28 results on '"South Africa epidemiology"'
Search Results
2. Adaptation of SIVmac to baboon primary cells results in complete absence of in vivo baboon infectivity.
- Author
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Obregon-Perko, Veronica, Mannino, Amanda, Ladner, Jason T., Hodara, Vida, Ebrahimi, Diako, Parodi, Laura, Callery, Jessica, Palacios, Gustavo, and Giavedoni, Luis D.
- Subjects
BABOONS ,SIMIAN immunodeficiency virus ,RHESUS monkeys ,INTERFERON receptors ,NATURAL immunity ,VIRAL DNA ,CHEMOKINE receptors - Abstract
While simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is non-pathogenic in naturally infected African nonhuman primate hosts, experimental or accidental infection in rhesus macaques often leads to AIDS. Baboons, widely distributed throughout Africa, do not naturally harbor SIV, and experimental infection of baboons with SIVmac results in transient low-level viral replication. Elucidation of mechanisms of natural immunity in baboons could uncover new targets of antiviral intervention. We tested the hypothesis that an SIVmac adapted to replicate in baboon primary cells will gain the capacity to establish chronic infections in vivo. Here, we generated SIVmac variants in baboon cells through serial passage in PBMC from different donors (SIVbn-PBMC s1), in PBMC from the same donors (SIVbn-PBMC s2), or in isolated CD4 cells from the same donors used for series 2 (SIVbn-CD4). While SIVbn-PBMC s1 and SIVbn-CD4 demonstrated increased replication capacity, SIVbn-PBMC s2 did not. Pharmacological blockade of CCR5 revealed SIVbn-PBMC s1 could more efficiently use available CCR5 than SIVmac, a trait we hypothesize arose to circumvent receptor occupation by chemokines. Sequencing analysis showed that all three viruses accumulated different types of mutations, and that more non-synonymous mutations became fixed in SIVbn-PBMC s1 than SIVbn-PBMC s2 and SIVbn-CD4, supporting the notion of stronger fitness pressure in PBMC from different genetic backgrounds. Testing the individual contribution of several newly fixed SIV mutations suggested that is the additive effect of these mutations in SIVbn-PBMC s1 that contributed to its enhanced fitness, as recombinant single mutant viruses showed no difference in replication capacity over the parental SIVmac239 strain. The replicative capacity of SIVbn-PBMC passage 4 (P4) s1 was tested in vivo by infecting baboons intravenously with SIVbn-PBMC P4 s1 or SIVmac251. While animals infected with SIVmac251 showed the known pattern of transient low-level viremia, animals infected with SIVbn-PBMC P4 s1 had undetectable viremia or viral DNA in lymphoid tissue. These studies suggest that adaptation of SIV to grow in baboon primary cells results in mutations that confer increased replicative capacity in the artificial environment of cell culture but make the virus unable to avoid the restrictive factors generated by a complex multicellular organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Making a Monkey out of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis: Immune Cell Depletion Experiments as a Tool to Understand the Immune Correlates of Protection and Pathogenicity in HIV Infection.
- Author
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Symmonds, Jen, Gaufin, Thaidra, Xu, Cuiling, Raehtz, Kevin D., Ribeiro, Ruy M., Pandrea, Ivona, and Apetrei, Cristian
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SIMIAN immunodeficiency virus ,HIV ,HIV infections ,CELL populations ,AIDS vaccines ,KILLER cells - Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. Over the years, one of the most successful approaches for dissecting the immune correlates of protection in HIV/SIV infection has been the in vivo depletion of various immune cell populations and assessment of the impact of these depletions on the outcome of infection in non-human primate models. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the strategies and results of manipulating SIV pathogenesis through in vivo depletions of key immune cells populations. Although each of these methods has its limitations, they have all contributed to our understanding of key pathogenic pathways in HIV/SIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Electricity loadshedding and its implications on Animal Welfare in research animal facilities in South Africa.
