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The article presents a paper that reports the successful prediction of attitudes toward an international incident on the basis of scores on the California F scale. Some 20 minutes after leaving Miami, Florida, one morning late in July 1961, the pilot of a commercial airplane was forced at gunpoint to alter course and fly to Havana, Cuba, with his crew and 32 passengers. News media reported the hijacking and indicated that a fully armed U.S. Air Force plane had intercepted the hijacked plane and had followed it but had turned back as the commercial plane approached Havana. The evening reports of news media in Miami headlined this story and featured a call by Florida's Senator for U.S. Military forces to be sent into Havana to recover the airplane. At this point it was predicted that persons favorable to this view would score higher on the California F scale than those unfavorable to it. It was hypothesized that an individual's attitude toward authoritarianism would play an important role in shaping his reaction to the recommendation that military force be used.

The paper examines differential attitudes toward the use in war of nuclear weapons among age strata, analyzed from the perspective of political generations. Data for the study came from a probability sample of 477 adults living in a metropolitan area. On the basis of historical events and the differing climates of public opinion pertaining to war, three political generations are discriminated: Dissent (those born 1943-1949), Gold War (those born 1927-1942), and World War II (those born before 1927). Results suggest the viability of political generations thus defined. The generation of Dissent is most likely to reject nuclear war, while those of the generation of World War II are most .likely to accept nuclear warfare. The basic relationship between age and attitudes toward nuclear war is examined within the context of occupation, sex, fear of communism, and patriotism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the attitudes of foreign students toward American democratic ideals as carried out by most people in the United States, and to examine the conditions under which they develop their attitudes. The subjects were 304 foreign students who attended Purdue University during the second semester of the academic year 1959-60. Data were gathered by mailed questionnaires. The statistical analysis showed that almost all foreign students felt that most people in the United States were less democratically oriented than the students themselves. The only exceptions were Arab, Greek, and Siamese students. Democratic orientation scores of subjects from six countries, namely, Great Britain, Scandinavia, Iran, India, Japan, and Nigeria differed significantly from the scores attributed to most people in the United States. Favorable attitudes toward American democratic orientation were found to be related significantly to two intervening variables, namely, favorable experiences encountered by foreign students in the United States, and adjustment to the academic and social life on American campuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicare was bitterly opposed by the medical profession before it became law in 1965. This paper examines how individual physicians reacted, in their behavior and in their thinking, to Medicare after it became law. The more general issue is the role of law as an instrument of social change. Interviews with a sample of New York State physicians before the law was passed and reinterviews at two points in time after the law was passed-once before the program went into effect and again about six months after it had gone into effect-make it possible to separate the direct effects of the law itself on attitudes from the effects of short-term experience with the program. There has been no evidence of a physicians' boycott of Medicare. With respect to their attitudes, the proportion of physicians in favor of the main part of Medicare, the hospitalization program for the elderly (Title 18, Part A), jumped from 38% before the law was passed to 70% ten months after it was passed, even before it was implemented, and again to 81% six months after it was implemented. Some laws, according to these results, may influence attitudes without first changing behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of a study of the medical profession in Soviet society undertaken as part of a larger project on the Soviet Social System by the Russian Research Center, it was decided to tap former Soviet citizens' attitudes as patients toward the Soviet system of medical care and the Soviet physician. Refugees were asked to fill in a medical questionnaire in Russian. Two-thirds of these were administered in Munich and the rest, in New York. There can be no question but that the use of refugees as informants presents methodological problems. Disaffected people are hardly the type to give the West an objective picture of Soviet society. Moreover, there is often a suspicion that refugees tend to flatter Western inquirers by telling them what they think will please them, rather than the truth about the Soviet system. The present paper is limited to delineating certain meaningful patterns within the sample at hand. Finally, as will be seen below, if it is assumed that the refugee sample was strongly and consistently biased against the Soviet Union and its institutions, or that it consistently tended to flatter the U.S. and its institutions. then this assumption is certainly not borne out by the evidence.

