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The article presents a view of the postwar trade. In the paper titled "A British View of Postwar Trade," the author presents one personal set of reflection on a problem that must concern all economists who think about the postwar. Differences in degree of importance attaching to international trade in affecting the level of employment and the productivity of the factors of production, variables, which determine the size of the national income, do exist between countries. While it may not be true to say that "trade, to others a thing apart, is England's whole existence," yet England is high in the list of countries whose welfare is bound up with prosperous, free-flowing and expanding world trade. The degree of Great Britain's dependence on world trade is significant for the readiness; with which enlightened self-interest will dawn and efforts be made to play a part in restoring world trade. It would be superfluous to argue about the economic merits of the territorial division of labor in conformity with the principle of comparative advantage. Instances, in which British and American economists have fallen from grace by thoughtlessly, even irresponsibly, depredating the virtues of international trade in the modem age are rare; and no good purpose would be served by indulging in recriminations.

The article presents a report on Henry George's Remedies for Britain's Land Problems. When Henry George sailed for Great Britain in 1881, no one could have prophesied the far reaching consequences of his act. Within two yean both he and his book "Progress and Poverty," were to become household words in Great Britain. It is also true that George's arrest by the Irish constabulary in August, 1882, while he was observing conditions in the west of Ireland, and the questions subsequently asked in the House of Commons about this affair, gave him a publicity far beyond the effect of his book or speeches at this date. In his speeches George presented two main points: The social and economic condition of the British working man, and the remedy for his ills. In defining George's message to the British the author may leave out of consideration for the present the first of these points. Most British papers acknowledged the plight of the working man in the Eighteen Eighties; what George contributed in this respect was a description of conditions in unusually specific and moving terms.

The article focuses on the task and prestige of supervisors on industries in Great Britain. There have been major changes in the tasks and prestige of the supervisor in industry in the past twenty years. These changes can be attributed to a number of different processes resulting from different causes. These processes include advancing technology and automation, increasing trade unionism of the shop floor, changes in top management philosophy, increasing standards of education of manual workers, increasing supply of college graduates into industry etc. This paper contains the results of empirical studies in a number of industries which were used to develop a method of identifying specific processes of change rather than vague directions of change. This will provide a more realistic and pragmatic approach to the problem than has been achieved previously. The material used in this paper which is presented is drawn from intensive interview programs of supervisory staff which were conducted in five factories in the period October 1969 to January 1972. The results of the study indicate that the supervisors were not involved in areas such as decision-making and planning which they had traditionally regarded as part of their job.

For what now seem to us to be obvious reasons associated with the difficulties of data collection there has been no published study of the operation in Britain of agreements which provide for the automatic adjustment of wages to changes in the official prices index. The purpose of this paper is to fill a gap in the literature on collective bargaining by examining the extent, characteristics and some of the effects of such agreements in post-war Britain. This seems particularly appropriate given the recent increase in interest in indexation associated with the T.U.C.'s advocacy of a variant of the traditional form, namely cost of living 'threshold' agreements. Threshold agreements are a conditional form of indexation, somewhat akin to another variant, the 're-opening clause'. The latter makes provision for further negotiations within the period of an agreement in the event of specified changes in the prices index, but leaves the degree of compensation to be negotiated. However, our concern here is with the traditional type, that is, collective agreements which provide for the automatic adjustment of wages on a pre-arranged sliding scale basis in accordance with changes in the official Index of Retail Prices. Our survey is restricted to multi-employer agreements covering manual workers, i.e., agreements which could claim to be 'industry-wide' in a loose sense. We have not considered salaried employees or single employer agreements. The paper is arranged in the following way. The first section examines the arguments which have been advanced, largely on economic grounds, supporting and criticizing such agreements. Secondly the incidence and coverage of indexation agreements in post-war Britain is established by applying a number of measures, and the reasons for their rapid decline in in the late 1960s are considered. The third main section examines the characteristics of the agreements in a number of industries. The fourth section reports a survey of the opinions of the parties based on their experience with indexation agreements. This is followed by an assessment of their effect on real wages and wage movements in the industries concerned. The final section summarizes the major findings and presents some conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been recognized that the British unemployment figures presented monthly by the Department of Employment are biased downwards when compared with, say, the official U.S. data which are collected by a regular sample survey,[1] but in the 1966 Sample Census the unemployed in Britain were divided into those who registered at the exchanges, those who were sick and did not register, and those who did not register for other reasons. It is suggested here that the implication of the Census figures is that the dispersion of unemployment between different occupational, age and regional groups was, and almost certainly remains, less than is often believed. This paper will briefly examine the occupational, age and regional patterns in turn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to assess the adequacy of the British unemployment data in the light of these criteria, looking mainly at the period 1966-1970. It attempts both to define the main gaps and shortcomings in the evidence, and to present the record of change where the evidence is stronger.
The main weaknesses of the statistics are as follows: They have seriously underestimated the downturn in the labor market since 1966. They give a misleading picture of the industrial incidence of the fall in the demand for labor since 1966. Finally they do not give us information on unemployment rates by skill level, information needed because other evidence clearly shows that the specific unemployment rate for the unskilled is much higher than the general rate. After looking at other areas in which the data are stronger the paper closes with some suggestions for improving the statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern pluralist societies, notably Great Britain and the United States, there has been a growth of full-time expert agencies officially empowered to implement legitimation in particular institutions or sectors of society. Thus control of the family is variously the responsibility of genetic, marriage and child guidance counsellors as well as "generic" social workers, doctors, teachers and so on. In this paper, authors attempt to show how several official agents doctors, social workers, voluntary associations for the disabled and also family and friends may act to redefine the situation of parents with disabled children so that they may continue to appear as "good" parents acting in accordance with the prescriptions of the official morality of child-rearing or making appropriate use of its rhetoric. Medical science was presented as based on a "disease model," the distinctive nature of its explanations deriving from their being conceptualized in terms of the structure and functioning of the body. Secondly, parents' ideology, though expressed in common-sense terms, was shown as grounded also in various scientific legitimations.