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MOGODI, BUSISIWE, HOWELLS, LINDA, and CHIPANGURA, JOHN
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ELECTRICAL load shedding ,ANIMAL welfare ,ECOLOGICAL houses ,LABORATORY animals - Abstract
Loadshedding is a deliberate and temporary interruption of electricity supply intended to reduce the demand for electricity during periods of high demand. While loadshedding affects various sectors of the economy, its impact on Research Animal Facilities (RAF) is particularly concerning and this has not been systematically reviewed. We discuss the implications of loadshedding on Animal Health and Welfare, the quality of experimental data and compliance with RAF regulatory requirements. RAF are designed for the housing laboratory animals that are being used in research that benefits humans, animals and the environment. Scientific data emanating from these facilities needs to be credible and the housing environment should be maintained constantly. Laboratory animals may experience stress when there is disruption to the environmental conditions caused by electricity supply interruptions to the equipment used to maintain a stable and constant facility environment. Constant environmental parameters are essential for maintaining a comfortable working environment for personnel working in the facility as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
5. Characteristics of infections with ancestral, Beta and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the PHIRST-C community cohort study, South Africa, 2020-2021.
- Author
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Cohen, Cheryl, Kleynhans, Jackie, von Gottberg, Anne, McMorrow, Meredith L., Wolter, Nicole, Bhiman, Jinal N., Moyes, Jocelyn, du Plessis, Mignon, Carrim, Maimuna, Buys, Amelia, Martinson, Neil A., Kahn, Kathleen, Tollman, Stephen, Lebina, Limakatso, Wafawanaka, Floidy, du Toit, Jacques, Gómez-Olivé, Francesc Xavier, Dawood, Fatimah S., Mkhencele, Thulisa, and Tempia, Stefano
- Abstract
Background: Data on the characteristics of individuals with mild and asymptomatic infections with different SARS-CoV-2 variants are limited. We therefore compared the characteristics of individuals infected with ancestral, Beta and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants in South Africa. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in a rural and an urban site during July 2020-August 2021. Mid-turbinate nasal swabs were collected twice-weekly from household members irrespective of symptoms and tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, shedding and cycle threshold (Ct) value of infection episodes by variant were evaluated using multinomial regression. Overall and age-specific incidence rates of infection were compared by variant. Results: We included 1200 individuals from 222 households and 648 rRT-PCR-confirmed infection episodes (66, 10% ancestral, 260, 40% Beta, 322, 50% Delta). Symptomatic proportion was similar for ancestral (7, 11%), Beta (44, 17%), and Delta (46, 14%) infections (p=0.4). After accounting for previous infection, peak incidence shifted to younger age groups in successive waves (40-59 years ancestral, 19-39 years Beta, 13-18 years Delta). On multivariable analysis, compared to ancestral, Beta infection was more common in individuals aged 5-12 years (vs 19-39)(adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.1-6.6) and PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value <30 (vs >35)(aOR 3.2, 95%CI 1.3-7.9), while Delta was more common in individuals aged <5 (aOR 6.7, 95%CI1.4-31.2) and 5-12 years (aOR 6.6 95%CI2.6-16.7)(vs 19-39) and Ct value <30 (aOR 4.5, 95%CI 1.3-15.5) and 30-35 (aOR 6.0, 95%CI 2.3-15.7)(vs >35). Conclusions: Consecutive SARS-CoV-2 waves with Beta and Delta variants were associated with a shift to younger individuals. Beta and Delta infections were associated with higher peak viral loads, potentially increasing infectiousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Integrated Assessment for the Estrogenic Effects of Pyrethroid Compounds: Defining the Molecular Initiating Events and Key Events for the Adverse Outcome Pathway.