The article presents a report of a study of changed attitudes toward Whites resulting from the service experiences of 219 African Americans veterans. Roughly one half of these veterans attended Virginia State College, Petersburg, Virginia, and the other half hailed from Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia, during the school years 1946-1950. The method used in securing the data was the collection of human or personal documents. The men in the sample answered a series of questions which provided an outline for autobiographical reports. Each man wrote a paper a week for eighteen weeks, each paper covering one of the eighteen sub-periods into which the military service period was divided. Of the 219 servicemen, 75% entered the service of their country with negative attitudes toward Whites. The most important change associated with military service is a marked overall improvement in attitude, that is, a shift from a more negative to a less negative or to a positive attitude toward Whites. It is concluded that experiences in World War II produced an overall change and improvement in the attitudes toward Whites of the Southern-born African American veterans, but that no comparable favorable attitude change characterized the Northern-born veterans.

The research work reported in this article stems from an investigation of the ideal pictures of the opposite sexes held by males and females. One aspect of that research involved the administration of the Allport-Vernon Study of Values to male and female undergraduate students in introductory Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. When the intercorrelations among the six categories of the Study of Values were computed for men and women separately it became evident that, in many cases, corresponding coefficients in the two matrices were quite different, although the differences between the average scores of men and women were not very striking. An attempt to apply factor analysis to the Allport- Vernon data was unsuccessful because of the existence of inconsistent correlation coefficients in each matrix. The purpose of the present paper is to present evidence that this effect is observed when a number of independently scored attitude scales are used. The article discusses the two aspects of the findings--similarities between men and women with respect to their attitudes; and the differences between them.

The article presents information on the research interview and its measurement. Not only is it the most often used tool in social work practice, the interview is also an essential device in social work research. Information can be gathered by this means when no other method is either adequate or possible, yielding richer qualitative data than many other tools and techniques. However, in spite of its important qualities, the interview as a method for collecting original data in research has one major disadvantage: it fails to provide quantitative data for comparison and measurement of interviews. This paper reports attempts to measure a series of forty-eight recorded interviews together with the methods of question formulation and recording development in an attitude study undertaken by the writer in rehabilitation settings in the New York metropolitan area. The study dealt with two groups of individuals with visible and non-visible physical impairments. The primary purpose of the interviews was to collect data about the subjects' attitudes toward their disability. All forty-eight subjects were male adults of various socioeconomic levels, educational backgrounds, and occupations. Each subject had been interviewed by the same interviewer twice prior to the recorded interview to gather biographical data.

This paper contains a report on one phase of an exploratory study of adolescent development within the community setting. It concerns the attitudes of eighth- and twelfth-grade boys and girls toward the phenomenon of moving. The purpose of this study was to obtain a generalized evaluative view of moving, as seen through the eyes of the young people themselves, and to obtain their own conceptions of reasons underlying their favorable or unfavorable appraisals. It was thought that the findings might contribute to better understanding of the growing-up process and help in further refinement of hypotheses bearing specifically upon the role of horizontal mobility as a damaging, enhancing, or neutral factor in personality development of contemporary American youth.

This article presents a comment on the study of behavioral business utilizing students as surrogates in the U.S. The question of the relationship between individual attitudes and individual behavior is far from settled in psychology. It appears to be nondemonstrative, for it seems perfectly possible for the conclusion to be false even if the premises or the statistical results are true, since it seems possible to find some students that would be good surrogates. A valid surrogation is dependent upon certain properties of the object not necessarily the objects in total.

