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Two contrasting models, factory and service, are developed from general systems theory and used to describe the college production process. Issues explored in terms of the models are: open admission, research, facility location, training versus education, instructional methods, academic freedom, instructor evaluation, and the college's responsibility in placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships among type of management system, organizational uncertainty, and economic success in continuous process organizations were studied. An organic management system was found to be significantly more successful overall, but there were important distinctions between autonomous and nonautonomous organizations. Implications for organization theory, prior research, and managerial practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis studies the batch production of components by machining, using throw away tools. Engineering components are often manufactured in batches at fixed intervals of time. The aim is to consider the various machining, tooling, production and inventory costs in the context of an integrated model and determine the economic batch quantity and economic tool life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slug, die and process parameters largely determine the load requirements when forging any given part. An earlier report (Balogun 1974) has indicated the effects of flash dimensions on deformation forces during cavity press forging of round mild steel slugs. The current paper discusses the influences of three main die variables--die friction, extrusion ratio and flash land shape on press forging loads. The effects of die corner radii, draft angles and die complexity are also briefly mentioned to give a balanced outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a method based on a new approach has been given for tackling the scheduling problem usually encountered when a number of products are manufactured on a single machine on a repetitive basis. The method provides a near optimum schedule for multi-product single machine systems, and is eminently suitable for those systems where machine utilization is high. An example has been solved for illustrating the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the comparison and selection of systems for the mass production, in particular the assembly, of complex discrete items. A possible procedure is proposed for system selection based upon (a) an examination of the feasibility of using certain basic system types in particular situations, (b) a comparison of feasible alternatives based upon certain quantifiable factors, and finally (c) a study of the non-quantifiable aspects of systems. Basic system types are listed, a detailed procedure is proposed for the quantitative analysis and some relevant non-quantifiable factors are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elastic deformation of the links of a metal machining system leads to surface profiles which are often different from the desired shape. The analysis presented here is concerned with the machining accuracy attainable in turning for different head- and tail-stock compliances. The point of maximum departure from the ideal shape has been predicted analytically. Under the given conditions this has been found to depend upon the work length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-firm comparative studies are widely used for a variety of purposes. They depend on close definition of data so that information from one firm is directly comparable with that from another. Ensuring comparability is not always easy and this note outlines a technique which researchers may find useful in validating data relating to firms' manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple technique for stabilization of the metal cutting process has been investigated. It was found when machining orthogonally on a tube with controlled contact tools that for a given feed per revolution there is a critical tool contact length below which instability will not occur irrespective of the width of cut.
Further, it was found that the critical contact length was almost exactly proportional to feed. The threshold of unconditional stability for any feed can thus be defined in terms of controlled tool contact length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the derivation of formulae for estimating fraction defective for a process from either continuous production or discrete lots. The estimators derived are the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE). Also presented are the variances of the estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two simple methods for improving joint replenishment systems are given in this paper. The methods are typically applicable to the inventory systems where a single supplier is responsible for supplying a number of items and to the batch processing industry where a product must be packaged into several container sizes immediately after manufacture. A problem has been solved illustrating the two methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conveyor system consists of equally-spaced hooks passing before a number of work stations. The work-pieces (units) are processed by the first available work station, after which they are transferred to a separate system. When the processing times are independently and exponentially distributed, distributions of the inter-arrival times of units at the work stations are found and it is shown that the incidence of missed units is minimized if the operatives are placed in descending order of work rate along the conveyor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The load carrying capacity of press and shrink fitted assemblies, among other factors, depends appreciably on the roughness of the mating parts. Experimental investigations showed the role of roughness in the performance of such fits. The ability for such assemblies to withstand repeated dismantling was also analysed. Details and discussions of the results obtained are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models for production smoothing generally assume that production can be adjusted to any desired level. However, there are industries where production must be carried out at given discrete levels, for example by the opening or closure of certain facilities or by the use of shift-working. The problem is to control the operation in a way that will minimize the cost of changes in the level of production. The method explored in this paper relies on inventory levels for control purposes to trigger a switch from one production level to another. Sample results from simulation runs are cited as examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a double-sampling scheme for controlling the mean of a normal population. Results are presented which show considerable improvement over certain single-sampling schemes when judged by the criterion of average production run length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A medium size centre lathe has been dynamically tested both by forced vibration testing technique and cutting tests. In this investigation the workpiece used is supported by the chuck and a running centre. The stability chart has been determined by chatter cutting tests and correlated with that predicted using. successively, the model developed by Das and Tobias (1967) and that by Nigm et al. (1972). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this paper is to report the results of a survey conducted to establish the nature of the use of certain methods for mass production in the U.K. engineering industry. Prior to describing the survey we shall specify and give terminology for the methods to be included, and the aspects of mass production to be covered. We shall deal only with mass production in the engineering industry, i.e. the manufacture of discrete items rather than fluids, raw materials, etc., and we shall be concerned only with complex items such as machined parts and assemblies. The survey therefore relates primarily to flow production methods (Wild 1972), i.e. manual assembly lines, transfer machines and automated assembly. Additionally survey data were collected relating to individual and group manual assembly methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how to fit a non-linear model to the process mean of processes subject to systematic trends. Determination of the optimal length of the production run is discussed for single and double specification limits. The results are also applicable for linear trends. Illustrative examples show how the optimal production run is calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work reported in this paper deals with the mechanism of metal removal in electrothermic machining. An empirical relation between the metal removal rate and the current has been established. The effect of tool materials and polarity on metal removal rate has also been analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the development of the revolutionary gas turbine cars and engines. It states that the incorporation of the turbine engines to automobiles surpasses anything attained by a piston driven car since it only needs minimal maintenance, has negligible oil consumption and has low exhaust emissions. It offers an overview of the interest that it piqued since Chrysler has developed it, how the racing world banned it and how the automobile industry has ignored it to its demise. It comments that had General Motors developed the turbine cars and not Chrysler, it would have weathered the economies of scale derived from mass production.