- Author
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Ortiz, Darlene Mae D., Park, Juyoung, Lee, Handule, and Park, Kwangsik
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PYRETHROIDS ,BIOLOGICAL insecticides ,MOLECULES ,ENVIRONMENTAL health ,ENVIRONMENTAL protection ,DATABASES - Abstract
Pyrethroids, which are derived from natural insecticides found in chrysanthemum flowers, are widely utilized in various sectors, including agriculture, forestry, horticulture, and personal insect protection. Due to their widespread use, concerns have arisen regarding their potential estrogenic effects on female reproductive health. This review aims to address data gaps and inconsistencies in previous studies by defining molecular initiating events and key events within the adverse outcome pathway associated with pyrethroid-induced estrogenic effects. To achieve this, we propose utilizing Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA), which incorporate in vitro assays and in vivo assessments to comprehensively investigate the estrogenic effects of pyrethroids. An initial search was conducted in the PubMed database to identify relevant articles. Subsequently, the findings were classified according to the IATA strategy. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of pyrethroids and their estrogenic effects, identifies data gaps, and highlights the use of IATA in existing studies on the estrogenic effects of various pyrethroids. It emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive research on the estrogenic effects of pyrethroids and highlights the importance of standardized testing methods like IATA to accurately assess their impact on human and environmental health. By promoting the use of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITSs) and addressing data gaps, researchers and regulators can enhance the accuracy of assessments, ensuring better protection of human and environmental health from the potential estrogenic effects of pyrethroid exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Mapping factors influencing initiation of antiretroviral treatment among adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review protocol.
- Author
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Likoti, Palesa Grace, Kuupiel, Desmond, and Khuzwayo, Nelisiwe
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HIV-positive teenagers ,HIV ,ANTIRETROVIRAL agents ,HIV infection transmission ,AIDS - Abstract
Background: Since the Start Free, Stay Free, and AIDS-Free launch, UNAIDS targets intended to promote interventions to prevent HIV transmission and promote access to ART among adolescents and children, of which none were achieved in 2020. In the sub-Saharan African region, the number of adolescents initiated on ART drugs remained consistently low, with approximately100 000 adolescents succumbing to AIDS-related causes in 2022. Although HIV prevalence among adolescents had been reduced, several HIV- positive adolescents died without being initiated on ART drugs. Therefore, this scoping review protocol aims to map factors influencing the initiation of ART drugs among adolescents living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: The methodological framework for scoping reviews will guide this scoping protocol. A search strategy will be used to search literature in electronic databases, including EBSCOhost (PubMed/MEDLINE), Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, BioMed Central, and the World Health Organization library for citations and literature using keywords and the Medical Subjects Heading (MeSH). The electronic databases will be supplemented by hand-searching references on the included studies. The search will be from Jan 01, 2012, to Dec 31, 2022. Articles will be searched and assessed for eligibility by two screeners uploaded on the Endnote software, and duplicates will be identified and removed before the abstract screening. The two screeners will assess the eligibility of the abstracts and the complete articles of the selected studies using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A third screener will intervene when there is a lack of consensus between the two screeners. The selection process will be documented by following and using the PRISMA flow diagram (Fig 1). A thematic content analysis will present a narrative account of the extracted data. Discussion: The results of this review will identify and describe factors influencing the initiation of Antiretroviral treatment among adolescents living with HIV in the Sub-Saharan African region. The findings will guide future research and inform tailored interventions and strategies for initiating ART among adolescents. Trial registration: Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RNF2T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Exploring conceptual frameworks to support self-advocacy by people with Intellectual Disability: A scoping review.
- Author
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Tyabashe-Phume, Babalwa, Nkala-Shongwe, Nolwazi, and Kleintjes, Sharon
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PEOPLE with intellectual disabilities ,SELF advocacy ,DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities ,POLITICAL participation - Abstract
Background: There is a clear paucity of literature regarding the conceptual frameworks for self-advocacy by people with Intellectual Disability (ID). The aim of this scoping review was to identify and explore the existing conceptual frameworks that support self-advocacy by people with ID and to identify key concepts relevant to enhancing direct political participation by people with ID. Methods: Strict eligibility criteria as well as the guidelines relative to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) were followed. Results: There were 168 eligible articles but only 20 were included in the final analysis. The studies included addressed the conceptual/theoretical frameworks for self-advocacy by people with disabilities (including ID and other developmental disabilities), which had been published between 2000 and 2020. Three conceptual frameworks for self-advocacy were identified and the following four main themes were identified: (a) essence of self-advocacy, (b) conceptual/theoretical frameworks, (c) inclusive citizenship through self-advocacy, and (d) self-advocacy experiences. Conclusions: This scoping review sheds light on the limited literature on conceptual frameworks for self-advocacy by people with Intellectual Disability. The findings highlight the need for specific conceptual frameworks to support people with ID in advocating for their rights, particularly in the South African context, ultimately seeking more inclusive and equitable political participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. University of Pretoria Reports Findings in Escherichia coli (Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of pathogenic Escherichia coli from commercial swine and poultry abattoirs and farms in South Africa: A One Health approach).
