised together with the determination of pozzolanic activity which was carried out by Frattini and Chapelle tests. The investigated material can be used as a pozzolanic active mineral admixture in the form of cement blends with the potential to improve the properties of cement-based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial wastes are often contaminated with heavy metals and thus constitute a danger to the environment. One of the safe ways to treat such contaminated wastes is to immobilize heavy metals by using various binders. Suitable binders may include magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC), which is also referred to as a low-carbon material. This study evaluates the ability of the MKPC matrix to simultaneously immobilize three heavy metals, namely Ba, Pb and Zn ions. The heavy metals were applied to the mixing water in the form of soluble salts at a concentration of 2.5% of the heavy metal by weight of the binder. The basic structural and mechanical properties of the hardened specimens were determined and an evaluation of the parameters for the transport of liquid water was carried out. It was found that the presence of metals had a negative effect on the mechanical properties. However, the MKPC exhibited an excellent low water absorption coefficient, and the addition of heavy metals further reduced this parameter by up to 60%, promoting overall immobilization. This makes MKPC a very interesting material for immobilizing heavy metals in artificially contaminated materials, which could then be used in a variety of construction applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium carbide sludge represents a by-product of acetylene gas production in which this waste material is converted to precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). In this study, the PCC products were used for the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) which shows a major concern to the groundwater pollution. Groundwater are contaminated due to its high acidity, concentration of dissolved heavy metal ions and anions. Acid mine drainage (AMD) was collected from iron (Fe) tailing pond that is located at Bukit Besi, Terengganu. Jar test method was used to study the effectiveness of PCC in AMD treatment. A total of six different dosage of PCC were used in this experiment and was observed between twelve intervals of time. Throughout the experiment, the pH value was observed and recorded for every interval of time. The water sample was tested using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) before and after the jar test to determine the content of heavy metal. From the result of jar test, it shows by using 2.0g of PCC the water sample was able to comply to standard A and B stated in the Mineral Development (Effluent) Regulations 2016 which is 5.5 and 6 within 20 minutes. Results from ICP-OES also shows that heavy metals content such as Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu) and Ferum (Fe) were able to be removed up to 96% leaving Manganese that was only able to remove by 7.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leachate is produced from the infiltration of rainwater through landfill that contaminates the groundwater with some dissolved, suspended particles such as heavy metals and microplastic. Since this issue will endanger human health and pollute the environment, a clay liner is considered to mitigate significant leakage of leachate from a landfill liner system. However, a conventional lining system, geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), has a high possibility for degradation due to some pathogen that might catalyse the hydrolysis of polyester of geosynthetic material. In contrast, compacted clay liners (CCL) have an instability issue due to swelling as well as shrinkage. Thus, lime-laterite stabilised soil has been chosen to test its compatibility to be used as a lining system. Past researchers have stated that adding an effective lime percentage that produces a pH of 12 is one of the mechanisms that can significantly decrease the pathogen in the leachate and improve the absorption of heavy metal ions by the lime-laterite soil. Therefore, the hydromechanical behaviour of laterite soil under unsaturated soil with the treatment of quicklime can be analysed by conducting a soil water characteristic curve (SWCC). This study will be applied as a lining system that acts as a hydraulic barrier that prevents the permeation of leachate. In the geotechnical laboratory, the soil sample was analysed with the pressure plate testing equipment. For this study, lime dosages of 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% by weight with seven days (7) of optimum curing are applied for soil stabilisation. Fredlund and Xing (1994) and Van Genutchen (1980) models are used to developing the SWCC curve-fitting graph with a suction range between 0.1 kPa and 1,000 MPa. The finding of this study can summarise that increment of quicklime addition can drop the volumetric water content, thus risen the air entry value (AEV). In conclusion, overall results show that the water-holding capacity of untreated and treated laterite soil decreases with increasing lime content. This initial finding shows insights into the possibility of treated soil being used in the landfill using 5% of lime laterite stabilised soil as the best design in terms of SWCC, thus solving the leachate permeation problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a