Segmentation, as a marketing outlook, conflicts with the aims of traditional preference testing. Modified semantic differential scales can enable the researcher to study preference for alternative products and concepts among relevant market segments. The approach also provides more diagnostic information to guide further product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past economic development efforts have over-emphasized production problems and neglected marketing problems. The thesis of this article is that marketing "barriers" exist which impede economic growth in developing Latin American societies. The author describes a systems approach for inducing national market development and facilitating economic progress through selective reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on technological innovations, particularly automation, and the impact these developments can have on all segments of business. Most of the significant progress in automation has previously been confined to production processes and manufacturing. Only recently have automation methods been linked with marketing. This has been confined largely to warehousing, transportation, order picking and handling. These innovations speed up the distribution process and lower marketing costs. But what about the other important marketing functions: selling; new product development and testing; communications, including advertising, public relations, and publicity; packaging; and marketing research?

The article discusses industrialization in the U.S. in the post World War II period. Industrialization is recognized as a switch from a specialization of nonmanufacturing industries to manufacturing. A study of 48 states in the U.S. was conducted to determine the number of production workers in manufacturing, value added by manufacture, manufacturing production workers as a percentage of the population, and value added by manufacture per capita. It was determined that a high degree of correlation exists between value added by manufacture and employment of production workers in the states evaluated.

The article presents information about problems related to product-line pricing. A discussion is presented about the difficulties of finding a proper relationship among prices of members of a product group in order to effectively price various commercial products. Several pricing systems are presented, and the positive and negative elements of each are discussed. A discussion is presented about the various factors that are weighed when pricing products, including size, cost of production and distribution, and profit margin.

The article presents information related to warehouse distribution of steel products. The author presents an overview of the steel manufacturing process and the development of more efficient, automated production lines during World War II. A discussion is presented about methods of ensuring an adequate stock of raw steel and the logistical difficulties faced when purchasing tonnage lots. Details related to the delivery and distribution of finished steel products are presented. The author relates an account of the steel industry's response when Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.

The article presents information about the mechanics of the wholesaling process in the tobacco industry. The author describes the process of transforming raw materials into finished products such as cigarettes, cigars, and chewing tobacco and presents details related to the marketing and distribution of these commodities. Procedural information related to phases of the distribution process such as order processing, shipping, and replacement of inventory is presented. The importance of responsible sales personnel and a diverse line of merchandise is mentioned.

The article discusses saving and its effects on consumption and employment. According to the author, the loss of demand and the unsaleability of goods during times of economic crisis and depression are not due to consumer saving. The author believes this withholding on the part of consumers is due to a lack of confidence in the economy. Also noted is the author's belief that both consumer saving and saving in the realm of public finance, improves the relationship between the costs of production and the prices obtainable for consumer goods.