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- 2024
10. Stellenbosch University Reports Findings in HIV/AIDS (HIV-associated tuberculosis in infants, children, and adolescents younger than 15 years: an update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment).
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SEXUALLY transmitted diseases ,MYCOBACTERIAL diseases ,MYCOBACTERIUM tuberculosis ,RNA viruses ,AIDS - Abstract
A report from Stellenbosch University in South Africa discusses the ongoing issue of HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents under the age of 15. Despite access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), high rates of HIV-associated TB and mortality are still reported. The review highlights the need for advances in screening, as well as the availability of shorter courses of rifapentine-based TB preventive therapy. The use of algorithms in TB diagnosis and the potential use of dolutegravir (DTG) with rifampicin are also discussed. The research concludes that effective implementation of these strategies is necessary to improve outcomes for children and adolescents with HIV-associated TB. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
11. Data on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Reported by Mandi Broodryk and Colleagues (A multi-year, multi-site study of the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa).
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FETAL alcohol syndrome ,FETAL diseases - Abstract
A recent study conducted in South Africa found that the country has the highest reported prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) globally. The study, which took place from 2015 to 2022 at eight study sites in four provinces, included 3,033 children. Of those children, 309 were diagnosed with FAS. The highest prevalence was found in the Northern Cape Province, while the lowest was in the Eastern Cape Province. The researchers emphasize the need for further epidemiological studies and for health and welfare services to address this issue. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
12. Data on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Reported by Mandi Broodryk and Colleagues (A multi-year, multi-site study of the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa in a multi-year, multi-site study).
- Subjects
FETAL alcohol syndrome ,FETAL diseases - Abstract
A recent study conducted in South Africa found that the country has the highest reported prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) globally. The study, which took place from 2015 to 2022 at eight study sites in four provinces, included 3,033 children. Of those children, 309 were diagnosed with FAS. The highest prevalence was found in the Northern Cape Province, while the lowest was in the Eastern Cape Province. The researchers emphasize the need for further epidemiological studies and for health and welfare services to address this issue. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
13. Stellenbosch University Reports Findings in Cerebral Palsy (Cerebral palsy in African paediatric populations: A scoping review).
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CEREBRAL palsy ,CHILD patients ,AFRICANS ,CENTRAL nervous system diseases - Abstract
A scoping review conducted by Stellenbosch University in South Africa examined the epidemiology and outcomes of African children with cerebral palsy (CP) over a 21-year period. The review found that the reported prevalence of CP in African children ranged from 0.8 to 10 per 1000 children, with almost half having perinatal risk factors and up to 26% having no identifiable risk factor. African children with CP had higher premature mortality rates, more severe functional impairments, and comorbidities compared to the Global North. The study concluded that larger African studies on validated and effective interventions are needed. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
14. University of South Africa Reports Findings in Veterinary Parasitology [Molecular and serological prevalence of corridor disease (buffalo associated Theileria parva infection) in cattle populations at the livestock/game interface of...].
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VETERINARY parasitology ,THEILERIA parva ,DISEASE prevalence ,THEILERIA ,CATTLE ,LIVESTOCK ,ANIMAL herds ,BOVINE viral diarrhea - Abstract
A recent study conducted by the University of South Africa investigated the prevalence of Theileria parva infections in cattle in the corridor disease (CD)-controlled area of KwaZulu-Natal Province. The study found that the overall prevalence of T. parva was low, with rates of 1.3% and 19.9% on quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), respectively. The prevalence of T. taurotragi, another type of infection, was higher at 39.4%. The study concluded that the adaptation of buffalo-derived T. parva in cattle populations resulting in cattle-cattle transmissions is unlikely under the current epidemiological state. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
15. Subtleties and differences of managing ICU patients across South Africa, Australia and UK
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Wise, Robert, Whittaker, Rebecca, and Garside, Tessa
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- 2024
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16. Data on COVID-19 Reported by Mogammad Shaheed Soeker and Colleagues (An Exploration of the Experiences and Perceptions of TBI Survivors About Accessing Vocational Rehabilitation During the COVID-19 Pandemic)
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Social service ,Vocational rehabilitation ,Epidemics -- South Africa ,Coronaviruses ,Education ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
2024 AUG 21 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Education Letter -- New research on Coronavirus - COVID-19 is the subject of a report. According to news [...]