This paper has summarized a study of presidential prestige and has, through the systematic comparison of historians of differing political per- suasions, examined patterns of relationship between prestige and two dimensions of perceived presidential attitude. These patterns indicate that presidential prestige or greatness is associated with different characteristics of perceived presidential attitude among liberal and conservative historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the empirical relationships between various background and attitudinal characteristics of judges and their decisions in criminal cases. The judges analyzed consist of the 313 state and federal supreme court judges listed in the 1955 Directory of American Judges, 15 judges so listed left the bench before the end of the year, however, and as a result were included in only certain portions of the study. Each judge was given a decision score representing the proportion of times he voted for the defense out of all the times he voted in the criminal cases. In 1955, 15 bipartisan state and federal supreme courts decided at least one non-unanimous criminal case on which all their judges sat. These courts were comprised of 85 judges who gave a party affiliation in the sources consulted. The California Supreme Court illustrates this statistically significant difference. Other supreme courts in which the Democrats had a higher average decision score for the defense than did the Republicans include the supreme courts of Colorado, Idaho, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, Rhode Island, North Dakota, and Pennsylvania. Many of the judges were members of pressure groups which endorse various kinds of legislation. A higher percentage of judges who went to low tuition law schools had decision scores above the average for their respective courts than did judges who went to high tuition law schools. The correlation between a judge's position on background characteristics and his relative degree of sympathy for lower economic and social groups may account for the differences found concerning party, pressure groups, religion, and liberal-conservative attitudes.

The article focuses on experimental investigation of the pull effect. A comparison of the supporters of U.S. senators Joseph McCarthy, Adlai Stevenson and Dwight D. Eisenhower has been done. Anti-McCarthy subjects when compared to pro-McCarthy subjects will tend to give a lower estimate of the strength of McCarthy's support in a perceptually ambiguous situation, and Pro-Stevenson subjects when compared to pro-Eisenhower subjects will tend to give a higher estimate of Stevenson's support in a perceptually ambiguous situation. Attitudes toward McCarthy may involve much more strong feeling titan attitudes relating to Eisenhower and Stevenson. The question relating to Eisenhower and Stevenson was retrospective in nature while that relating to McCarthy demanded awareness of the immediate status of the Senator, and in this respect, exposure to many polls, to the actual election results, and to post-election analyses may have operated to reduce the ambiguity of the Eisenhower-Stevenson issue.

The article reports on a preliminary study of the relative standing, in both schooling and ready knowledge, of groups of liberal and conservative U. S. adults. The article states that the findings of the study provide a new perspective on the "attitudes-enlightenment" problem, and seem to afford some clews as to where certain types of education and information campaigns might make headway and where they might encounter important psychological barriers. The article provides information about the procedures or methods taken for arranging the data for the study. One of the techniques employed in the study was "Contrasted Groups" in which people in the survey who approved or agreed with a criterion attitude question were compared on information and education with people who disapproved or disagreed with the proposition. The result or the findings were summarized in form of tables. The 16 attitude areas were indicated in the first column together with the approximate date or dates when the questions were asked, and with the putatively liberal answers in capital letters. The most obvious conclusion is, apparently, that no consistent superiority obtains for either liberals or conservatives.

Economists have made room for economic stability and for growth. But poverty for want of a theory is lost in economics notwithstanding all of the statistics that show the size distribution of personal income and the age, sex, and family composition of people with low income and with consumption below some standard. A vast catalogue of the attributes of poor people is at hand. But for all that, there is no integrated body of economic knowledge and no agenda of economic hypotheses to get at important economic questions about poverty. Although there are valuable empirical studies, there is no integrated analytical approach to determine the factors that account for the distribution of personal income and wealth. It would be a mistaken view, however, to blame those who have produced these statistics; for economists have not formulated a theory to guide the organization and analysis of facts pertaining to poverty. The purpose of this paper is, first, to consider two applications of "consumer" demand, then to present three hypotheses with respect to changes in the sources of income and the effects of these changes upon poverty, and lastly to call attention to some of the implications of this approach.