The implications of a firm's manufacturing task and production technology for the form of its work organization is examined in three firms. Certain features of the way work is planned and controlled in hatch production firms are held to be a consequence of the high degree of complexity and uncertainty inherent in production scheduling tasks. To overcome problems associated with these conditions, a collective strategy is evolved which makes it possible to regulate the flow of work without the need to plan and control it in detail. It is suggested that this analysis may have relevance for other organizations in which tasks are carried out under similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of attitude survey feedback on recipients' attitudes toward the feedback process and their perceptions of survey utilization. Two populations were examined in a natural experimental setting: manufacturing employees and manufacturing managers. Independent variables were of two classes: structure and process. It was hypothesized that each class would be positively associated with the dependent variables. In the main, however, the process variables were more powerful predictors of the dependent measures. Analysis disclosed that structure facilitates process and is its natural antecedent. A model of information dissemination was posited whereby the relationship between structural variables and attitudes was moderated by process variables. This was supported by the data, in addition it was found that the process variables were of two classes: communication and involvement, the former predicting better to satisfaction with survey feedback and the latter predicting better to perceived utilization of the survey's results. Finally, it was found that the management group perceived utilization and satisfaction as highly related, probably because of the decision-making orientation of this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a historical finding relevant to the field of industrial organization. The author provides information regarding the discovery of a Chinese rice bowl in an ancient imperial tomb. It is suggested that the Imperial Rice Bowl, which was manufactured in a government workshop, provides a glimpse into early manufacturing processes and production methods. Management controls used by the manufactures of the bowl to ensure product quality are also discussed. The craftsmen who manufactured the bowl are also mentioned.

Substantial organizational modifications are taking place in a number of areas of process related industries where, as in steel production, many features of the newer technologies are incorporated. This paper reports on some of the managerial manpower implications arising out of a series of innovations and improvements in a steel production unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts pertaining to management science. They include "A General Systems Approach to the Analysis of Managerial Functions," by R. William Millman, "An Analysis of Management Functions as Influenced by Organized Labor: The Early Traditional Approach," by Richard J. Whiting, and "The Impact of Scientific Management and Automation on the American Labor Force," by Mohamed Salah El-Din El-Shanawani.