- Published
- 2024
17. University of Cape Town Reports Findings in HIV/AIDS (Creating a data collection and management platform to support measurement of adolescent HIV care transition processes within low- and middle-income countries: The GRADUATE project)
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HIV (Viruses) -- Research ,Medical research -- Measurement -- Reports ,Medicine, Experimental -- Measurement -- Reports ,Data entry -- Research -- Measurement -- Reports ,Computers ,University of Cape Town -- Reports - Abstract
2024 AUG 20 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Information Technology Newsweekly -- New research on Immune System Diseases and Conditions - HIV/AIDS is the subject of [...]
- Published
- 2024
18. University of Johannesburg Reports Findings in COVID-19 (Online learning challenges as experienced by nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic at a higher education institution in Gauteng, South Africa)
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Epidemics -- South Africa ,School facilities -- Reports ,Education parks -- Reports ,Nursing education -- Reports ,Nursing students -- Reports ,Nursing -- Reports ,Coronaviruses -- Reports ,Online education -- Reports ,Education ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
2024 AUG 7 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Education Letter -- New research on Coronavirus - COVID-19 is the subject of a report. According to news [...]
- Published
- 2024
19. University of KwaZulu-Natal Reports Findings in COVID-19 [COVID-19 pandemic and Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR): Reflection on the challenges and opportunities in South Africa]
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Coronaviruses -- Research -- Reports ,Education ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
2024 JUL 31 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Education Letter -- New research on Coronavirus - COVID-19 is the subject of a report. According to news [...]
- Published
- 2024
20. Oxford Handbook of Pathology
- Author
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James Carton and James Carton
- Abstract
The Oxford Handbook of Pathology provides a concise, easy to navigate guide to pathology for medical trainees and all non-specialists. With a focus on common and important topics, the handbook starts with basic pathologic principles and then covers diseases by organ system. Each chapter is written by an expert in the field ensuring that the information is accurate and up-to-date. More than 120 colour images are included to aid learning and understanding of pathology. A particular emphasis is placed on tumour pathology including relevant immunohistochemical and molecular information. In this new third edition, updates include revisions to all existing chapters from more expert contributors in the field. There is a particular emphasis on advances in tumour pathology (classifications, immunohistochemistry, molecular pathology & staging). A new chapter discusses the technical aspects of histopathology including immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology techniques, while COVID-19 has been added as a new topic in infectious diseases. This handbook continues to be an indispensable resource in the field for all non-specialists including medical students, trainees, nurses, and allied health professionals.
- Published
- 2024
21. Veterinary Parasitology
- Author
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Domenico Otranto, Richard Wall, Domenico Otranto, and Richard Wall
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- Domestic animals--Parasites, Veterinary parasitology
- Abstract
VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY The definitive reference for identification, diagnosis, and treatment in veterinary parasitology Veterinary Parasitology serves as a comprehensive reference on the subject for both specialists and general practitioners. The fifth edition has undergone significant updates to reflect recent advances in research and medical practice. It has been restructured and now more accessible and user-friendly. For ease of reference, the new edition is divided by parasite taxonomy and host species including dogs and cats, equids, cattle, sheep, ungulates, birds, exotics, and laboratory animals. This important field contributes to protecting animal health and welfare, preventing economic losses, ensuring food safety, safeguarding public health, and is an essential component of the One Health approach. As such, the authors cover all major aspects of veterinary parasitology, including biology, diagnostic techniques, drugs, and effective vaccines. Readers of the fifth edition of Veterinary Parasitology will also find: Detailed new contents on the biological life cycles of parasites Video-based practical guides to the diagnosis in veterinary parasitology, New figures and images to facilitate the reader experience Modification of taxonomic names based on molecular advances Coverage of new approaches to control and distribution of parasites. Parasites constitute some of the most common cases in veterinary medicine and Veterinary Parasitology is the ideal reference for students and practitioners seeking an easy-to-use listing of all parasites of importance in veterinary practice. It will also appeal to veterinary parasitology specialists and researchers.