vital resource and one of the major causes of existence of life on earth. There has been no sustainable re-use of this resource and we are on the verge of running out of this resource in no time. The removal of metals and other potential contaminants from used water for reuse needs a validated large-scale cost-effective method. The development of a novel biofilter was aimed in this project with the bio-sorbant as spent tea leaves. The various parameters of the biofiltration processes, their mechanism for heavy metals removal along with the efficiency of the biofilters and its scale up aspects have been studied. The work was targeted towards removal of Nickel (Ni) and Cadmium (Cd), two very common contaminant in urban and rural ground water as well as in industrial spent waters. In a proof-of-concept study, a laboratory-scale closed biofilter system employing the trickle bed process was operated to remove Nickel (Ni) and Cadmium (Cd) from a synthetic waste water sample at a load of 1000 mg/L of the heavy metal. Spent tea leaves after proper pre-treatment was used as filter media. Depth profile analysis of the filter bed showed the reduction of a steep gradient of Nickel (Ni) and Cadmium (Cd) from the top layer to the bottom layer of filter media in the biofilter. Nickel (Ni) and Cadmium (Cd) level at the bottom of the biofilter decreased over 78% over a period of 6-8 hours of experiment. With these observations we have scaled up the process from a 0.050 L to 15.0 L operating volume. The results were comparable in the scaled up set up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing demand for the cure of cancer is becoming need of an hour as it is leading to major death threats. Researchers are trying to find new ways by which this severe disease can be brought in control. From the past few years, boron difluoride group BF2 attached to dipyrromethane group commonly known as BODIPY has got attention of research groups as it has small stokes shift, insensitive pH, polarity, stable structure, and thus can be used for cellular imaging. When BODIPY attached to heavy atoms its efficacy increases. BODIPY possess high fluorescence and their emissions increases by addition of substituents. It has been found out that PDT or Photodynamic Therapy is an excellent method for detecting cancerous tissues. For PDT activity BODIPY-based photosensitizer having high singlet oxygen quantum yield is suitable. This review mainly describes about cancer cells, its occurrence, use of Photodynamic therapy to locate cancer cells using the multifunctional dye BODIPY moiety and the effect of presence of heavy metals in BODIPY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was focused on the health risk assessment of heavy metals concentrations in Particular Matters PM10 collected in two urban sites of San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, a city located in the southeast of Mexico. The first sampling site (INAH) is located in the downtown and the second sampling site (TNL) is located within the facilities of the Tecnológico Nacional de México campus Campeche. Airborne PM was analyzed for these heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. To assess the health risk related to the inhalation of airborne PM10 metals, risk cancer coefficients were determined: Cancer Risk (CR) and Non-Cancer Risk: Hazard Quotient (HQ), considering different age and gender population groups. The results showed that there is possible risk of developing cancer in a lifetime, is higher in the child population. TNL sampling site showed the highest cancer risk coefficients, exceeding the maximum allowable limits established by the U.S. EPA and WHO (1 x10−6 and 1 x 10−5, respectively), being higher for Cadmium and Cobalt (2.09 x 10−6 for both metals). The non-carcinogenic risk exceeded the limits recommended by the U.S. EPA, in both sampling sites, being higher in the INAH sampling site for Cobalt (HQ=28.92). It can be concluded that there is a possible risk of developing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in the study sites due to inhalation of the measured metals present in PM10. It is necessary to carry out continuous monitoring of PM10 and associated heavy metals at different times of the year in the study region to have a better understanding of the effects of these pollutants on the health of the exposed population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pb contamination in environmental caused by industrial development became a complex public health issue. To investigate pollution status and ecological risk, the lead concentrations in environmental samples such as soil is needed to be analyzed. In this study, we will investigate the potential impact of industrial activities to the soil environment in industrial site in East Java, Indonesia. The soil samples were collected in Waru site, which is surrounded by several industries. A total of 26 samples were collected from sampling location with different depth 0-10 m (top surface) and 10-30 m (subsurface) with divided into three regions from the center point, radius 1 500 m, radius 2 1000 m and radius 3 2000 m. Soil samples were sundried and homogenized to 200 mesh. About 1 gram of soil sample was put into sample holder and loaded to sample changer of ED-XRF. ED-XRF spectrometer Minipal 4 equipped silicon drift detector and 12-position sample changer with sample spinner used to measure Pb in the sample. SRM NIST 2711a