The sociology of knowledge suffers from a discrepancy between profound theoretical significance and inadequate empirical exploration. An understanding of the development of British management thought demands reference to the theoretical perspective of the sociology of knowledge. At the same time, despite the problems of handling historical data, the progress of this system of thought provides a useful empirical case-study in the light of which certain theoretical questions might be reviewed. These considerations determine the broad purpose and framework of this paper. Its first main section briefly reviews the overall developmental cycle of British management thought. The second analyzed the social functions of the content of management thought, and examines factors influencing that content at different points in time. The final section considers the acceptance enjoyed by management thought among those it was intended to assist and represent. Throughout the paper, emphasis is on the social context of British management thought rather than on its epistemological status, although these two facets are not entirely separable.

The article sheds light on 'embourgeoisement' and self rated class. In a paper published in the periodical "The Sociological Review," sociologists John H. Goldthorpe and David Lockwood, have convincingly argued against the view that post-war affluence has made manual workers and their wives 'middle-class' in attitudes and styles of life, and have put forward a model which gives the notion of 'embourgoisement' a precise and testable meaning. This paper sets out to show that figures for self-rated class in Great Britain can, on the contrary, be used to elucidate both these questions provided that respondents have been asked about the meaning of their self-rating. The data on which this conclusion is based are taken from a national sample survey carried out in the spring of 1962. The embourgeoisement thesis is of course not new. Before the Second World War many different observers spoke of a visible assimilation between the manual and non-manual classes. Proper examination of the embourgeoisement thesis requires, however, that the relationship with income should be more fully considered. The embourgeoisement thesis would presumably lead people to expect that the frequency of Conservative support should be highest among those manual workers (or their wives) who have reached the top third of the overall income distribution, and perhaps it would also lead people to expect that the correlation with self-rating should hold within all three levels of income.

The paper draws attention to the profound changes that are taking place in the proportions of the population of Great Britain that are single, married and widowed at various ages. These changes are the net result of a number of demographic, economic and sociological developments, such as the decrease in mortality rates and the changing balance of the sexes. After discussing an abortive attempt to forecast the future progress of the proportions, based on changes that have taken place in the recent past, the paper describes a method of estimating the pro- portions of each sex that are likely to be found in each marital status at the various attained ages in future years if the experience of the years 1950-52 in Great Britain as regards rates of marriage, divorce, widowhood and re-marriage continue indefinitely, subject to minor modifications to ensure that the numbers of marriages, etc., for the two sexes are consistent, and that the total number of married men equals that of married women. The variations in the proportions in each marital status in Great Britain during the past thirty years and those to be expected during the next thirty years, and ultimately, if the experience of the years 1950-52 persists, are set out and analysed. It is shown that, whereas the proportion of men never marrying has up to the present been about half the proportion of women never marrying, the continuance of present trends would result in the proportion of men never marrying becoming double that for women. This notable change is to be attributed, in the main, to the effect of improved vitality in childhood in replacing the excess of women at the younger adult ages by an excess of men. It is pointed out that, in the event, this change may not be fully realised, because a net emigration of men or a net immigration of women may mitigate the relative dearth of potential brides in future; but the proportions never marrying set out in the paper show the directions towards which current conditions are tending. The consequential changes for other marital statuses are also set out and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of registered research compiled, under the endorsement of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in Great Britain, is presented. This includes the thesis entitled "The Process of Consultation Within the Commonwealth of the British Application to Enter EEC." by Robert Munro. Another is a paper by Roy Jones entitled "Reflections Upon an Eventful Period in Britain's Foreign Relations." And, the book "Competition Policy in the European Communities," by D. L. McLachlan and D. Swann.