- Published
- 2024
22. Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases
- Author
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Michel Tibayrenc and Michel Tibayrenc
- Subjects
- Communicable diseases--Genetic aspects, Disease susceptibility--Genetic aspects, Infection--Genetic aspects
- Abstract
Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases, Third Edition discusses the evolving field of infectious diseases and their continued impact on the health of populations, especially in resource-limited areas of the world where they must confront the dual burden of death and disability due to infectious and chronic illnesses. Although substantial gains have been made in public health interventions for the treatment, prevention, and control of infectious diseases, in recent decades the world has witnessed the emergence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing antimicrobial resistance, and the emergence of many new bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens. Fully updated and revised, this new edition presents the consequences of such diseases, the evolution of infectious diseases, the genetics of host-pathogen relationship, and the control and prevention strategies that are, or can be, developed. This book offers valuable information to biomedical researchers, clinicians, public health practitioners, decisions-makers, and students and postgraduates studying infectious diseases, microbiology, medicine, and public health that is relevant to the control and prevention of neglected and emerging worldwide diseases.Takes an integrated approach to infectious diseasesProvides the latest developments in the field of infectious diseasesFocuses on the contribution of evolutionary and genomic studies for the study and control of transmissible diseasesIncludes updated and revised contributions from leading authorities, along with six new chapters
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- 2024
23. The Routledge International Handbook of Disability and Global Health
- Author
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Lieketseng Ned, Minerva Rivas Velarde, Satendra Singh, Leslie Swartz, Karen Soldatić, Lieketseng Ned, Minerva Rivas Velarde, Satendra Singh, Leslie Swartz, and Karen Soldatić
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- People with disabilities--Medical care, People with disabilities--Social conditions, Health services administration
- Abstract
This handbook will raise awareness about the importance of health and well-being of people with disabilities in the context of the global development agenda: Leaving No-one Behind.There has been a growing discussion on how people with disabilities should be included in the global health landscape. An estimated one billion people have some form of disability, 80% of whom live in low- and middle-income settings. People with disabilities are more likely to be poor, with restricted access to health and social services, education, rehabilitation and employment. Despite this, people with disabilities are often overlooked in global health and development efforts. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that unless systematically planned for and included in policies and programmes, people with disabilities remain at an increased risk of being adversely affected in times of humanitarian crisis and emergency disasters.Divided into eight sections: Disability and Health Frameworks Health Justice, Rights and Bioethics Gendering Disability Health Disability and Global Mental Health Disability and Access to Healthcare, Including Workforce Development Crises and Health Technology and Digital Health Disability, Ageing and Dementia Care This handbook covers the full range of topics pertaining to disability and global health including inclusive health; access to rehabilitation; global mental health and disability; medical training and disability; community based inclusive development for improving health and rehabilitation; maternal health and sexual reproduction; preventive care and health promotion for people with disabilities; health, disability and indigenous knowledges; bioethics and human rights; data protection; and health in the global south.It will be of interest to all scholars, students and professionals working in the fields of disability studies, health studies, nursing, medicine, allied health, development studies and sociology.