Montana soil used to evaluate Pb value from sample measurement. The results showed that Pb concentration in soil in all sampling area mostly are below regulatory standard for Pb in agricultural soil level limit. Concentration of Pb in soil samples obtained varies between 31,44 to 241,93 mg/kg. Based on 3 sampling radius, the highest concentration for radius 1, radius 2, and radius 3 were 186,14 mg/kg from west, 241,93 mg/kg from north, and 130,20 mg/kg from east, respectively. These results generally indicate that the level of risk in the Waru area of East Java Indonesia is low. Another result shown that south direction has a decreased trend from radius 1 to radius 3, which is correlated to the distance of the industrial area. The ecological risk of HI and HQ were also discussed. Our research provides a reference data to prioritizing future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities such as industry are primary sources of heavy metals and other elements, which can contaminate the surrounding environment. One of the most significant problems is soil and air pollution, which is harmful to humans and animals because it accumulates hazardous metals in plant tissue when growing in contaminated environments. This study identified and evaluated the magnitude of heavy metal contamination in leaves of plant samples at 22 locations, which consist of radii of 0.5-1; 3; and 5 KM from the industrial site in Gresik, East Java. The level of elements in the plant has been determined using Total X-Ray Fluorescence. An estimation of human health risks from consuming the plants was also conducted. The analysis result of the element content in plant samples was in the following order: Pb < Cu < Zn < Mn < Fe. The range of concentrations for each element in the samples was obtained and compared with the permissible levels set by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The results obtained from this analysis revealed that Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb are in general accordance with the recommended standard, and the hazard quotient (HQ) was lower than 1 for a crop, indicating no appreciable health risk due to the consumption of these samples in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to assess exposure to potential risks of trace elements in the waters of the Euphrates River in the city of Fallujah, west of Anbar, where the section extends of the Saqlawiyah Bridge until it reaches Fallujah dam. A device called an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the purpose of examining the samples to show the concentration of six trace minerals like Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), and Lead (Pb]). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were assessed for children and adults by analyzing water samples. The results of the analysis of non-carcinogenic risks showed that the value of the hazardous quotient (HQ) for all trace minerals is less than one. The hazardous index (HI) value of all trace elements that were analyzed did not exceed one. Based on the results obtained above, it means that the waters of the Euphrates River in this section do not contain any potential hazards to human health and do not require taking certain measures before water use. Depending on United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA's guidelines, the permitted values for carcinogenic risk (CR) from trace elements TEs are below 1.00E-06. The results of the analyses of carcinogenic risk (CR) for children as well as adults indicated that the carcinogenic risk (CR) which comes from the trace elements (TEs) were located in the E-04 to E-05 range. The overall average carcinogenic risk (CR) per capita was (9.22857E-05), while the average total CR was third category (low-to-medium danger) and this does not entail anxiety about hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid expansion of electroplating industries in the developing countries have led to the enormous discharge օf harmful and tօxic wastewater in the environment, endangering the ecosystem. Electrօplating Industry wastewater forms a complex mixture of various ions like Chromium, Nickel and Copper. These hazardous heavy metals are carcinogenic and leads to severe health issues in humans and are highly toxic to aquatic life. When the improperly treated wastewater is discharged on land for irrigation, it accumulates and leads to adverse effects. The heavy metals present in the waste water of Electroplating industry can be extracted by various treatment options but the main disadvantages of the most of the treatment methods are the maintenance cost. In this work, activated finger millet grass (Eleusine coracana) is used as an bioadsorbent for removal of heavy metals through a low-cost adsorption method. The maximum Copper removal efficiency of 82.86% was observed at a pH օf 7, a time of contact of 35 minutes and with a dosage of 2.3 gm/ml. Similarly the maximum Chromium removal efficiency of 90.47% was noted at a pH օf 8, 25 minutes of contact time and with a dosage of 2.4 gm/ml. The maximum removal efficiency obtained has reduced the concentration of Copper and Chromium to 3.01mg/l and 2.11mg/l respectively, which are well within the prescribed standard BIS limits. Hence the adsorption method using Finger millet as a adsorbent is a feasible method for removal of Copper and Chromium (heavy metals) from Electroplating industry waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]