The article analyzes the existence of an eight-year generating cycle in the U.S. agricultural system. According to the author, the eight-year cycle in the crops have persisted from 1760 to 1918, which have induced derived cycles of prices which are reflected and verified in the century of Sauerbeck index numbers of general wholesale prices. Pieces of evidence presented by the author include the analysis of a century of prices and a paper on "A Comparison of the Fluctuations in the Price of Wheat and in the Cotton and Silk Imports Into Great Britain," by J. H. Poynting.

Information about the annual general meeting of the British Ecological Society held at the University College in London on January 6-7, 1949 and its thirty-fourth annual meeting held at Bristol University in London on January 9, 1948 are presented. Various woods and rare plants in Great Britain were discussed in the 1949 event accompanied by exhibits of various photographs of species while the 1948 meeting was about hydrography and ecology.

This section presents abstracts of articles on trade and transportation published in the May 1965 issue of the journal Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. The article The Malawi-Rhodesia Trade Agreement, by Arthur Hazlewood argues that the agreement provides for too small a fiscal payment because it reflects fallacious reasoning about the likely effect of the imposition of customs duties. Moreover, the paper titled The Long and the Short of Transport, by A. A. Walters discusses that although welfare theory, on the usual assumptions, requires a nationalised industry to charge prices which are equal to short run marginal cost, most practical work has been done in terms of some long run concept. On the other hand, the article Some Notes on Road Transport Costs, by A. J. Harrison presents data on the structure of road haulage costs in Great Britain, trends over the last 15 years in total costs and in individual cost items and on the incidence of taxation. The data is presented for light, medium and heavy vehicles and for both rigid and articulated units. The data on cost trends are compared with observed trends in the composition of the vehicle fleet, and the question of the projection of future cost levels is briefly considered.

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the September 1964 issue of the journal the Manchester School. The paper Special Deposits As an Instrument of Monetary Policy, N. J. Gibson assessed the effectiveness of special deposits as an instrument of monetary policy and how they fit into the context of post-war monetary policy in Great Britain. While in the article A Reconsideration of Investment and Pricing Criteria in the Nationalised Industries, A. J. Merrett examined alternative investment and pricing policies for nationalized industries in the light of the proposition that since the costs of welfare maximization may be considerable and these costs enter into the function to be maximized.

Presents information related to several articles related to economics and statistics. Statistical discrepancies in the Great Britain national income estimates; Issues related to postal finance in the United States; Problems of time-stream evaluation.

The article presents a list of documents on the economic history of Great Britain and Ireland. Some of the documents listed are: "Survey of Documents in Private Keeping," by J. Ainsworth; "Clyde Company Papers," edited by P. L. Brown; "Report to the General Board of Health on Darlington, 1850," edited by H. J. Smith; "Calendar of the Irish Council Book, 1 March 1581 to 1 July 1586," edited by D. B. Quinn; "The Minutes of the Edinburgh Trades Council, 1859--1873," edited by D. F. McKenzie; "Seventeenth-Century Hearth Money Rolls With Full Transcript Relating to Co. Sligo," edited by E. MacLysaght.

This article paper is concerned with the similarity of the growth performance of the British economy during the nineteen-twenties and nineteen-thirties and with the usefulness of the "new-old" industry dichotomy in illuminating the trends of the inter-war period. The inter-war years emerge as a period of growth almost as rapid as any of comparable length in British measured history. The exact rating of the performance naturally varies slightly with the growth criterion adopted and the termini used for the other periods; the simplest way to establish the validity of the conclusion and at the same time leave it open to the reader's judgment is to draw in the inter-war trends on the Matthews graph. The similarity of the growth performance in the nineteen-twenties and nineteen-thirties is largely maintained even when activity is divided into Goods production and Service production. Services get their unity partly from their physical intangibility as final products, partly from supposed differences in income demand elasticities or productivity improvement possibilities, partly, and increasingly, from the statistical difficulties of arriving at satisfactory real output series.