- Published
- 2024
24. The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Health and Healthcare
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David Primrose, Rodney D. Loeppky, Robin Chang, David Primrose, Rodney D. Loeppky, and Robin Chang
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- Medical economics, Politics, Practical
- Abstract
This handbook provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the gamut of contemporary issues around health and healthcare from a political economy perspective. Its contributions present a unique challenge to prevailing economic accounts of health and healthcare, which narrowly focus on individual behaviour and market processes. Instead, the capacity of the human body to reach its full potential and the ability of society to prevent disease and cure illness are demonstrated to be shaped by a broader array of political economic processes. The material conditions in which societies produce, distribute, exchange, consume, and reproduce – and the operation of power relations therein – influence all elements of human health: from food consumption and workplace safety, to inequality, healthcare and housing, and even the biophysical conditions in which humans live.This volume explores these concerns across five sections. First, it introduces and critically engages with a variety of established and cutting-edge theoretical perspectives in political economy to conceptualise health and healthcare – from neoclassical and behavioural economics, to Marxist and feminist approaches. The next two sections extend these insights to evaluate the neoliberalisation of health and healthcare over the past 40 years, highlighting their individualisation and commodification by the capitalist state and powerful corporations. The fourth section examines the diverse manifestation of these dynamics across a range of geographical contexts. The volume concludes with a section devoted to outlining more progressive health and healthcare arrangements, which transcend the limitations of both neoliberalism and capitalism.This volume will be an indispensable reference work for students and scholars of political economy, health policy and politics, health economics, health geography, the sociology of health, and other health-related disciplines.Chapters 1 & 8 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [CC BY NC ND] 4.0 license.
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- 2024
25. Trajectories of intimate partner violence and their relationship to stress among young women in South Africa: An HPTN 068 study.
- Author
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Kelly NK, Bhushan NL, Gottfredson O'Shea N, Gómez-Olivé FX, Aiello AE, Wagner LD, Mall S, Kahn K, Pettifor AE, and Stoner MC
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, South Africa, Adolescent, Young Adult, Longitudinal Studies, Logistic Models, Intimate Partner Violence statistics & numerical data, Stress, Psychological epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: One in four South African women will experience intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime, potentially increasing their biological stress. In South Africa, limited IPV and stress research has utilized multiple timepoints or examined modifying factors. Cash transfers (CTs) are associated with reduced IPV and stress and may be an intervention target., Aims: We used data-driven methods to identify longitudinal IPV trajectory groups among South African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), estimate each group's association with stress, and assess modification by a CT., Methods: A total of 2,183 South African AGYW ages 13 to 24 years from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 068 study were randomized to a CT or control group. Physical IPV was measured five times (2011-2017), and stress was captured once (2018-2019). Stress measures included the Cohen Stress Scale and stress biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1)). Group-based trajectory modeling identified IPV trajectories; ordinal logistic regression estimated the association between trajectory group and stress., Results: A two-group quadratic trajectory model was identified (higher trajectory group = 26.7% of AGYW; lower trajectory group = 73.3%). In both groups, the probability of IPV increased from ages 13 to 17 years before declining in early adulthood. However, the higher group's probability peaked later and declined gradually. The higher trajectory group was associated with an increased odds of elevated CRP (OR: 1.41, 95% CI [1.11, 1.80]), but not with other stress measures. The CT modified the relationship with CMV: a positive association was observed among the usual care arm (OR: 1.59, 95% CI [1.11, 2.28]) but not the CT arm (OR: 0.85, 95% CI [0.61, 1.19])., Conclusions: Sustained IPV risk during adolescence was associated with elevated CRP in young adulthood. The relationship between IPV and elevated CMV was attenuated among those receiving a CT, suggesting that CTs could possibly reduce biological stress due to IPV., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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- 2024
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26. University of Johannesburg Reports Findings in Population Health (The impact of antiretroviral treatment and child-focused unconditional cash transfers on child mortality)
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Mortality -- South Africa -- United Kingdom ,Antiviral agents -- Research ,Highly active antiretroviral therapy -- Research -- Reports ,Children -- Reports -- Research ,Epidemiology -- Reports -- Research ,Education ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
2024 MAY 8 (VerticalNews) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Education Letter -- New research on Health and Medicine - Population Health is the subject of a report. [...]