This article examines the appropriateness of the eighteenth-century press as a source reflecting the political attitudes of colonial Americans, based on the assumption that content analysis is a useful tool for studying such attitudes. Newspapers are still the most important tools in expressing and shaping public opinion. Although it may be impossible to measure the influence of the colonial newspaper directly, the conclusion that it was an important means of communication in colonial American does not seem unwarranted. Its continuous publication at regular weekly intervals enabled the printers to expose the colonists to a certain body of news and opinion, as well as to certain patterns of symbol usage, over a long period of time. The life span of many newspapers is indirect evidence that the colonists were willing to accept or at least to read the news and opinions offered. Content-analysis research bases the size of samples upon the degree of sensitivity to trends needed for testing a set of hypotheses.

The principal question to be examined herein is, "What attitudes do people have toward questionnaires and the interviewing process"? A secondary problem is, "Do people have any stereotyped impressions of the role of the interviewer?" Finally, "Do divergent social groups within a community respond differently with regard to these matters?" For the purpose of seeking out suggestive answers to the foregoing questions two census tracts in the city of Austin, Texas, were surveyed by members of the writer's class on research methods. The tracts were chosen with a view to certain socio-economic differences. One had the highest median income and, aside from the university residential area, ranked first in median years of school completed. The other was one of the lowest in terms of education and had a relatively low income according to the 1950 Census. It was selected over still lower socio-economic tracts because its composition was predominantly "Anglo-American" rather than "Latin-American" or Negro; the ethnic variable was therefore minimized.

This article presents information on the attitudes of accounting educators towards the provisions of the AICFA code of ethics. Certified Public Accountants usually have received their first exposure to accounting ethics in accounting courses at colleges and universities. An educator's attitudes towards the provisions of the code may possibly influence his classroom presentation of the code. Consequently, the attitudes toward the code by professors who teach accounting ethics may influence the ethical behavior and attitudes of the practicing profession. Questionnaires were mailed to the accounting department chairmen of 14 universities that have undergraduate programs accredited by the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business. These individuals were asked to respond to the questionnaire if they were involved with the course in which accounting ethics was taught; if they were not so involved, they were asked to give the questionnaire to the individual in charge of the course in which ethics was taught. Of the respondents 88% agreed that CPAs should not advertise and 89% agreed that CPAs should not attempt to obtain clients by solicitation. Most of the respondents appeared to feel that advertising and or solicitation were not functional.

The article reports on the application of motivational research in the field of marketing and consumer behavior. The primary reason for this branch of marketing research is that there are critical differences between what people say and what they do. For marketing research to be effective and have purpose to the business executive, questions about motivation must be answered. Some of the most important questions asked by marketing personnel include 'why' people buy or do not buy certain products. The article is written because this is a difficult measurement to determine, and consumers' motivation and psychology are critical.

The article discusses the decision making practices of consumers. The author states that one way in which researchers can understand consumers is by studying their needs, goals and motivations pertaining to their behavior. The need which consumers have for consistency in their purchases is mentioned. The different ways in which information can be interpreted by consumers is discussed. The beliefs of social psychologist Leon Festinger regarding the behaviors on consumers are mentioned. The reactions by people regarding warnings by the U.S. Surgeon General regarding the dangers of smoking are discussed.

According to the author, the public's attitude toward advertising is very low. Virginia H. Knauer, Special Assistant to the President for Consumer Affairs, discusses some of the reasons for this consumer outlook and how some advertisers have overcome consumer objections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study concerning the attitudinal effects of group discussions between young criminal offenders and community volunteers in the U.S. This study has investigated the feasibility of using community volunteers in counseling and was a demonstration project on the effects of short-term structured group counseling in prisons. Each community volunteer has participated in one of the four orientation meetings which were held from two to three weeks before the beginning of the given Community Group.

The article compares the attitudes of patients and staff in a methadone program toward the etiology and treatment of heroin addiction. Patient and staff attitudes on drug-taking and its treatment were investigated at the largest methadone maintenance program in Pennsylvania. The outstanding finding was the lack of consensus between the addicts and the staff concerning the etiology of the patients' problems. The staff sees the patient as both physically and mentally ill, while the addict sees himself as neither.