The integration of production systems and social values must be seen to be taking place within a continuously changing environment. Up to the end of this century it seems inevitable that the stress on technological development will continue. This is because the power of a country depends upon the success of its industries. However, emphasis placed solely on mechanical efficiency--as with flowlines-- itself creates problems. In addition to the threat of socially-induced, large scale unemployment, there are the problems of employee boredom and dissatisfaction. It is suggested that where viable group methods of working are introduced. It is concluded that, although deterministic statements about the future are impractical, planned-for change is more likely to be successful than accidental change and hence future social needs should be an important criterion in determining current research activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Flat Generating System considered has been used on automatic lathes for many years. Its function is to generate parallel flats, squares, hexagons and other regular patterns of flats on turned components as part of the turning operation. Figure 1 illustrates two typical components with hexagons produced by this system.
It has been generally accepted that the system does not produce truly flat sides on the form being generated. However there is no apparent evidence than an analysis of the accuracy of the system has been carried out. This may be because under certain established empirical conditions the errors have not bee of sufficient magnitude to warrant attention. A preliminary investigation does reveal that varying degrees of error occur with variations in the machining condition and that at a certain stage a change from a concave error to a convex error takes place. On this basis, there would appear to be merit in examining the system with a view to optimizing the machining conditions to achieve maximum accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology which utilizes integer programming is developed as an aid to designers of production facilities. Specifically, the methodology can be used to determine optimal unloading configurations for mixed discrete products obtained from a production process which cannot be halted (due to physical constraints or economics) and which has no in-process storage. The methodology is practical; application to the design of unloading facilities for an existing float glass process is given. Tests of the design methodology reveal that it gives least cost answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a simple method for improving joint replenishment systems. The method is typically applicable to the batch processing industry where a batch is blended (manufactured) and subsequently packaged into various types of containers. The objective is to package items economically. A problem has been solved for illustrating the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model for the interdemand time at the first station of a production line with stochastic service times is presented. Production rate is expressed as the reciprocal of mean interdemand time. The analysis is not restricted to the assumption of exponentially distributed service times. General solutions for the distribution of interdemand time are derived for two and three work stations. For any number of work stations a lower bound on production rate is presented graphically. It is shown that production rates obtained with exponentially distributed service times are unrealistically low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to develop an adequate mathematical model for the cutting force acting on a carbide tool in a turning operation. The developed model was then utilized to select the levels of the machining variables such that the rate of metal removal could be considerably increased without increasing the cutting force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis and conception of metal cutting given in the paper not only makes it possible to formulate the contents and qualify methods of acquiring knowledge in metal cutting with a higher degree of accuracy, but indicates at the same time a sort of entrance into cybernetics, of which the important aspects are: (a) mathematical description and modelling of the manufacturing process of metal cutting; (b) optimilization of the control of manufacturing processes of metal cutting; (c) solving the problems of optimal designs of manufacturing processes and machines; (d) mechanization and automation of information system.
In view of the little attention paid in the branch of machining to the mathematical description of actions and operations, which has retarded the advance in the development of the theory and practice of machining, then cybernetical works on machining are likely to make great strides and find an extensive range of practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous production processes characteristically do not result in production units which are well-defined from a quality control standpoints. Application of standard statistical quality control techniques requires sampling one litre, ounce or yard of product while the product is produced by the barrel, ton, or reel. Thus, direct application of quality control techniques is difficult. The possibilities offered by the use of exponential smoothing are analysed in this paper. Use of this method permits determination of meaningful control charts with a minimum of effort. The method is illustrated by applying it in the study of water pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of plastic flow in Power spinning of tubes is analysed. The total displacements in the three coordinate directions are determined by the grid line method, and the actual strain distribution established as functions of the coordinate positions, 'r', '' and 'z '. Forces, evaluated on the basis of the work of plastic deformation method, are correlated with those experimentally measured with a three component electric strain gauge type spinning tool dynamometer, designed and fabricated for the purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present a generalized and a special purpose method for the evaluation of throughput time. The general method presented represents a modification of Mason's Rule to a special ease of flow evaluation encountered in production operations. The algorithm presented is for the special model wherein there is a single output and wherein all possible feedbacks are permissible. It is anticipated that the methods presented will aid greatly in the evaluation and understanding of throughput time. The methods should be equally applicable to normal manufacturing operations and to special major project type activities. Clearly the application of the methods is limited only by one's ability to establish the flow graph, the times for the operations and the yields for the various flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An application of the theory of input-output analysis to quality information is demonstrated. This model allows the study of indirect as well as direct causes of defects. The model may be applied to existing or planned manufacturing facilities. Several examples are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper relates to a research project carried out in the Department of Building, UMIST in conjunction with the Building Research Station into the development of techniques for the measurement of dimensional inaccuracies of strong height pre-cast concrete units up to 8 m long.
This resulted in the design of new and inexpensive instrumentation based on that already commercially available, which was applied to determine the degree of deviation to be expected in the production of these units. Particular emphasis is given to the measurement of form deviation, or twist, and the problems concerned with its determination in the factory environment. The inherent dimensional inconsistencies resulting from the material used and manufacturing processes is briefly reviewed.
The paper examines the validity of recognized metrological concepts in the context of the increasing emphasis upon prefabricated component assemblies as an integral part of the building process, and discusses the relationship between the requirements of accuracy control dictated by the assembly procedures on site and those likely to be achieved by the production processes in the factory. The problems of setting standards for tolerances in realistic terms are considered in the light of current practice in the detailing of this form of construction and are related to the production inaccuracies involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of reject allowances for job shop set-ups usually considers defects to occur randomly through the production run. It is suggested that most defects arise during and just after the setting-up stage.
An analysis is conducted considering the setting-up stage as a learning process and incorporating the effects of additional set-ups. The analysis is extended to cover the effects of a single production station and a multi-station model, where rejects may occur at any station. The model was tested against a sample of actual jobs in a large manufacturing company. It was demonstrated that the station model using a skill and learning probability distribution was the more multi-adequate model, but experienced judgement achieved slightly better results than this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer simulation is used to investigate the idle time and maximum queue occurring at stations oil flow lines with 'balanced' independently normally distributed station service times. The effect of 'inbalance' in station service time mean and variability, on idle time, maximum queues and output is also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]