- Published
- 2024
27. Virological non-suppression and associated factors among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at selected health facilities in uMgungundlovu district of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Zondi S, Cele L, Mathibe M, and Mogale M
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- Humans, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, South Africa epidemiology, Adult, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Adolescent, Prevalence, Viral Load, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections epidemiology, Anti-HIV Agents administration & dosage, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use
- Abstract
Introduction: virological non-suppression is not only associated with increased risk of transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to others; perinatally and sexually, but it also decreases the life expectancy among the individuals who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study sought to determine the level of virological non-suppression among ART patients from selected health facilities of a sub-district in uMgungundlovu district. This sub-district has high HIV transmission rates in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) and had one of the highest HIV prevalence in the district in 2018; population weighted HIV prevalence of 36.3% among men and women aged 15-49 years old, which was twice the average national prevalence of 18.8%., Methods: this descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative study was conducted among participants who were HIV-positive, 18 years old and above, and initiated on ART between January 2017 and January 2019 at selected PHC facilities of Vulindlela sub district. Health facility treatment registers, patient medical files and face-to-face interviews were used to collect the data and these were captured onto an Excel spreadsheet, cleaned, coded before importation into Epiinfo 17 for statistical analyses. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the factors associated with virological non-suppression., Results: the study found a majority of participants were females (240/401 (60%)). The mean age of the participants was 38.1 (SD=11.2), with most participants who were between the ages of 29 and 39 years old (167 (41.7%)). Virological non-suppression was observed among 10% (40/401) of participants. The odds of virological non-suppression were higher among participants who were married (aOR 4.76, 95% CI 1.49-15.19; p=0.008)., Conclusion: a virological non-suppression of 10% translates to viral suppression of 90%, which is below the target of UNAIDS 95-95-95 strategy. Hiding and skipping medication indicate how non-disclosure continues to hinder HIV treatment adherence. High odds of virological non-suppression among married participants indicate non-disclosure of the positive HIV status, or lack in spousal support., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright: Slindile Zondi et al.)
- Published
- 2024
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28. Molecular and serological prevalence of corridor disease (buffalo associated Theileria parva infection) in cattle populations at the livestock/game interface of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.
- Author
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Mbizeni S, Mans BJ, Mukaratirwa S, Peba B, Maboko BB, Pienaar R, Magampa H, Marumo RD, Josemans A, Troskie C, and Latif AA
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Buffaloes, Livestock, South Africa epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Theileriasis epidemiology, Theileria parva, Bison, Cattle Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Theileria parva are intracellular protozoal parasites responsible for three disease syndromes in cattle, namely East Coast fever (ECF), Corridor disease (CD) and Zimbabwean theileriosis. The increase in reports of CD outbreaks in recent years has raised questions about the probability of adaptation of buffalo-derived T. parva strains in cattle herds adjacent to game reserves. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2016 to December 2018 to investigate the extent of occurrence of T. parva infections in cattle in the CD-controlled area of KwaZulu-Natal Province. Blood samples were collected from 1137 cattle from 14 herds and analysed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to determine the prevalence of T. parva. A total of 484 samples from 4 of the 14 herds were further tested on qPCR for the presence of T. taurotragi infections. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test was used to assess association between variables. The overall prevalence of T. parva was 1.3% (95%CI:1-2%) and 19.9% (95%CI:17-22%) on qPCR and IFAT, respectively. The qPCR positive samples were detected in March and May while IFAT positive samples were detected in all seasons sampled, with higher numbers during summer months. The Pearson Chi-squared test showed that T. parva prevalence rates based on both qPCR and IFAT were positively associated with herds with previous history of CD outbreaks (χ
2 = 8.594, p = 0.003; χ2 = 69.513, p < 0.001, respectively). The overall prevalence of T. taurotragi was 39.4% (95% CI: 35-44%) with the herd-level prevalence ranging between 35.0% and 43.4%. Possible cross-reaction of T. parva IFAT to T. taurotragi was detected on few samples, however, there was no significant association between T. taurotragi infections and IFAT positivity (χ2 = 0.829, p = 0.363). Results from this study demonstrated the extent of occurrence of subclinical carriers and the level of exposure to T. parva infections in cattle populations at a livestock/game interface area of KwaZulu-Natal Province. The molecular and seroprevalence rates were low when compared with other areas where cattle-adapted T. parva infections are endemic. The adaptation of buffalo-derived T. parva in cattle population resulting in cattle-cattle transmissions seem to be unlikely under the current epidemiological state., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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