This article presents various papers related to economic and industrial history, published in previous issues of different journals. In the paper "Overseas: Lending and Internal Fluctuations, 1870-1914," A.G. Ford discusses, within a theoretical framework, the mechanism of the transfer of resources overseas, and concludes that overseas lending itself largely generated the requisite balance of payments surplus on current account, by damping down home consumption and hence imports, and by stimulating exports. Rising overseas issues therefore meant rising unemployment and falling imports, and vice versa. H.W. Richardson has a go at the same field with the paper "Retardation in Britain's Industrial Growth, 1870-1913." He argues that the slowing down in the rate of growth was caused by an abnormally low rate of structural change within industry, because there was a dearth of new activities capable of taking over as leading sectors which could create whole new growth industries that could more than cancel out the stagnation of the old staples.

Manpower planning is no novelty in the Royal Navy. It has been accepted as a necessity for many years. Its roots lie far back in history. It began as soon as there was a need - as soon as naval careers replaced a policy of 'hire and fire'. The transition to a career Navy began towards the end of the 17th century and was largely completed by about 1850. The need to plan increased yet more after 1850 as the technical complexity of the Navy grew, and the need was further reinforced after the 1939-45 War when new social and economic conditions brought a real risk that the Navy would not be able to recruit all the men needed. The ability to plan depended on the development of an appropriate organization, and the availability of appropriate expertise and resources. In the early days, officer-planning could be done reasonably adequately with a few Navy Lists, a quill-pen and a mathematical mind. This process is still good enough for a few very small groups of naval personnel, but for the Navy as a whole, all the techniques of social and management sciences need to be brought to bear, and geared into an organization for effective decision-making. This paper attempts to describe the main features of the organization for planning and decision-making as it exists today. Readers who are familiar with the organization will note omissions. For example, except in this paragraph, there is no mention of the Defence Council or the Admiralty Board, or of the Second Sea Lord who is responsible for all naval personnel matters. The fact that there are levels of responsibility above and alongside those described - including, of course. Parliament - must be taken as read. The paper describes only the essential core of organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict referred to in the title of this paper arose when different answers were given to the question 'who should be dismissed?', following a recession in trade at the Consett Iron Company in 1961. We attempt to demonstrate that by a social-structural analysis one can obtain a clearer understanding of the nature of such conflict. While any particular case will have idiosyncratic features that make it unique, the mode of analysis may be applied to other situations which have a family resemblance. The paper is divided into two main sections: I. A discussion of the extent to which a generalized belief system exists concerning the principles which should govern dismissals arising from redundancy. An indication of some potential sources of conflict arising from the application of any such principles. II. A presentation of the Consett case in the light of the above discussion. Essentially we ask how the various interest groups defined the situation confronting them. Towards what goal or goals was their action directed? What criteria did they appeal to, what means did they advocate and what resources did they mobilize in the pursuit of their goals? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic historians have long been interested in the determinants of firm replacement policy under conditions of rapid technological development. This paper develops two models of replacement behavior--one with neutral and one with labor-saving technical change--under conditions of embodiment. Expressions for the optimal life of capital equipment are derived assuming environmental conditions consistent with the British and American textile sectors from the 1820s to the 1850s. The paper explores the influence of technical progress parameters, wages, interest rates, capital goods prices and output prices on the replacement decision. The paper concludes that tariff policy has had a significant impact on replacement and, further, that it helps shed considerable light on the divergent experience of these economies with the growth of industrial productivity. This paper takes some modest steps in exploring these effects by focusing on AngloAmerican replacement policy in a framework of firm optimization. Our purpose is to derive the optimal useful life of capital goods and to examine its sensitivity to the rate of technical progress, the money rate of interest, the price of unskilled labor's services, and the price of new investment goods relative to output price. In the process, we may be in a position to explain the difference in attitudes toward replacement over time in early nineteenth-century American and British textiles. Finally, in section 3 we explore the impact of American tariff policy on replacement behavior in the textile sector and indicate its potential importance in explaining American growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical data which may be useful to students of economic change are presented in this paper. It interprets long-run statistical series on the growth of educational employment in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, and provides information on the changes in the relative importance of employment in public schools to total governmental employment and to total employment over the long run. Finally, an analysis of the statistical record indicates that some potentially interesting interrelationships exist between the different proportions of school-age population attending public school, teacher-student ratios, and different ratios of school-age populations to total employment in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the empirical utility of consensual and conflictual theories in explaining the social cohesion of the liberal democracies of Britain and the United States. After clarifying conceptual problems of value consensus theory and Marxist theory, it examines the forms and extent of value-commitment in these countries. The conclusion is that both theories grossly overstate the amount of both value consensus between individuals and value consistency within individuals that actually exists. Cohesion in liberal democracy depends rather on the lack of consistent commitment to general values of any sort and on the "pragmatic acceptance" by subordinate classes of their limited roles in society. Suggestive evidence is also found for the existence of some "false consciousness" among subordinate classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the taxation of economic rents in classical economics continues to hold the interest of scholars. One lacuna in the study of classical theory concerns the development of classical rent theory, which evolved from the emigration-colonization remedy that was advocated for abating the economic ills of Great Britain of the classical era. The concern of this paper is with the specific aspect of this classical discussion of emigration and colonization, which concerned the theory, and the taxation of economic rent as the classical theory was applied to colonial conditions. For here classical thought underwent a change in emphasis, a transformation often missed by contemporaries who claimed that a substantive aspect of Ricardian theory was at issue. This change in emphasis is clearly brought out in economist Edward Gibbon Wakefield's plan of Systematic Colonization and is forcefully reflected in economist J.S. Mill's great restatement of Ricardian economics some years later. In tracing this development in Ricardian economics, this paper shall consider first the relevant aspects of Wakefield's colonization plan which concerns location rents, the fiscal importance of such rents to his scheme, and the influence this had on classical economics. The concluding section sets out to explain the failure of Ricardo to develop this aspect of his theory since it was general enough to cope with location rents in lieu of differentials in soil fertility as the most important determinant of rent.

The article provides information about a paper that discusses the status of bank deposits in Great Britain from 1870 to 1914. Thorough examination of every single bank in Great Britain revealed that the statistics of the British money supply during the fourth quarter of the nineteenth century are very defective. The basic contentions of this paper was the statistical coverage of the British banking system, very incomplete at first, became progressively more complete during the period under study, so that a systematic upward bias is imparted to the trend of deposits as shown by the statistics. The study also consists of several charts and tables that present the estimates of deposits in all banks, including the Bank of England. The article states that if the series of total bank money shows a relatively constant rate of growth quite unaffected by price movements, then this is not due to those component series, which can be ascertained or easily estimated. It is due to the dubious banking statistics of England and Wales.

Examines the financial and monetary policy of Great Britain during its wars against France in 1793-1815. Circumstances attending the Bank Restriction; Deviations in exchange rates and specie; Walter Boyd's statement of a depreciation theory; Henry Thornton and the purchasing-power-parity theory; Confusion between convertible and inconvertible conditions.

In this paper we examine the effects of the policies of wage and price restraint that have at various times been employed in Britain since 1945. We have taken the two-equation model that has been studied extensively in the context of data for both the United Kingdom and the United States,[2] and have assumed that, although far from perfect, this model will be a good enough statistical description of wage and price inflation to allow it to catch any major influence of wage and price restraints. In order to see how the potential effects of incomes policies should be specified in this two-equation model, we are forced to examine the derivation of the equations in some detail. In this process we discover that shift dummies which have been used by other investigators[3] to catch the effects of incomes policies are inappropriate and that their use can give rise to misleading results. After conducting tests more satisfactory than those employing shift dummies, we conclude that the data are not inconsistent with the view that wage and price restraints have usually been ineffective in restraining inflation, and also that the restraints have sometimes actually had the effect of raising the rate of inflation above what it would otherwise have been. This perverse effect is very noticeable in the most recent periods of "restraint" since 1966. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1955 the Board of Trade has collected annual data on the investment intentions for the following year of private manufacturing firms in the United Kingdom; and it has recently made these statistics generally available.[2] This paper investigates the determinants of these investment intentions in the manufacturing sector and evaluates their usefulness in forecasting actual investment compared with that of techniques not using anticipatory data.[3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on John English who was a member of a family of needle manufacturer in Feckenham village. English was the most remarkable member of a family whose needle-making business survived at Feckenham, a village near Redditch, Worcestershire, for over 170 years. English had personal charge of it for more than half a century until his death on January 31, 1876 at the age of 88. The article is based on the original, unpublished source material in the English Collection at Redditch Public Library and the Gutch Archives, at Worcester Record Office. Together these form a vast collection of personal papers, deeds, business ledgers, correspondence, bills and many other items. Job English founded the business about 1750, at a time when the Needle District of East Worcestershire and West Warwickshire was becoming the most important centre of production in Great Britain for needles and fishhooks. London, England and subsequently Long Crendon in Buckinghamshire had been the important centres of needle making in earlier times.